How to Write a Scientific Paper
how to write scientific papers
How to Write a Scientific PaperE. Robert SchulmanCharlottesville, VirginiaAbstractWe (meaning I) present observations on the scientific publishing process which (meaning that) are important and timely in that unless I have more published papers soon, I will never get another job. These observations are consistent with the theory that it is difficult to do good science,writegood scientific papers, and have enough publications to get future jobs.1. IntroductionScientific papers (e.g.,Schulman 1988; Schulman & Fomalont 1992; Schulman, Bregman, & Roberts 1994; Schulman & Bregman 1995; Schulman 1996) are an important--though poorly understood--method of publication. They are important because without them scientists cannot get money from the government or from universities. They are poorly understood because they are not written very well (see, for example, Schulman 1995 and selected references therein). An excellent example of the latter phenomenon occurs in most introductions, which are supposed to introduce the reader to the subject so that the paper will be comprehensible even if the reader has not done any work in the field.The real purpose of introductions, of course, is to cite your own work (e.g.,Schulman et al. 1993a), the work of your advisor (e.g., Bregman, Schulman, & Tomisaka 1995), the work of your spouse (e.g., Cox, Schulman, & Bregman 1993), the work of a friend from college (e.g., Taylor, Morris, & Schulman 1993), or even the work of someone you've never met, as long as your name happens to be on the paper (e.g., Richmond et al.1994). Note that these citations should not be limited to refereed journal articles (e.g., Collura et al. 1994), but should also include conference proceedings (e.g., Schulman et al. 1993b), and other published or unpublished work (e.g., Schulman 1990).At the end of the introduction you must summarize the paper by reciting the section headings. In this paper, we discuss scientific research (section 2), scientific writing (section 3), scientific publication (section 4), and draw some conclusions (section 5).2. Scientific ResearchThe purpose of science is to get paid for doing fun stuff (Schulman et al.1991). Nominally, science involves discovering something new about the Universe, but this isn't really necessary. What is really necessaryis a grant. In order to obtain a grant, your application must state that the research will discover something incredibly fundamental. The grant agency must also believe that you are the best person to do this particular research, so you should cite yourself both early (Schulman 1994) and often (Schulman et al. 1993c). Feel free to cite other papers as well (e.g., Blakeslee et al.1993; Levine et al.1993), so long as you are on the author list.Once you get the grant, your university, company, or government agency will immediately take 30 to 70% of it so that they can heat the building, pay for Internet connections, and purchase large yachts.Now it's time for the actual research. You will quickly find out that (a) your project is not as simple as you thought it would be and (b) you can't actually solve the problem. However -- and this is very important -- you must publish anyway (Schulman & Bregman 1994).3. Scientific WritingYou've spent years on a project and have finally discovered that you can't solve the problem you set out to solve. Nonetheless, you have a responsibility to present your research to the scientific community (Schulman et al. 1993d). Be aware that negative results can be just as important as positive results, and also that if you don't publish enough you'll never be able to stay in science.While writing a scientific paper, the most important thing to remember is that the word "which" should almost never be used. Be sure to spend at least 50% of your time (i.e., 12 hours a day) typesetting the paper so that all the tables look nice (Schulman & Bregman 1992).4. Scientific PublishingYou've written the paper, and now it's time to submit it to a scientific journal. The journal editor will pick the referee most likely to be offended by your paper, because then at least the referee will read it and get a report back within the lifetime of the editor. Referees who don't care one way or the other about a paper have a tendency to leave manuscripts under a growing pile of paper until the floor collapses, killing the 27 English graduate students who share the office below (Schulman, Cox, & Williams 1993).Be aware that every scientific paper contains serious errors. If your errors are not caught before publication, you'll eventually have to write an erratum to the paper explaining (a) how and why you messed up and (b) that even though your experimental results are now totally different, your conclusions need not be changed. Errata can be good for your career. They are easy to write, and the convention is to reference them as if they were real papers, leading the casual reader--and perhaps also the ScienceCitation Index--to think that you've published more papers than you really have (Schulman et al. 1994).5. ConclusionsThe conclusion section is very easy to write: all you have to do is to take your abstract and change the tense from present to past. It's considered good form to mention at least one relevant theory only in the abstract and conclusion. By doing this, you don't have to say why your experiment does (or does not) agree with the theory, you merely have to state that it does (or does not).We (meaning I) presented observations on the scientific publishing process which (meaning that) are important and timely in that unless I have more published papers soon, I will never get another job. These observations are consistent with the theory that it is difficult to do good science, write good scientific papers, and have enough publications to get future jobs.References∙Blakeslee, J., Tonry, J., Williams, G.V., & Schulman, E. 1993 Aug 2, Minor Planet Circular 22357∙Bregman, J.N., Schulman, E., & Tomisaka, K. 1995, Astrophysical Journal, 439, 155∙Collura, A., Reale, F., Schulman, E., & Bregman, J.N. 1994, Astrophysical Journal, 420, L63∙Cox, C. V., Schulman, E., & Bregman, J.N. 1993, NASA Conference Publication 3190, 106∙Levine, D.A., Morris, M., Taylor, G.B., & Schulman, E. 1993, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25, 1467∙Richmond, M.W., Treffers, R.R., Filippenko, A.V., Paik, Y., Leibundgut, B, Schulman, E., & Cox, C.V. 1994, Astronomical Journal, 107, 1022∙Schulman, E. 1988, Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, 17, 130∙Schulman, E. 1990, Senior thesis, UCLA∙Schulman, E. 1994, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 26, 1411∙Schulman, E. 1995, Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan∙Schulman, E. 1996, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 108, 460∙Schulman, E., Bregman, J.N., Collura, A., Reale, F., & Peres, G.1993a, Astrophysical Journal, 418, L67∙Schulman, E., Bregman, J.N., Collura, A., Reale, F., & Peres, G.1994, Astrophysical Journal, 426, L55∙Schulman, E. & Bregman, J.N. 1992, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 24, 1202∙Schulman, E. & Bregman, J.N. 1994, in The Soft X-Ray Cosmos, ed.E. Schlegel & R. Petre (New York: American Institute of Physics),345∙Schulman, E. & Bregman, J.N. 1995, Astrophysical Journal, 441, 568∙Schulman, E., Bregman, J.N., Brinks, E., & Roberts, M.S. 1993b, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25, 1324∙Schulman, E., Bregman, J.N., & Roberts, M.S. 1994, Astrophysical Journal, 423, 180∙Schulman, E., Bregman, J.N., Roberts, M.S., & Brinks, E. 1991, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 23, 1401∙Schulman, E., Bregman, J.N., Roberts, M.S., & Brinks, E. 1993c, NASA Conference Publication 3190, 199∙Schulman, E., Bregman, J.N., Roberts, M.S., & Brinks, E. 1993d, Astronomical Gesellschaft Abstract Series 8, 141∙Schulman, E., Cox, C.V., & Williams, G.V. 1993 June 4, Minor Planet Circular 22185∙Schulman, E. & Fomalont, E.B. 1992, Astronomical Journal, 103, 1138∙Taylor, G.B., Morris, M., & Schulman, E. 1993, Astronomical Journal, 106, 1978。
How to Write Scientific Paper
How Do I Write A Scientific Paper?A scientific paper is a written report describing original research results whose format has been defined by centuries of developing tradition, editorial practice, scientific ethics and the interplay with printing and publishing services. The result of this process is that virtually every scientific paper has a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion.科技论文是描述原创研究结果的书面报告，它的格式由数世纪的发展传统，编辑实践，科学道德所确定，并且受印刷和出版服务的影响。
这个过程的结果是，几乎每一篇科学论文都有一个标题，摘要，前言，材料和方法，结果和讨论。
It should, however, be noted that most publications have rules about a paper's format: some divide papers into these or some of these sections, others do not, and the order may be different in different publications. So be prepared to revise your paper in to a publication's format when you are ready to submit.然而，应该注意的是，大多数出版物对文章的格式有规则：一些出版物会把文章分成一些章节，另外一些出版物则不会，并且不同的出版物规则是不同的。
How to write a scientific paper
The basic principaper salvageable? Secondarily, can and will the authors fix it? The second question is more important for a conference than a journal, because if the answer is no, then the paper has to be rejected. For a journal, I'll reject if I'm confident the paper can't be fixed. For a conference, I'll accept if I'm confident the reviewers will fix it.
Content
• 1. Please summarize what you view as the key point(s) of the manuscript and the importance of the content to the readers of this periodical.
How to write a scientific paper
Organization(Title,Authors
How to write a paper教你怎么发表论文
Problem Formulation
Formulate the research problem in
professional/Mathematical language
Include background knowledge if necessary
Provide a starting point for the new research results
Very briefly highlight the results in this paper
Approach and/or feature
Organization of this paper
How to write a scientific paper? Prof. Sheng-Guo Wang
Int. J. Systems Science;
Int. J. Mathematical and Computer Modelling; Int. J. Control and Intelligent Systems; Int. J. Optimal Control Applications and Methods; Int. J. Optimal Control Applications and Methods; ASCE J. Engineering Mechanics; Int. J. Computers & Mathematics with Applications; Int. J. Information Science; Int. J. Time-Critical Computing Systems; Int. J. Structural Control; SCI Journal of Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems (DCDS); SIAM Journal On Control and Optimization; and
How to write a scientific paper
Scientific Facts of Life
ow many papers do you read every day?
a) Related to your project? b) Unrelated to your project?
ow may chemistry papers are published every day? hat is the number of citations of an average paper?
6-70
g.
2003-10-28
A Call for Better Artwork from ACS
What Will Reproduce Poorly?
This figure will not reproduce well. The formatting choices here would result in possible loss of critical information or production delays. The following are the highlights of the problems with this figure:
2003-10-2 a Professional Attitude
Membership in a professional society Subscription to at least one scientific journal (Journals are available on the web, but do you browse regularly, as you would with a hard copy issue?) Familiarity with literature not directly related to research. Continually enlarging library with basis reference books, e.g. physical, inorganic, theoretical, etc. Attendance at seminars, scientific meetings; discussion with colleagues; helpfulness. Presentation of research results. Eagerness to publish findings.
How to Write Scientific Papers
Qinyuan Lou 3.11.2011
1. 2. 3.
Individual Sections Submission Modern English Writing Concepts
Individual Sections
Abstract Title Introduction Materials & Methods Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References
2．欠缺 (Gap) ．
在介绍背景之后，要指出该研究领域中的欠缺点，以铺 垫进行本次研究的理由。下列为常见表达语句： （1）The mechanism … is yet to be fully elucidated. （2）The causes … are not entirely known. （3）Although …, yet its impact is presently unknown.
1317 – 1321)
Initiating and Intensifying Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (The AJM Volume 121, Issue 6, Supplement 1, June 2008, Pages
S20-S29)
Beyond Pay for Performance — Emerging Models of Provider-Payment Reform (The New
England Journal of medicine Volume 359:1197-1200)
(3) 句子型 (Sentence type)：强有力 ： 地传递信息
如何撰写科普文章
Write after you complete the other sections 完成其他部分后再开始编写 Falls into place by lifting and paraphrasing a few sentences from each section 每部分摘取几句内容进行释义，确保文章有条不 紊 Usually different from conference abstract 通常不同于会议摘要
Order of Writing 文章内容编排
7. References 参考文献
Do along the way, but don’t spend too much time 边撰写正文边完成，但无需花费太多时间 Leave place holders and find reference later 留注补位数字供以后查找参考文献 Don’t let this be an excuse to put off writing 不要让参考文献成为推迟写作的借口
How to Write a Scientific Paper 如何撰写科普文章
• Ethical obligation to subjects 对于研究对象的道义责任
More reasons to publish… 更多发表原因…
• Ethical obligation to society 对于社会的道义责任
• Express in words the important findings of the Tables and Figure 用文字阐述表格和图解包含的重要研究发现
Subject description: recruitment, eligibility, univariate, main outcome 研究对象说明：招募、资格、单变量、主要研究结果 Bivariate: associations with main outcome 双变量：与主要研究结果的联系 Multivariate: strengthen hypothesis testing 多变量：强化假设检验 Sub-analyses, secondary aims 子目分析、次要目标
科研方法：How to Write a Scientific Paper 中文版
What is a scientific paper?
What is a scientific paper? 什么是科技论文？
A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.” 科技论文是集假说、数据 和结论为一体的概括性描 述，以此向读者论述。论 文是研究工作的中心部分。 如果你的研究没有写成论 文，也就等同于没有做研 究。有意义但没有发表， 等同于不存在。
How should you construct an outline?
How should you construct an outline? 你应该如何起草你的提要？
The classical 最经典的方法就是找 approach is to start 一页空白的纸，以任 with a blank piece of 何顺序，写下与这篇 paper, and write down, 文章有关的所有重要 in any order, all 观点。 important ideas that occur to you concerning the paper.
The reason for outlines
研究生如何写论文
论文的主要部分 III
主体
涉及理论时，一定是物理+数学，而不是相反； 理论（包括由前人公式出发） • 每个缩写名词在首次使用时一定要先写明全称；
– 自造的缩略语宜少
• 说明每个符号的意义（即使众所周知）； • 不必详细推导以免物理不清；重要而复杂的推导可列于 附录； • 主要步骤说明物理意义，繁杂推导可只给结果； • 最能说明本文成果的曲线 – 与前人成果的不同及兼容性
析作为依据，由此完整、准确、简洁地指出以下问题：
①由对研究对象进行考察或实验得到的结果所揭示的原理及其普遍性； ②研究中有无发现例外或本论文尚难以解释和解决的问题；
③与先前已经发表过的（包括他人或著者自己）研究工作的异同；
④本论文在理论上与实用上的意义与价值； ⑤对进一步深入研究本课题的建议。
论文的主要部分 III
正文是科技论文的核心组成部 分，主要回答“怎么研究(how)”这个问
题。正文应充分阐明论文的观点、原理、方法及具体达到预期目标的整
个过程，并且突出一个“新”字，以反映论文具有的首创性。根据需要 ，论文可以分层深入，逐层剖析，按层设分层标题。 正文通常占有论文篇幅的大部分。它的具体陈述方式往往因不同学科、 不同文章类型而有很大差别，不能牵强地做出统一规定。一般应包括材 料、方法、结果、讨论和结论等几个部分。 试验与观察、数据处理与分析、实验研究结果的得出是正文的最重要成
论文的主要部分 IV
结论（或讨论）是整篇文章的最后总结。尽管多数科技论文的著者都采 用结论的方式作为结束，并通过它传达自己欲向读者表述的主要意向， 但它不是论文的必要组成部分。 结论不应是正文中各段小结的简单重复，主要回答“研究出什么 (what)”。它应该以正文中的试验或考察中得到的现象、数据和阐述分
how to write a scientific paper
It has been reported that Holocene Monsoon intensity fluctuated significantly as a response to solar activity (references).
As you know ( or it is well known), ….
SCI高被引论文题名分析 -直截了当阐明主要成果
以研究问题作为论文题目，吸引读者进一步寻找问题答案
Decoupled warming and monsoon precipitation in East Asia over the last deglaciation
第1-2句话：文章研究主题的现状和基础
第3句话：以“However”开头引出目前研究现状的不足，进而深入到文章采用方法/研
究内容的意义。
第4句话：“In this study, we…”明确指出本文的研究内容和技术手段
第5-6句话：“The results indicates…”讲述研究得出的主要研究结果。
第7-结束句话：“Comparison …”, 通过与前人成果比较，得出结论。
注意期刊摘要字数限制！
Zhang et al., 2008, Science
巧妙使用照片会使文章更加直观和可信。
HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC PAPER1
STYLE
• Read the “Publication Information for Authors” carefully. • Each journal may have different requirements
COMMON ERRORS IN GRAMMAR ---Verb
The correct form of a verb is determined by the subject of the phrase and not the noun that precedes the verb. Example: “The presentation of several symptoms was...” NOT: “The presentation of several symptoms were....” „Presentation‟ is the singular subject of the phrase.
TITLE
• • • • • CONCISE INFORMATIVE EYE-CATCHING EMPHASIZE WHAT IS IMPORTANT DO NOT USE ABBREVIATION
Meaning not clear
Treatment on Wistar rattish hepatoma with endostatin gene and angiostatin gene combining lipiodol via hepatic artery
How about this?
Transhepatic arterial infusion of endostatin gene, angiostatin gene , lipiodol and a combination of these for the treatment of Wistar rattish hepatoma
How to Write Scientific Paper
What is the role of the faculty member supervising the lab?
When should one begin writing?
Before you finish the work!
Others will have published the same thing You will find holes in your story Additional experiments. You will be on to something else
Fetal to adult stem cell transition: knocking sox17 off
Revise and Revise
Rewrite. Remove complex words, long sentence, clarity antecedences, avoid long or one sentence paragraphs. Invite others to critique the ms. Wait a while and re-read the ms. Checking spelling.
How to Write Scientific Paper
Xiao Wei, Ph.D.
根据斯坦福大学精品课程改编
Topics for this talk
Why is scientific writing important? What are the key considerations before writing? What about authorship? When should one begin writing? What is sequence in which the elements are written?
【精品】PPT课件 How to Write a Scientific Paper如何撰写科普文章
END
Hale Waihona Puke 【精品】PPT课件 How to Write a Scientific Paper如何撰写科普文章
1、合法而稳定的权力在使用得当时很 少遇到 抵抗。 ——塞 ·约翰 逊 2、权力会使人渐渐失去温厚善良的美 德。— —伯克
3、最大限度地行使权力总是令人反感 ；权力 不易确 定之处 始终存 在着危 险。— —塞·约翰逊 4、权力会奴化一切。——塔西佗
5、虽然权力是一头固执的熊，可是金 子可以 拉着它 的鼻子 走。— —莎士 比
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How to write paper
the components of the research generally.
LOGO
Part 2 Writing the paper
Abstract
Purpose: Summarize your contributions
Style . What is the problem . What is your work . Features of your work . Advantages of your work . Results Do not write an abstract. That can be done when the paper is complete.
LOGO
Part 2 Writing the paper
Support (theoretical and experimental)
Purpose: Introduce your work
Theoretical analysis The methods must be described in such a way that another researcher can repeat exactly what is done. . Use references to describe standard or published methods. . Note any deviations that you have introduced in this work.
LOGO
Part 2 Writing the paper
Title
The title of the paper is the last thing you write. This is because the paper will change as you write it. It’s easier to finalize the title last. Use a working title or original title which can describe
How to write a scientific paper
Whom Writing For?
• To please yourself? • Referees - to persuade the toughest one • Journal
- Choose before writing - General vs. subespecialty journal
Use and Misuse of English
• Tense - Previously published work: present tense
impact • State results
Figures
• Do before writing • Redraw, redraw, prune clutter • Least non-data-ink • Max 4 lines, all solid • No caption • Reduce to 1 column in journal
Methods Section
• Enough information for an experienced
investigator to repeat your work • Avoid tiresome detail • Cut-and-paste from previous work of
the author(s), not somebody else’s • It is the first section of the paper in
- Reduced xerox copy to check out - Original should be <3x final
Figures
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Where to Submit the Paper?
Transacines
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IEEE Paper Sections
Abstract
The abstract should not describe the paper, but should give in brief the essential facts of its content, for example, a brief statement of the problem or objective and a concise summary of results or conclusions, touching upon methods or other details only if they are unique or if they are of some particular significance. The abstract should be no longer than 100 words. The introduction should lead to the development of the subject so that the reader may obtain a clear understanding of the significance of the paper. This often can be done by giving briefly the state of the art as background. Then bring out the added advantages of the method of approach and emphasize the importance of the results or conclusions.
Conclusion
Tables and Figures
6
Appendices
Acknowledgment
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References
3/1/2009
An Example: IEEE TMTT Paper
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Screen clipping taken: 2/28/2009, 10:40 AM
IEEE Paper Sections An Example The IEEE Student Paper Contest Using LaTeX?
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Why Write a Paper?
To disseminate knowledge. To get assessment of achieved work.
IEEE Region 8 Student Paper Contest
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IEEE Region 8 Student Paper Contest
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Using LaTeX: Introduction
is a document markup language and document preparation system. It is most widely used by mathematicians, scientists, engineers, philosophers, scholars in academia and the commercial world, and other professionals. As a primary or intermediate format (e.g. translating DocBook and other XML-based formats to PDF), LaTeX is used because of the high quality of typesetting achievable by TeX.The typesetting system offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and crossreferencing, tables and figures, page layout and bibliographies.
Introduction
Body
The main argument of the development of the subject is carried out in the body of the paper, complete with supporting data. The argument should proceed in a logical sequence according to a prepared outline. The writing should be in the third person. Supporting data and results can often be presented most effectively as curves, charts or tables. Well-known abbreviations may be used in the text but should be defined where used the first time, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Generally the use of abbreviations should be confined to not duplicate text matter. The conclusions are often considered the most important part of a paper. They should be stated concisely in a separate section at the end of the paper. If there are three or more conclusions, greater emphasis can be obtained by numbering each conclusion and setting it off in a separate paragraph.
How to Write a Scientific Paper?
IEEE CUSB Student Paper Contest
(c) Islam A. Eshrah
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Outline
Why Write a Paper? Where to Submit the Paper?
About the IEEE Societies About the IEEE Publications
To establish IP rights of achievements.
To participate in the IEEE Student Contest!
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Where to Submit the Paper?
Division Societies and Technical Councils Division IEEE Circuits and Systems; I IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation; IEEE Electron Devices Society; IEEE Nanotechnology Council; IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Division IEEE Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology II Society; IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society; IEEE Industry Applications Society; IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society; IEEE Power Electronics Society; IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control Division IEEE Communications Society III Division IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society; IV IEEE Broadcast Technology Society; IEEE Consumer Electronics Society; IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society; IEEE Magnetics Society; IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society; IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society; IEEE Council on Superconductivity Division IEEE Computer Society V
Division IEEE Education Society; VI IEEE Industrial Electronics Society; IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society; IEEE Professional Communication Society; IEEE Reliability Society; IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology; IEEE Technology Management Council Division IEEE Power & Energy Society VII Division IEEE Computer Society VIII Division IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society; IX IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society; IEEE Information Theory Society; IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society; IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society; IEEE Signal Processing Society; IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Division IEEE Biometrics Council; X IEEE Computational Intelligence Society; IEEE Control Systems Society; IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society IEEE Robotics and Automation Society; IEEE Sensors Council; IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society; IEEE Systems Council