Advantages 2001 Comparison Guide
电子提单操作指南（e-AWB）说明书
ContentsI. Scope: (1)II. E-AWB Basics: (1)III. Minimum Requirement and Implementation Plan: (2)a- Forwarder (2)b- Carrier (2)c- GHA (3)IV. Connection Methods: (3)V. Export Operations (5)VI. Glossary (6)I. Scope:The scope of this document is to guide all stakeholders how to proceed their daily export activities by using e-AWB.II. E-AWB Basics:The electronic AWB (e-AWB) is an electronic contract of carriage that is an alternative to the paper AWB contract. The electronic contract of carriage is achieved through the interchange of electronic data (EDI) messages (FWB/XFWB, FSU/XFSU).The terms and conditions for interchanging EDI messages between shipper -or its authorized forwarder- and carrier are specifically set forth in IATA Resolution 672 which is also known as “ Multilateral e-AWB Agreement”Because Turkey has complied with MC/99 (Montreal Convention 1999), e-AWB can be implemented on MC/99 and/or MP-4 routes11 Excluding Egypt, Bangladesh, KuwaitIII. Minimum Requirement and Implementation Plan:In order to implement e-AWB in operation processes, all stakeholders need to meet some requirements which are explained below.a-Forwarder•Forwarder needs to sign IATA Multilateral agreement and comply with its requirement (both legal and technical)•Forwarder shall be able to send/receive messages to/from Airline.o Messages to be sent: FWB, FHLo Messages to be received: FMA, FNA, FSUThese messages can be either in IMP or XML format•Messages which are provided by the forwarder need to meet desired data quality.This is important because airline considers the content of the message instead ofdocuments and which affects operation processes.•Forwarder needs to provide CSD (Consignment Security Declaration) information in FWB message, so airline can proceed e-CSD•Forwarder needs to ensure that organizational change management in their processes has been done properly i.e. Trainingb-Carrier•Carrier needs to sign IATA Multilateral agreement and comply with its requirement (both legal and technical)•Carrier shall send an activation notice to forwarder•Carrier shall be able to send/receive messages to/from forwarder and GHAo Messages to be sent: FWB, FHL, FMA, FNA, FSUo Messages to be received: FWB, FHLThese messages can be either in IMP or XML format•Carrier needs to ensure data quality of the messages which are provided by the forwarder is in desired level. To achieve enough quality, carrier tracks and fixesany potential problem with corresponding business partner by making regulardiscussions•Preferably, carrier needs to be able to print out MAWB and CSD documents according to FWB message which is provided by the forwarder, if it is needed •If a GHA operates w/h operations on behalf of carrier at origin point, carrier needs to copy FWB message to GHA which is provided by the forwarder•Carrier needs to ensure that e-AWB can be applied to MC/99 and/or MP-4 routes.There can be some station where e-AWB is not accepted even if the specificcountries comply with MC/99.•Carrier needs to ensure that organizational change management in their processes has been done properly i.e. Trainingc-GHA•GHA needs to be able to send/receive messages to/from Airlineo Messages to be sent : FWB, FHL, FSU, FMAo Messages to be received: FWB, FHL, FSU•Preferably, GHA needs to be able to print out MAWB and CSD documents according to FWB message which is provided by the carrier, if it is needed •GHA needs to ensure that organizational change management in their processes has been done properly i.e. Training•GHA needs to ensure that data quality of messages meets desired requirements.i.e. FSU messagesIV. Connection Methods:Each stakeholder connects to other with different connection methods which depend on various indicators:•Size of the stakeholdero Operationalo Commercial•Operational structure•TechnologyGeneral Connection Methods for exchanging messagesIn connection between stakeholders there are 2 common standards which are IATA Cargo XML and CIMP. XML offers several advantages in comparison with the CIMP. By using xml messages, stakeholders are able to transmit more detailed data in messages which allows them to remove paper from the processes more easily. Only C-IMP version 32 or higher can be used for exchanging messages.Exchanging messages by Web portalA web portal may be provided by different parties (Airlines, CCS…). There are most common two types of Web portals, one of them is carrier web portal which is provided by Airlines and the other one is multi-carrier web portal which is provided by CCS. Freight forwarders choose one of these options according to their house indicators to exchange messages with airlines. Such a web portal, generate and receive the messages (FWB, FSU-RCS, XML). It also provides access to Cargo receipt and allows printing paper AWBMessages which need to be copiedIf GHA is handling w/h operations on behalf of carrier at that specific airport then Airline needs to copy some messages to GHA. By this way GHA is able to know whether messages which are sent by the forwarder processed by airline or not.V. Export OperationsNote: ECC code can be applied where EAP code is not used between airline and forwarderVI. Glossary- CCS : Cargo Community System – (Value Added Network for Cargo)- CSD : Consignment Security Declaration- CIMP : IATA’s Cargo Interchange Message Procedure Manual- CXML : IATA’s new XML message format- EDI : Electronic Data Interchange- E-CSD : Electronic Consignment Security Declaration- ECC : Special handling code for a shipment using an electronic air waybill – stands for ‘Electronically Concluded Cargo Contract- EAP : E-freight Consignment with Accompanying Documents- EAW: E-freight Consignment with No Accompanying Documents- FF : Freight Forwarder- FFM : Airline Flight Manifest Message- FFR : AWB space Allocation Request “Freight Booking Request Message”.- FHL : Consolidation List Message (House Manifest data message) or House Waybill details- FMA : Message Acknowledgement Message- FNA : Error Message- FSA : Status Answer Message- FSR : Status Request Message- FSU : Status Update Message- FSU/BKD : Consignment booked on a specific flight- FSU/RCS : Consignment received from shipper or agent- FSU/DEP : Consignment departed on a specific flight- FWB :Air Waybill Data Message- FZB :House Waybill Data Message- GHA : Ground Handling Agent- IATA : International Air Transport Association- MAN : Consignment manifested on a specific flight- SOP : Standard Operational Procedure。
compare的英文作文
compare的英文作文Title: A Comparative Analysis: Exploring the Nuances of Comparison。
In the realm of academic discourse and beyond, the act of comparison serves as a fundamental tool for understanding, analyzing, and contextualizing various subjects, phenomena, or ideas. Whether examining historical events, literary works, scientific theories, or cultural practices, comparison allows for the elucidation of similarities, differences, patterns, and insights that might otherwise remain unnoticed. In this essay, we embark on a journey of comparison, delving into its intricacies, significance, and applications across diverse domains.To begin with, let us delve into the essence of comparison itself. At its core, comparison entails the juxtaposition of two or more entities, be they objects, concepts, or processes, for the purpose of discerning their likenesses and disparities. This analytical approachfacilitates a deeper comprehension of the subject matter by highlighting its attributes in relation to others. Moreover, comparison enables the identification of commonalities and distinctions, fostering a holistic understanding that transcends individual entities.One of the primary advantages of comparison lies in its capacity to unveil underlying patterns and structures. By observing similarities across disparate domains,researchers can discern overarching principles or frameworks that govern diverse phenomena. For instance, in the field of linguistics, comparative analysis of languages has led to the identification of universal grammatical structures, shedding light on the cognitive mechanisms underlying human language acquisition and processing.Furthermore, comparison serves as a catalyst forcritical thinking and problem-solving. When confronted with complex issues or multifaceted problems, individuals often resort to comparison as a strategy for elucidation and decision-making. By assessing alternative approaches or solutions in light of their respective merits and drawbacks,one can make informed choices that optimize outcomes and mitigate risks. This cognitive process is exemplified in disciplines ranging from economics, where comparative advantage theory informs trade policies, to medicine, where comparative effectiveness research guides clinicaldecision-making.In addition to its analytical utility, comparison plays a pivotal role in fostering intercultural understanding and appreciation. In an increasingly interconnected world characterized by cultural diversity, the ability to empathize with and comprehend perspectives different from our own is indispensable. Through comparative studies of cultural practices, traditions, and worldviews, individuals can transcend ethnocentrism and cultivate a more inclusive outlook grounded in mutual respect and dialogue. Thiscross-cultural competency is instrumental in promoting global harmony and cooperation amidst socio-political tensions and ideological divides.However, it is imperative to acknowledge the inherent complexities and limitations of comparison. Whilecomparison offers valuable insights, it can also oversimplify or distort reality if employed uncritically. The selection of criteria, variables, and frameworks for comparison is fraught with subjectivity and bias, potentially leading to skewed interpretations or misrepresentations. Moreover, the contextual factors surrounding the entities being compared must be carefully considered to avoid erroneous conclusions or generalizations. Thus, practitioners of comparison must exercise diligence and reflexivity to ensure the validity and integrity of their analyses.In conclusion, comparison emerges as a multifaceted and indispensable tool for understanding, analyzing, and engaging with the world around us. From its role in elucidating patterns and structures to its function in promoting intercultural empathy and critical thinking, comparison permeates various domains of human inquiry and endeavor. Nevertheless, the prudent application of comparison demands attentiveness to its complexities and limitations, lest it devolve into a simplistic exercise devoid of nuance or insight. As we navigate the intricaciesof comparison, let us strive for discernment, humility, and intellectual rigor in our quest for knowledge and understanding.。
雅思入学模拟卷(试卷)
SHINYWAY EDUCATIONP LACEMENT T EST FOR IELTSStudent Name: Date: Phone number: 新通国际教育事业部 学术管理部Shinyway Education Academic Department PART1 LISTENING (15 Min.)SECTION1 Question 1-10Questions 1-3Choose THREE letters from A-F.Which THREE events have recently taken place?A.an earthquakeB.a tsunamiC.a giant wave of waterD.a chain reactionE.measuring of the earthquakeF.airlifting of villagersQuestions 4-5Choose TWO letters from A-E.Which TWO items below describe the previous disaster in Mandaland?A.almost 1000 people killed and large areas devastatedB.2000 buildings destroyed and people killedC.the economy damaged and buildings destroyedD.sea-walls collapsedE.thousands killed and long recovery processQuestions 6-10Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Section2 Question11-20Questions 11-15Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. 11. Which company does Julie work for?______________________________________________ 12. What diploma course did Julie take at college?______________________________________________ 13. What does Julie like most about her job?______________________________________________ 14. What is Julie’s main responsibility when on duty?_______________________________________________ 15. Why does Julie regularly change the time on her watch? _______________________________________________ Question 16-20Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.PART2 READING (15 min.)Passage 1Questions 1-12(A)After purchasing a house and a car, the next major life expenditure isalmost certainly the cost of tertiary education. The question is, are prospective university students getting value for money? Paying up to $40,000 for a university education, they need reliable information in order to compare institutions and courses.(B)There are now two official guides comparing universities, but not courses.As a result, academic controversy has arisen over their adequacy, and because of concerns about comparability and accuracy of data. When comparing universities, one should be aware of what exactly is being measured, and whether the information is useful. Professor Brian Smith, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Western Sydney, says, “There is as much variation within on university as between universities; no university has all the best activities, and no university is without its strengths.”(C)It takes little sense for prospective students to choose to go to a universitysimply because it has an excellent reputation. It is wiser to look first at the overall characteristics and reputation of a university, and then at the faculty or discipline desired. To do this one must have access to quality data for each discipline.(D)Let us look at three ways we can now rank universities. Agovernment-appointed Quality Review Committee made the first ranking of universities in 1993. It divided the 35 universities in Australia into six quality bands based mainly on research and teaching outcomes. In the top band, only two universities were represented: one from NSW (the University of NSW) and the other from the ACT (the Australian National University).(E)Sydney and Wollongong universities were both in the second ranking.Wollongong was the only newer university to make such a high grade.Macquarie and the University of Technology, Sydney, were in band four;Charles Sturt, Canberra, New England and Newcastle were in band five. In band six were the Australian Catholic University and the University of Western Sydney.(F)This ranking has drawn much criticism, since it was based on whatuniversities spent on research, and not on the quality of teaching. However, it should be stated that this was the first year of a continuing quality review. Next, the Quality Review Committee will assess the teaching record of universities.(G)T he Department of Education Employment and Training (DEET) haspublished 50 indicators of diversity and performance of Australian universities. This lists comparative data on everything from academic staff ratio and percentage of staff with PhDs, to expenditure on library grants.The document says it does not rank universities, and is designed to assist students to make informed comparisons. But the universities can be ranked by each measure using a key indicators of success –positive graduate outcomes – which combines the percentage of recent graduates in full-time work and / or full-time study.(H)Here, the University of Technology, Sydney, emerges as the leader in NSW,with 83.2% of its graduates in work and / or study, just behind the ANU with 83.5%. Sydney has 79.8%, Charles Sturt 75.5%, Wollongong 74.1%, Macquarie 73.2%, UNSW 73.1%, Newcastle 72.5%, New England / Southern Cross 72%, and Western Sydney 69.7%.(I)Professor Gannicort, a Professor of Education at Wollongong University,has developed his own “performance table”, ranking Australian universities using some of the DEET data –including the number of government research grants and grants from industry, as well as the number of recent graduates in full-time work or study. This time the University of Queensland tops the league. Sydney is third, UNSW fifth, ANU sixth, Macquarie 10th, Newcastle 15th, and all the other NSW universities well down in rankings. He says this show that the key factors which determine better university performance are what has always beensupposed: that is, high quality students, numerous well-qualified staff, and non-proliferation of courses.(J)Interestingly, Ms.Barbara Bell, the National Recruitment Manager for the Institute of Chartered Accountants, claims employers are not so much interested in the university as in the skills and all-round quality of graduates. Those graduates who lack communication skills, for example, are at a big disadvantage. Ms. Bell quotes a recent survey that found a quarter of employers of graduates chose not to rank universities “because they said there was no correlation between the university and performance”.(K)Dr. Michael Dack, Public Affairs Director of the Institution of Engineers, has commented that the prestige of a university does not count. The smaller universities are tailoring courses and products to the marketplace better than the large universities. They are trying harder to produce graduates who are acceptable to industry and employers. Traditional universities are often more academic and less industry-linked. He argues strongly the case for more broadly educated graduates. For example, the trend in engineering was to produce graduates with a broader education, communication and financial skills, and knowledge of the environmental and political context. Engineers with other skills were able to weather times of economic recession much better.Questions 1-5The reading passage contains 11 paragraphs (A-K). Which paragraphs includes the information below?1.Advice regarding the best way to judge the worth of a particular facultywithin a university.2.The case for a non-traditional approach to choosing the best university andan example within a particular discipline.3.Negative comment on the Quality Review Committee’s first ranking ofuniversities.4.Ranking universities using three well-known key factors.5.A discussion of how it is possible to rank universities according to howlikely graduates are to achieve success after graduation.Questions 6-9Look at the following statements (Questions 6-9).Write YES if the statement agrees with information in the passage NO if the statement contradicts information in the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6.Prospective students should consider the reputation of the universitybefore choosing the faculty.7.The university ranking system by the Quality Review Committee waswell-received by students.8.The Quality Review Committee’s basis for determining the ranking wasthe quality of tuition.9.The Committee will next review the amount universities spend onresearch.Questions 10-12Complete the following sentences with appropriate words or phrases.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.10.The government-appointed Quality Review Committee rankedAustralia’s universities within __________________________________. 11.I n order to rank universities, some of the DEET data was used by ProfessorGannicort to produce a ________________________________________. 12.E mployers are unlikely to employ graduates who ___________________.PART3 WRITING（选用测试, 20 min.）You should spend 20 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 150 words.PART3 SPEAKING(选用测试, 5 min.)。
ICH Guideline (人用药品注册技术规范国际协调会)药物光稳定性指导原则
WC1007 25-Jan-06No.:ICH GuidelineSince the release of the ICH Guideline Atlas Info, WIP has made a correction to its formula for the estimation of test durations at minimum and maximum SUNTEST irradiance levels (see calculations on page 8). Please discard or delete any copies that you may have of the previous version of this document. We would like to thank Chet Harris of Harris Weathering and Andreas Riedl and Cees Van Teylingen for their attention to detail regarding this piece. If you have any questions regarding the document please contact Al Zielnik at azielnik@ or contact your local sales manager.Thank you,Marketing ServicesXLS/XLS+ Conformity to ICHConforming to the ICH Guideline for the Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Drug Products (ICH Q1B) Using the AtlasSUNTEST CPS/CPS+ and XLS/XLS+This document summarizes the key requirements in the ICH Guidelines and offers recommendations for operating theAtlas SUNTEST CPS/CPS+ and XLS/XLS+.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY“The International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is a unique project that brings together the regulatory authorities of Europe, Japan and the United States and experts from the pharmaceutical industry in the three regions to discuss scientific and technical aspects of product registration.” From the official website for ICH, .The result of this effort was a guideline, the ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline on Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products (ICH Q1A). Photostability testing is further addressed in a separate official ICH document(ICH Q1B). This applies to both forced degradation stress testing and confirmatory studies of the active drug substance, drug product and excipients. ICH Q1B is applicable to small molecules; large molecules (proteins, monoclonal antibodies, etc.) are addressed in the separate document, Stability Testing of Biotechnological/Biological Products (ICH Q5C). Additionally the Q1B protocol has been adopted as the VICH Tripartite Harmonized Guideline covering the Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products in the Veterinary Field.Despite implementation of the ICH stability and photostability guidelines, issues remain that are not specifically covered in the documents and left to the researcher’s discretion. Additionally, several non-equivalent options are available, reflecting different practices for handling drug products on different continents.XLS/XLS+ Conformity to ICHSUMMARY OF KEY Q1B CONTENTS**The numbers and letters correspond to the sections of the official ICH Q1B document; however, not all sections arelisted.1. GeneralThe ICH Harmonized Guideline on Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products requires that photostability testing be an integral part of stress testing. The intrinsic photostability characteristics of new drug substances and products should be evaluated to demonstrate that light exposure does not result in unacceptable change.B. Light Sources, Option 1ICH recommends the following light sources that emit an output similar to D65/ID65 emission standards. “D65 is the internationally recognized emission standard for outdoor daylight as defined in ISO 10977 (1993) standard. ID65 is the equivalent indoor indirect daylight standard1.” Light sources conforming to D65/ID65 emission standard should contain UV and visible spectrum, such as:- Xenon lamps- Artificial daylight fluorescent lamp combining visible and UV outputs- Metal-halide lampsC. ProcedureICH requires the following two exposure criteria for confirmatory photostability studies: - Not less than 1.2 million Lux hours of Visible (400 to 800 nm) exposure- Not less than 200 Watt·hours/square meter of UV (320 to 400 nm) exposure. The ICH Guideline states that “The minimum Visible light exposure level represents approximately 3 months of continuous exposure to artificial visible light in the pharmacy, warehouse or home with the protective container removed from the product. The UV light exposure roughly corresponds to 1 to 2 days inside close to a window with sunlight exposure2.” However, the ratio of UV to VIS radiation that the ICH estimates to1 S.R. Thatcher, R.K. Mansfield, R.B. Miller, C.W. Davis, and S.W. Baertschi, “A Technical Guide and Practical Interpretation of the ICH Guidelines and Its Application to Pharmaceutical Stability,” Pharmaceutical Technology, March 2001: 102.2 S.R. Thatcher, R.K. Mansfield, R.B. Miller, C.W. Davis, and S.W. Baertschi, “A Technical Guide and Practical Interpretation of the ICH Guidelines and Its Application to Pharmaceutical Stability,” Pharmaceutical Technology, March 2001: 102.XLS/XLS+ Conformity to ICHrepresent the “real” storage conditions differs from the UV/VIS ratio defined in the standard for indoor direct daylight (ID65). ID65 is generally selected as more representative of actual exposure conditions; however, the more severe D65 condition may be useful for “forced degradation” studies.OPTION 1 XENON LIGHT SOURCEFiltered (D65 or ID65) xenon discharge lamps are full-spectrum light sources and simultaneously expose in the UV, Visible and IR spectral regions.Because the spectral distribution of the selected radiation source must conform to theD65 or ID65 standard (Option 1), a total radiant exposure of 200 Watt hours/square meter in the UV region simultaneously underexposes the visible by ca. 60%, and a total luminous exposure of 1.2 million Lux hours in the Visible (400-800 nm) simultaneously overexposes the UV by ca. 240%.At present, no single source provides the combination of simultaneous UV and Visible exposure levels required by the ICH Q1B (D65/ID65) without overexposure to the UV or underexposure to the Visible. However, since the recommended exposures are minimums, exceeding the minimum exposure in the UV or Visible is perfectly acceptable. Overexposure can be avoided by (1) excluding the excess of UV radiation by the use of UV blocking filters around the specimen upon reaching the desired UV dose; (2) removing one half of the specimens after reaching the UV dose and continuing exposure to the Visible dose on the remaining specimens; or (3) running two separate tests, one for each criterion (UV and Visible), with identical specimens. Exceeding the minimum UV dosage is acceptable according to the guidelines, and may actually be a better simulation of end use conditions where the product is exposed to direct daylight or daylight filtered through window glass.The Atlas SUNTEST meets the ID65 spectral criterion with an optical filter system consisting of a coated quartz glass dish, a window glass filter and an ID-65 filter used in combination. The SUNTEST’s filtered xenon light source is a full spectrum light source containing both Visible and UV outputs as required in Option 1, with a UV cut-on of approximately 320 nm and a spectral distribution corresponding to ID65 per ISO 10977.XLS/XLS+ Conformity to ICHThe following filter set is required (in order, starting with the filter closest to the sample tray) to provide ID65 for the SUNTEST CPS/CPS+ and XLS/XLS+ models: P/N 56052388 Coated quartz glass dishP/N 56052372 Window glass filer (310 nm cut-on)P/N 56077769 Solar ID65 (320 nm cut-on)Comparison between ID65 (ISO10977/ISO DIS18909)SUNTEST CPS-Solar ID65-Filter SystemXLS/XLS+ Conformity to ICHIf the more severe D65 condition is desired, the following daylight filter set can be used: P/N 56052388 Coated quartz glass dishP/N 56052371 UV Special glass filterD65 ISO 10977/ISO/DIS 18909SUNTEST CPS Solar D65-800nm)=550W/m²E(300LS/XLS+ Conformity to ICHXDETERMINING TEST DURATIONThe test procedures mentioned previously describe minimum exposure levels for confirmatory testing. Exposure dosage in the Atlas SUNTEST CPS/CPS+ andUNTEST XLS/XLS+ is measured in radiometric units (Kilojoules in the range of 300-800 nm Exposure dand 200 Wh/m 2 (320 – 400 nm) is approximately 8 MJ/m 2 (300 nm - 800 nm) forribing Visible light only For any desired irradiance inance level in Kilolux (klx) can be approximated by the following equation (for ID65): nm)Based on an irradi between 320 – 400 nm can be approximated by the following equation:S ) and exposure duration may be expressed in chronological time (hours). uration is dependent on the irradiance (light intensity) setting. - 1.2 million Lux hours is approximately 19.6 MJ/m 2 in the wavelength range300 nm - 800 nm for the ID65 filter system in the SUNTEST CPS/CPS+XLS/XLS+. -the Solar ID65 filter system for the ID65 filter system in the SUNTEST CPS/CPS+ and XLS/XLS+. Note that light emission in the SUNTEST is controlled between 300 nm (UV region) and 800 nm (Visible region), and a radiometric intensity unit of Watt/m² is used. “Lux-hours” is a photometric term desc weighted to the average spectral response of the human eye.level between 300 – 800 nm, the illum1 klx = 4.415 W/m² (300 – 800ance level between 300 – 800 nm, the irradiance level W/m² (320 – 400 nm) = W/m² (300 – 800 nm) / 10.5SUNTEST CONDITIONS FOR THE ICH Q1B PROTOCOL1. Filters:The SUNTEST uses a group of optical filters to closely match the different spectral requirements, especially in the UV range. The ID65 requirement in the ICH gu can be achiev ideline ed by using the SUNTEST Solar ID 65 filter system. The SUNTEST Solar D 65 filter system is comprised of three filters: Solar ID 65 filter (P/N 56077769) with a 052372) and a coated quartz glass dish (P/NI with a window glass filter (P/N 5656052388).LS/XLS+ Conformity to ICHX an eye. Higher irradiance sults in shorter test duration to reach a given exposure. However, from a practical tures test durations at minimum and maximum SUNTE T200 Wh - At 23.8 W/m 2 at 320 – 400 nm corresponds to the minimum irradiance of 250W/m 2 at 300 – 800 nmm 2 ÷ 72.9 W/m 2 = 2.7 h SUNTEST exposure1.2 mil n - At minimum irradiance 1.2 Mlx h / 56.6 klx = 21.2 h SUNTEST exposureAlternatively, exposure times for the above minimums depend on the irradiance (light intensit PS/CPS+ and XLS/XLS+ have irradiance operating ranges that ive hieve dard temperatures. Using the SunCool even at 45% lower temperatures than using the SUNTEST by itself (typically chamber air temperature in the range of ca. 30 ºC).2. Irradiance and Exposure Duration:The ICH guideline does not recommend a specific irradiance (light intensity) setting. The SUNTEST with the above filter system can accommodate a range of irradiance values from a minimum of 250 W/m 2 in the wavelength range of 300 - 800 nm to a maximum of 765 W/m 2 in the wavelength range of 300 - 800 nm. Lux, as used in the ICH guideline, is a photometric intensity unit for the visible bandwidth between 400 nm and 800 nm, weighted to the spectral response of the hum re consideration, higher irradiance results in higher chamber air and specimen tempera because the xenon emission includes infrared radiation.The following provides an estimation of S irradiance levels to reach the minimum exposure requirements: /m 2 (between 320 and 400 nm):minimum irradiance, 200 Wh/m 2 ÷ 23.8 W/m 2 = 8.4 h SUNTEST exposure- At maximum irradiance 200 Wh/72.9 W/m 2at 320 – 400 nm corresponds to the maximum irradiance of 765W/m 2at 300 – 800 nmlio lx h (between 400 and 800 nm):56.6 klx corresponds to the minimum irradiance at 250W/ m 2at 300 – 800 nm- At maximum irradiance 1.2 Mlx h / 173.3 klx = 6.9 h SUNTEST exposure 173.3 klx corresponds to the maximum irradiance at 765 W/ m 2at 300 - 800 nmy). The SUNTEST C of 250 W/m 2 to 765W/m 2 in the wavelength range of 300 - 800 nm.3. Temperature:Determining thermal stability of drug substances and products is a separate requirement and is conducted independently from the photostability portion of the ICH guideline.However, the infrared energy emitted from the xenon lamp causes the chambertemperature to rise above the ambient temperature. ICH Guideline Q1B requires care be taken to avoid degradation of thermally labile products. To avoid excess temperatures, Atlas recommends using the optional Atlas SunCool air chiller to ac lower test chamber and black stan maximum irradiance will allow 30% toLS/XLS+ Conformity to ICHXThe SUNTEST uses a Black Standard Thermometer (BST) to regulate air temperature conditions in the exposure chamber. The BST sensor is a widely used surfacetemperature probe for monitoring maximum possible surface temperature of a black surface. To achieve the ambient temperature requirement, Atlas recommends setting the ST to 0 °C. The 0 °C setting of BST will activate the Atlas SunCool, which will) while thermal degradation rates will not increase linearly with increasing mperature, but rather will follow typical Arrhenius kinetics. Therefore, more thermal nger test at lower irradiance and temperature than at higher luateing .g., by a factor of 3 to 5-fold). Alternatively, exposure may be continued untilgradation has occurred. These studies are usually conducted on solid drug check for local availability of ISO 17025 accreditation). The Certificate of Calibration sued by Atlas-authorized service is valid for one year; if the equipment is moved to nother location or the electrical supply is changed, Atlas recommends recalibration.B provide the chamber air temperature of near ambient condition, approximately 18 °C to 25°C depending on irradiance and laboratory conditions.Note that photodegradation rates should increase linearly with photon flux (irradiance intensity te degradation can occur in a lo ones.Forced Degradation TestsThe ICH Guideline states that the purpose of “forced degradation” studies is to eva the overall photosensitivity of the material for method development purposes and/or to elucidate the degradation pathways and to validate stability-indicating assays. Unlike conformance testing, no specific testing criteria or minimums are recommended. However, the forced degradation experiment on the drug substance should be conducted using a visible light and UV exposure in excess of that used for formal product test (e significant de substances and also on solutions that are usually more susceptible to degradation.CalibrationAs chemical actinometers have shown inaccuracies, it is advised to calibrate the SUNTEST with approved radiometers. Best laboratory practice would dictate that calibration of any device be verified before and after each test. However, due to the stability of the integral radiometer measuring system of the SUNTEST CPS+ and XLS+ models, common practice is to have the SUNTEST CPS+ and XLS+ models calibrated at intervals of 6 or 12 months by an accredited, Atlas-authorized service representative (is aLS/XLS+ Conformity to ICHXCautionary Note : Radiometers and spectroradiometers must be calibrated for the d power supply. Atlas manufactures specific XenoCal™urther Informationcan be specific type of lamp an irradiance calibrators for use with SUNTEST and other Atlas instruments and the use of third-party devices may result in inaccurate measurements and calibrations.F A more thorough discussion of photostability testing and the ICH Q1B Guideline found in: Photostability of Drugs and Drug Formulations 2nd edition , edited by Ha Hjorth Tonnesen, CRC Press, ©2004, .nne summary of Q1B photostability testing may be found in: S.R. Thatcher, R.K. Mansfield, R.B. Miller, C.W. Davis and S.W. Baertschi, “A Technical Guide and Practical Interpretation of the ICH Guidelines and Its Application to Pharmaceutical Stability” Part 1 & 2. Pharmaceutical Technology, March & April 2001.AFor more information on the Atlas SUNTEST CPS/CPS+, SUNTEST XLS/XLS+ or other Lightfastness, Photostability and WeatheringInstrumentation, please visit us at 。
竞赛的优点和缺点英语作文
竞赛的优点和缺点英语作文Title: Advantages and Disadvantages of Competitions。
Competitions, be they academic, athletic, or artistic, have long been a staple in human society, offering a platform for individuals to showcase their skills, talents, and abilities. However, like any societal construct, competitions come with both advantages and disadvantages.Advantages:1. Promotes Excellence: Competitions incentivize participants to strive for excellence. The desire to outperform others can drive individuals to push theirlimits and achieve their fullest potential.2. Fosters Innovation: In competitive environments, participants often explore new ideas, techniques, and strategies to gain an edge over their competitors. This drive for innovation can lead to advancements in variousfields.3. Builds Character: Facing competition can teach valuable life lessons such as perseverance, resilience, and sportsmanship. Winning gracefully and accepting defeat with dignity are essential aspects of character development fostered by competitions.4. Enhances Skills: Engaging in competitions allows individuals to hone their skills through practice, feedback, and experience. Whether it's public speaking, problem-solving, or physical prowess, competitions provide aplatform for skill development.5. Provides Recognition: Winning or even participatingin competitions can bring recognition and validation to individuals' efforts and talents. This acknowledgment can boost confidence and motivate further growth and achievement.6. Encourages Goal Setting: Competitions often have specific goals or targets, whether it's winning achampionship, achieving a certain score, or completing a task within a set timeframe. Setting and working towards these goals can instill a sense of purpose and direction.Disadvantages:1. Creates Stress and Pressure: The intense pressure to perform well in competitions can lead to stress, anxiety, and even burnout, especially among individuals who invest significant time and effort into preparation.2. Fosters Unhealthy Comparison: Constantly comparing oneself to others in a competitive environment can breed feelings of inadequacy, jealousy, and low self-esteem. This unhealthy comparison may overshadow personal growth and satisfaction.3. Risk of Cheating and Unethical Behavior: The desire to win at all costs may tempt some individuals to resort to cheating, dishonesty, or unethical practices. This not only undermines the integrity of the competition but also erodes trust among participants.4. Exacerbates Inequality: Competitions often favor those with access to resources, training facilities, and support systems. This can widen the gap between privileged and marginalized individuals, reinforcing existing inequalities within society.5. Diminishes Collaboration: While competition encourages individual achievement, it can also discourage collaboration and teamwork. In highly competitive settings, individuals may prioritize personal success over collective goals, hindering cooperation and innovation.6. Focuses on Outcome Over Process: In the pursuit of victory, participants may become overly fixated on the end result rather than the learning process itself. This mindset can detract from the intrinsic value of the experience and limit personal growth.In conclusion, competitions serve as a double-edged sword, offering both benefits and drawbacks to participants and society at large. While they can drive excellence,innovation, and character development, competitions also carry the risks of stress, inequality, and unethical behavior. It is essential to strike a balance between healthy competition and maintaining the well-being and integrity of all involved.。
优点缺点 英文作文
优点缺点英文作文Advantages: 。
1. Convenience: Online shopping allows people to shop from the comfort of their own homes, saving time and effort.2. Variety: Online stores offer a wide range of products, giving consumers access to items that may not be available in their local area.3. Comparison: With online shopping, it's easy to compare prices and read reviews to make informed purchasing decisions.4. Accessibility: Online shopping is available 24/7, allowing people to shop at any time that is convenient for them.5. Cost savings: Many online stores offer discounts and deals that may not be available in traditional retailstores.Disadvantages:1. Security concerns: There is a risk of personal and financial information being compromised when making purchases online.2. Shipping delays: Sometimes, online orders can take longer to arrive than expected, leading to frustration for the consumer.3. Lack of physical interaction: Online shopping lacks the personal touch and experience of interacting with products in person.4. Return challenges: Returning items purchased online can be more complicated and time-consuming than returning items to a physical store.5. Potential for fraud: Online shopping opens up thepossibility of falling victim to scams and counterfeit products.。
关于看书和听书的英语作文观点
The Comparison between Reading Books and Listening to AudiobooksIn today's digital age, the traditional act of reading books and the emerging trend of listening to audiobooks both have their unique appeals. This essay explores the advantages and disadvantages of both methods.Reading Books:Advantages:Enhanced Imagination: Reading a book allows the reader to create their own mental images and interpretations of the story, fostering a sense of imagination and creativity.Deeper Engagement: Books require active reading, which helps to improve concentration and加深读者对内容的理解和情感投入。
Physical Connection: Holding a physical book and turning its pages gives a tangible connection to the reading experience, often leading to a more personal and emotional bond with the content.Disadvantages:Time-Consuming: Reading books can be time-consuming, especially for those with busy schedules or limited reading speeds.Accessibility Issues: Physical books can be difficult to access, especially for those in remote areas or without access to libraries or bookstores.Listening to Audiobooks:Advantages:Convenience: Audiobooks offer the convenience of being able to listen while multitasking, such as commuting, exercising, or doing housework.Accessibility: Audiobooks are easily accessible, as they can be downloaded or streamed on various devices, including smartphones and tablets.Enhanced Learning: Listening to audiobooks can help improve listening comprehension and vocabulary, making them beneficial for language learners.Disadvantages:Limited Imagination: Since audiobooks are narrated, they often limit the listener's ability to create their own mental images of the story.Distracted Listening: Listening to audiobooks in noisy environments can be distracting, making it difficult to focus on the content.Passive Consumption: Listening to audiobooks is a more passive form of consumptioncompared to reading, which may limit the depth of engagement with the content.In conclusion, both reading books and listening to audiobooks have their own unique benefits and drawbacks. The choice between the two depends on the individual's preferences, needs, and context. For some, the traditional act of reading books may offer a richer and more immersive experience, while for others, the convenience and accessibility of audiobooks may be more appealing.在当今数字化时代，传统的阅读书籍与新兴的听书方式都有各自独特的魅力。
英语作文关于优点的句型
英语作文关于优点的句型英文回答：Advantages can be articulated in various ways, each emphasizing distinct aspects of their positive attributes:1. Direct statement:The product exhibits remarkable efficiency, resultingin significant time savings.The initiative offers a comprehensive range of benefits, meeting diverse needs.2. Comparison:Compared to other alternatives, this solution provides superior performance and reliability.Its innovative design outperforms conventional methods,enhancing productivity and accuracy.3. Detailed description:The system's intuitive interface simplifies complex tasks, minimizing user effort.Its robust construction ensures durability and longevity, providing peace of mind.4. Quantified evidence:Independent evaluations have consistently rated the software as highly effective, improving productivity by an average of 15%.The project has reduced operational costs by 20%, yielding significant financial savings.5. Benefits enumeration:The advantages of using this service include enhancedflexibility, reduced maintenance costs, and increased customer satisfaction.Implementing this strategy will lead to benefits suchas increased revenue, improved employee engagement, and strengthened market position.中文回答：表达优点的句型可以有多种方式，每种方式都强调其正面属性的不同方面：1. 直接陈述：该产品表现出显着的效率，节省了大量时间。
网店和实体店的优缺点对比英语作文
2. Wide selection: Online stores typically have a much larger selection of products than physical stores. Customers can easily compare prices and read reviews to make informed purchasing decisions.
2. Shipping costs and delays: Customers may have to pay for shipping costs when shopping online, and delivery times can vary depending on the location of the customer and the shipping method chosen.
Advantages of Online Stores:
1. Convenience: One of the biggest advantages of online stores is the convenience they offer. Customers can shop from the comfort of their own homes at any time of the day or night without having to travel to a physical store.
对网购的优点英语作文
Online shopping has become an integral part of modern life,offering a plethora of benefits that have transformed the way we buy goods and services.Here are some of the key advantages of shopping online:1.Convenience:One of the most significant advantages of online shopping is the convenience it offers.Shoppers can browse through a vast array of products from the comfort of their homes,without the need to travel to physical stores.This is particularly beneficial for those with busy schedules or limited mobility.2.Accessibility:Online stores are accessible24/7,allowing customers to shop at any time that suits them best.This is especially helpful for people who work during the day or have other commitments that make it difficult to visit a store during regular business hours.3.Price Comparison:The internet allows for easy comparison of prices across different retailers.Shoppers can quickly find the best deals and discounts available,ensuring they get the most value for their money.4.Wider Selection:Online platforms often have a broader range of products than physical stores,as they are not limited by shelf space.This means that customers have access to a wider variety of items,including niche products that may not be available in local stores.5.Personalized Experience:Many online retailers use algorithms to analyze a customers shopping habits and preferences,offering personalized product recommendations.This can make the shopping experience more enjoyable and efficient.6.Customer Reviews:Online shopping platforms typically feature customer reviews and ratings for products.These reviews can be invaluable for potential buyers,providing insights into the quality and performance of products before making a purchase.7.Ease of Returns:Many online retailers offer hasslefree return policies,making it easier for customers to return items that do not meet their expectations.This reduces the risk associated with online purchases.8.Global Access:Online shopping allows customers to purchase products from around the world,providing access to unique items that may not be available in their local markets.9.TimeSaving:By eliminating the need to travel to a store and navigate through crowds,online shopping saves time.This is especially beneficial for those who value their time and prefer to spend it on other activities.10.Environmental Benefits:Online shopping can also be more environmentally friendly, as it reduces the need for transportation to and from stores,thereby decreasing carbon emissions.In conclusion,online shopping offers a multitude of benefits that cater to the needs and preferences of modern consumers.It is a flexible,efficient,and often more economical way to shop,which continues to gain popularity as technology advances and online platforms improve.。
优点和优点对比的英语作文
优点和优点对比的英语作文英文回答：Advantages vs. Pros: A Comparison.While the terms "advantages" and "pros" are often used interchangeably, there are subtle distinctions between them. Here's a comparative analysis:Definition:Advantages: Qualities or features that make something superior to alternatives.Pros: Positive aspects or benefits of something.Scope:Advantages: Emphasizes comparative superiority over other options.Pros: Focuses on overall positive attributes without necessarily comparing to alternatives.Context:Advantages: Typically used in decision-making contexts, where multiple options are being evaluated.Pros: Can be used in various contexts, including product reviews, sales pitches, and personal evaluations.Objectivity:Advantages: Implies a degree of objectivity, as it suggests that a feature or quality is superior based on established criteria.Pros: Can be more subjective, as they may be based on personal preferences or experiences.Strength of Assertion:Advantages: Conveys a stronger sense of superiority, implying a clear advantage over competing options.Pros: Less assertive than "advantages," simply highlighting positive aspects without making direct comparisons.Usage:Examples of advantages:"This car has the advantage of fuel efficiency compared to its competitors.""The candidate has the advantage of extensive experience in the field."Examples of pros:"The restaurant offers a wide variety of menu options, which is a pro for diners.""The software has a user-friendly interface, which is a major pro."Conclusion:"Advantages" and "pros" are both positive terms used to describe desirable qualities or benefits. However, "advantages" emphasizes comparative superiority, while "pros" focuses on overall positive attributes. In decision-making contexts, "advantages" may be a more appropriate choice; in other contexts, "pros" may be more versatile.中文回答：优点和优点对比。
高一英语形容词和副词比较等级的特殊结构练习题20题
高一英语形容词和副词比较等级的特殊结构练习题20题1<背景文章>City A and City B are two remarkable cities with distinct characteristics. In terms of climate, City A is much warmer than City B. The winters in City A are relatively mild, while those in City B can be extremely cold. When it comes to culture, City A is known for its vibrant and diverse art scene. It has more museums and galleries compared to City B. However, City B has a richer historical background. Its ancient buildings are more impressive than those in City A. In terms of economy, City A is considered more prosperous. It has a higher GDP and more job opportunities. On the other hand, City B has a slower pace of life and lower living costs.1. City A is ______ warmer than City B.A. a lotB. muchC. veryD. quite答案：B。
中文解析：much 可以修饰比较级，表示“……得多”，a lot 通常要放在比较级前面，如a lot warmer；very 和quite 一般不能修饰比较级。
网络对学生的利与弊英语作文80词
网络对学生的利与弊英语作文80词篇1The Internet has become an integral part of students' lives. It brings numerous benefits! For instance, it enables students to access a vast amount of learning materials easily. How convenient it is when they can search for information to expand their knowledge at any time! However, there are also drawbacks. Some students may get addicted to online games and spend excessive time on them. Isn't it a waste of precious time for study? Moreover, spending long hours in front of the screen can harm their eyesight. How worrying it is! So, students should use the Internet wisely. They need to be aware of the potential dangers and make the most of its advantages. Can they really do that? It all depends on their self-control and awareness.篇2The Internet has become an integral part of students' lives. It brings numerous benefits as well as some drawbacks. On the positive side, online courses have revolutionized the way students learn! They can access high-quality educational resources from around the world, allowing them to study at their own pace and enhance their learning efficiency. For example, a student struggling with mathematics can find detailed tutorials and practice exercises online to improve their skills.However, the Internet also poses challenges. The abundance of inappropriate and misleading information can corrupt students' minds! Unhealthy content and online games can be highly addictive, distracting students from their studies and affecting their academic performance. Moreover, excessive reliance on social media can lead to problems in real-life social skills and relationships.In conclusion, the Internet is a double-edged sword for students. It is essential for them to use it wisely and be aware of the potential risks to make the most of its advantages.篇3The Internet has become an integral part of students' lives. On one hand, it brings numerous benefits! How wonderful it is that students can access a vast amount of educational resources online. They can explore various subjects, watch educational videos, and participate in online courses, which greatly enriches their knowledge and skills. Moreover, it provides a platform for social interaction, allowing them to connect with friends and classmates from different places. Isn't it amazing?However, on the other hand, there are also some drawbacks. The allure of online entertainment, such as video games and social media, can be so strong that students often lose track of time. They might spend hours indulging in these activities, neglecting their studies and other important tasks. How sad it is when precious time is wasted like this! Also, excessiveuse of the Internet can lead to problems like eye strain and reduced physical activity.In conclusion, while the Internet offers great opportunities for students, it is crucial for them to use it wisely and in moderation. So, let's make the best of it and avoid being trapped by its negative aspects!篇4The Internet has become an integral part of students' lives. It brings numerous benefits! How wonderful it is that it provides easy access to a vast amount of knowledge and information, allowing students to expand their horizons and enhance their learning efficiency. Isn't it amazing that it also promotes innovative thinking by exposing them to diverse ideas and perspectives? However, there are downsides too. How worrying it is that excessive reliance on the Internet can make students lazy and reduce their concentration? And the abundance of unfiltered information can sometimes confuse and mislead them. So, the Internet is like a double-edged sword for students. We should guide them to make the best use of it and avoid being negatively affected. How crucial it is for us to strike the right balance!篇5The Internet has become an integral part of students' lives. It brings numerous benefits as well as certain drawbacks.On the positive side, it offers a vast amount of information that can assist students in completing their homework and expanding their knowledge! How convenient it is when they can search for various academic resources online! However, it can also have negative effects on students' academic performance. Some might get distracted by online games or social media, resulting in poor time management and lower grades.Regarding mental and physical health, the Internet can be a source of stress and anxiety. For instance, the constant comparison on social platforms might make students feel inadequate. But at the same time, it provides access to mental health support and relaxation tools.In conclusion, the Internet is a double-edged sword for students. We should guide them to use it wisely to gain more benefits and minimize the harms!。
超市的优缺点英文作文
超市的优缺点英文作文Supermarkets, a ubiquitous fixture of modern life,offer a convenient one-stop shopping experience for consumers. They are typically stocked with a wide range of products, from fresh produce and packaged goods to household items and personal care products. The ease of access to a diverse selection of products under one roof, coupled with the added convenience of services like self-checkout and home delivery, makes supermarkets a popular choice for many.However, despite their convenience, supermarkets also come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages.**Advantages of Supermarkets:**1. **Convenience:** Supermarkets provide a centralized location for all types of goods, saving consumers thetrouble of visiting multiple stores for different items.2. **Variety:** With a wide range of products available, supermarkets cater to the needs of different consumers, regardless of their preferences or budgets.3. **Price Comparison:** Since most products areclearly priced, consumers can easily compare prices and make informed decisions about their purchases.4. **Time-Saving:** Supermarkets often have efficient layouts and well-trained staff, enabling customers to find what they need quickly and check out smoothly.5. **Quality Assurance:** Many supermarkets have strict quality control measures to ensure that the products they sell are safe and reliable.**Disadvantages of Supermarkets:**1. **High Prices:** Due to the convenience and variety they offer, supermarkets often charge higher prices than smaller, local stores.2. **Limited Choice:** While supermarkets may stock a wide range of products, they may not carry every brand or variety available. This can limit consumers' choices.3. **Loss of Community:** Supermarkets, beingcorporate-owned and operated, often lack the personal touch and community feel of smaller, locally-owned stores.4. **Environmental Impact:** The large-scale operations of supermarkets can have a significant environmental impact, including increased waste generation and carbon emissions.5. **Lack of Personalized Service:** In comparison to smaller stores, supermarkets often lack personalized service, such as advice or recommendations from store owners or clerks.In conclusion, supermarkets, while convenient and comprehensive, come with both advantages and disadvantages. Consumers need to weigh these factors carefully and make informed decisions about where to shop based on their specific needs and preferences.**超市的优缺点**超市，作为现代生活中无处不在的设施，为消费者提供了一种方便的一站式购物体验。
利弊对比型英语作文模板及翻译
利弊对比型英语作文模板及翻译Title: Advantages and Disadvantages Comparison English Essay Template and Translation。
Introduction。
In today's world, it is important to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of various situations, decisions, and technologies. This essay will discuss the template for writing an advantages and disadvantages comparison essay in English, as well as provide a translation of the template. By understanding the structure and language used in this type of essay, individuals can effectively communicate the positive and negative aspects of a given topic.Advantages and Disadvantages Comparison Essay Template。
1. Introduction。
Introduce the topic and provide background information.Clearly state the advantages and disadvantages that will be discussed.2. Advantages。
Present the positive aspects of the topic in a clear and organized manner.Use examples, statistics, and evidence to support each advantage.Transition smoothly between each advantage to maintain coherence.3. Disadvantages。
使用社交媒体优点缺点的英语作文
使用社交媒体优点缺点的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social MediaIn today's digital age, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. With the rise of platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok, connecting with others and sharing content has never been easier. However, while social media offers numerous benefits, it also comes with its fair share of drawbacks.One of the main advantages of using social media is its ability to help us stay connected with friends and family, regardless of physical distance. Through platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp, we can easily keep in touch with loved ones around the world, share updates about our lives, and even video call each other. This has greatly improved communication and strengthened relationships with those who are far away.Social media also provides a platform for self-expression and creativity. Many users use Instagram and TikTok to showcase their talents, share their opinions, and express themselvesthrough photos, videos, and other forms of content. This can be a great outlet for creativity and a way to build a personal brand.Additionally, social media has revolutionized the way we consume news and information. Platforms like Twitter and Reddit allow users to access real-time updates on current events, trends, and developments. This has made it easier for individuals to stay informed and engage in discussions on important topics.However, despite the numerous benefits of social media, there are also several disadvantages to consider. One of the biggest drawbacks is the negative impact it can have on mental health. Studies have shown that excessive use of social media can lead to feelings of loneliness, depression, and anxiety. The constant comparison to others, cyberbullying, and the pressure to present a perfect image online can all contribute to poor mental well-being.Another downside of social media is the spread of misinformation and fake news. With the rise of user-generated content, it has become increasingly difficult to discern what is true and what is false. This has led to the spread of misinformation on a wide range of topics, from politics to health, which can have serious consequences for society.Furthermore, social media has also been criticized for invading privacy and promoting addictive behavior. Many platforms collect user data for targeted advertising purposes, leading to concerns about data security and privacy. Additionally, the constant notifications, likes, and comments can create a sense of addiction and dependency on social media, detracting from real-life interactions.In conclusion, social media offers many advantages, such as improving communication, fostering creativity, and providing access to information. However, it also comes with numerous drawbacks, including negative impacts on mental health, the spread of misinformation, and privacy concerns. It is important for users to be aware of both the benefits and pitfalls of social media and to use it responsibly to maintain a healthy balance in their lives.篇2The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social MediaIn today's digital age, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. With the rise of platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok, people are more connected than ever before. While social media has manyadvantages, it also comes with its fair share of disadvantages. In this essay, we will explore the benefits and drawbacks of using social media.Advantages:1. Connectivity: Social media allows people to connect with each other regardless of their physical location. This has made it easier for people to stay in touch with friends, family, and colleagues, and to meet new people with similar interests.2. Information sharing: Social media is a great platform for sharing information and knowledge. Users can easily share news articles, blog posts, videos, and other content with their followers, which can help spread awareness about important issues.3. Marketing and advertising: Businesses can utilize social media to promote their products and services to a wide audience. Platforms like Facebook and Instagram offer targeted advertising options that allow companies to reach their desired demographic.4. Entertainment: Social media is a source of entertainment for many people. Users can watch funny videos, follow their favorite celebrities, and engage with memes and other lighthearted content.5. Education: Social media can be a valuable tool for learning. Many educational institutions use platforms like YouTube and LinkedIn to provide online courses and tutorials to their students.Disadvantages:1. Privacy concerns: One of the biggest drawbacks of social media is the lack of privacy. Users often share personal information without realizing the potential consequences, leading to issues like identity theft and cyberbullying.2. Addiction: Social media addiction is a real problem that affects many people. The constant need to check notifications and updates can lead to feelings of anxiety and FOMO (fear of missing out).3. Fake news: The spread of misinformation and fake news isa major issue on social media platforms. Users can easily be misled by false information, which can have harmful consequences.4. Cyberbullying: Social media has made it easier for people to bully others online. Cyberbullying can have serious effects on the mental health of victims and is a growing concern among parents and educators.5. Negative impact on mental health: Studies have shown that spending too much time on social media can lead to feelings of loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. The constant comparison to others' curated lives can also lead to feelings of inadequacy.In conclusion, social media has both advantages and disadvantages. While it has the power to connect people, share information, and provide entertainment, it can also have negative effects on privacy, mental health, and society as a whole. It is important for users to be mindful of their online behavior and use social media responsibly.篇3The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social MediaIn the 21st century, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. With the advent of platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat, people now have unprecedented access to information, communication, and entertainment. While social media offers many advantages, there are also several disadvantages that warrant consideration.One of the primary advantages of social media is its ability to connect people from different parts of the world. Throughplatforms like Facebook and Twitter, individuals can stay in touch with friends and family, no matter where they are. This has made it easier to maintain relationships and foster connections with people from diverse backgrounds.Moreover, social media has revolutionized the way we access information. With news updates, articles, and videos being shared at lightning speed, individuals can stay informed about current events like never before. This has led to a more educated and engaged populace, as people are able to access a wide range of viewpoints and perspectives on any given issue.Additionally, social media has created opportunities for individuals to express themselves creatively. Platforms like Instagram and YouTube have allowed people to showcase their talents and interests to a global audience. This has paved the way for aspiring artists, musicians, and influencers to gain recognition and success in their respective fields.However, alongside these advantages, social media also comes with several disadvantages. One of the most notable drawbacks is the rise of cyberbullying and online harassment. With the anonymity that social media provides, individuals can easily target and harass others without facing any consequences. This has led to a rise in mental health issues among youngpeople, as they are constantly exposed to negative and harmful messages online.Furthermore, social media has been criticized for promoting a culture of comparison and insecurity. With the rise of influencers and celebrities showcasing their seemingly perfect lives on platforms like Instagram, individuals can feel inadequate and insecure about their own lives. This has led to a rise in anxiety and low self-esteem, as people constantly compare themselves to others online.Moreover, social media has also been linked to addiction and decreased productivity. With the constant notifications, updates, and distractions that social media provides, individuals can easily become addicted to their devices and spend hours scrolling through their feeds. This has led to a decrease inface-to-face interactions and a lack of focus on important tasks and responsibilities.In conclusion, while social media offers many advantages in terms of connectivity, information access, and creative expression, it also comes with several disadvantages that need to be addressed. It is essential for individuals to use social media responsibly and mindfully, in order to mitigate the negative effects that it can have on mental health, productivity, andoverall well-being. By striking a balance and setting boundaries for social media use, people can harness its benefits while avoiding its pitfalls.。
UL969《标记标准和标签系统》
ANSI/UL969 标识和包装标签系统安全标准UL Standard for Safety for Marking and Labeling Systems, UL 969标准最初发布于1978年10月，于2001年9月26日为美国国家标准(ANSI)，最近命名为ANSI/UL969。
包装是标签的载体，标签是出口商品的“护照”，包装或产品的标签丢失或损坏，在目标国就不允许销售或交付使用。
据我国海关和商务部等官方的相关统计和媒体的有关报导，我国出口商品的标签不符合要求，包括丢失或损坏，是经常性的，屡见不鲜的造成直接经济损失的首要原因。
鉴于上述理由，考虑到我国尚无等同的标准，本指南采用ANSI/UL 969为本项目正式文本的一部分。
按美国和加拿大的贸易惯例和标准本身的规定，ANSI/UL 969是为企业提供的，适用于检验和评价标识和标签的使用性和安全性，由此，企业可以正式的提出符合性声明：“本产品的标签通过ANSI/UL 969 规定的条件和方法的检验，符合安全性准则。
”在包括美国和加拿大在内的发达国家，即使是强制性的合格评定也鼓励企业首先采用生产方（第一方）声明的方式向用户作出质量承诺。
该标准适用于美国和加拿大，美国的标志为“UL”加拿大为“C—UL”。
附：UL Standard for Safety for Marking and Labeling Systems, UL 969 标识和标签系统安全标准Standard for Safety for Marking and Labeling Systems第四版本，日期1995 年10 月3 日；目录CONTENTS前言FOREWORD绪论INTRODUCTION1 范围 Scope2 概述General.3 术语Glossary执行PERFORMANCE4 通则General5 试验表面Test Surfaces6 表面标贴的应用Application of Labels to Surfaces7 模拟暴露的预处理条件（暴露条件）Exposure Conditions7.1 所有的标识和标签系统All marking and labeling systems7.2 标识和标签系统特殊使用环境的模拟（特殊暴露条件的模拟）Marking and labeling systems exposed to specific agents7.3 危险场所产品标识和标签系统Marking and labeling systems for hazardous locations products8 粘合试验Adhesion Test标记MARKING9 通则General加拿大要求比较指南 CRG 969CANADIAN REQUIREMENTS COMPARISON GUIDE CRG 969UL 和加拿大标准的标识和标签系统CRG1UL AND CANADIAN STANDARDS FOR MARKING AND LABELING SYSTEMS CRG1前言A.本标准在保险商实验室(UL)的业务范围之内，就其覆盖的产品提出基础的要求，以下的陈述和本标准的条款给出了适用产品种类的范围。
OECD试验准则藻类2001
DRAFT REVISED GUIDELINE 201July 2002OECD GUIDELINES FOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALSPROPOSAL FOR UPDATING GUIDELINE 201Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition TestINTRODUCTION1.OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals are periodically reviewed in the light of scientific progress. With respect to Guideline 201, Alga, Growth Inhibition Test (adopted June 1984), the need to extend the Guideline to include additional species and update it to meet the requirements for hazard assessment and classification of chemicals has been identified. The revision has been performed on the basis of extensive practical experience and scientific progress in the field of algal toxicity studies.2.Definitions used are given in Annex 1.PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST3.The purpose of this test is to determine the effects of a substance on the growth of fresh water microalgae (algae and cyanobacteria). Exponentially growing test algae are exposed to the test substance in batch cultures over a period of normally 72 hours. In spite of the relatively brief test duration, effects over several generations can be assessed.4.The system response is the reduction of growth in a series of algal cultures (test units) exposed to various concentrations of a test substance. The response is evaluated as a function of the exposure concentration by comparison with the average growth of replicate, unexposed control cultures. For full expression of the system response to toxic effects (optimal sensitivity), the cultures are allowed unrestricted exponential growth under nutrient sufficient conditions and continuous light for a sufficient period of time to measure reduction of the specific growth rate. Growth and growth inhibition are quantified from measurements of the algal biomass density as a function of time.5.The test endpoint is inhibition of growth, expressed as logarithmic algal biomass increase (average growth rate) during the exposure period. From the average growth rates recorded in a series of test solutions and the concentration bringing about a specified x % inhibition of growth (e.g. 50%) is determined and expressed as the EC x (e.g. EC50).6.Optionally the log-biomass integral (area under the growth curve) may be used as an additional endpoint. This option may be attractive in situations with highly irregular growth in inhibited cultures.7.In addition, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined.INFORMATION ON THE TEST SUBSTANCErmation on the test substance which may be useful in establishing the test conditions includes the structural formula, purity, stability in light, stability under the conditions of the test, light absorption properties, pKa, and results of a degradation test.9.The water solubility, octanol water partition coefficient (P ow) and the vapour pressure of the test substance should be known and a validated method for the quantification of the substance in the test solutions with reported recovery efficiency and limit of detection should be available.VALIDITY OF THE TEST10.For the test to be valid, the following performance criteria should be met:•The biomass concentration in the control cultures should have increased by a factor of at least 16 within the test period. (This criterion applies to the test algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Scenedesmus subspicatus only. Experience with the other recommended species is inadequate for suggesting a definite criterion at this time for these species)•The coefficient of variation daily growth rates in the control cultures during the course of the test (days 0-1, 1,2 and 2-3) must not exceed 35%•Coefficient of variation of average growth in replicate control cultures must not exceed 15%•pH in the control cultures shall not increase more than 1.5 unit. (For test compounds that partly ionise at a pH around the test pH, it may be necessary to limit the pH drift to obtain reproducible and well defined results. A drift of no more than 0.3 pH units is technically feasible and can be achieved by ensuring an adequate CO2 mass transfer rate from the surrounding air to the test solution, e.g. by increasing the shaking rate. Another possibility is to reduce the demand for CO2 by reducing the initial biomass density or the test duration)A PPLICABILITY OF THE TEST11.This Guideline is most easily applied to water-soluble substances which, under the conditions of the test, are likely to remain in the water. For testing of substances that are volatile, strongly adsorbing, coloured, having a low solubility in water or substances that may affect the availability of nutrient or minerals in the test medium, certain modifications of the described procedure may be required (e.g. closed system, conditioning of the test vessels). Guidance on appropriate modifications is given in(1), (2) and (3).D ESCRIPTION OF THE METHODA pparatus12.Test vessels and other apparatus, which will come into contact with the test solutions should be made entirely of glass or other chemically inert material. If other materials are used it has to be demonstrated that the availability of the test substance is not affected. The items should be thoroughly washed to ensure that no organic or inorganic contaminants may interfere with the algal growth or composition of the test solutions.13.The test vessels will normally be glass flasks of sufficient volume to obtain a surface volume ratio of at least 0.15 cm2/ml (e.g. 250 ml conical flasks are suitable when the volume of the test solution is 100 ml).14.In addition some or all of the following equipment will be required:•Culturing apparatus: a cabinet or chamber is recommended, in which a temperature in the range of 21-24°C can be maintained at ± 2°C.•Light measurement instruments: It is important to note that the method of measurement of light intensity, and in particular the type of receptor (collector), will affect the measured value.Measurements should preferably be made using a spherical (4 π) receptor (which responds to direct and reflected light from all angles above and below the plane of measurement). If a cosine (2 π) receptor is used (which responds to light from all angles above the measurement plane), measurements should be made of the direct and reflected light and the two values added up.•Apparatus to determine algal biomass are e.g. electronic particle counter, microscope with counting chamber, fluorimeter, spectrophotometer and colorimeter. A conversion factor between the unit measured and biomass concentration (mg/l) should be known. In order to provide useful measurements at low cell concentrations when using a spectrophotometer, it may be necessary to use cuvettes with a light path of at least 4 cm.T est organisms15.Several species of non-attached microalgae and cyanobacteria may be used. The strains listed in Annex 2 have been shown to be suitable using the test procedure specified in this Guideline:16.If other species are used, the strain should be reported. It has to be confirmed that exponential growth of the selected test alga can be maintained throughout the test period under the prevailing conditions.T est medium17.Two alternative test media, the OECD and the AAP medium are recommended. The composition of these media is shown in Annex 3. Note that the initial pH value and the buffering capacity (regulating pH increase) of the two media are different. Therefore the result of the test may be different with the two media, particularly with ionising substances.18.Modification of the test media may be necessary for certain purposes, e.g. testing of metals and chelating agents or testing at different pH values. Use of modified media must be described in detail and justified.T EST DESIGNI nitial cell concentration19.The initial cell concentration in the test cultures must be sufficiently low to allow exponential growth in the control culture throughout the incubation period without risk of nutrient depletion, and in any case not exceeding a biomass density of 0.5 mg/l as dry weight. The following initial cell concentrations are recommended:P seudokirchneriella subcapitata:5x103 - 104 cells/mlS cenedesmus subspicatus2-5x103cells/mlN avicula pelliculosa104cells/mlA nabaena flos aquae104cells/mlS ynechococcus leopoldensis5x104 - 105cells/mlC oncentrations of test substance20.The concentration range in which effects are likely to occur may be determined on the basis of results from range-finding tests. For the final test, at least five concentrations arranged in a geometric series should be selected. The concentration series should preferably cover the range causing 0-90% inhibition of algal growth.R eplicates and controls21.The test design should include three replicates at each test concentration and ideally twice that number of controls. If justified, and determination of NOEC is not required, the test design may be altered to increase the number of concentrations and reduce the number of replicates per concentration.22. A separate set of test solutions may be prepared for analytical determinations of test substance concentrations (See paragraph 32).23.When a solvent is used to solubilise the test substance, additional controls containing the solvent at the same concentration as used in the test cultures should be included in the test design.P ROCEDUREP reparation of inoculum culture24.In order to adapt the test alga to the test conditions, an inoculum culture in the test medium is prepared 2-3 days before start of the test. The algal biomass should be adjusted in order to allow exponential growth to prevail in the inoculum culture until test start. The inoculum culture shall be incubated under the same conditions as the test cultures. Measure the increase in biomass in the inoculum culture to ensure that growth is within the normal range for the test strain under the culturing conditions. An example of procedure for the culturing is described in Annex 4.P reparation of test solutions25.Test solutions of the chosen concentrations are usually prepared by mixing a stock solution of the test substance with test medium and inoculum culture. Stock solutions are normally prepared by dissolving the substance in test medium.26.Solvents, e.g. acetone, t-butyl alcohol and dimethylsulfoxide, may be used as carriers to add substances of low water solubility to the test medium (1), (2). The concentration of solvent should not exceed 100 µl/l, and the same concentration of solvent should be added to all cultures in the test series. Separate controls with the same concentration of solvent have to be included in the test design.I ncubation27.Cap the culture flasks with air-permeable stoppers The flasks are shaken and placed in the culturing apparatus. During the test it is necessary to keep the algae in suspension and to facilitate transfer of CO2. To this end constant shaking or stirring should be used. The cultures should be maintained at a temperature in the range of 21 to 24°C, controlled at ± 2°C. It is recommended to place the flasks randomly in the incubator.28.The surface where the cultures are incubated shall receive continuous, uniform fluorescent illumination of « cool-white » or « daylight » type. The light intensity at the level of the test solutions shall be in the range of 60-120 µE/m2/s when measured in the photosynthetically effective wavelength range of 400-700 nm using an appropriate receptor. (Note that strains of algae and cyanobacteria vary in their light requirements. The light intensity should be selected, within the recommended range, to suit the test organism used.) For light-measuring instruments calibrated in lux, an equivalent range of 6000-10000 lux is acceptable. Make sure that the illumination is uniform over the incubation area.M easurements and analytical determinations29.The algal biomass density in each flask is determined at least daily during the test period, which is normally 72 ± 2 hours for the recommended species. For slow-growing algae, extension of the exposure duration may be accepted as long as the validity criteria (see paragraph 10) are fulfilled. If measurements are made on small volumes removed from the test solution by pipette, these should not be replaced.30.Measurement of biomass by manual cell counting by microscope or an electronic particle counter (cell counts and/or biovolume, the biovolume correlates directly with biomass) are preferred. Alternative techniques, eg. in vitro chlorophyll fluorescence (4), or optical density can be used providing a satisfactory correlation with biomass (dry weight mg/l) can be demonstrated over the range occurring in the test.31.The pH of the solutions shall be measured at the beginning and at the end of the test.32.Providing an analytical procedure for determination of the test substance in the concentration range used is available, the test solutions should be analysed to verify the initial concentrations and maintenance of the exposure concentrations during the test.33.Analysis at the start and end of the test of a low and high test concentration and a concentration around the expected EC50 may be sufficient where it is likely that exposure concentrations will vary less than 20% from nominal values during the test. Analysis of all test concentrations at the start and end of the test is recommended where concentrations are unlikely to remain within 80-120 % of nominal. For volatile or strongly adsorbing test substances additional sampling for analysis at 24 hours intervals during the exposure period is recommended in order to better define the loss function. In all cases, determination of test substance concentrations need only be performed on one replicate vessel at each test concentration (or the contents of the vessels pooled by replicate).34.Test media prepared specifically for analysis of exposure concentrations should be treated identical to those used for testing, i.e. they should be inoculated with algae and incubated under identical conditions. If analysis of the dissolved test substance concentration is required, it may be necessary to separate algae from the medium. Separation should preferably be made by centrifugation at a low g-force, sufficient to settle the algae.35.If there is evidence that the concentration of the substance being tested has been satisfactorily maintained within ± 20 % of the nominal or measured initial concentration throughout the test, analysis of the results can be based on nominal or measured initial. If the deviation from the nominal or measured initial concentration is greater than ± 20 %, analysis of the results should be based on average concentration during exposure.36.The alga growth inhibition test is a more dynamic test system than most other short-term aquatic toxicity tests. As a consequence, the actual exposure concentrations may be difficult to define, especially for adsorbing substances tested at low concentrations. In such cases, disappearance of the substance from solution by adsorption to the increasing algal biomass does not mean that it is loosed from the test system.When the result of the test is analysed, it should be checked whether a decrease in concentration of the test substance in the course of the test is accompanied by a decrease in growth inhibition. If not, it may be appropriate to base the analysis of the results on the initial (nominal or measured) concentrations. Expert judgement should be applied to determine the relevant exposure concentrations in the test, based on the physical and chemical properties of the test substance, results of analytical determinations and the growth response of the algae.O ther observations37.Microscopic observation should be performed to verify a normal and healthy appearance of the inoculum culture and to observe any abnormal appearance of the algae (as may be caused by the exposure to the test substance) at the end of the test.Limit test38.Under some circumstances, e.g. when a preliminary test indicates that the test substance is non-toxic at concentrations up to 100 mg l-1 or up to its limit of solubility in the test medium (whichever is the lower), a limit test involving a comparison of responses in a control group and one treatment group (100 mg/l or a concentration equal to the limit of solubility), may be undertaken. It is strongly recommended that this be supported by analysis of the exposure concentration. All previously described test conditions and validity criteria apply to a limit test, with the exception that the number of treatment replicates should be doubled. Growth in the control and treatment group may be analysed using a statistical test to compare means, e.g. a Student’s t-test.DATA AND REPORTINGP lotting growth curves39.Calculate preferably the equivalent biomass (dry weight) concentration from the indirect parameter measured. Alternatively, calculate cell numbers and use the cell number as a surrogate biomass ignoring variability in cell size.40.Tabulate the estimated biomass concentrations in test cultures and controls together with the concentrations of test material and the times of measurement, recorded with a resolution of at least whole hours, to produce plots of growth curves. Both logarithmic scales and linear scales can be useful at this first stage, but logarithmic scales are mandatory and generally allow a better and more balanced (more symmetrical) presentation.ing the plots, examine whether control cultures grow exponentially at the expected rate throughout the test. Examine all data points and the appearance of the graphs critically and check raw data and procedures for plausibility. Check in particular any data point that seems to deviate by a systematic error. If it is obvious that procedural mistakes can be identified and/or considered highly likely, the specific data point is marked as an outlier and not included in subsequent statistical analysis. (A zero algal concentration in 1 out of 2 or 3 replicate flasks is such an example of evident mistake which for example could be accidentally missing inoculation or improper cleaning of the one specific flask). Reasons for rejection of a datapoint as an outlier must be clearly stated in the test report. Accepted reasons are only (rare) procedural mistakes and not just bad precision. Statistical procedures for outlier identification are of limited use for this type of problem.and cannot replace expert judgement. Outliers (marked as such) should preferably be retained among the data points shown in any subsequent graphical or tabular data presentation.C alculation of growth rates42.The average specific growth rate for a specific period is calculated as the logarithmic increase in biomass from the equation:t - t B - B= ij i j j i ln ln −µ d -1 w here:µi-j is the average specific growth rate from moment time i to j;t iis the moment time for the start of the period;t jis the moment time for the end of the period; B iis the biomass concentration at time i ; B j is the biomass concentration at time j43.Calculate average specific growth rate over the test duration (normally days 0-3), using the nominally inoculated biomass concentration as the starting value rather than a measured starting concentration, because in this way greater precision is normally obtained. Calculate also the average daily growth rates for each day during the course of the test (days 0-1, 1-2 and 2-3) and examine whether the growth rate remains constant (See validity criteria, paragraph 10). A lower growth rate on day one than the total average growth rate reveals a lag phase. While a lag phase can be minimized and practically eliminated in control cultures by proper propagation of the pre-culture, a lag phase in exposed cultures may indicate recovery after initial toxic stress or reduced exposure due to loss of test substance (including sorption onto the algal biomass) after initial exposure.44.Calculate the percent inhibition of growth rate for each treatment replicate from the equation:100%×−=CT C I µµµ where:%I: percent inhibition in average specific growth rate;µ0mean value for µ in the control;µT value for growth rate in the treatment.Calculation of log-biomass integral45.Optionally the log- biomass integral (area under the growth curve) may be used as an additional endpoint. This option may be attractive in situations with highly irregular growth in inhibited cultures and a focus on the high inhibition part of the concentration response curve i.e. EC x .with high x value such as for determination of algicidal concentration levels (algal "kill" levels).46.By utilising the log biomass integral, the effective test time (the same for all treatments) need not coincide with the last measurement, but can be any time shorter than that: The corresponding biomass estimate is found by interpolation between two adjacent data points if constant exponential growth prevails - or it is found by extrapolation from the last data point in the exponential growth region discarding the next datapoint.47.Log biomass integral is calculated for each test culture from the equation:)(2ln 2ln 1ln ...)(2ln 2ln ln 2ln ln 10112021101−−−×−+−++−×−++×−=n n n n t t B B B t t B B B t B B A w here:A = area;B 0 = nominal biomass concentration at time t 0;B 1 = measured biomass concentration at t 1;B n = measured biomass concentration at time t n ;t 1 = time of first measurement after beginning of test;t n = time of n th measurement after beginning of test48.It is noted that for idealized conditions with constant exponential growth at all dose levels the two endpoints, average growth rate and log-biomass integral produce identical results. Generally only minor differences between the two growth inhibition endpoints can be expected and the data can be analyzed using the same statistical methods.49.Calculate the percent inhibition of the log-biomass integral for each treatment replicate from the equation:100%×−=CT C A A A I where:%I:percent reduction in log-biomass integral;A C :mean value for log-biomass integral in the control;A T :value for log-biomass integral in the treatment.P lotting concentration response curve50.Plot, for each individual test flask, the percentage of inhibition against the logarithm of the test substance concentration and examine the plot closely, disregarding any such data point that was singled out as an outlier in the first phase. Fit a smooth line through the data points by eye or by computerized interpolation to get a first impression of the concentration response relationship, and then proceed with a more detailed method, preferably a computerized statistical method. Depending on the intended usage of data; the quality (precision) and amount of data as well as the availability of data analysis tools, it may be decided (and sometimes well justified )to stop the data analysis at this stage and simply read the key figures EC 50 and EC 10 (and/or EC 20) from the eye fitted curve (see also section below on stimulatory effects). Valid reasons for not using a statistical method may include:• Data are too few and/or uncertain for computerized methods to produce any more reliable results thancan be obtained by expert judgement - in such situations some computer programs may even fail to produce a reliable solution (iterations may not converge and etc.)• Stimulatory growth responses cannot be handled adequately using available computer programs (seebelow).S tatistical procedures51.The aim is to obtain a quantitative concentration-response relationship by regression analysis. It is possible to use a weighted linear regression after having performed a linearizing transformation of the response data - for instance into probit or logit or Weibul units (6), but non-linear regression directly on the data is a preferred technique that better handles unavoidable data irregularities and deviations from smooth distributions. Approaching either zero or total inhibition such irregularities may be magnified by the transformation, disturbing the analysis (6). Non-linear regression analysis is detailed in Annex 5.52. Calculate by inverse estimation characteristic point estimates EC x´s, and report as a minimum the EC50 and lower estimates (e.g. EC10 and EC20).53.For estimation of the LOEC, and hence the NOEC, for effects of the test substance on average growth rate, it is necessary to calculate the mean growth rate across replicates for each concentration and the pooled residual standard deviation, and this can be done using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean for each concentration must then be compared with the control mean using an appropriate multiple comparison method. Dunnett’s or Williams’ tests may be useful, (7), (8), (9), (10). It is necessary to check whether the ANOVA assumption of homogeneity of variance holds. It is recommended that this is done graphically rather than via a formal significance test (11); a suitable alternative is to run a Bartlett’s test. If this assumption does not hold, then consideration should be given to transforming the data to homogenise variances prior to performing the ANOVA, or carrying out a weighted ANOVA.54.Recent developments have led to a recommendation from the scientific community of abandoning the concept of NOEC and replacing it with regression based point estimates EC x. An appropriate value for x has not been established for this algal test 10 to 20 % appears to be the appropriate range, and preferably both EC10 and EC20 should be reported.I nitial stimulation55.Initial growth stimulation (negative inhibition) is sometimes observed. This can result from either hormesis ("toxic stimulation") or from addition of stimulating growth factors with the test material to the minimal medium used. Note that the addition of inorganic nutrients should not have any direct effect because the test medium should maintain a surplus of nutrients throughout the test. Ways of handling initial stimulation in data analysis are described in Annex 5.N on toxic growth inhibition56.Light absorbing test materials may give rise to a growth rate reduction because shading reduces the amount of available light. Such physical types of effects should be separated from toxic effects by modifying the test conditions and be reported separately. Guidance may be found in (1) and (2).T est report57.The test report must include the following:T est substance:−physical nature and relevant physiochemical properties;−chemical identification data, including purity.T est species:−the strain, supplier or source and the culture conditions used.T est conditions:−date of start of the test and its duration;−description of test design: test vessels, culture volumes, biomass density at the beginning of the test);−composition of the medium;−test design (e.g. number of replicates, number of test concentrations and geometric progression used);−description of the preparation of test solutions, including use of solvents etc.−culturing apparatus;−light intensity and quality (source);−temperature;−concentrations tested: the nominal test concentrations and any results of analyses to determine the concentration of the test substance in the test vessels. The recovery efficiencyof the method and the limit of quantification should be reported.;−all deviations from this Guideline;−method for determination of biomass density and evidence of correlation between the measured parameter and dry weight;R esults:−pH values at the start and end of the test at all treatments;−biomass concentration for each flask at each measuring point and method for measuring biomass concentration;−growth curves (plot of biomass concentration versus time);−calculated test endpoint(s); average growth rate (and log-biomass integral) for each treatment replicate, with mean values and variation coefficient for replicates;−graphical presentation of the concentration/effect relationship;−estimates of toxic endpoints e.g. EC50 , EC10 , EC20 LOEC and NOEC, and the statistical methods used for their determination;−any other observed effects, e.g. morphological changes of the algae;−discussion of the results, including any influence on the outcome of the test resulting from deviations from this Guideline.LITERATURE(1)ISO 1998: Water quality – Guidance for algal growth inhibition tests with poorly soluble materials,volatile compounds, metals and waster water. ISO/DIS 14442(2)OECD 2000: Draft Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances andmixtures. Environmental Health and Safety Publications. Series on Testing and Assessment, no.23.(3)ISO #: Water quality – Sampling – Part 16: General Guidance for Biotesting. ISO 5667-16.(4)Mayer, P., Cuhel, R. and Nyholm, N. (1997). A simple in vitro fluorescence method for biomassmeasurements in algal growth inhibition tests. Water Research 31: 2525-2531.(5)Christensen, E.R.,, Nyholm, N. (1984): Ecotoxicological Assays with Algae: Weibull Dose-Response Curves. Env. Sci. Technol. 19, 713-718.。
网购优点英语作文
Online shopping has become an integral part of modern life,offering a variety of benefits that have transformed the way we shop.Here are some of the key advantages of shopping online,as one might discuss in an English composition:1.Convenience:Online shopping allows customers to browse and purchase products from the comfort of their homes,at any time of the day or night.This eliminates the need to travel to physical stores and navigate through crowded shopping centers.2.Wide Selection:Online platforms provide access to a vast array of products that may not be available in local stores.This includes international brands and niche items that cater to specific interests or needs.3.Price Comparison:Shoppers can easily compare prices from different sellers and platforms to ensure they are getting the best deal.This transparency helps consumers save money and make informed purchasing decisions.4.Customer Reviews:Online shopping platforms often feature customer reviews and ratings,which provide valuable insights into the quality and performance of products. These reviews can guide potential buyers in making better choices.5.Personalized Experience:Many online retailers use algorithms to analyze customer preferences and suggest products that align with their tastes.This personalized shopping experience can be more efficient and enjoyable than browsing through generic store displays.6.Discounts and Deals:Online stores frequently offer discounts,special offers,and promotional codes that can significantly reduce the cost of products.These deals are often exclusive to online shoppers.7.Home Delivery:The convenience of home delivery is a significant advantage of online shopping.Customers can have their purchases delivered to their doorstep,often with the option of choosing a delivery time that suits their schedule.8.Returns and Exchanges:Although not all online stores offer hasslefree returns,many do,which can be more convenient than returning items to a physical store.Some even provide free return shipping.9.Global Access:Online shopping transcends geographical boundaries,allowing customers to purchase products from around the world without the need for travel.10.TimeSaving:The process of finding a product online,comparing options,and completing a purchase can be much faster than visiting multiple stores in person.11.Environmental Benefits:By reducing the need for physical trips to stores,online shopping can help decrease carbon emissions from transportation and reduce the environmental impact of shopping.12.Accessibility:Online shopping is accessible to people with mobility issues or those who live in remote areas,providing them with the same shopping opportunities as anyone else.In conclusion,the advantages of online shopping are numerous and cater to a wide range of consumer needs and preferences.As technology continues to evolve,it is likely that the online shopping experience will become even more streamlined and beneficial for consumers.。
英文比较对比作文模板范文
英文比较对比作文模板范文Comparison and Contrast Essay Template and Sample。
Introduction:When it comes to writing a comparison and contrast essay, it is important to have a clear understanding of the purpose and structure of this type of essay. This essay is used to compare and contrast two or more things, people, events, or ideas and to show the similarities and differences between them. In this essay, we will discuss the template for writing a comparison and contrast essay and provide a sample essay to illustrate the key points.Template for Comparison and Contrast Essay:1. Introduction:The introduction should provide some background information on the topic and present the thesis statement,which states the main purpose of the essay and the points that will be compared and contrasted.2. Body Paragraphs:The body paragraphs should present the points of comparison and contrast in a clear and organized manner. Each paragraph should focus on a specific aspect of the comparison and contrast and provide evidence and examples to support the points being made.3. Point-by-Point Comparison:One way to structure a comparison and contrast essay is to use a point-by-point method. In this method, each paragraph focuses on a specific point of comparison or contrast. For example, if you are comparing two different types of cars, you could have a paragraph discussing the fuel efficiency of each car, another paragraph discussing the safety features, and another paragraph discussing the cost of maintenance.4. Block Comparison:Another way to structure a comparison and contrast essay is to use a block method. In this method, the writer discusses all the points of one subject and then all the points of the other subject. This method can be useful when the two subjects being compared are quite different and it is easier to understand them when they are discussed separately.5. Conclusion:The conclusion should summarize the main points of the essay and restate the thesis statement. It should also provide a final thought or opinion on the topic and leave the reader with something to think about.Sample Comparison and Contrast Essay:Topic: Comparison of City Life and Country Life。
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KEY ADVANTAGES
No change of accuracy with changing pressures – active measurement section is half round and keeps its form at any pressure.
Active measurement section of Omega is de-coupled from process connections via mass bars – hence vibrations do not influence very much as with conventional CMFs.
Tensions from the process side cannot disturb active measurement section of Omega since de-coupled – straight tube very vulnerable in this regard.
Massbar and Torsion Rods (rods work as a spring) form a harmonically swinging system => great stability and little energy needed (therefore intrinsically safe).
Massbar – Torison Rod system provides very big amplitudes, hence great signal to noise ratio. Even smallest rates can be measured reliably. Straight tubes have low signal to noise ratio.
Torsion swinger allows bigger wall thickness, hence higher-pressure ratings, increased safety, and high temperature possible.
Torsion movement instead of bending creates less stress in tubes – longer life time.
Torsion movement is less affect by pipe vibrations since the vibrations are horizontal or vertical. Operational movement (torsion) is not in the same plane as the vibration movements – less cross talk.
Compact form. No long face-to-face length as straight meters.
Separate transmitter for flexibility – easy to integrate into systems.。