HEALTH REPORT - WHO Chief Says World Faces Three Growing Threats
英语二阅读真题翻译单篇
2010年考研英语二阅读真题翻译版Text 1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008 (see picture). All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm-double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector-for Chinese contemporary art-they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buyingImpressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds-death, debt and divorce-still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.Text 2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true" he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me" "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of theirwives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.Text 3over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors - habits - among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to - Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever - had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day - chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins - are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing andputting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.Text 4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.2011年考研英语二阅读真题翻译版Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stablefirms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.Text 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damagehas been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.Text 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views theyafforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleader's talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigors; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different:"European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.2012年考研英语二阅读真题翻译版Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students' academic achievement, it shouldmove to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.Text 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls' lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls' identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls' lives and interests.Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, itwas popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping stone" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It was only after "toddler" became common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.Text 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a "preliminary step" in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule "is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds."Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companiesare unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug's efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for 'connecting the dots', explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.Text 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,It will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till V on Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would。
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News Item 1The Cuban President Raul Castro has announced a major cabinet reshuffle, removing 11 ministers from office including two of the country's most prominent politicians. State television said the cabinet chief Carlos Lage and the Foreign Minister Felipe Perez Roque would both step down in line with plans to make the island's government more compact and functional.This is the first major political shake-up since Raul Castro officially took over the presidency just over a year ago. More than ten top officials have been dropped or replaced and four ministries merged. President Raul Castro had announced last year that he intended to restructure the government, but such a large scale cabinet reshuffle has not been seen in Cuba since the revolution. All of those affected by the changes had originally been appointed by Cuba's former leader Fidel Castro.News Item 2More bad news for the American housing market:The Mortgage Bankers Association says housing repossessions are at their highest rates ever, led by California and Florida. And loan payments at least thirty days late are at their highest since 1985.Problems in the housing market represent the greatest risks to the economy.Central bank chief Ben Bernanke says helping the economy is now more important than fighting inflation. He told the Senate Banking Committee last week that conditions are more difficult now than they were in 2001. That was the last year in which the American economy was in a recession.Most economists define a recession as at least six months of economic shrinkage. The economy was still growing at last report, but very little: just six-tenths of one percent from October to December. That was down from almost five percent for the July-to-September period. News Item 3Weeds can take control of productive land. Crops generally produce several hundred seeds per plant. But each weed plant can produce tens or even hundreds of thousands of seeds. And some buried seeds can survive up to forty years, or even longer.Eradicating weeds means you have to remove all the seeds and roots so the plants will not grow back. But birds or the wind can reintroduce them to the land.A more common way to deal with weeds is to control them enough so that the land can be used for planting. Experts advise using two or more control methods.Chemical weed killers or natural treatments like corn gluten can suppress weed growth. Dense planting of a crop can also act as a natural control. Bill Curran is a professor of weed science at Penn State, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He says dense planting is one of the most common methods for suppressing weeds.He says a dense, competitive crop that quickly shades the soil will help suppress many weeds. The seeds need light to grow, so blocking the sun will reduce weed growth.News Item 4In the United States, federal law requires public schools to provide special education services to children with any disability. Specialists commonly provide these services while the children attend the same schools, and often the same classes, as other students.But today we look at three private schools that serve only students with learning disabilities.The Hillside School in Pennsylvania accepts up to one hundred twenty-eight children. Thestudents are ages five to thirteen. They have disorders with language, writing or working with numbers. They may also have attention deficit disorders.Each class has no more than eight students. Hillside administrators say the main goal is to prepare students to learn effectively in a regular school. Teachers and specialists develop individual learning plans for the students, which is something a public school may also do.Development director Kathy Greene says most students remain at Hillside for about three years before leaving for a regular classroom setting.News Item 5The World Health Organization is urging countries to follow six policies to prevent millions of deaths linked to tobacco use. The six policies are known as MPOWER, spelled M-P-O-W-E-R. The letter M means monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies. The P is for protecting people by establishing smoke-free areas. O is for offering services to help people stop smoking. The letter W means warning people about the dangers of tobacco. E is for enforcing bans on tobacco advertising and other forms of marketing. And R is for raising taxes on tobacco.A World Health Organization report says raising taxes is the single most effective way to reduce tobacco use. A study found that governments now collect an average of five hundred times more money in tobacco taxes each year than they spend on control efforts.The report says tobacco now causes more than five million deaths a year. It predicts this number will rise to more than eight million by the year two thousand thirty. By the end of the century, it says, tobacco could kill one billion people -- ten times as many as in the twentieth century.News Item 6The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement aimed at reducing the release of harmful gases that are believed to cause climate change. The United States is not part of the agreement. But since two thousand five, over eight hundred American mayors across the country have agreed to sign their own version of the protocol. It is called the Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. These "green cities" are working to reduce energy use and pollution in new and creative ways. Such efforts by city governments not only help reserve the effects of climate change. They also help governments save large amounts of money on energy costs. And, cities that are leaders in this green movement set a good example to their citizens about the importance of environment issues. Local leaders have agreed to follow the suggestions of the Kyoto Protocol in their communities. These mayors have come together to show how acting locally can help solve world problems and protect the environment. "Going green" generally includes saving energy and water, using natural and renewable materials and re-using materials.News Item 7Top Palestinian leaders from the rival Hamas and Fatah factions are meeting in Cairo to try to hammer out an agreement that will pave the way for a unity government in both Gaza and the West Bank. Egyptian intelligence chief Omar Suleiman, a veteran of many previous mediation efforts, is chairing the conference.Participants at the ten-day conference will form five committees to tackle the key issues of forming a unity government; preparing for presidential and parliamentary elections, rebuilding Palestinian security forces, and reorganizing the Palestinian Liberation Organization.News Item 8Tuesday's Middle East conference in Annapolis, Maryland, put Israelis and Palestinians back on the road map to peace. Now the question is, how far will they get?The "road map" is the name for a plan that is supposed to lead to a permanent, two-state solution to the conflict. The Quartet of the United States, Russia, the European Union and the United Nations launched the plan in two thousand three. The plan did not go far.But this week Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert agreed to immediately restart negotiations. They promise to seek a peace treaty that furthers the goal of an independent Palestine.The two sides have not held serious negotiations in seven years. A committee that will guide the talks will hold its first meeting December twelfth. The aim is to reach an agreement by the end of next year.Many Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia and Syria, attended the international conference held by the United States. Iran was not invited.News Item 9One of the world's longest serving leaders announced this week that he is leaving office after just short of fifty eventful years. Fidel Castro of Cuba is eighty-one years old and in poor health. He named his brother Raul as acting president in two thousand six.In a letter published Tuesday, Fidel Castro said he was not saying goodbye to the Cuban people. His only wish, he said, is to "fight as a soldier in the battle of ideas."On Sunday the Cuban National Assembly is expected to name seventy-six-year-old Raul Castro as president. The two brothers appear to share very similar ideas about governing the communist-ruled island. Fidel Castro will apparently remain a member of Parliament and is widely expected to still have strong influence.News Item 10Bushfires in southeastern Australia have killed 108 people and the authorities are warning that the number of victims could increase as outbreaks continue to burn out of control. Giant walls of flame have destroyed hundreds of homes, forests and farmland in the country's worst ever wildfire disaster.Witnesses recount seeing trees explode and the sky raining ash as temperatures reach 47 degrees Celsius.Up to 400 fires raged around the southern city of Melbourne, where embers rode on furnace-like winds pushing the front forward, devouring hundreds of homes and vast areas of forest and farmland. There are concerns that entire towns may have been lost.Charred bodies have been found in cars. It is thought many of the victims had tried to escape the onslaught only to be overcome by its sheer speed and ferocity.News Item 11Scientists think they are a step closer to a new drug to treat schistosomiasis. More than two hundred million people suffer from this parasitic worm disease. Most live in developing nations in tropical climates. About ten percent of victims become seriously disabled from internal bleeding, iron loss, organ damage or other effects.A team in the United States found that chemical compounds known as oxadiazoles can target an enzyme needed for the survival of Schistosoma. This is the group of flatworms that cause schistosomiasis.The scientists tested oxadiazoles on laboratory mice. They found that one compound killed the parasite at every level of development – from larva to adult. The study also showed that the compound was active against all three major species of Schistosoma worms that infect humans.The National Institutes of Health supported the research. Scientists from Illinois State University and the Chemical Genomics Center at N.I.H. reported their findings in the journal Nature Medicine.News Item 12A recent decision by Harvard University to expand financial aid is putting pressure on other schools to do the same.The full price for one year at Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is more than forty-five thousand dollars. Many other private colleges cost just as much. But Harvard is much wealthier than any other American university, so it has more to give.Harvard already offers a free education to students from families that earn up to sixty thousand dollars a year. This has helped increase the numbers of lower income and minority students.Now, the aim is to help all but the wealthiest American families pay for a Harvard education. The new policies announced last month will assist families that earn as much as one hundred eighty thousand dollars. These families will be asked to pay no more than ten percent of their income for college.For example, a family earning one hundred twenty thousand dollars would pay about twelve thousand a year. Under existing student aid policies the amount is more than nineteen thousand. News Item 13The leaders of North and South Korea met this week. It was the first such meeting in seven years, and only the second since Korea was divided in nineteen fifty-three.South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun, left, shakes hands with North Korean leader Kim Jong Il after exchanging a joint reconciliation pact in Pyongyang, North Korea.South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun and North Korea's Kim Jong Il ended three days of talks in Pyongyang on Thursday. They signed a joint declaration to support peace and economic growth on the Korean peninsula.It says the South and the North will closely cooperate to end military hostilities and ease tensions. The two Koreas have been increasingly cooperative, but technically they are still at war. News Item 14Senator and first lady Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner this week became the first woman to be elected president of Argentina. The fifty-four-year-old lawyer and politician received about twice as many votes as her closest opponent, Elisa Carrio.Cristina Fernandez will take office in December when her husband, President Nestor Kirchner, steps down after one term. She will face difficult issues including Argentina's high inflation rates and energy shortages.Her support comes mainly from Argentina’s lower classes. Political observers say she could lose that support if she is unable to slow inflation and deal with the energy problems.News Item 15On July first, America's oldest university will get its twenty-eighth president but, most notably, its first female president. Historian Drew Gilpin Faust was named this week to lead Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard is three hundred seventy-one years old. Professor Faust has written several books on her specialty, the history of the American South and the Civil War. She is fifty-nine and attended Bryn Mawr College and the University of Pennsylvania. She arrived at Harvard six years ago as the founding dean of its Radcliffe Institutefor Advanced Study.She will replace Lawrence Summers who resigned last June after five years as president. His aggressive leadership style was unpopular with professors.News Item 16Now we'll take a look at what' been happening on the financial markets. On the share market in Tokyo, the Nikei is down 110 points at 21,705. In New York the Dow-Jones Average closed down 71 points at 5,549. Earlier London's 100 share index was 20 points lower at 3,805. In early Asian trading, the dollar was 150.4 German Marks and it's at 180.2 Japanese Yen. The pound is currently 150.1 US dollars.News Item 17Newsweek Magazine now says it's retracting a story that said US military investigators have found evidence that interrogators at Guantanamo Bay desecrated the Koran,the Muslim holy book. Newsweek reported earlier this month that US interrogators had flushed a copy of the Koran down a toilet in an effort to break Muslim terrorist suspects. The report led to violent protests in Afghanistan and Pakistan that left at least 16 people dead. Newsweek editor Mark Whitaker apologized for the story yesterday, saying it was inaccurate. Today the magazine went further, issuing a statement that said based on what it now knows, the magazine was retracting the story. News Item 18Canada's government says it will proceed with plans to send military advisers to Sudan's Darfur region. That comes despite Sudan saying it does not want Canadian troops to enter the country.Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin's aid package for Darfur includes about 140 million dollars US and up to 100 military experts to help the African Union peacekeeping force. But Sudan hasn't been happy with the move. The government in Khartoum says it doesn't want non-African troops in Darfur and it complained that it had not been properly consulted by Ottawa. But Martin's office appears undeterred, saying Canada needs only the approval of the African Union for the deployment of troops and it's up to the AU to get Sudan's approval. A spokesman for the Prime Minister says that means there was no change of plans. But some critics say Canada should do more. One MP says the plan should include 400 million dollars and 500 soldiers. The 2-year civil war in Darfur has killed more than 300 thousand people and displaced more than 2 million.News Item 19Some 150 South Korea female c ollege students burned a Japanese flag yesterday in a noisy demonstration outside the Japanese embassy, demanding full compensation for World War II victims. Platoons of South Korea riot police armed with shields and clubs immediately surrounded the demonstrators and formed a human barricade to prevent possible violence. The demonstrators torched a huge Japanese flag scribbled with slogans, demanding that the Japanese Prime Minister raise a government fund for Korea war victims. South Koreans have staged weekly protest outside the Japanese Embassy for more than two years, demanding Japan fully compensate World War II victims, including "comfort "women forced into sexual slavery for Japanese imperial soldiers.News Item 20Summer is the most popular time for New Yorkers to visit the Aquarium, one of the city's oldest institutions. Ms. Kafka，the curator of education, views it as a training ground for ageneration of young people who she hopes will grow up motivated to work in wildlife conservation. Every summer, high school students volunteer at the aquarium as docents or tour guides. They are trained to care for animals and to give guided tours to the public. Many of the docents go on to jobs caring for animals all over the world, sometimes as far away as Iraq. "About six months ago, I got a call from a former docent," she recalls. "I said, 'Jackson, where are you?' He says he's in Iraq. He was taking care of the animals at the zoo in Iraq."News Item 21A bomb ripped through a commuter train in central Pakistan, killing at least eight people, and injuring dozens more. So far there have been no claims of responsibility. Police say the bomb exploded on Tuesday as the train was entering a station in Lahore, the capital of Punjab Province. The attack occurred just one day after two other bombings in Pakistan which killed at least six people and injured 48 others.News Item 22Georgia governor Sonny Perdue has signed a bill that bans smoking in most public places in the state. The new law limits smoking to just a few places such as bars and restaurants that exclude people under the age of 18. Smoking would also be permitted in designated指定的hotel and motel rooms and in workplace smoking areas if they have a separate air circulating system. Governor Perdue has said recently that he didn't like the bill because he believed that the state shouldn't become what he called a nanny for all people. Georgia now joins Florida, as one of the nations' fourteen tobacco growing states with the toughest laws against smoking in public places.News Item 23Rebels in northern Uganda attacked civilians as they tended fields in their refugee camp yesterday. A Ugandan army spokesman and aid worker says at least ten people were shot and hacked to death. At least fourteen were hurt. It was one of the worst such attacks in weeks by the lord's resistance army on refugee camps. Violence in Uganda has gotten worse since talks to end the more than 18-year-old civil war came to an impasse earlier this week. The United Nation says more than a million and a half people have been forced from their homes in Uganda due to the fighting and tens of thousands of children have been abducted. The lord's resistance army holds no actual territory.News Item 24Liftoff of the space shuttle Discovery has been delayed until July at the earliest. A launch was originally planned in May. NASA scientists are concerned about the possibility of ice chunks falling off the shuttle's fuel tank. Such an incident could cause the same kind of catastrophe that led to the demise of the space shuttle Columbia and its crew more than two years ago, as the shuttle was reentering the earth's atmosphere. Engineers are working on making a necessary adjustment to eliminate the danger.。
名人演讲：希拉里在联合国第四届妇女大会上的演讲
名人演讲：希拉里在联合国第四届妇女大会上的演讲希拉里是美国律师、政治家，美国第67任国务卿，前联邦参议员(代表纽约州)，美国第42届总统比尔·克林顿的妻子，今天店铺给大家分享一篇希拉里在联合国第四届妇女大会上的精彩演讲，希望对大家有所帮助。
名人演讲：希拉里在联合国第四届妇女大会上的演讲Mrs. Mongella, Under Secretary Kittani, distinguished delegates and guests:I would like to thank the Secretary General of the United Nations for inviting me to be a part of the United Nations Fourth World Conference of Women. This is truly a celebration -- a celebration of the contributions women make in every aspect of life: in the home, on the job, in their communities, as mothers, wives, sisters, daughters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders.It is also a coming together, much of the way women come together ever day in every country.We come together in fields and in factories. We come together in village markets and supermarkets. We come together in living rooms and board rooms.Whether it is while playing with our children in the park, or washing clothes in a river, or taking a break at the office water cooler, we come together and talk about our aspirations and concern. And time and again, our talk turns to our children and our families. However different we may be, there is far more that unites us than divides us. We share a common future, and are here to find common ground so that we may help bring new dignity and respect to women and girls all over the world. By doing this, we bring new strength and stability to families as well.By gathering in Beijing, we are focusing world attention onissues that matter most in the lives of women and their families: access to education, health care, jobs and credit, the chance to enjoy basic legal and human rights and participate fully in the political life of their countries.There are some who question the reason for this conference.Let them listen to the voices of women in their homes, neighborhoods, and workplaces.There are some who wonder whether the lives of women and girls matter to economic and political progress around the globe.Let them look at the women gathered here and at Huairou -- the homemakers, nurses, teachers, lawyers, policymakers, and women who run their own businesses.It is conferences like this that compel governments and people everywhere to listen, look and face the world's most pressing problems.Wasn't it after the women's conference in Nairobi ten years ago that the world focused for the first time on the crisis of domestic violence?Earlier today, I participated in a World Health Organization forum, where government officials, NGOs, and individual citizens are working on ways to address the health problems of women and girls.Tomorrow, I will attend a gathering of the United Nations Development Fund for Women. There, the discussion will focus on local -- and highly successful -- programs that give hard-working women access to credit so they can improve their own lives and the lives of their families.What we are learning around the world is that if women are healthy and educated, their families will flourish. If women are free from violence, their families will flourish. If women have achance to work and earn as full and equal partners in society, their families will flourish.And when families flourish, communities and nations will flourish.That is why every woman, every man, every child, every family, and every nation on our planet has a stake in the discussion that takes place here.Over the past 25 years, I have worked persistently on issues relating to women, children, and families. Over the past two-and-a half years, I have had the opportunity to learn more about the challenges facing women in my own country and around the world.I have met new mothers in Jojakarta and Indonesia, who come together regularly in their village to discuss nutrition, family planning, and baby care.I have met working parents in Denmark who talk about the comfort they feel in knowing that their children can be cared for in creative, safe, and nurturing after-school centers.I have met women in South Africa who helped lead the struggle to end apartheid and are now helping build a new democracy.I have met with the leading women of the Western Hemisphere who are working every day to promote literacy and better health care for the children of their countries.I have met women in India and Bangladesh who are taking out small loans to buy milk cows, rickshaws, thread and other materials to create a livelihood for themselves and their families.I have met doctors and nurses in Belarus and Ukraine who are trying to keep children alive in the aftermath of Chernobyl.The great challenge of this Conference is to give voice towomen everywhere whose experiences go unnoticed, whose words go unheard.Women comprise more than half the word's population. Women are 70% of the world's poor, and two-thirds of those are not taught to read and write.Women are the primary caretakers for most of the world's children and elderly. Yet much of the work we do is not valued -- not by economists, not by historians, not by popular culture, not by government leaders.At this very moment, as we sit here, women around the world are giving birth, raising children, cooking meals, washing clothes, cleaning houses, planting crops, working on assembly lines, running companies, and running countries.Women also are dying from diseases that should have been prevented or treated. They are watching their children succumb to malnutrition caused by poverty and economic deprivation. They are being denied the right to go to school by their own fathers and brothers. They are being forced into prostitution, and they are being barred from the band lending office and banned from the ballot box.Those of us who have the opportunity to be here have the responsibility to speak for those who could not.As an American, I want to speak up for those women in my own country omen who are raising children on the minimum wage, women who can afford health care or child care, women whose lives are threatened by violence, including violence in their own homes.I want to speak up for mothers who are fighting for good schools, safe neighborhoods, clean air, and clean airwaves; for older women, some of them widows, who have raised theirfamilies and now find their skills and life experiences are not valued in the workplace; for women who are working all night as nurses, hotel clerks, and fast food cooks so that they can be at home during the day with their kids; and for women everywhere who simply don抰have time to do everything they are called upon to do each day.Speaking to you today, I speak for them, just as each of us speaks for women around the world who are denied the chance to go to school, or see a doctor, or own property, or have a say about the direction of their lives, simply because they are women. The truth is that most women around the world work both inside and outside the home, usually by necessity.We need to understand that there is no formula for how women should lead their lives.That is why we must respect the choices that each woman makes for herself and her family. Every woman deserves the chance to realize her own God-given potential.We also must recognize that women will never gain full dignity until their human rights are respected and protected.Our goals for this Conference, to strengthen families and societies by empowering women to take greater control over their destinies, cannot be fully achieved unless all governments -- here and around the world -- accept their responsibility to protect and promote internationally recognized human rights.The international community has long acknowledged -- and recently affirmed at Vienna -- that both women and men are entitled to a range of protections and personal freedoms, from the right of personal security to the right to determine freely the number and spacing of the children they bear.No one should be forced to remain silent for fear of religiousor political persecution, arrest, abuse or torture.Tragically, women are most often the ones whose human rights are violated.Even in the late 20th century, the rape of women continues to be used as an instrument of armed conflict. Women and children make up a large majority of the world's refugees. When women are excluded from the political process, they become even more vulnerable to abuse.I believe that, on the eve of a new millennium, it is time to break our silence. It is time for us to say here in Bejing, and the world to hear, that it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights.These abuses have continued because, for too long, the history of women has been a history of silence. Even today, there are those who are trying to silence our words.The voices of this conference and of the women at Huairou must be heard loud and clear:It is a violation of human rights when babies are denied food, or drowned, or suffocated, or their spines broken, simply because they are born girls.It is a violation of human rights when woman and girls are sold into the slavery of prostitution.It is a violation of human rights when women are doused with gasoline, set on fire and burned to death because their marriage dowries are deemed too small.It is a violation of human rights when individual women are raped in their own communities and when thousands of women are subjected to rape as a tactic or prize of war.It is a violation of human rights when a leading cause of death worldwide along women ages 14 to 44 is the violence theyare subjected to in their own homes.It is a violation of human rights when women are denied the right to plan their own families, and that includes being forced to have abortions or being sterilized against their will.If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, it is that human rights are women's rights -- and women's rights are human rights. Let us not forget that among those rights are the right to speak freely -- and the right to be heard.Women must enjoy the right to participate fully in the social and political lives of their countries if we want freedom and democracy to thrive and endure.It is indefensible that many women in nongovernmental organizations who wished to participate in this conference have not been able to attend -- or have been prohibited from fully taking part.Let me be clear. Freedom means the right of people to assemble, organize and debate openly. It means respecting the views of those who may disagree with the views of their governments. It means not taking citizens away from their loved ones and jailing they, mistreating them, or denying them their freedom or dignity because of the peaceful expression of their ideas and opinions.In my country, we recently celebrated the 75th anniversary of women's suffrage. It took 150 years after the signing of our Declaration of Independence for women to win the right to vote.It took 72 years of organized struggle on the part of many courageous women and men. It was one of America's most divisive philosophical wars. But it was also a bloodless war. Suffrage was achieved without a shot being fired.We have also been reminded, in V-J Day observances last weekend, of the good that comes when men and women join together to combat the forces of tyranny and build a better world.We have seen peace prevail in most places for a half century. We have avoided another world war.But we have not solved older, deeply-rooted problems that continue to diminish the potential of half the world's population.Now it is time to act on behalf of women everywhere.If we take bold steps to better the lives of women, we will be taking bold steps to better the lives of children and families too.Families rely on mothers and wives for emotional support and care; families rely on women for labor in the home; and increasingly, families rely on women for income needed to raise healthy children and care for other relatives.As long as discrimination and inequities remain so commonplace around the world -- as long as girls and women are valued less, red less, fed last, overworked, underpaid, not schooled and subjected to violence in and out of their homes -- the potential of the human family to create a peaceful, prosperous world will not be realized.Let this Conference be our -- and the world's -- call to action.And let us heed the call so that we can create a world in which every woman is treated with respect and dignity, every boy and girl is loved and cared for equally, and every family has the hope of a strong and stable future.Thank you very much.。
大学英语六级试题模拟试卷及答案解析三
Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Who Has the Most Important Influence on the Young. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1. 有些人认为家人对青少年的影响最大。
2.有些人认为朋友对青少年的影响最大。
3.我的看法。
Who Has the Most Important Influence on the YoungPart ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Will Electronic Medical Records Improve Health Care?Electronic health records (EHRs) have received a lot of attention since the Obama administration committed $19 billion in stimulus funds earlier this year to encourage hospitals and health care facilities to digitize patient data and make better use of information technology. The healthcare industry as a whole, however, has been slow to adopt information technology and integrate computer systems, raising the question of whether the push to digitize will result in information that empowers doctors to make better-informed decisions or a morass of disconnected data.The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) knows firsthand how difficult it is to achieve the former, and how easily an EHR plan can fall into the latter. UPMC has spent five years and more than $1 billion on information technology systems to get ahead of the EHR issue. While that is more than five times as much as recent estimates say it should cost a hospital system, UPMC is a mammoth network consisting of 20 hospitals as well as 400 doctors’ offices, outpatient sites and long-term care facilities employing about 50,000 people.UPMC’s early attempts to create a universal EHR system, such as its ambulatory electronic medical records rolled out between 2000 and 2005, were met with resistance as doctors, staff and other users either avoided using the new technology altogether or c lung to individual, disconnected software and systems that UPMC’s IT department had implemented over the years.On the mendAlthough UPMC began digitizing some of its records in 1996, the turning point in its efforts came in 2004 with the rollout of its eRecord system across the entire health care network. eRecord now contains more than 3.6 million electronic patient records, including images and CT scans, clinical laboratory information, radiology data, and a picture archival and communication system that digitizes images and makes them available on PCs. The EHR system has 29,000 users, including more than 5,000 physicians employed by or affiliated with UPMC.If UPMC makes EHR systems look easy, don’t be fooled, cautions UPMC chief medical information officer Dan Martich, who says the health care network’s IT systems require a "huge, ongoing effort" to ensure that those systems can communicate with one another. One of the main reasons is that UPMC, like many other health care organizations, uses a number of different vendors for its medical and IT systems, leaving the integration largely up to the IT staff.Since doctors typically do not want to change the way they work for the sake of a computer system, the success of an EHR program is dictated not only by the presence of the technology but also by how well the doctors are trained on, and use, the technology. Physicians need to see the benefits of using EHR systems both persistently and consistently, says Louis Baverso, chief information officer at UPMC’s Magee-Women’s Hospital. But these benefits might not be obvious at first, he says, adding, "What doctors see in the beginning is that they’re losing their ability to work with paper documents, which has been so valuable to them up until now."Opportunities and costsGiven the lack of EHR adoption throughout the health care world, there are a lot of opportunities to get this right (or wrong). Less than 10 percent of U.S. hospitals have adopted electronic medical records even in the most basic way, according to a study authored by Ashish Jha, associate professor of health policy and management at Harvard School of Public Health. Only 1.5 percent have adopted a comprehensive system of electronic records that includes physicians’ notes and orders and decision support systems that alert doctors of potential drug interactions or other problems that might result from their intended orders.Cost is the primary factor stalling EHR systems, followed by resistance from physicians unwilling to adopt new technologies and a lack of staff with adequate IT expertise, according to Jha. He indicated that a hospital could spend from $20 million to $200 million to implement an electronic record system over several years, depending on the size of the hospital. A typical doctor’s office would cost anestimated $50,000 to outfit with an EHR system.The upside of EHR systems is more difficult to quantify. Although some estimates say that hospitals and doctor’s offices could save as much as $100 million annually by moving to EHRs, the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees neither cost savings nor improvements in care, Jha said during a Harvard School of Public Health community forum on September 17. Another Harvard study of hospital computerization likewise determined that cutting costs and improving care through health IT as it exists today is "wishful thinking". This study was led by David Himmelstein, associate professor at Harvard Medical School.The cost of getting it wrongThe difference between the projected cost savings and the reality of the situation stems from the fact that the EHR technologies implemented to date have not been designed to save money or improve patient care, says Leonard D’Avolio, associate center director of Biomedical Informatics at the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC). Instead, EHRs are used to document individual p atients’ conditions, pass this information among clinicians treating those patients, justify financial reimbursement and serve as the legal records of events.This is because, if a health care facility has $1 million to spend, its managers are more likely to spend it on an expensive piece of lab equipment than on information technology, D’Avolio says, adding that the investment on lab equipment can be made up by charging patients access to it as a billable service. This is not the case for IT. Also, computers and networks used throughout hospitals and health care facilities are disconnected and often manufactured by different vendors without a standardized way of communicating. "Medical data is difficult to standardize because caring for patients is a complex process," he says. "We need to find some way of reaching across not just departments but entire hospitals. If you can’t measure something, you can’t improve it, and without access to this data, you can’t measure it."To qualify for a piece of the $19 billion being offered through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), healthcare facilities will have to justify the significance of their IT investments to ensure they are "meaningful users" of EHRs. The Department of Health and Human Services has yet to define what it considers meaningful useAggregating info to create knowledgeIdeally, in addition to providing doctors with basic information about their patients, databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications,diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be mined for new knowledge, D’Avolio says. "With just a few of these databases networked together, the power to improve health care increases exponentially," D’Avolio suggested. "All that is missing is the collective realization that better health care requires access to better information—not automation of the status quo." Down the road, the addition of genomic information, environmental factors and family history to these databases will enable clinicians to begin to realize the potential of personalized medicine, he added.1. In America, it is slow to adopt information technology because .A) the funds invested by the government is not enough in the pastB) EHRs have received less attention of the public in the pastC) whether it will be useful to doctors or not is doubtfulD) UPMC knows how difficult it is to digitize the hospital2. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) .A) is the first medical center to adopt information technologyB) satisfy the requirement of the government on information technologyC) spent less money on information technology than it was estimatedD) attempted to created a universal EHR system, but met some difficulties3. The health care network’s IT systems require a lot of effort to ensure it can communicate with one another mainly because .A) the integration among different system is largely up to the IT staffB) UPMC is like many other health care organizations in the United StatesC) UPMC makes EHR systems look easyD) UMPC began digitizing some of its records in 19964. The success of the EHR program is decided by .A) the fact whether the information technology is available or notB) the fact how well the doctors are trained to use the information technologyC) not only the presence of the technology but the doctor’s training on technologyD) the fact whether physicians can see the benefits of using EHR systems5. The most important reason of most hospitals being reluctant to adopt EHR system is that .A) the cost is too high for the hospital to affordB) physicians are unwilling to adopt itC) there is a lack of staff with adequate IT expertiseD) doctor worry about its negative influence on patients6. According to the study led by David Himmelstein through health IT .A) it is possible to cut the costs of the hospitalB) it is possible to improve the health careC) it ensure neither cost saving nor improvement in careD) it could save as much as $100 million annually7. The hospital’s managers prefer to .A) spend money on an expensive piece of equipment than on information technologyB) charge patients access to the information technology as a billable serviceC) purchase the information technology to improve the health care of the hospitalD) invest more money on the training of the physicians to charge patients more money8. Jha said the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees ______________________.9. D’Avolio says the investment on lab equipment can be made up by_____________________.10. Databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications, diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be ____________________.Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11. A) He doesn’t know the way to the theater.B) He doesn’t usually get up at 7:30.C) He wants to leave the theater before the drama is over.D) He wants to go early to avoid a traffic jam.12. A) She got a weekend job at the beach.B) She often goes to the beach.C) She misses the trips to the beach she used to take.D) Her home is near the beach.13. A) He will make a reservation at the restaurant.B) The woman should ask her parents for a suggestion.C) The woman should decide where to eat Saturday.D) He already has plans for Saturday night.14. A) He doubts the woman will like the novel.B) He’ll lend the woman the novel after he has read it.C) He enjoyed reading the novel.D) He hasn’t started reading the novel yet.15. A) The doctor’s office will be closed tomorrow.B) The doctor’s schedule is filled tomorrow.C) The doctor has stopped seeing new patients.D) The doctor can see the man tomorrow.16. A) She was sorry the man couldn’t finish his laundry.B) She saw the man run out.C) She thought the man’s laundry was done badly.D) She thought the man’s lawn was too dry.17. A) His coach didn’t help him enough.B) He had no chance of winning.C) His coach didn’t listen to him.D) He didn’t follow his coach’s advice.18. A) She grades papers very quickly.B) She isn’t teaching this semester.C) She didn’t require any papers last semester.D) She was more flexible last semester.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) Father and daughter.B) Colleagues.C) Friends.D) Husband and wife.20. A) They are discussing whether they should go for a holiday.B) They are discussing where they should go for the holiday.C) They are discussing how they could save enough money for the holiday.D) They are discussing how they could pay for their house and the furniture.21. A) Sheffield.B) Hawaii.C) Wales or Scotland.D) Florida.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) In a skating rink.B) On a bike path.C) On the campus sidewalks.D) In the street.23. A) He has trouble stopping.B) There are too many rocks.C) Going uphill is difficult.D) There are too many curves.24. A) Pull him up the hills.B) Catch him if he starts to fail.C) Find some skates for him.D) Teach him how to stop on skates.25. A) Look for the man’s skates.B) Have a meal.C) Look for something to drink.D) Start skating on the path.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) The beef is lost.B) Something is not as good as described.C) The beef is not as good as it is said to be.D) The food has turned bad.27. A) Because they are made from beef.B) Because they are cheaper than any other kind of food.C) Because they are served quickly and at a low price.D) Because hamburger is the only fast food in America.28. A) Because hamburgers are good to eat.B) Because they are easy to make.C) Because they could sell hamburgers throughout the country.D) Because they thought they could make large profit.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A) They often take place in her major industries.B) British trade unions are more powerful.C) There are more trade union members in Britain.D) Britain loses more working days through strikes every year.30. A) Such strikes are against the British law.B) Such strikes are unpredictable.C) Such strikes involve workers from different trades.D) Such strikes occur frequently these days.31. A) Trade unions in Britain are becoming more popular.B) Most strikes in Britain are against the British law.C) Unofficial strikes in Britain are easier to deal with now.D) Employer-worker relations in Britain have become tenser. Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. A) Education.B) Wealth.C) Diligence.D) Political status.33. A) The change of the nature of occupations.B) The decrease of social wealth.C) The change of educational degree.D) The increase of job opportunities.34. A) Farmers.B) Politicians.C) Manual workers..D) Clerks.35. A) White-collar workers.B) Farm workers.C) Blue-collar workers.D) Not mentioned.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Daily newspaper has an editorial page. Here opinion is expressed on events and 36 in the news. But editorial judgment is so persuasively 37 that many people accept these opinions as facts. Good journalists 38 a code of ethics which 39 between news and editorial opinion. This code holds that in an editorial 40 the publisher is entitled to 41 any cause he chooses. It is understood that there he is speaking as a partisan and may express any view he 42 . Because a modern newspaper is so expensive to produce and so 43 to establish, newspapers have increasingly become big business organizations. Although there are exceptions, 44 _________________.In the news columns, however, the complete and unbiased facts should be reported. The better metropolitan newspapers and 45 _____________. But the less ethical publications 46 _______________.Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.Currently, there are an increasing number of new types of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among "situations vacant", although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among "situations wanted", although it is not placed by someone looking for a job, either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job."Contact us before writing your application", or "Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history", is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae (or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. "Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams", was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. "Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for", was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job interview.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.47. There are an increasing number of new types of small advertisement in newspaper columns ______.48. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because ______.49. In the past it was expected that first job hunters would ______.50. Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include ______ in the letter.51. The curriculum vitae has become such an important document because ______.Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.Computers are now employed in an increasing number of fields in our daily life. Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience.Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer. All a programmer has to do is to give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40,000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be, given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to "think" for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carrythem through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it. But there are many serious human problems, which can be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal relations, ecology and economics, and the ever-increasing threat of world famine can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers.52. According to the passage, computers cannot be used to ______.A) solve the threat of world famineB) ease international tensionC) defeat world champion chess playerD) work out solutions to the industrial problems53. In the author’s opinion, ______.A) playing chess shows computer’s program has been developed into a new stageB) it is practically possible now that computer can win every chess game nowC) computers even with less than complete data can be programmed to defeat the world champion chess playerD) computers can be programmed to play and reason but not learn54. The author’s attitude toward the future use of computer is ______.A) negativeB) positiveC) indifferentD) critical55. In order to "think", computer should ______.A) be programmed to have more than enough dataB) learn from the experience and to reasonC) deal with all the unstructured situationD) predicate every move in the chess56. Today, the chess-playing computer can be programmed to ______.A) have trillions of responses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB) store complete data and beat the best playersC) learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD) predicate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each timePassage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the sun’s rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desertanimals can drink huge volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe (吸收) over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated. It is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.57. What is the passage mainly about?A) Animals developed different strategies to survive.B) Large animals can take strategies to reduce the effect of extreme heat.C) Animals can tolerate the loss of body water.D) A very dehydrated person can drink enough water to rehydrate.58. Why light in color is important to large animals in deserts?A) It helped them maintain a constant normal body temperature.B) It reflects rather than absorbs the sun-light.C) It helps them see their peers at night.D) It helps them keep cool during the night.59. What will be fatal to non-adapted animals?A) Keeping a normal body temperature.B) Drinking polluted water.C) Drinking huge volumes of water in a short time.D) Feeding when dehydrated.60. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?A) They do not need to eat much food.。
高中英语Unit9 Health care文章 世界卫生组织人教版第三册
世界卫生组织世界卫生组织 (简称“世卫组织”，World Health Organization -- WHO) 是联合国下属的一个专门机构，其前身可以追溯到１９０７年成立于巴黎的国际公共卫生局和１９２０年成立于日内瓦的国际联盟卫生组织。
战后，经联合国经社理事会决定，６４个国家的代表于１９４６年７月在纽约举行了一次国际卫生会议，签署了《世界卫生组织组织法》。
１９４８年４月７日，该法得到２６个联合国会员国批准后生效，世界卫生组织宣告成立。
每年的４月７日也就成为全球性的“世界卫生日”。
同年６月２４日，世界卫生组织在日内瓦召开的第一届世界卫生大会上正式成立，总部设在瑞士日内瓦。
世卫组织的宗旨是使全世界人民获得尽可能高水平的健康。
该组织给健康下的定义为“身体、精神及社会生活中的完美状态”。
世卫组织的主要职能包括：促进流行病和地方病的防治；提供和改进公共卫生、疾病医疗和有关事项的教学与训练；推动确定生物制品的国际标准。
截至２００５年５月，世卫组织共有１９２个成员国。
世界卫生大会是世卫组织的最高权力机构，每年召开一次。
主要任务是审议总干事的工作报告、规划预算、接纳新会员国和讨论其他重要议题。
执委会是世界卫生大会的执行机构，负责执行大会的决议、政策和委托的任务，它由３２位有资格的卫生领域的技术专家组成，每位成员均由其所在的成员国选派，由世界卫生大会批准，任期三年，每年改选三分之一。
根据世界卫生组织的君子协定，联合国安理会５个常任理事国是必然的执委成员国，但席位第三年后轮空一年。
常设机构秘书处下设非洲、美洲、欧洲、东地中海、东南亚、西太平洋６个地区办事处。
中国是世卫组织的创始国之一。
中国和巴西代表在参加１９４５年４月２５日至６月２６日联合国于旧金山召开的关于国际组织问题的大会上，提交的“建立一个国际性卫生组织的宣言”，为创建世界卫生组织奠定了基础。
１９７２年５月１０日，第２５届世界卫生大会通过决议，恢复了中国在世界卫生组织的合法席位。
VOA听力原稿翻译
This is the VOA Special English Health Report.现在是VOA特别英语——健康报道The World Health Organization says it has reached a limit in its fight against diseases and disasters.世界卫生组织表示该组织在与疾病和灾难抗争方面已经达到了承受极限。
Director-General Margaret Chan says the agency is "overextended" and faces "serious funding shortfalls."首席执行干事陈女士表示该组织应经超负荷运行，面临严重的资金短缺。
Dr. Chan says the WHO is no longer operating "at the level of top performance that is increasingly needed, and expected.陈女士说WHO不能再以日益期望不断增长的模式进行高负荷运作了。
" She told the agency's Executive Board on Monday that the level of action should not be governed by the size of a problem.她对董事会说，这种行动大小的程度不能再由问题的大小所决定了。
Instead, it should be governed by the extent to which the WHO can have an effect on the problem.相反，应该有WHO在这个问题上所能产生的影响决定。
Dr. Chan said one of the most exciting developments recently is a new vaccine that could end Africa's deadly meningitis epidemics.陈女士最近感到最激动的发展是一种能结束非洲致命传染病的疫苗的生产。
World Health Organization
DISABILITY ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE World Health Organization Classification, Assessment, and Survey Team (CAS)Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy (GPE)8 20008World Health Organization 2000Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved.An earlier version of this WHODAS II training manual was prepared by Ms. Jayne Lux (WHO, Geneva). Ms. Michele Smith and Dr. JoAnne Epping-Jordan (WHO Geneva) designed and produced the current version of this manual.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the impression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.TABLE OF CONTENTSI. Overview 4Manual GoalsWhat’s InsideII. Part 1: Introduction 8 Why is Disability Assessment Important?WHODAS II Background and RationaleWHODAS II VersionsWHODAS II TranslationsIII. Part 2: Administering the WHODAS II14 General InformationStandardizationPrivacyFrame of Reference for AnsweringSpecifications for Self-Administered VersionsCompleting the FormsSpecifications for Interviewer-Administered VersionsGeneral Interviewing InstructionsTypographical ConventionsFlashcardsHow to Ask the QuestionsHow to Clarify Unclear ResponsesHow to Record DataIV. Part 3: Problems and Solutions37 V. Part 4: Test Yourself40 VI. Part 5: A Final Word44 VII. Annex 1: Glossary 46 VIII. Annex 2: Question by Question 50 SpecificationsManual GoalsThe purpose of this guide is to assist you to learn how to administer correctly and effectively the various versions of the WHODAS II.Throughout the guide, you will find this symbol:When you see this symbol, it means that there are questions for you to answer, or an activity for you to do. These exercises will help you to learn the material better, so be sure to complete them as you read the guide.What’s Inside...Each section of the training manual is designed to assist in learning about one aspect of the WHODAS II. Following is a breakdown of each section and its goals.Part 1: Introduction1.1 Why is Disability Assessment Important?This section provides an overview of the importance of disabilityassessment in measuring health status and clinical outcomes.1.2 WHODAS II Background and RationaleThe history of the development of the WHODAS II is explained, alongwith the uses of this instrument.1.3 WHODAS II VersionsDescribes the various versions of the instrument, and appropriateusage for each. Differences are explained between self-administered,interviewer-administered, and proxy versions.1.4 WHODAS II TranslationsLists the languages into which the instrument has been translated, and provides information for those who would like to translate the WHODAS II.Part 2: Administering the WHODAS IIA. General InformationThis section provides instructions applicable to each of the instrumentversions.2.1 StandardizationDescribes the importance and the methods of standardization.2.2 PrivacyDescribes the importance of and methods to ensure privacy forall participants.2.3 Frame of Reference for AnsweringReiterates the framework of questions for the WHODAS II,explaining that questions should be answered in terms of thedegree of difficulty due to health conditions in the past 30 days,averaging good and bad days, as s/he usually does the activity.B. Specifications for Self-Administered VersionsInstructions in this section pertain only to those versions of theWHODAS II that are self-administered (including self-administeredproxy versions).2.4 Completing the FormsThe self-administered versions of the WHODAS II have specificcoding requirements. This section explains in detail how tocomplete the forms for data tracking purposes.C. Specifications for Interviewer-Administered VersionsInstructions in this section pertain only to those versions of theWHODAS II that are interviewer-administered (including interviewer-administered proxy versions).2.5 General Interviewing InstructionsReviews interviewing procedures.2.6 Typographical ConventionsExplains the formatting of the WHODAS II, and differentiatesbetween text to be read to the respondent and instructions to theinterviewer.2.7 FlashcardsExplains the appropriate use of the flashcards, including theflashcards are used with various WHODAS II versions.2.8 How to Ask the QuestionsDescribes the standardized method of asking questions ofrespondents.2.9 How to Clarify Unclear ResponsesThis section describes the standardized methods for clarifyingand probing.2.10 How to Record DataThis section explains the proper procedures for completing theinterview forms.Part 3: Problems and SolutionsThis section contains answers to problems that may arise during theadministration of the WHODAS II.Part 4: Test YourselfThis section provides an opportunity to review the material containedwithin the training manual and take a short test. Answers are provided, along with the section number that explains the content area so thatmissed questions can be found and reviewed in the manual text. Part 5: A Final WordRecaps the key information in the training manual.Annex 1: GlossaryThis section provides definitions for commonly used terms within theWHODAS II and the training manual.Annex 2: Question by Question SpecificationThis section presents each question of the WHODAS II, and specifiesits goals, along with instructions on how to apply these concepts cross-culturally.C 1.1 Why is Disability Assessment Important?C 1.2WHODAS II Background and RationaleC 1.3WHODAS II VersionsC 1.4Translations1.1Why is Disability Assessment Important?As a busy professional, you are already occupied with many day to day tasks. You may wonder if you have the time to learn and use a new disability measure, or even whether it is that important.Consider these facts:Medical diagnosis alone fails to predict:q service needsq length of hospitalizationq level of careq outcome of hospitalizationq receipt of disability benefitsq work performanceq social integrationOn the other hand, diagnosis + disability can predict:q health service utilizationq length of hospitalizationq improvement in functioning after hospitalizationq return to workq work performanceDisability Assessment is useful for health care and policy decisions:q identifying needsq matching treatments - interventionsq measuring outcomes and effectivenessq setting prioritiesq resource allocationsWhether you are a clinician, researcher, or administrator, disability assessment can help you meet your goals.1.2 WHODAS II Background and RationaleThe WHODAS II has been developed to assess the activity limitations and participation restrictions experienced by an individual irrespective of medical diagnosis. Respondents are asked to state the level of difficulty experienced taking into consideration how they usually do the activity, including the use of any assistive devices and/or the help of a person. The domains included in the instrument are:•Understanding and communicating•Getting aroundcare• Self•Getting along with people•Life activities•Participation in societyThis measure remains under development, and final versions are expected to be released in 2001. For the latest information and updates, please visit the WHODAS II web site at http://www.who.int/icidh/whodas.Development of this instrument is a result of collaborations between the World Health Organization (WHO), National Institute on Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). This project is known as the WHO/NIH Joint Project on Assessment and Classification of Disablement.1.3WHODAS II VersionsSeveral versions of the WHODAS II are available. These include interviewer-administered versions, self-administered versions, and proxy versions. Varying lengths are also offered. All things being equal, we recommend the 36-item, interviewer-administered version because it provides the most complete profiling of respondents. If, due to time constraints and/or study design, it is not feasible to utilise a 36-item interviewer-administered version, other versions are good alternatives.INTERVIEWER-ADMINISTERED36 ITEMThis is the recommended version of the WHODAS II. This version provides the most complete assessment of functioning. Scores for six domains of functioning, as well as an overall functioning score, can be calculated.For each item that is positively endorsed, a follow-up question asks about the number of days (in the past 30 days) the respondent has experienced this difficulty. The day codes version assesses number of days using a five-point ordinal scale, while the days version simply asks the respondent to report the actual number of days the difficulty was present.12 ITEMThis shorter version is useful for brief assessments of overall functioning.12+24 SCREENERThis version uses 12 items to screen for problematic domains of functioning. Based on responses to the initial 12 items, respondents are given up to 24 additional questions.For each item that is positively endorsed, a follow-up question asks about the number of days (in the past 30 days) the respondent has experienced this difficulty. The day codes version assesses number of days using a five-point ordinal scale, while the days version simply asks the respondent to report the actual number of days the difficulty was present.SELF-ADMINISTERED36 ITEMThis version assesses all six domains of functioning, and provides detailed information regarding difficulties in these areas. An overall functioning score also can be calculated.12 ITEMThis shorter, self-administered version can be used when domain-specific information regarding functioning is not required.PROXY VERSIONS6 ITEM SELF-ADMINSTERED PROXYThe 6-item, self-administered, proxy version allows someone other than the primary respondent to provide their evaluation of the primary respondent’s difficulties with functioning. This version can be used when the primary respondent cannot complete a self-evaluation, or to allow for comparisons of perceptions of difficulty. This version can be completed by family members, friends, or anyone with frequent contact with the primary respondent, such as caregivers.6 ITEM SELF-ADMINISTERED CLINICIANThis version allows the primary-respondent’s clinician to provide input regarding the primary respondent’s level of functioning.36 ITEM SELF-ADMINISTERED PROXYThe 36-item, self-administered, proxy version allows someone other than the primary respondent to provide their evaluation of the primary respondent’s difficulties with functioning. The 36-items are virtually identical to the 36-item primary respondent versions. Scores can be calculated for each of the six domains of functioning, as well as for overall functioning.36 ITEM INTERVIEWER-ADMINISTERED PROXYThe 36-item, interviewer-administered, proxy version allows someone other than the primary respondent to provide their evaluation of the primary respondent’s difficulties with functioning. The 36-items are virtually identical to the 36-item primary respondent versions. Scores can be calculated for each of the six domains of functioning, as well as for overall functioning.1.4 TRANSLATIONSCurrently, the WHODAS II is available in the following languages:Arabic Dutch EnglishFrench German GreekHindi Italian KannadaMandarin Romanian RussianSpanish Tamil TurkishYorubaIf you would like to utilise one of our translations, or create another translation of the WHODAS II, you must first receive written permission. To request permission, send an email to whodas@who.int.A. General InformationInformation in this section pertains to all of the WHODAS II versions.{tc \l1 "Components}C 2.1StandardizationC 2.2PrivacyC 2.3Frame of Reference for Answering2.1 StandardizationStandardization means that you should conduct the WHODAS II interview the same way with each participant. Why? Standardization helps to ensure that differences in participants’ responses are not due to differences in how the interview is conducted. For example, if an interviewer administers the WHODAS II to some participants in a group situation, but to others alone, then it is possible that differences in responses are due solely to this different interview format. The same principle is true between interviewers: if one interviewer is very friendly to participants, while another is distant, then participants may give different types of responses.Clear training in standardized procedures helps to prevent these possibilities. Many guidelines for standardized administration of the WHODAS II are given in this manual. Be sure to read and follow them carefully.The key to success is ensuring that all versions of the WHODAS II are administered the same way every time. This is the essence of standardization.2.2 PrivacyIt is essential that each participant is provided privacy to ensure a high comfort level, and in turn, the most accurate responses. If the WHODAS II is administered in a waiting room, for example, ensure that there is enough space between participants to avoid participant’s responses being seen by another respondent. In the instances where the WHODAS II is administered through interviews, conduct the interview in a closed room where responses cannot be overheard by anyone else.2.3 Frame of Reference for AnsweringFor all WHODAS II versions, respondents should answer questions with the following frames of reference in mind. Interviewers should remind respondents as needed about these frames of reference.1) Degree of difficultyDuring the interview, respondents are asked to answer questions about the degree of difficulty that they have doing different activities.For the WHODAS II, having difficulty with an activity means:qIncreased effort qDiscomfort or pain qSlowness qChanges in the way the person does the activity2) … due to health conditionsRespondents are instructed to answer about difficulties due to any health condition.Health Condition means:•Diseases, illnesses or other health problems• Injuries•Mental or emotional problems•Problems with alcohol•Problems with drugsInterviewers should feel free to liberally remind respondents that they are to answer questions while thinking about difficulty due to health conditions, and not to consider other causes of difficulty with activities.Example:Item D3.1: How much difficulty did you have in washing your whole body?None Mild Moderate SevereExtreme /Cannot Do12345If a respondent has difficulty with bathing because it is cold, not due to a health condition , the item would be rated “1” for none.3) … in the past 30 daysResearch shows that recall abilities are most accurate for the period of one month. As a result, the past 30 days has been selected as the timeframe for the WHODAS II.4) … averaging good and bad daysSome respondents will experience variability in the degree of difficulty that they experience over 30 days. In these cases, respondents should be instructed to give a rating that averages good days and bad days.5) … as s/he usually does the activityRespondents should rate the difficulty experienced taking into consideration how they usually do the activity. If assistive devices and/or the help of a person (personal assistance) are normally available, respondents should answer keeping this help in mind.Example:Item D3.1: How much difficulty did you have in washing your whole body?None Mild Moderate SevereExtreme /Cannot Do12345A respondent with a spinal cord injury has a personal assistant who helps daily with bathing. With the assistant’s help, the respondent experiences no difficulty with washing his whole body. In this case, the item would be rated “1” for none.6) Items not experienced in the past 30 days are not ratedThe WHODAS II seeks to determine the amount of difficulty encountered in activities that a person actually does as opposed to activities that s/he would like to do or those s/he can do, but doesn’t.If a respondent is prevented from doing an activity due to a health condition, the item should be rated “5” for extreme/cannot do.Example:Item D2.5: How much difficulty did you have in walking a long distance such as one kilometer?None Mild Moderate Severe Extreme /CannotDoB. Self-Administered VersionSpecificationsThis section pertains only to the self-administered versions of the WHODAS II, and contains instructions specific to these versions, including self-administered proxy versions.{tc \l1 "Components }C 2.4Completing the Forms2.4 Completing the FormsA section entitled “For Office Use Only” is located in the upper right corner of each of the self-administered versions of the WHODAS II. This section of the training manual describes each portion of that area, and how to correctly complete the information. This section should be completed before the participant completes the questionnaire.The first line looks like this: _ _ _ - _ _ _ - ____Centre# Subject# - Time#The Centre # is the three-digit number which was assigned to your research centre upon agreement of collaboration. If you have forgotten your centre number, it may be found on the WHODAS II web site, located at http://www.who.int/icidh/whodas . Click on the “Field Trials Centres” link, and your centre number will be listed next to your centre name.The Subject # is the unique three-digit number which you should assign to that particular participant. It is imperative that the number assigned to the respondent is recorded exactly the same way for all interviews, to ensure reliability.TimeTime refers to the time point of the interview, whether it is the first, second, or nth time the respondent has completed the measure.DatePlease respond using the European standard of writing the date, which is Day/Month/Year, and filling in blanks with zeros. For example, February 4, 2000 would be written as 04/02/00, not 02/04/00.PopPop stands for population, and refers to the primary category of the respondent. Gen= General Population Drg = Drug-related Problem Alc = Alcohol-related Problem Mnh= Mental or EmotionalProblemPhys= Physical Problem Other= Other Category DwellingDwelling means the type of residence in which the respondent resides. Independent= respondent lives on his/her own, with family, or friends in the community.Assisted= respondent lives in the community but receives regular assistance with at least some daily activities (e.g. shopping, bathing, meal preparation). This may include physical help, verbal reminders or cues, supervision, or psychosocial assistance. Assistance may be provided from a family member, friend, or professional carer.Hospitalized= respondent resides in a 24-hour supervised setting (e.g. nursingC. Interviewer-Administered VersionSpecificationsThis section pertains only to the interviewer-administered versions, and contains information specific to these versions, including interviewer-administered proxy versions.2.5 General Interviewing InstructionsAs you prepare to administer the WHODAS II, it is useful to review some general points about interviewing.General Interviewing TipsKeep the following points in mind:q You should be serious, pleasant, and self-confident. Nervousness can make the respondent feel uneasy.q You should speak slowly and clearly to set the tone for the interview.q You should appear interested in the research.q You should be aware that different respondents require different amounts of information about the study, and adjust your introductions accordingly.Make a Good IntroductionA good introduction to the WHODAS II interview is essential. It communicates the goals of the interview and sets the tone of the interaction. Be sure to include the following points in your introduction:q Your name and professional affiliation.q You are a professional interviewer/clinician.q You represent a legitimate and reputable organization.q The questionnaire is for gathering information for important, worthwhile research.q。
中考英语缩略词与缩写练习题40题
中考英语缩略词与缩写练习题40题1.“世界贸易组织”的英文缩写是（）。
A.WTOB.WTTC.WOTD.WTOO答案：A。
“世界贸易组织”的英文全称是World Trade Organization，其缩写为WTO。
选项B、C、D都是错误的组合，没有这样的缩写形式。
2.“英国广播公司”的英文缩写是（）。
A.BBCB.BCCC.BCBD.BBB答案：A。
“英国广播公司”的英文全称是British Broadcasting Corporation，缩写为BBC。
选项B、C、D都是错误的组合，不是英国广播公司的缩写。
3.“重要人物”的英文缩写是（）。
A.VIPB.VPIC.IVPD.PIV答案：A。
“重要人物”的英文是very important person，缩写为VIP。
选项B、C、D都是错误的组合，不是重要人物的缩写。
4.“不明飞行物”的英文缩写是（）。
A.UFOB.FOUC.OFUD.UOF答案：A。
“不明飞行物”的英文是unidentified flying object，缩写为UFO。
选项B、C、D都是错误的组合，不是不明飞行物的缩写。
5.“美国”的英文缩写是（）。
AB.UASC.AUSD.SUA答案：A。
“美国”的英文全称是United States of America，缩写为USA。
选项B、C、D都是错误的组合，不是美国的缩写。
6.“中华人民共和国”的英文缩写是（）。
A.PRCB.RPCC.CPRD.PCR答案：A。
“中华人民共和国”的英文全称是People's Republic ofChina，缩写为PRC。
选项B、C、D都是错误的组合，不是中华人民共和国的缩写。
7.“信息技术”的英文缩写是（）。
A.ITB.TIC.ITID.TII答案：A。
“信息技术”的英文是information technology，缩写为IT。
选项B、C、D都是错误的组合，不是信息技术的缩写。
8.“首席执行官”的英文缩写是（）。
Health Report
Health ReportFrom VOA Learning English, this is the Health Report in Special English.The flow of Congolese refugees into western Uganda is raising concerns not only ab out food security, but also the risk of Ebola virus. Eating primates (灵长类)is a Congoles e custom, but the monkeys, chimpanzees(n黑猩猩（chimpanzee的复数) and other animals can carry the deadly infection(n. 感染；传染；影响；传染病).Disease experts are calling attention to the danger. So are environmental groups, because chimps are endangered. Lily Ajarova is the director of a chimp refuge in Uganda. She says eating primates is not a traditional custom in Uganda but it is in other countries in Africa."Especially Central and Western African countries, there's a lot of eating of chimpanzees, and it's the biggest threat to the survival of primates in Africa. To Uganda that has not been the case, but it's an emerging issue that we are very keen to dig into right now."She says she and her team have not yet found chimpanzees being eaten in Uganda, but they have seen other primates being eaten."We have encountered (v. 遇到；曾遭遇（encounter的过去式）)local Ugandans actually hunting primates and being in possession of them, and them saying by themselves that 'Yes, we are going to eat them.'"She points out that in traditional Ugandan culture, primates are protected as totem (n. 图腾；崇拜物)animals, or animals representing a clan(n. 宗族；部落；集团).Over the past year, tens of thousands more refugees have crossed into Uganda, fleeing (动词flee的ing形式，逃离。
The World Health Organization
The World Health Organization recently reported that the number of cases of tuberculosis has been falling since two thousand six. Also, fewer people are dying from TB. But a study by researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, says smoking could threaten this progress.世卫组织最近报告称，肺结核病例人数从2006年以来一直在下降。
此外，死于结核病的人数也在不断减少。
但旧金山加利福尼亚大学的研究人员发表的一份研究表示，吸烟可能会威胁到这一进展。
Nearly twenty percent of all people use tobacco, and millions of non-smokers get sick from breathing the smoke. The new study predicts that smoking will produce an additionalthirty-four million TB deaths by twenty-fifty.全球近20%人口吸烟，数百万非吸烟者因这些烟雾而致病。
这项新的研究预测，到2050年，吸烟将额外增加3400万例结核病死亡病例。
Efforts to control the spread of tuberculosis have mainly focused on finding and treating infections. Much less effort has been made to understand the causes. Dr. Anthony Fauci is the director of the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.控制结核病传播的措施主要集中于发现和治疗结核病感染，而较少去关注致病原因。
Health Report
More People Get HIV Drugs, but Even More Get InfectedThe U.N. releases a treatment report about developing countries. "For every two persons we manage to get to," says W.H.O. chief Margaret Chan, "another five persons get infected." Transcript of radio broadcast:03 June 2008This is the VOA Special English Health Report.A United Nations report says almost three million people in developing countries are now receiving drugs for H.I.V. This is an increase of almost one million people from two thousand six. Still, the hope was to reach three million by two thousand five.The World Health Organization, UNAIDS and UNICEF, the United Nations Children’s Fund, released the new report Tuesday.W.H.O. Director-General Margaret Chan welcomed the progress.But she noted that antiretroviral therapy, or ART, alone will notsolve the problem.MARGARET CHAN: "For every two persons we manage toprovide them with ART, another five persons get infected. So again,we cannot underestimate the power of prevention."The new report says almost seventy-five percent of peoplereceiving H.I.V. drugs are in Africa. Sixty percent of the peoplewith H.I.V. in Africa are women.Margaret Chan Antiretroviral therapy suppresses H.I.V., human immunodeficiencyvirus. The drugs help patients live longer without developing AIDS. The disease robs the body of its natural defenses against infections.An estimated nine million seven hundred thousand people in low- and middle-income countries were in need of H.I.V. treatment last year. The report says that by the end of the year, just over thirty percent of them were getting it.The report says price reductions are a main reason why more people with H.I.V., including more pregnant women, are receiving the drugs.Also, delivery systems have been redesigned to better serve individual countries and smaller health centers. And treatments are simpler than in the past.But the report notes that huge barriers remain in dealing with the AIDS epidemic. Getting patients to stay on their therapy is difficult. There are still large numbers of people who do not get tested for H.I.V. And there are many others who get tested too late and die within months.The report also says there is not enough joint treatment of H.I.V. and the related infections that most often kill AIDS patients. Tuberculosis, for example, is the leading cause of death among AIDS patients in Africa.And still another problem is the shortage of health care workers in the developing world. Many move to wealthier nations for better pay and living conditions.And that’s the VOA Special English Health Report, written by Caty Weaver. For more health news, go to voaspecial for transcripts and MP3s of our reports. I’m Steve Ember.Scientists Link Gene Changes to Longer LivesA study looks at mutations that seem to play a part in extending longevity, while limiting growth. Transcript of radio broadcast:10 June 2008This is the VOA Special English Health Report.Scientists continue to search for genetic answers to whysome people live a long time.One study has now examined more than four hundred fiftypeople between the ages of ninety-five and one hundred ten.Researchers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine ofYeshiva University in New York recently reported thelatest findings.The study looked at changes in genes that govern an important cell-signaling pathway. These genes are involved in the action of a hormone that affects almost every kind of cell in the body. The hormone is called insulin-like growth factor, or IGF-one.Other researchers have found that mutations to the genes cause two effects in animals. The animals do not grow as big as others of their kind but they live longer. The Einstein team wondered if these changes might also influence how long humans live.So they looked for the mutations in their study group of Ashkenazi, or Eastern European, Jews. Ashkenazi Jews are more genetically similar than most other groups, so any differences are easier to find.The researchers compared the findings to other Ashkenazi Jews whose family members did not live as long. In the control group, they say, no one had the mutations. Yet even in the study group, where the average age was one hundred, only two percent of the people had them.In other words, there are more answers waiting to be found. In recent years, the scientists have even identified so-called longevity genes.The latest findings were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.The mutations were found mostly in women. Daughters of those who lived to be one hundred had higher levels of the hormone than people in the control group. And they were an average of two and a half centimeters shorter.Five women in Rolla, Missouri, all at least 100 years oldA drug that decreases the action of the IGF-one hormone is currently being tested as a cancer treatment. Nir Barzilai, leader of the Einstein study, says the drug could be useful in delaying the effects of aging.But he noted that the subjects in the study were born with their mutations. So it is not clear whether the drug would help people who receive it later.Doctor Barzilai also points out that many people are receiving treatments with human growth hormone to try to delay the effects of aging. Yet he says if low growth-hormone action extends life, as the new findings suggest, then he wonders if getting more of it could shorten life.And that's the VOA Special English Health Report. I'm Steve Ember.Ear Care: Do-It-Yourself Wax RemovalAdvice from experts about what to do -- and not to do -- when your ear is blocked with wax. Transcript of radio broadcast:17 June 2008This is the VOA Special English Health Report.Some people's ears produce wax like busy little bees. This can be a problem even though earwax appears to serve an important purpose.Experts say it protects and cleans the ear. It traps dirt and other matter Array and keep insects out. Doctors think it might also help protect againstinfections. And the waxy oil keeps ears from getting too dry.So earwax is good. It even has a medical name: cerumen. There aretwo kinds. Most people of European or African ancestry have the"wet" kind: thick and sticky. East Asians commonly have "dry"earwax.But you can have too much of a good thing.The glands in the ear canal that produce the wax make too much in some people. Earwax is normally expelled; it falls out of the ear or gets washed away. But extra wax can harden and form a blockage that interferes with sound waves and reduces hearing.People can also cause a blockage when they try to clean out their ears, but only push the wax deeper inside. Earwax removal is sometimes necessary but you have to use a safe method or you could do a lot of damage.Experts at the United States National Institutes of Health suggest some ways to treat excessive earwax yourself. The experts at N.I.H. say the wax can be softened with mineral oil, glycerin or ear drops. They say hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide may also help.Another way to remove wax is known as irrigation. With the head upright, take hold of the outer part of the ear. Gently pull upward to straighten the ear canal. Use a syringe device to gently direct water against the wall of the ear canal. Then turn the head to the side to let the water out.The experts at N.I.H. say you may have to repeat this process a few times. Use water that is body temperature. If the water is cooler or warmer, it could make you feel dizzy. Never try irrigation if the eardrum is broken. It could lead to infection and other problems.After the earwax is gone, gently dry the ear. But if irrigation fails, the best thing to do is to go to ahealth care provider for professional assistance.You should never put a cotton swab or other object into the ear canal. But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. The experts agree with the old saying that you should never put anything smaller than your elbow in your ear.And that’s the VO A Special English Health Report, written by Caty Weaver. For transcripts and MP3s of our reports, go to . I'm Steve Ember.Cancer Stem Cells Capture Attention of ScientistsEvidence is seen for a possible cause of solid tumors, but many questions remain. Transcript of radio broadcast:24 June 2008This is the VOA Special English Health Report.Some experts predict that doctors will someday use stem cells to treat many different diseases. Yet so far there has been less progress in stem cell therapies than many had hoped.For years, scientists have studied stem-cell treatment of cancer. Doctors now use stem cells in therapies for several forms of the disease. But at the same time, researchers increasingly are examining a possible connection between stem cells and cancer.A large number of researchers now point to stem cells as a possible cause of solid tumors. Studies have reported identifying cancer stem cells.Stem cells can develop into any kind of cell, like skin, Array blood or brain cells. Embryos have more stem cells thanadults. Embryonic stem cells can develop into all the manydifferent tissues that form the body.But there are stem cells that remain throughout a person'slife to replace cells that become damaged. When a stemcell divides, one of the two cells remains a stem cell. Theother becomes a specialized cell.Embryonic stem cellsMany questions remain to be answered. But the generalthinking seems to be that cancer stem cells represent a small population of the cells in a tumor. Some researchers think these cancer stem cells have the ability to divide and change into other types of cells. As a result, they think the stem cells help the cancer to metastasize, or spread to other organs.The researchers also think cancer stem cells are able to repair and feed tumors so they continue to grow. They suspect that the cells are even able to repair damage from radiation treatment and form new tumors. This could explain why some cancers resist drug therapies.Much of the research into cancer stem cells is being done in California and Canada. Last week, Canadian Health Minister Tony Clement and California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced joint efforts. Their governments agreed to provide one hundred million dollars each over the next three years for research into cancer stem cells.A California company says it is close to tests in humans of a drug that would directly target cancerstem cells. Two scientists who led the discovery of cancer stem cells in solid tumors, Michael Clarke and Max Wicha, started OncoMed Pharmaceuticals four years ago. OncoMed has signedan agreement with a major drug company, GlaxoSmithKline, to work on the experimental treatment.And that's the VOA Special English Health Report, written by Caty Weaver. I'm Steve Ember.。
2021年高考英语8月考前冲破 阅读理解能力 文化教育 WHO发布全球酒精与健康状况报告素材
WHO发布全世界酒精与健康状况报告People in the UK are among the most prolific drinkers in the world, according to a report released by the World Health Organisation.世界卫生组织发布的一项报告显示，英国饮酒者的酗酒量是世界上最高的之一。
Britons over the age of 15 on average drink 11.6 litres of pure alcohol a year, according to the "Global status report on alcohol and health 2021".The report provides country profiles for alcohol consumption in the 194 WHO member states, looking at the resulting impact on public health and policy responses.And it reveals that the harmful use of alcohol causes 3.3 million deaths a year worldwide.Europe is the region with the highest consumption of alcohol per person, making up the entire top 10. Belarus takes the top spot, with people on average drinking 17.5 litres of pure alcohol a year, followed by the Republic of Moldova where the figure is 16.8 litres.Australia and Canada also have high levels of alcohol consumption, with people on average drinking 12.2 and 10. 2 litres a year respectively.In the United States the figure is marginally（少量地）lower at 9.2 litres.But in northern Africa and the Middle East, the average figure is less than 2.5 litres of alcohol per person, with many countries having figures below one litre.The average figure globally is 6.2 litres of pure alcohol per person per year.But as less than half the world population (38.3 per cent) actually drinks alcohol, this means that those who do drink consume on average 17 litres of pure alcohol annually, the report said.The WHO warned that alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing more than 200 diseases, including liver cirrhosis and some cancers.。
This is the VOA Special English Health Report
1.Answer the following questions.1.What did the new study find ?2.What are the good news and the bad news in the latest estimates for the United States ?3.What’s the percentage of energe from the normai levels of protein ?4.What are six kinds of foods that the last person mentioned we should eat more each day ?Key:1.How many calories we eat appears more important than what we eat when we eat too much.2. The good news: obesity rates have not increased much in recent years.The bad news:obesity rates have not decreased either.3. Normal was defined as fifteen percent of energy from protein.4. They’re fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, vegetable oils and nuts.How many calories we eat appears more important than what we eat when we eat too much. That was the finding of a new study that should be satisfying to anyone who counts calories for weight control.我们吃进去多少热量似乎比我们吃的是什么更为重要，这是一项新研究的发现。
世界卫生组织
组织任务
组织任务
1.指导和协调国际卫生工作。 2.根据各国政府的申请，协助加强国家的 卫生事业，提供技术援助。 3.主持国际性流行病学和卫生统计业务。 7.提出国际卫生公约、规划、协定。 8.促进并指导生物医学研究工作。 9.促进医学教育和培训工作。 10.制定有关疾病、死因及公共卫生实施方面 的国际名称。 11.制定诊断方法的国际规范的标准。 5.促进防治工伤事故及改善营养、居住、 计划生育和精神卫生。 6.促进从事增进人民健康的科学和职业团 体之间的合作。 12.制定并发展食品卫生、生物制品、药品的 国际标准。 13.协助在各国人民中开展卫生宣传教育工作。
世界卫生组织
World Health Organization
基本：World Health Organization 成立时间：1948年4月7日 成员国：193个(2005年) 类 型：联合国专门机构 总 部：瑞士日内瓦 组织机构：大会，委员会，秘书处，地区组织 上级机构：ECOSOC 简 称：WHO,OMS, ВОЗ, OMS 现领导人：陈冯富珍
机构宗旨
使全世界人民获得尽可能高水平的健康。 世界卫生组织给健康下的定义为"身体、 精神以及社会活动中的完美状态"。
千年发展目标
1.消灭极端贫穷和饥饿 2.普及初等教育 3.促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力
4.降低儿童死亡率
5.改善孕产妇健康
6.与艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和其他疾病作斗争
7.确保环境的可持续能力 8.建立全球发展伙伴关系
18、1977年 第三十届世界卫生大会确立目标：到本世纪末下个世纪初达到卫生保健水平： 2000年人人享有卫生保健。所有人将过上在社会地位和经济上富裕的生活。
19、1978年 WHO/UNICEF (联合国儿童基金会)苏联阿拉木图联合国际会议采用一个关于以 初级卫生保健为关键最后达到2000年人人享有卫生保健的目标的声明。 20、1979年 联合国会员大会、第三十二届世界卫生大会重健康是社会经济与和平发展的强 大杠杆。 21、1979年 全世界批准证明全世界根除天花 ，最后一个天花自然病例发生在1977年。
WHO 关于身体活动有益健康的全球建议
2关于身体活动有益健康的全球建议世界卫生组织图书馆出版物分类数据关于身体活动有益健康的全球倡议1.锻炼。
2.生活方式。
3.健康促进。
4.慢性病—预防和控制。
5.国家卫生规划。
I.世界卫生组织。
ISBN 97892 4 559 997 5 (NLM classification: QT 255)© 世界卫生组织, 2010年版权所有。
世界卫生组织出版物可从WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland（电话：+41 22 791 3264；传真：+41 22 791 4857；电子邮件：bookorders@who.int）获取。
要获得复制或翻译世界卫生组织出版物的许可 – 无论是为了出售或非商业性分发, 应向世界卫生组织出版处提出申请, 地址同上（传真：+41 22 791 4806；电子邮件：permissions@who.int）。
本出版物采用的名称和陈述的材料并不代表世界卫生组织对任何国家、领地、城市或地区或其当局的合法地位, 或关于边界或分界线的规定有任何意见。
地图上的虚线表示可能尚未完全达成一致的大致边界线。
凡提及某些公司或某些制造商的产品时, 并不意味着它们已为世界卫生组织所认可或推荐, 或比其它未提及的同类公司或产品更好。
除差错和疏忽外, 凡专利产品名称均冠以大写字母, 以示区别。
世界卫生组织已采取一切合理的预防措施来核实本出版物中包含的信息。
但是, 已出版材料的分发无任何明确或含蓄的保证。
解释和使用材料的责任取决于读者。
世界卫生组织对于因使用这些材料造成的损失不承担责任。
印刷地：瑞士版式设计：blossoming.it3缩略语AFRO：世卫组织非洲区办事处AMRO/PAHO：世卫组织美洲区办事处/泛美卫生组织CDC：美国疾病控制与预防中心CHD：冠心病CVD：心血管疾病DPAS：饮食、身体活动与健康全球战略EMRO：世卫组织东地中海区办事处EURO：世卫组织欧洲区办事处GPAQ：全球身体活动问卷GSHS：全球学校健康调查GRC：指南审核委员会LMIC：中、低收入国家NCD：慢性非传染性疾病PA：身体活动RO：世卫组织区域办事处S：强烈建议（世卫组织指南审核委员会定义）SEARO：世卫组织东南亚区域办事处STEPS：世卫组织慢性病阶梯监测W：不充分建议（世卫组织指南审核委员会定义）WHA：世界卫生大会WHO-HQ：日内瓦世卫组织总部WPRO：世卫组织西太区办事处致谢:感谢世卫组织（WHO）与美国疾病控制与预防中心合作协议（2006/2010）为本建议的制订提供了经费支持, 感谢英国政府为指南制订小组于2009年10月在英国伦敦召开的会议提供了资助。
关于世界卫生组织的四级英语作文
关于世界卫生组织的四级英语作文The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO's primary role is to coordinate and direct international health within the United Nations system.The organization is made up of four levels: the headquarters, six regional offices, country offices, and decentralized offices. Each level has its own responsibilities and functions in order to achieve the WHO's goals of promoting the health of all people.The headquarters, located in Geneva, Switzerland, is where the organization's policies and strategies are developed. It is responsible for coordinating and guiding the work of the regional offices and country offices. The headquarters also plays a key role in coordinating global health initiatives and responding to health emergencies.The six regional offices are located in Africa, the Americas, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Western Pacific. These offices are responsible for implementing the WHO's policies and strategies at the regional level. Theywork closely with member states to promote health, prevent disease, and strengthen health systems.Country offices are located in over 150 countries around the world. They work closely with national governments to support the implementation of health programs and initiatives. Country offices also provide technical assistance and support to countries in order to help them achieve their health goals.Decentralized offices are located in various countries and regions around the world. They work closely with local governments, non-governmental organizations, and other partners to implement health programs and initiatives. Decentralized offices play a key role in ensuring that the WHO's work is effective and responsive to the needs of local communities.In conclusion, the World Health Organization's four levels work together to promote health, prevent disease, and strengthen health systems around the world. Each level plays a unique role in achieving the WHO's goals of ensuring the highest possible level of health for all people. By working together, the WHO's four levels are able to make a significant impact on global health and well-being.。
2021世卫报告前言-中英翻译版
前言When the World Health Statistics was released last year, we were still in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Countries were responding rapidly under uncertain conditions, frontline health workers were making heroic efforts to contain the spread of the virus, and governments and partners were scrambling to assist those in need. One year on, the world has made great strides. But the race against this coronavirus and its variants is still on, and there is still much work to be done. At the time of writing, more than 160 million confirmed COVID-19 cases and 3.3 million deaths had been reported to WHO. Yet these numbers are only a partial picture, as many countries have not been able to accurately measure and report on deaths that are either directly or indirectly attributable to COVID-19. One of the greatest lessons from the pandemic is the importance of timely, reliable, actionable and disaggregated data. This requires strong country data and health information systems through collaboration between governments, ministries of health, national statistical offices, and registrar generals. It also requires engagement with the private sector, academia, nonprofit organizations, and the scientific community to ensure data is accessible as a public good WHO’s Wor ld Health Statistics report 2021 presents the latest data for more than 50 health-related indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s “triple billion” targets. It finds an overall increase in global life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth as a result of improvements in several communicable diseases, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions, noncommunicable diseases, injuries and their underlyingdeterminants. Persisting inequalities also continue to impact population health in most, if not all, aspects. Despite the overall improvement in service coverage, between and within countries disadvantaged populations still have lower access to care and are at greater risk of facing catastrophic costs. While premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases –the world’s leading cause of death – continue to fall, progress has slowed in recent years and key risk factors including tobacco use and alcohol consumption, hypertension, obesity, and physical inactivity will require urgent and targeted intervention. Deaths from communicable diseases have also declined but continue to claim millions of lives each year, particularly in lower-resource settings where many people cannot access quality health services. There has also been a steady decrease in mortality from suicide, homicide, unintentional poisoning and road traffic injuries, but many more of these deaths can still be prevented and men are at higher risk of dying from these causes than women. To close these gaps and meet the global goals, we must continue to focus on the equitable distribution of services and access to quality, affordable healthcare and effective interventions in all countries and for all populations. We must also be on alert that COVID-19 has disrupted many essential services and that the distribution of health and care workers varies widely, with the lowest density of medical doctors, nurses and midwives in the areas where they are needed most. Out-of-pocket spending on healthcare is also on the rise, with the most vulnerable populations at greatest risk of being pushed into poverty, thus further widening inequalities. Real-time, quality data to track population health is critical for every country to improvehealth outcomes and eliminate health inequalities. WHO is committed to work with countries and partners to strengthen health information systems and support data-driven policies and interventions. COVID-19 is not the first pandemic and likely will not be the last. In order to be better prepared we must have better data.去年世界卫生统计数据发布时，我们还处于COVID-19的早期阶段大流行。
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By Caty Weaver / Broadcast date: Wednesday, May 21, 2008ish/ This is the VOA Special English Health Report. A yearly meeting of all the member countries in the World Health Organization is this week in Geneva, Switzerland. Delegates from the one hundred ninety-three countries discuss progress and set policy for the coming year. The W.H.O., a United Nations agency, is sixty years old this year. But Director-General Margaret Chan, as she opened the World Health Assembly, noted that the delegates are meeting at a time of tragedy. She expressed sympathy to the millions of people affected by the recent cyclone in Burma, also known as Myanmar, and the earthquake in China. Doctor Chan said three crises lie ahead that are international security threats and will all affect human health. One is food security, another is climate change and the third is the threat Margaret Chan of a worldwide outbreak of influenza. She said the world produces enough food to feed everyone -- in fact, she added, far too many people are overfed. Yet now, food prices have risen sharply. She noted that the crisis hits the poor the hardest, and that the more a family spends on food, the less it has for health care. The W.H.O. chief said climate change will also hit the poor the hardest but, to a greater or lesser extent, will affect all countries. She said more droughts, floods and storms mean greater demands for humanitarian aid. And she warned it will mean a growing number of environmental refugees. And, thirdly, Doctor Chan warned of a continued threat of pandemic influenza. She said it would be very unwise for governments not to prepare. She urged delegates to support a W.H.O. resolution on the sharing of influenza viruses for research and to make vaccines widely available. The W.H.O. this week also released its World Health Statistics report for two thousand eight. Agency officials say fewer people are dying of infectious diseases. In more and more
countries, they say, the chief causes of death are conditions such as heart disease and stroke. By two thousand thirty, non-communicable conditions are expected to cause more than three-fourths of all deaths. Almost one-third of all deaths will result from cancer, heart disease and traffic accidents. The number one cause of preventable deaths is tobacco. More than eight million tobaccorelated deaths are predicted in two thousand thirty -- eighty percent of them in developing countries. And that's the VOA Special English Health Report, written by Caty Weaver. Archives of our reports, with transcripts and MP3s, are at . I'm Steve Ember.