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研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译

研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译

Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

老友记第三季笔记

老友记第三季笔记

0301单词terrace n.梯田, 房屋之平顶, 露台possum n.[动]负鼠 vi.装死syrup n.糖浆, 果汁cereal n.谷类食物plinky-plunky music plink 叮铃声 plunk 砰砰声wager n.v. 赌trickling 油画底色含油太多而成泡沫状突起babbling n.a. 胡说的stamina n.毅力,持久力,精力girth n.周长,腰身garrison n.卫戍部队, 驻军, 卫戍地, 要塞 v.守卫, 驻防bombardment n.炮击, 轰击cuddle v.拥抱strafe vt.用机枪扫射,猛烈炮轰短语和句子in a row 连续……Come on,quite yanking me 别跟我开玩笑了be adult about ..成熟些对待……I may be way out on a limb here,.. 我可能误会你了you're taking a big leap there. 你太断章取义了。

give it a shot 试一下0302calf n.小牛, 小牛皮, 小腿spooky adj.幽灵般的, 怪异的, 神经质的hummus n. 鹰嘴豆泥,鹰嘴豆沙vacate v.腾出, 空出,离(职),退(位)negate vt.否定, 打消go commando 不穿内裤earlobe n.耳垂lunge n.刺, 刺进, 跃进, 套马索 v.突进, 刺outgoing message (电话)对外留言I think I'm gonna catch up on my correspondence 我想我要更新我的通讯录0303wholesale n.批发, 趸售 adj.批发的, [喻] 大规模的dingus n.<口>小装置, 那玩意儿(指叫不出名或一时忘了名称的东西,有诙谐含意) reflex adj.反射的, 反省的, 反作用的, 优角的 n.反射, 反映, 映象kook n.<美口>怪人, 疯子, 傻瓜passionate adj.充满热情的just got a teensy bit carried away 只是有一点点失去自制力currant n.(无核)葡萄干, [植]黑醋栗xerox v.复印juice up v.使活跃maniac adj.发狂的, 癫狂的, 疯狂的 n.[医]燥狂(症)者, 疯子0304单词beret n.贝雷帽piccata n.[烹](用柠檬、黄油调味的)嫩煎小牛肉片,香溜肉片commitment n.委托事项, 许诺, 承担义务needy and clingy 黏黏糊糊aloof adv.避开, 远离 adj.孤零的, 冷淡的act aloof 表现冷淡barley n.大麦grumpy adj.脾气坏的, 性情乖戾的, 脾气暴躁的literally adv.字面上的,不夸张的短语与句子you are tripping me out right now.trip out =get highfall for 爱上, 倾心be stupid a couple more times 更几倍的白痴0305单词snug a. 舒适的,合身的freebie n.免费赠品(尤指戏院赠券)ninja n.(受过偷窃技术专门训练被雇作间谍或刺客的)日本武士dingy adj.暗黑的, 邋遢的gouge n.圆凿, 沟, 以圆凿刨 vt.用圆凿子削除, 欺骗, 挖出colon n. the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum karate n.[日] 空手道(日本的一种徒手自卫武术)varnish n.清漆, 凡立水, 光泽面, 掩饰 v.修饰spackle [建]n.填泥料parlor n.客厅, 会客室, 店营业室, 业务室 adj.客厅的laminate v.碾压,这里的意思是cover with a thin sheethazel n.榛子, 淡褐色 adj.榛树的, 淡褐色的reimburse v.偿还短语与句子pry up pry有杠杆的意思so far it kind of blows 到目前为止满烂的shadow game 学话游戏I go feel your friend up and make you mad at me.我调戏你的朋友让你生气了I wasn't hopping mad 我没气的跳脚I bumped you for ....我拿……替代你了0306这集是回忆三年前,很有意思哦ferret n.白鼬, 雪貂oboe n.[乐]双簧管dismantle v.拆除nurture n.养育, 教育, 教养, 营养品 vt.养育, 给与营养物, 教养he told me in person 他亲口告诉我的0307squint v.斜视medieval adj.中世纪的, 仿中世纪的, 老式的, <贬>原始的appall vt.使胆寒, 使惊骇I am appalled for youmattress n.床垫, 空气垫, (用以护堤等的)沉床It's the compulsively neat one by the window0308hygienist n.卫生学者poltergeist n.敲击作响闹恶作剧的鬼hammock n.吊床bloodbath n.大屠杀barium n.钡enema n.[医]灌肠剂ensemble n.<法>全体, [音]合唱曲, 全体演出者It makes more sense as an ensemble,and it takes the focus off the hatbonk vt., vi. 发出巨响babble v.呀呀学语, 喋喋不休, 作潺潺声, 泄露(秘密)I was babbling! 我瞎掰的burgundy a.紫红色的maneuver n. 演习,调遣,策略 v. 调遣,演习,用计策retract v.缩回, 缩进, 所卷(舌等), 收回, 取消, 撤消bow out 从容引退no offense,..我没有恶意,……0309这集是很多人都喜欢的打橄榄球,很有意思,难点较少concentric adj.同中心的you wanna put the marshmallows in concentric circleshaired-back Marys 娘娘腔0310doable adj.可做的, 可行的that sounds doablehonorary adj.荣誉的, 名誉的, (债务的)道义上的deity n.神, 神性coconut-flavored 椰子口味的planetarium n.行星仪, 天文馆the other night I was leaving the museum just as Laser Floyd was letting out of the planetarium 天文馆正播镭射弗洛伊德munch v.用力,大声咀嚼squad n.班I am working on commision here我是赚佣金的let's see your final tallies看看你们最后的成绩nougat n.奶油杏仁糖perk up (重新)活跃起来, 振作精神seeing that drunk Santa wet himself really perked up my Christmasas of在...时到...时为止从...时起asteroid n.[天文]小游星, 小行星, 海盘车 adj.星状的0312botanist n.植物学家abridgement n.删节,缩短,删节本the invoice numberinvoice n.发票,发货单 v.开发票,记清单epic poem/poetry 史诗meteor n.流星, 大气现象I am totally dense about poetry 我看不懂诗translucent adj.半透明的, 透明的confidant n.心腹朋友, 知己count it off 开始吧pretentious adj.自命不凡的,自以为是的0313jog n.轻推, 轻撞, 漫步 v.轻推, (使)蹒跚行进, (使)慢跑three-pointer 三分球dainty n.适口的食物, 美味 adj.秀丽的, 优美的, 讲究的, 挑剔的, 适口的testy adj.易怒的, 暴躁的just out of curiosity...只是出于好奇……the book that didn't star Jack Nicholson很口语化的说法,那本杰克尼克尔森为主角的书on the loose a. 未关闭起来的(纵情游乐的)0314look for the hidden meaning 隐喻unyielding adj.坚硬的, 不能弯曲的, 不屈的delicacy n.美味barge n.驳船, 游艇monger n.商人, 贩子, 中间人 vt.贩卖, 传播layering of sheer fabrics and colors纯织布料和色彩层nod off 打盹strappy-backed dresses 后背带服装ectome 作手术切除0315atlas n.地图, 地图集xerox v.复印xerox place 复印店gawk v.呆呆地看着 gawk atdeejay DJdoodle vi.n. 涂鸦ground rules 基本规定/原则cool off v.变凉, 平静下来collate v.比较advances in collating 校对上的进步blow up v.使充气, 爆炸, (照片)放大I just resigned my post我刚辞职了0316put you through it 让你经受那个informercial 商业信息片I am onboard about 我对……完全赞同nobody benefits 没人会讨好after applying the waxine and linen strips to legapply 的广泛用法monogamy n.一夫一妻制, [动]单配偶, 单配性writhe v.翻腾hot,sweaty,writhing bodydevastate vt.毁坏I would have been devastated,but I would still want to be with youpeople could be so self-involvedin a (tough) spot [美俚]处在困境中neither here nor there 无关紧要不相干0317这集在雪地里的确很搞笑pharmaceutical n.药物 adj.制药(学)上的skedaddle n.逃走 vi.逃走I started using humor as a defense mechanism机制tinted 带色彩的tailpipe n.[汽]排气管jimmy n.铁撬 vt.用铁撬撬开deceptively adv.迷惑地, 虚伪地I have the lung capacity of 2-year-old我肺活量和两岁小孩似的tampon n.棉球, 止血垫 vt.用棉塞住sulk n.生气, 愠怒, 愠怒的人 v.生气, 愠怒mosey vi.漫步, 徘徊, 匆匆离去rodeo n.斗牛0318give me a drag 让我吸一口(烟)teat n.奶头hypnosis n.催眠状态, 催眠hypnotize vt.施催眠术, 使着迷, 使恍惚I forget the combination to this 我忘了这个(包的)密码loon n.懒人, 笨蛋, [动物]潜鸟0319too out there 太过了baddy n.坏人, (尤指电影中之)恶人incisive adj.深刻的, 尖锐的, 激烈的she is so incisive when it comes to...out of spite 为泄恨, 为出气I still wind up with this little cowlick-y thing on the middle part of my head.it's so annoying. midget n.侏儒 adj.小型的pigtail n.猪尾, 辫子scenario n.想定游戏的关,或是某一特定情节0320lingerie 妇女贴身内衣radioactive adj.放射性的, 有辐射能的attic n.阁楼, 顶楼surreal adj.超现实主义的understudy n.预备演员,替角, 代替之人 v.练习做临时演员licorice n.[植]欧亚甘草, 由欧亚甘草根熬成的精committing to the moment 入戏compulsion n.强迫, 强制, [心]强迫性冲动mascara n.染眉毛油 vi.涂染眉毛油goop n.<俚>态度粗野的人, 粘糊的东西0321goatee n.山羊胡子, (只留于下颚的)胡子sturdy adj.强健的, 坚定的, 毫不含糊的my side still hurts from when you crashed into mecotton gin 轧棉机I am fairly intuitive 我直觉很准gallivant vi.闲逛, 与异性闲荡0322looks that way 看来是这样riboflavin n.[生化]核黄素这集笔记蛮少的0323pimple n.[医]丘疹, 面泡, 疙瘩lop v.修剪,斩mechanic n.技工, 机修工, 机械士burly adj.魁伟的, 结实的sissy n.胆小鬼, 女人气的男人, 胆小无用的男子 adj.女人气的, 柔弱的stump n.树桩, 残余, 烟头 v.绊倒, 难住, 截去I am stumped 我被难住了picture-in-picture 画中画savory adj.风味极佳的, 可口的, 味美的 n.使人开胃的菜肴charcoal n.木炭I am juggling two guys 我耍着两个人guru n.[印度教](个人的)宗教老师(或指导), (受下属崇敬的)领袖, 头头salve n.药膏 v.涂油膏octagon n.八边形, 八角形0324罗宾.威廉姆斯本集客串,我个人很喜欢他gynecologist n.妇科医生ricochet n.跳飞, 跳弹 v.(使)跳飞he ricocheted off you and got me 他从你身上擦过打到我了ringside n.马戏团, 拳击场dicey adj.不确定的, 冒险性的, 认命的buttock n.屁股的一半, 屁股, 船尾 vt.背摔sentiment n.情操, 情感, 情绪, 观点, 多愁善感, 感情don't get me wrong,I appreciate the sentimentposterior adj.较晚的precaution n.预防, 警惕, 防范。

GMAT阅读常考科技词汇,3篇【完整版】

GMAT阅读常考科技词汇,3篇【完整版】

GMAT阅读常考科技词汇,3篇【完整版】GMAT阅读常考科技词汇1dopamine n.多巴胺electromagnetic a.电磁的encephalitis n.脑炎endorphin n.内腓肽ethylene n.乙烯,次乙基eukaryotic a.真核细胞的;真核生物的fallout n.微粒回降;放射性尘埃follicle n.小囊,滤泡,卵泡formaldehyde n.甲醛gel n.凝胶,冻胶;v.胶化gibberellin n.赤霉素gingivitis n.(齿)龈炎glycerol n.甘油haberdashery n.(总称)男子服饰用品;缝纫用品hadron n.强子(一种基本粒子)helium n.氦hemoglobin n.血红蛋白hydrocarbon n.烃,碳氢化合物hypertherm n.人工发热器hypothalamus n.视下丘hysterectomy n.子宫切除术ibuprofen n.布洛芬(镇痛药)improper fraction假分数indomethacin n.消炎痛intracellular a.细胞内部的ion n.离子iridium n.铱isotope n.同位素jasper n.碧玉;墨绿色kelp n.海草,巨藻;海草灰(从呵提取碘) lepidopter n.(昆虫)鳞翅目leprosy n.麻风病leucine n.白氨酸leukemia n.白血病lipid n.类脂化合物lipoprotein n.脂蛋白,oipo脂肪的logotype n.连合活字;广告等用的标识lymph n.淋巴,淋巴液;(淋巴液似的)浆,苗lymphatic a.(含)淋巴的;淋巴腺的;(思想行动)迟缓的lymphocyte n.淋巴细胞GMAT阅读常考科技词汇2lysis n.(病的)渐退;消散;细胞溶解macaque n.猕猴,恒河猴;短尾猴macrophage n.巨噬细胞matrix n.矩阵;模子methane n.甲烷,沼气migraine n.[法]周期性偏头痛mitochondria n.(mitochondrion的复数)线粒体morph genetic a.形态基因的morphological a.形态(学)的;词法的,形态的mouflon n.摩弗伦羊(南欧产的一种野生羊)neurogenesis n.神经发生(形式)neuroleptic a.抑制精神的,安定的“neuron n.中子neuron n.神经元,神经细胞nightshade n.茄属植物(有毒)nitric a.(含)氮的nitric acid硝酸novocaine n.奴佛卜因nucleotide n.核苷酸number lines数轴obstetrical a.产科(学)的,助产的ocher n.赭石;(黄)褐色ohydrate metabolism糖类代谢作用oligosaccharide n.寡糖素organelle n.细胞器orthogenetic a.直向演化的;直生现象的osprey n.鹗,鱼鹰;白色装饰羽毛paleoclimatologist n.古生物气象学家paleontologist n.古生物学家parallax n.视差;周年(日)视差parameter n.参;参量pelvic a.骨盆的peptide n.肽,缩氨酸periwinkle n.常春花phagocytosis n.吞噬(细胞),噬菌作用phosphate n.磷酸盐,磷酸酯;phosphate fertilizer磷肥photon n.光子;见光度pituitary a.脑垂体的;粘液的plasma n.血浆,淋巴液;原生质;等离子区Pleistocene n./a.更新世(的)plutonium n.钚GMAT阅读常考科技词汇3polymorph n.多形体;多晶形物potassium n.钾prokaryotic a.原核生物的prostaglandin n.前列腺素prostatectomy n.前列腺切除术prosthetic a.修复术的,弥补性的;prosthetic hand假手protoplasm n.原生质,原浆;细胞质pseudomer n.假导构体psychotherapy n.心理疗法,精神疗法pterosaur n.翼龙pulsar n.脉冲星silicone n.硅酮,聚硅酮sinusitis n.窦炎(sinus窦)snapdragon n.金鱼草属植物;金鱼草stratosphere n.*流层strep throat n.脓毒性咽喉炎streptomycin n.链霉素sulphate n.硫酸盐;vt.用硫酸处理synthetase n.合成酶tamarind n.罗望子树;罗望子果(味酸,常做清凉轻泻剂用)tektite n.熔融石terra-cotta n.赤土,赤陶;一种带褐色的柑子thyroid a.甲状腺的;n.甲状腺tonsillectomy n.遍桃体切除术tortillas n.(墨西哥人用以代替面包的)未经发酵的玉米饼trichotomy n.三分法(尤指神学中将人性分为肉体,灵魂,精神三部分)tryptophan n.色氨酸typology n.类型学;象征论tyrosine n.酪氨酸uranium n.铀varicose a.静脉曲张的;治疗静脉曲张用的radiometric a.公制辐射仪的rem n.人体伦琴当量rheumatoid a.风湿病的,类风湿病的rhinovirus n.鼻病毒ribosome n.核糖体schistosomiasis n.血吸虫病,裂体吸虫病schizophrenia n.精神分裂症seltzer n.一种矿泉水;苏打水serotonin n.血清素vector n.矢量,向量;飞机航线;动力;干劲vinyl n.乙烯基,塑料white dwarf n.白矮星woodchuck n.土拨鼠。

欧美硬朗灰色通用模板

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拉丁语汉语翻译表

拉丁语汉语翻译表

拉汉法律词汇表lossario Latino-Cinese Di Diritto Romano</P>Abdicatio 弃权,放弃(公法范畴皇帝或官员放弃职位)Abdicatio tutelae 辞去监护Absens 失踪人Absentia 失踪;缺席Absolutio 免诉,宣告无罪,开释Abstinnere ab hereditate 放弃继承权Acceptilatio 正式免除Accessio 添附Accipiens 受让人Accusatio 指控,控诉Accusatiosuspecti tutoris 使遣嘱监护人丧失监护权的刑事诉讼,对嫌疑监护人的控告Aquisitio 取得Actio 诉讼;诉权Actio ad exemplum 类似……之诉Actio ad exhibendum 出示之诉,交出原物之诉;提出之诉Acito aestimatoria(quanti minoris) 行纪之诉,估价之诉(减价之诉)Actio aquae pluveae arcendae 排放雨水之诉Actio arbitraria 调解之诉,仲裁之诉,Actio auctoritatis 瑕疵担保之诉Actio bona fidei(=ludicia bonae fidei) 善意诉讼,诚信诉讼Actio calvisiana 卡尔维西安之诉(解放自由人法定继承之诉)Actio certa pecuniae creditae 确定的金钱债务之诉Actio civilis inceti(=praescriptis verbis) 不确定的市工法诉讼,对待给付之诉Actio commldati 使用借贷之诉,出借物之诉Actio commodati contraria 对待使用借贷之诉Actio communi divedendo (divedundo) 分割共有物之诉,分割共同财产之诉Actio conducti(ex conducto) 承租之诉Actio confessoria 确认役权之诉(包括用益权)Actio confessoria utilis 确认役权扩用之诉(包括用益权)Actio contraria 对待诉讼(适用于不完全的双务契约;寄托、使用借贷、信托、委托、质权)Actio fiduciae 信托诉讼Actio fiduciae contraria 对待信托诉讼Actio damni iniuriae 不法侵害财产之诉Actio de aestimato 行纪之诉,估价之诉Actio de arboribus caedendis 砍伐树木之诉Actio de effusisvel deiectis 泼到或投掷之诉Actio iniuriarum (Actio aestimatoria) 侵辱之诉,伤害之诉Actio institoria 总管之诉Actio iudicati 已决案之诉Actio legati(Actio ex testamento)? 遗赠之诉(遗嘱之诉)?Actio locati 出租之诉,定做人之诉Actio mandati 委托之诉Actio mandati contraria 对待委托之诉Actio mixta 混合之诉Actio negatoria 否定役权之诉(包括用益权);所有权保全之诉Actio negotiorum contraria 对待管理财产行为之诉Actio negotiorum gestorum 管理财产行为之诉Actio noxalis 损害投偿之诉Actio oneris aversi 混装货物之诉Actio Pauliana 保利安之诉,债权保全之诉Actio persequendae rei(=Actio persecutoria) 索回物品之诉Actio pigneraticia 质押之诉,质物请求之诉Actio pigneraticia contraria 对待质物请求之诉Actio popularis 民众之诉,公益之诉,众有诉权Actio praescriptis verbis 对待给付之诉Actio pro socio 合伙之诉Actio Publicana 普布利西安之诉,善意占有之诉Actio quod iussu 依令之诉Actio quod metus causa 胁迫之诉Actio rationibus distrahendis 侵吞财产之诉,帐目清洁之诉Actio recepticia(ex) 承保之诉Actio redhibitoria 退货之诉Actio reipersecutoria 损害赔偿之诉Actio rei uxoriae(actio de dote) 返还嫁资之诉,妻财之诉Actio rerum amotarum 返还妻子盗窃的丈夫的财产之诉,藏匿婚后财产之诉Actio rerum legatorum nomine (=Actio ex testamento)? ? ? 遗赠物指定之诉Actio Rutiliana 收买(活着的)破产债务人财产之诉Actio sequestrataria 扣押之诉Actio Serviana 抵押担保之诉,塞尔维安之诉,出售破产债务人财产之诉Actio servi corrupti 诱惑奴隶之诉,腐蚀奴隶之诉Actio stricti iuris 严法诉讼Actio subsidiaria 补充诉权(在没有确定的诉讼保护时赋予的诉讼,通常为欺诈之诉)Actio suspecti tutoris 监护人嫌疑诉讼Actio temporales(temporariae) 临时诉讼Actio tributoria 分配之诉,分摊之诉Actio tutelae 监护诉讼Actio utilis 扩用之诉Actio venditi(ex vendito) 卖物之诉Actio vi bonorum raptorum 暴力抢劫之诉Actio vindicatio usufructus 确认用益权之诉Actiones in ius conceptae 基于法律之诉(依市场法之诉)Actiones perpetuae 永久诉讼,永久诉权Actiones poenales(=Actio pigneraticia Contraria)??? ?(相对质物请求之诉Actor 原告,管理人Actus 行为;驾车通行权Actus legitimus 要式行为(未附条件、期限的行为)Addictio 将被告本人裁交原告Addictio in diem 择优解除约款Ademptio 取消Adfinis 姻亲Adfinitas 姻亲关系Adfinitates serviles 奴隶姻亲关系Adgnatio 宗亲Adgnati(o cognati)ex lateribus 旁系血亲(血亲)Adgnatus 宗亲属,父系亲属Adgnatus proximus 最近宗亲属Adgnatus ultimus 远宗亲属Aditio hereditatis 接受继承,接受遗产Adiudicatio 分配裁判,分析裁判Adlectio 选择任职,任职Adlectus solutionis causa 基于要式口约接受清偿的人Administratio 管理,协助Administrator rerum 财产管理人Adoptator 收养人Adoptatus 被收养人Adoptio 他权人收养Adoptio plena 完全收养Adoptio minus plena 不完全收养Adrogatio 自权人收养Adsertor libertatis 释奴人Adstipulator 要式口约的共同债权人Adulterium 通奸Aedes 建筑物,房屋Aediles 营造官Aedilis curulis 市政官Aedilicius 从属人的地位Aequitas 公正Aestimatio 估价,行纪Affectio(maritalis) 婚意,配偶关系Affectio possidendi 占有心素Ager censorius 公借地?Ager colonicus 殖民地土地Ager compascuus 公共牧场Ager decumanus 承担交纳什一税的田地Ager desertus 撂荒地Ager ex hostibus captus 从敌人手中取得的土地Ager occupatorius 战胜者土地Ager privatus 私人土地Ager publicus 公地Ager quaestorius 永租地Ager stipendiarius 贡赋地(al principes,行省土地)Ager vectigalis 纳税田(al popolus,罗马及行省地)Agnoscere liberos 承认子女Agricola 农民Agrimensor 土地测量人Alae 风险购买,射悻Alienatio 让渡Alieni iuris 他权Aliud pro alio 易物出售?Alluvio 淤积地Amovere 强占Ampliationes 审判延期Animus 心素,意思,愿望Annona 粮食供给Apolides 无城邦者Apostolus 上诉移送状?Appellatio 控告,上诉Appellator 控诉人Aqua et igni interdictio 充军,切断水火Aquae dactus 用水权Aquae haustus 汲水权Aquae ducendae(ductus) 排水权,导水权Arbitrium 裁决,判断Arbitrium boni viri 公正人士的决定Arbor infelix 绞刑Argentarius 钱庄主Arrhae 定金Arrha confirmatoria 承诺定金Arrha poenitentialis 惩罚性定金Arrhae sponsaliciae 订婚保证金,聘礼Auctoritatis interpositio 补充能力,需要准可Auctoritas patrum 元老院准可Auctoritas principis 君主准可Auctoritas prudentium 法学家的权威学说Auctoritas tutoris 监护人的准可,批准,授权Audientia 听审Auspicia 占卜权Avulsio 冲积地Beneficium abstinendi 因弃权的照顾Beneficium competentiae 能力利益,能力限度照顾Beneficium inventarii 财产清单利益Beneficium legis Faecidiae 法尔其第法的恩惠Beneficium liberorum vel aetatis 子女或年龄的照顾Beneficium separationis 区分之利益Bis de eadem re agi non potest (Bis de eadem re ne sit actio) 一事不再理,禁止一事两诉Bona 财产Bnoa adventicia 外来特有产Bona fides 善意,诚实信用Bona materna 母遗特有产Bona vacantia sine herede 无人继承的遗产Bonae fidei iudicia 善意诉讼,诚信之诉Bonorum cessio 财产让与Bonorum distractio 部分变卖财产,财产零卖Bonorum emptio 购买破产债务人的财产Bonorum emptor 购买破产债务人财产的人Bonorum possessio contra(sine)tabulas 违反遗嘱的遗产占有Bonorum possessio edictalis 依告示的遗产占有Bonorum possessio decretalis 依裁决的遗产占有Bonorum possessio ex Carboniano edicto 依卡尔波尼安告示的遗产占有Bonorum possessio furiosi nomine 以精神病人名义的遗产占有Bonorum possessio secundum tabulas 依据遗嘱的遗产占有Bonorum possessio ventris nomine 以胎儿名义的遗产占有Bonorum possessor 遗产占有人Bonorum venditio 变卖破产债务人的财产Boni mores 善良风俗Calumnia 诬告Capitalis 死刑,极刑,剥夺自由Capitis deminutio 人格变更Capitis deminutio maxima 人格大变更Capitis deminutio media 人格中变更Capitis deminutio minima 人格小更变Caput 人格,民事资格Casus 事变Casus cui resisti non potest 无法抗拒的事变Casus fortuitus 意外事变Casus improvisus 无法预见的事变Casus maior 意外事变Casus minor 轻微事变Casus mixtus 混合事变Casus voluntarius 依本人意愿发生的事变Causa 原因,事由Causa cognita 熟悉所有的情况,调查案件事实Cautio 保证金,担保,约据Cautio damni infecti 关于潜在损害之要式口约,谨防未生损害之诉Cautio in iudicio sisti 到庭担保金Cautio legatorum servandorum causa 信守遗嘱之要式口约Cautio Muciana 姆奇亚担保(继承人为占有遗产提供的担保Cautio rem pupilli salvam fore ?Cautio rem ratam dominum habiturum 对认为将拥有物的保证金?Cautio fructuaria 用益保证Censor 监察官,审计官Census 监察,审计,财产等级;人口调查Cessio in iure 拟诉弃权Chirographarius 字据Circumvenire 拐骗Citatio(=in ius vocatio) 传唤Civis 市民Civitas 市府,市民资格,公法(与ius相对称时)Codex 法典,敕令汇编Codex vetus 旧法典Codicilli 遗嘱补充,遗嘱附书Coercitio 强制权Coemptio 买卖婚姻Coemptionator 买婚人Cognatio 血亲关系Cognatio ex lateribus 旁系血亲Cognatio civilis 法定血亲Cognatio naturalis 自然血亲Cognationes serviles 奴隶亲属关系Cognatus 血亲Cognitio 调查案件事实Cognitio extra ordinem(processi civili straordinari) 非常诉讼Cognitio praetoria 裁判官审理Cognitor 诉讼代理人,辩护人Cognomen 姓氏Coheres 共同继承人Collatio bonorum 财产合算Collatio bonorum emancipati 脱离父权人的财产合算Collatio descendentium 卑亲属财产合算Collatio dotis 嫁资合算Collatio dotis profecticiae 对家父设定的嫁资进行合算Collegia mercatorum 商业团体Collegium 社团Colonia 殖民地,垦殖区Colonus 佃农,农奴Colonus partiarius 交付实物地租的佃农Comitia Calata 民众大会Comitia Centuriata 百人团大会,军伍大会Comitia Curiata 库里亚大会,贵族大会Comitia Tributa 部落大会Comes rerum privatum 私人财产管理人Commentarius inquisitio(=anquisitio)? 审讯记录(起诉书?)纠问Commercium 贸易,贸易权,交易资格Commodator 使用借贷人Commodatum 使用借贷Communio 共有权,共有Compensatio 抵销Compromissum 仲裁协议Concilium Plebis 平民会议Concubinatus 姘合Concursus actionum 诉讼的竞合Concursus creditorum 债权人的竞合Condemnatio 判决(程式诉讼)、判决要旨Condictio 要求返还之诉,要求给付之诉Condictio cautionis 返还保证金之诉Condictio certae rei(condictio triticaria;certi condictio) 返还确定物之诉Condictio ex testamento 基于遗嘱之诉Condictio ex causa furtiva 返还被盗物之诉Condictio incerta 债不确定索回,返还不确定物之诉Condictio indebiti 要求返还不当得利Condictio ob turpem vel iniustam causam 基于不名誉或不正当行为的要求返还之诉Condictio possessionis 占有返还之诉Condictio triticaria (=certae rei) 返还特定物之诉Conditio 条件Conditio facti 事实条件Conditio iuris 法定条件Condominium (=Communio) 共有Condominium pro diviso 已?(可)分物共有Condominium pro indiviso 未?(不可)分物共有Conductio 赁借货,租赁,承揽,雇佣Confarreatio 共食婚,祭祀婚Confessio in iure 在裁判官面前承认对方的权利Confusio 混同Connubium 通婚权Consanguinitas 血亲Consanguinitatis ius 血亲关系Consecratio 献祭刑Consensus 合意Consilium principis 君主顾问委员会,枢密院Consistorium principis 御前内阁Consortium 结合Constitutiones principum 君主谕令,皇帝敕令Constitutum debiti 约定延期清偿Constitutum possessorium 占有名义的改定Consuetudo 习惯Consul 执政官Consul aquarum? 管水官Consul sine collega 独任执政官,无同僚的执政官Contractus 契约Contractus consensu 合意契约,诺成契约Contractus imaginarius 虚假的契约Contractus innominati 无名契约Contractus litteris 文书契约Contractus re 要物契约Contractus stricti iuris 严法契约Contractus verbis 口头契约Contractus bonae fidei 善意契约,诚信契约Contrarius consensus 相反合意Contubernium 奴隶的同居Contumacia 缺席判决Contumelia 侵辱Contutor 共同监护人Conubium(Connubium) 婚姻能力,婚姻,通婚权Conventio 协议Conventio in manum 归顺夫权Conventus(reus) 被告人Cooptatio 补选?Corporalis possessio 事实上的占有Corporatio 团体,行会Corpus 体素,社团,实物Corpus iuris civilis 市民法大全,国法大全Corpus iuris canonici 寺院法大全Corrector 督察Corruptela 贿赂Corruptor 行贿人Creditor 债权人Creditor hereditatis 遗产的债权人Cretio 接受遗产的正式声明Crimen 犯罪,公犯,罪刑Crimen ambitus 选举舞弊Crimen expilatae hereditatis 滥用遗产的犯罪,盗窃遗产的犯罪Culpa 过错,过失Culpa Aquiliana 阿奎利亚法的过失Culpa lata 重过失Culpa levis 轻过失Culpa levissima 最轻过失Culpa in abstracto 抽象过失Culpa in concreto 具体过失Culpa in faciendo 作为的过失Culpa in non faciendo 不作为的过失Cura 保佐,管理?Cura absentis 对失踪人的保佐Cura annonae 对粮食供给的保佐Cura militis 对军人的保佐Cura prodigi 对浪费人的保佐Curator 保佐人Curator legum et morum 法律和习惯的保佐人Curator frumenti 粮食的保佐人Curator rei publicae 公有物的保佐人Curator ventris(ad ventrem) 胎儿的保佐人Curia 库里亚Custodia 看管Damnare in id quod facere potest 在能力限度范围内的处罚Damnatio 惩罚Damnatus capite 判处极刑Damnosa hereditas 损益遗产Damnum 损害Damnum emergens 已经出现(造成)的损害,已有的损害(积极损害),所受损失Damnum infectum 潜在损害Damnum iniuria datum 不法损害,对物私犯Dans 给付人Datio 给付Datio in adoptionem 他权人收养,纯正收养Datio in solutum 代物清偿Debitor 债务人Debitor usurarius 支付利息的债务人Debitum 债务Decisio 判决,裁决Decretum 敕令,命令,裁决Decretum principis 皇帝的裁决Decurio 地方事务官,市元老院议员Dediticia conditio 降服者的地位Dediticius 归降人Deditio in fidem 归降Deductio 扣除Defensio rei 被告的辩护人Defensor 承担辩护责任的被告Deferre ius iurandum 要求提供宣誓De his qui notantur infamia 被宣布不名誉、破廉耻的人Delatio 继承指命Delatio nominis 控告程序?Delator 控告人Delegans 委托人Delegatarius 受托人Delegatio 债务人的更换Delegatio debiti 债务转让Delegatio nominis 债权转让Delictum 私犯Demonstratio 原告请求的原因De noxalibus actionibus 损害投偿权(不是权利,是诉讼?)Denuntiatio 告知,告发Denuntiatio actionis 争议通知?Denuntiatio litis 诉讼通知?De plano 在无需调查取证的情况下Deportatio 放逐Deponens(Depositor) 寄托人Depositarius 受寄托人Depositum 寄托Depositum ex necessitate(necessarium) 必要寄托,紧急寄托Depositum irregulare 不规则寄托,变例寄托Depositum in sequestrem 扣押寄托,调解寄托,仲裁寄托Depositum miserabile 危准寄托(=紧急寄托?)Desuetudo 废弃习惯Detentio 持有Detestatio sacrorum 郑重放弃,拒绝;宣布与…脱离关系Dictator 独裁官Dictator Latinus 拉丁独裁官?Dies 期限Dies ad quem 终止日,终期Dies a que 起始日Dies cedit(cedens) 期限开始,权利义务成立期,将到期Dies certus 确定期限Dies incertus 不确定期限Dies solutionis 清偿期限Dies utiles 诉讼日?Dies venit(veniens) 期限到来,权利义务履行期,已到期Diffarreatio 分食婚,解除祭祀婚Dilatio 展期,延期Diligentia 注意Diligentia exacta 精细的注意Diligentia exactissima 最勤谨,最精细的注意Diligentia in abstracto 抽象注意Diligentia in administrando 管理事物中的注意Diligentia in concreto 具体注意Diligentia in custodienda re 保管物品中的注意Diligentia patris familias 勤谨家父的注意Diligentia quam suis 尽对待已物同等的注意Dimissoriae litterae 上诉移送状?Divisio 分割Divortium 离婚Divortium bona gratia 无过失的片面离婚,善因离婚Divortium communi consensu 协议离婚Divortium iusta causa 有正当原因的离婚Divus 神明Documentum 证书,帐目Dolus 故意,恶意,欺诈Dolus bonus 善意欺诈Dolus malus 恶意欺诈Dolus praeteritus 过去故意?Domicilium 住所Dominium 所有权Dominium ex iure gentium 万民法上的所有权Dominium ex iure Quiritium 市民法上的所有权Dominus 所有人,主人,君主Dominus rei gestae (无因管理中的)本人Domus 住所,居所Donandi animus 恩赐Donandi causa 赠与原因Donatarius 受赠人Donatio 赠与Donatio ante nuptias 婚前赠与Donatio inter vivos 生前赠与Donatio mortis causa 死因赠与Donatio propter nuptias 婚后赠与Donatio sepulturae causa 墓地赠与(=死因赠与?)Donator(Donans) 赠与人Dos 嫁资Dos adventicia 外来嫁资,非父予嫁资Dos profecticia 父予嫁资,祖赠嫁资Dos recepticia 约还嫁资,回复嫁资Dotis datio 嫁资让与,嫁资给付Dotis dictio 嫁资口约,嫁资宣许Dotis promissio 嫁资允诺Do ut des 互易Duo rei promittendi 连带债务人Duo rei stipulandi 连带债权人Edictum 告示Edictum de pretiis rerum venalium 关于被卖物价格的告示Edictum magistratum 长官告示Edictum novum 新颁告示Edictum peremptorium 限定期限的告示?Edictum perpetuum 永久告示-\Edictum principis 君主告示\Edictum provinciale 行省告示\- - - - - - \Edictum repentinum 特别告示,紧急告示,临时告示/? Edictum tralaticium 传袭告示Electio 选择权Emancipati 脱离父权的人Emancipatio 脱离父权,解放奴隶Emphyteusis 永佃权Emphyteuta 永佃权人Emptio ad gustum 试买?Emptio rei seperatae 订购?Emptio spei 购买希望,预买,(期待权)Emptio venditio 买卖Emptor 买方,买受人Emptor familiae 家产买受人?Epistula 敕函Error 错误,误解Error circa indolem et naturam 对特性和性质的错误?Error in corpore 对体态的错误,标的物的错误?Error in quantitate 数量错误Error in substantia 材料错误,物质的错误Erroris causae probatio 错误原因的证明?Eventum 结果Evictio 追夺,追索Evocatio edictis 告示传唤Evocatio denunciationibus 通知传唤Evocatio litteris 信函传唤Ex causa lucrativa 有偿(契约)Exceptio 抗辩Exceptio dilatoria 限期抗辩Exceptio doli(mali) 欺诈之抗辩Exceptio in factum 基于事实的抗辩Exceptio iurisiurandi 宣誓抗辩Exceptio iusti dominii 正当所有权之抗辩,合法所有人之抗辩Exceptio labeoniana 拉贝奥抗辩Exceptio liberatoria 免责抗辩Exceptio metus 胁迫之抗辩Exceptio non adimplendi contractus 未履约之抗辩Exceptio pacti conventi 因达成协议的抗辩、已缔结简约之抗辩Exceptio pacti de non petendo 依据不得再请求简约之抗辩Exceptio rei iudicatae 既判物之抗辩,即判力Exceptio rei venditae et traditae 交付出卖物的抗辩,买卖成交之抗辩,出卖并交付物的抗辩Ex compromissio (Compromissum) 仲裁协议Exercitor navis 船舶经营者Ex facto 因事实Exheredatio 剥夺遗产,剥夺继承权,废除继承人Ex iniuria 对人身的侵害、侮辱Ex iniusta causa 非正当原因,不正当原因Existimatio 名誉减损Ex iustis nuptiis 基于合法婚姻Ex peccato(ex delicto) 私犯Expensilatio 约据之债Excusatio 免责事由Excusationes tutorum 监护豁免Executor 执行吏,执行人,执达员Exheredatio inter ceteros 未指名剥夺继承权Exheredatio nominatim 指名剥夺继承权Extraordinaria coercitio 被提起刑事诉讼,特别刑事诉讼?Extraordinarium iudicium 非常审判Exsecutio 执行Extraneus heres 家外继承人Facio ut facias 换工Factum 事实Facultas agendi 行为能力Falsum 伪造Familia 家庭Familia communi iure 广义家庭(宗亲家庭)Familia proprio iure 狭义家庭Fas 神法Favor debitoris 债务人优惠制Favor dotium 嫁资优惠制Favor libertatis 自由权优先Favor pupillorum 被监护人优惠制Facti ignorantia 事实不知Feriae 假期?Fideicommissarius 信托受益人Fideicommissum 遗产信托Fideiussio 保证Fideiussor 以要式口约提供保证的担保人Fiducia 信托Filiafamilias 家女Filiusfamilias 家子Fiscus 国库Flamen 祭司Flamen Dialis 朱兹特神的祭司Flamen Martialis 战神玛尔斯的祭司Flamen Quirinalis 罗慕路斯的祭司Flamines majiores (古罗马)三大祭司Flamines minores (古罗马)十二小祭司Foedus 协约,条约,同盟Foedus aequum 平等条约Foedus iniquum 不平等条约Foenus(fenus,foenus) 借款契约,可替代物借贷契约Foenus nauticum(pecunia traiecticia) 海运借款契约Formula 程式诉讼Fraus 欺诈Fructus 孳息Fructus civiles 法定孳息Fructus consumpti 已消费的孳息Fructus extantes 尚存孳息,现存孳息Fructus naturales 自然孳息Fructus pendentes 未分离孳息Fructus percepti 已收获的孳息,实收孳息Fructus percipiendi 应收获的孳息Fructus separati 已分离的孳息Fundus dominans 需役地Fundus servus(serviens) 供役地Furiosus 精神病人Furtum 盗窃Furtum improprium 近似盗窃?Furtum rei 有体物盗窃,物件盗窃Furtum manifestum 现行盗,明盗Furtum nec manifestum 已遂盗,暗盗Furtum possessionis 占有盗(=有体物盗窃?)Furtum usus 使用盗Fustigatio 体刑Gens 种族,氏族Genus 种类物,种类Germani 两面亲(同父同母所生)Gestio 管理Gestio negotiorum 经营管理(无因管理)?Gestor 管理人Gestor negotiorum 财产经营人(无因管理人)?Gentiles 同姓人,同宗人Gladii potestas 生死予夺权,惩处权Gradus 继承顺序,亲等,顺位Gubernator navis 船长,舵手Habitatio 居住权Heredis institutio 指定继承权Hereditas 遗产,继承Hereditas damnosa 损益遗产Hereditas iacens 搁置的遗产(无人继承的遗产),待继承的遗产Hereditas legitima 法定遗产继承,法定继承Hereditas non solvendo esse 积极遗产,增益遗产Hereditas solvendo esse 消极遗产,损益遗产,资不抵债的遗产,有负担的遗产Heres(Heredes) 继承人Heres domesticus 家内继承人Heres ex asse 概括继承人,继承全部遗产的继承人Heres ex besse 继承三分之一遗产的继承人Heres ex dodrante 继承四分之三遗产的继承人Heres ex semmisse 继承二分之一遗产的继承人Heres ex semuncia 继承二十四分之一遗产的继承人Heres ex sescuncia 继承八分之一遗产的继承人Heres exemplaris 特定继承人Heres extraneus 家外继承人Heres fiduciarius 信托继承人Heres legitimus 法定继承人Heres necessarius 必然继承人Heres secundus 次位继承人?Heredis substitutio 继承替代Heredis substitutio exemplaris 特定继承替代?Heredis substitutio pupillaris 未成年人的继承替代Heres vulgaris 普通继承人Heres suus et necessarius 正统必然继承人,Heres suus 自家继承人,正统继承人Heres voluntarius 任意继承人Hermapharoditum 两性人Homicidium 杀人Homines 人Honores 名誉Hostes 敌人,敌国人Hypotheca 抵押权Id quod interest 直接损失,直到判决时(?)所受到的损失Id quod interfuit 所遭受的损害Id quod intererit 可能遭受的损害Ignorantia 不知Illicitum 非法Immobiles 不动产Impedimentum naturalis 自然障碍Impensae necessariae 必要支出Impensae utiles 有益支出Impensae voluntariae 享乐支出,奢侈费Imperitia 拙劣无能Imperium 权力,统治权,治权,谕令权Imperium domi 城内治权?Imperium militiae 军事治权Imperium proconsulare 行省总督治权Imprudentia 疏忽,不谨慎Impuber 未适婚人Impudicium 贞节Impunitas 不予处罚Inaedificatio 营造物In bonis habere(dominium bonitarium) 善良所有,事实所有Incerta obligatio 不确定之债Incestum 乱伦Indebiti solutio 错债清偿,不当得利Indefensus 放弃辩护者Indicium 证据Indignus 不配者,不具者Indiligentia(=Negligentia) 欠缺注意Infamia 不名誉,丧廉耻Infans(――――――――――――― 幼儿- - - - - - - - - - - P20)Infantia 幼儿期Ingenuus 生来自由人In id quod facere potest 在能力限度内承担责任In integrum restitutio 恢复原状之诉In iudicio 事实审理In iure 预审,法律审理Iniuria 不法侵害,侵辱In ius vocatio 控告Incola 居民Innovatio 更新Inscientia 无经验,不知In singulos annos 逐年地In solidum damnare(o condemnare) 判处以全部财产承担责任Institor 总管,主管Institutio ex re certa 就特定物指定继承人Institutio heredis 继承人的指定Institutiones 法学阶梯,法学总论Instrumentum ad matrimonium 婚姻文书,结婚证书Instrumentum fundi 农具耕畜Insula 岛屿Insula in flumine nata 滩涂Integrum restitutio 恢复原状Intentio 原告的请求Intercessio 否决权,给人做保,抗诉Interdictum 令状,禁令Interdictum adipiscendae possessionis 获得(取得)占有之令状Interdictum de aqua cotidiana et aestiva 日常和夏季用水令状Interdictum de arboribus caedendis 砍伐树木令状Interdictum de clandestina possessione 秘密侵占令状Interdictum de fonte reficiendo 恢复水源令状Interdictum de glande legenda 捡拾果实令状Interdictum de itinere actuque privato 个人事实通行令状?Interdictum de itinere reficiendo 恢复通行令状Interdictum de liberis exhibendis(ducendis) 要求返还子女的令状,领回子女的令状Interdictum demolitorium 拆除施工令状Interdictum de opere restituendo 将施工恢复原状之令状Interdictum de rivo reficiendo 修复水道令状Interdictum de superficiebus 保护地上权令状Interdictum de uxore exhibenda et ducenda 要求领回妻子和嫁娶的令状?Interdictum de vi 防止暴力令状Interdictum de vi armata 防止武力令状,排除持械强占令状Interdictum quod in flumine publico ripave publica factum erit 将在公有河流上或其岸上进行的施工恢复原状之令状Interdictum populare 民众禁令Interdictum quod in loco sacro religiosove 将在圣地或安魂地进行的施工恢复原状之令状Interdictum quod legatorum 拆除违反新施工警告而建造物之令状;继承人收回遗赠物令状,遗赠占有令状Interdictum quod vi aut clam 防止暴力或容假(欺瞒)令状,防止暴力或暗中损害令状Interdictum quorum bonorum 获得遗产占有之令状Interdictum recuperandae possessionis 恢复占有之令状,回复占有之令状Interdictum retinendae possessionis 保持占有状Interdictum unde vi(de vi) 暴力占有令状,排除强暴令状Interdictum uti possidetis 保护(确认)不动产占有令状Interdictum utrubi 保护(确认)动产占有令状Interim tutor 临时监护Interlocutiones 裁决,中间裁决?Interpellatio 催告;(另一次)起诉?Interpretatio 解释Interregnum 摄政Interrogatio 庭询Interstabilis 无信用,不能作证Intestati bonorum possessio 无(对抗)遗嘱的遗产占有Intestatus 未立遗嘱Intra legitimum tempus 在法定期间内Inventio 发现Ipso iure 依法,当然地(解除债务)Iter 步行权,?骑马通行权Iter ad sepulchrum 墓地通行权Iudex(privatus) 承审员Iudex pedanei 下级法官?Iudex qui litem suam fecit 卷入争议的承审员Iudicatio 判决,审理?Iudicium 审判,诉讼Iudicium bonae fidei 善良诉讼,诚信诉讼Iudicium communi dividundo 分割共有物之诉Iudicium contrarium depositi 对待寄托之诉Iudicium contrarium negotiorum gestorum 对待管理行为之诉Iudicium curationis 保佐之诉Iudicium de moribus mulieris 风俗之诉,妇德之诉Iudicium domesticum 家庭意见?Iudicium dupli 双倍返还之诉Iudicium legitima et Iudicia quae imperio continentur(o imperium continenti a) 法定审判和依权审判?Iudicium liberale(liberales causae) 关于自由权的诉讼Iudicium strictum 严法诉讼Iudicium tutelae 监护诉讼Iura 法学家著作(与LEGES敕令对称)Iura in re 物权Iura in re aliena 他物权Iura patronatus 庇主权,恩主权Iurare in litem(ius iurandum) 在诉讼中通过发誓确定讼争的价格Iurare de calumnia 就恶意问题进行宣誓Iurata promissio liberti 解放奴隶允诺Iuris auctoritate 法律明确规定Iurisdictio 裁判,审判管辖权;司法权,司法审判Iuris epitome 权利概述Iuris ignorantia 法律不知Iuris possessio 对权利的占有Iurisprudentia 法学Ius 法(十二表法和其他惯例与LEX民众大会决议对称)、权利,私法(与CIVITAS)相对称时Ius abutendi 处分权;滥用权利?Ius adcrescendi 增加权,添加权Ilus adfinitatis 姻亲关系Ius agendi 召集开会权Ius agendi cum patribus 元老院代表权Ius agendi cum populo 民众大会代表权?Ius aquae ducendae 导水权,取水权Ius aquarum 用水权Ius caduca vindicandi 空缺份额请求权Ius capiendi ex testamento 依据遗嘱取得权Ius civile 市民法Ius cognationis 血亲关系Ius commmercii 贸易权,通商权,财产权Ius commune 一般法,共同法,普通法Ius connubii(=Conubium) 通婚权,婚姻权Ius dicere(=lurisdictio) 提出诉讼Ius disponendi 处分权Ius edieiendi 告示权,敕令权Ius est ars boni et aequi 法是善良和公正的艺术Ius extraordinarium 非常法Ius exulandi 流放权Ius faciendi 积极役权,作为权Ius Flaivianum 福拉维安法Ius fraternitatis 兄弟权Ius fruenndi 收益权Ius gentium 万民法Ius hereditatis 继承权Ius honorarium 荣誉法,荣誉权(被选举权),长官法Iusiurandum liberti 被解放奴隶的允诺Ius liberorum 子女权Ius luminumofficiendorum 采光权Ius migrandi 迁徙权,移居权Ius militare 兵役法Ius naturale 自然法Ius non scriptum 不成文法Ius novrm 新法Ius noxae dandi 损害投偿权Ius Papirianum 帕皮里法Ius parietrm 立墙权Ius perpetuum 永久权,永佃权Ius postliminii(=Postliminium) 复境权Ius praelationes 优先权Ius privatum 私法Ius prohibendi 禁止权,否决权Ius protimeseos 优先权(=Ius praelationis?)Ius publicum 公法Ius Quiritium 市民权,市民法Ius respondendi 解答权Ius scriptum 成文法Ius sepulchri 墓地权Ius singulare 个别法Ius sollemne 市民法Ius sponsalium 订婚权Ius stillicidium recipiendi (承受)滴水权?Ius suffragii 选举权Iussum 命令Iusta causa 正当理由Iusta causa excusationis 正当免责事由Iusta causa replicationis 正当抗辩事由Iustae nuptiae 有效婚姻Iustitia 正义Iustitium 中止一切执法活动?(公法)Ius tollendi 分离添附的权利Iustum pretium 公平价格Ius utendi 使用权Ius vendendi 出卖家子权Ius vetus 早期法,古法Ius vitae necisque 生杀权Ius vocandi 传唤权Labefactio 堕落Laesio enormis 非常损害Latrocinium 强盗团伙Latini liberti 被解放的拉丁人?Legatarius 受遗赠人Legatum 遗赠Legatum annuum 年息遗赠Legatum debiti 债务遗赠Legatum in genere 种类物遗赠Legatum in pecunia 现金遗赠Legatum iurium in re aliena 他物权遗赠Legatum liberationis 免债遗赠Legatum menstruum 月息遗赠Legatum nominis =|? 债权遗赠Legatum per damnationem =|? 间接遗赠,嘱令遗赠,设立债权的遗赠Legatum per praeceptionem 先取遗赠Legatum per vindicationem 直接遗赠,指物遗赠,所有权遗赠Legatum sinendi modo 容受遗赠Legatum speciei 特定物遗赠Leges Ronanae Barbaricae 蛮族法Leges generales 一般法律Leges imperfectae 不完全法,不完善法Leges minrs quam perfectae 不完全完善法Leges perfectae 完全法,完善法Leges regiae 君王法,王政法,王位法Leges rogatae 民决法Leges sacratae 神圣约法Leges Corneliae 科尔内利亚法Leges Liciniae Sextiae 李其尼亚和赛斯蒂亚法Leges Porciae 波尔其亚法Leges publiliae philonis 布布里利和菲洛尼法Leges Valeriae Horatiae 瓦勒里和奥拉兹法Legitimatio 认领子女,对非婚生子女的承认Legitimatio per oblationm curiae 因任地方议会议员的认领,为库里亚社稷而认领Legitimatio per rescriptum principis 因皇帝特许的认领,因批复的认领Legitimatio per subsequens matrimonium 因结婚的认领Legis actiones 法律诉讼Legis actio per condictionem 要求令状的法律诉讼,请求返还之诉?Legis actio per manus iniectionem 拘禁之诉Legis actio per pignoris capionem 扣押之诉Legis actio sacramento 誓金之诉Legis actio sacramento in personam 对人誓金之诉Legis actio sacramento in rem 对物誓金之诉Legis iudicis (per iudicius)arbitrive postulationem 要求审判员或仲裁人的法律诉讼,指定民选法官之诉?Legitima hereditas 法定遗产继承Legitima tutela 法定监护Legitima tutela agnatorum 宗亲的法定监护Legitima tutela patronoru 恩主的法定监护Legitimi 婚生子女Lenocinium 拉皮条Lex(=leges) 法律,约法;民众大会决议Lex12 Tabularum 十二表法Lex Acilia repetundarum 关于索贿罪的阿其里亚法Lex Aebutia 埃布蒂亚法Lex Aelia Sentia 艾里(亚)·森迪亚法Lex Aemilia de censura 关于监察官的艾米里亚法Lex Aemilia frumentaria 关于粮食供给的艾米里亚法Lex Anastasiana 阿那斯达西那皇帝谕令Lex agraria epigraphica 公元前111年的土地法?Lex Antonia de candidatis 关于候选人的安东尼法Lex Appuleia 阿布勒伊法Lex Aquilia 阿奎利亚法Lex Atinia 阿提尼亚法Lex Aurelia 奥勒留法Lex Caecilia Didia 凯其里亚和迪第亚法Lex Canuleia 卡努勒亚法Lex Cassia 卡西亚法Lex centuriata de bello indicendo 关于宣战的百人团法Lex certa 特别简约?Lex Claudia 克劳迪亚法Lex commissoria 解除约款Lex Cornelia 科尔奈里亚法Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis 关于谋杀罪和投毒罪的科尔奈里亚法Lex Cornelia de testamentis 关于遗嘱的科尔奈里亚法Lex curiata de imperio 库里亚权力约法Lex data 官定法Lex de Aventino publicando 关于将阿文蒂诺土地收归国有的法律Lex de imperio 关于帝位的法律;皇权法Lex de imperio Vespasiani 关于帝位的维斯帕西安法Lex et ius 法律和法Lex Falcidia 法尔奇第亚法Lex Fufia Caninia 富菲亚和卡尼尼亚法Lex Gabinia tabellaria 加比尼亚法Lex Genucia 杰努其亚法Lex Hieronica 叶罗内法Lex horrendi carminis 严酷条款法?Lex Hortensia 霍尔腾西亚法Lex lulia de adulteriis 关于选举舞弊的尤利亚法Lex lulia de ambitu 关于通奸罪的尤利亚法Lex lulia de annona 关于粮食供给的尤利亚法Lex lulia de civitate sociis danda 关于向拉丁人和盟友授予市民籍的尤利亚法(尤利亚国籍法)Lex lulia de pecuniis repetundis(=Lex lulia repetundarum) 关于索贿罪的尤利亚法Lex lulia de provinciis 关于行省官职的尤利亚法Lex lulia de vi 关于暴力的尤利亚法Lex lulia de vi privata 关于侵害私人的暴力行为(私下暴力)的尤利亚法Lex lulia de vi publica 关于侵害公众的暴力行为(公开暴力)的尤利亚法Lex lulia et Papia 尤利亚和帕皮亚法Lex lulia maiestatis 关于叛逆罪的尤利亚法Lex lulia peculatus 关于贪污的尤利亚法Lex lulia iudiciaria 关于承审员的尤利亚法Lex luria iudiciorum privatorum 关于私诉(私人审判)?的尤利亚法Lex lulia iudiciorum publicorum 关于公共(众,开)审判的尤利亚法?Lex lulia municipalis 关于自治市的尤利亚法Lex lulia sumptuaria 关于禁止奢侈行为的尤利亚法,(凯撒的)尤利亚浪费法?Lex lunia Vellaea 优尼亚·韦莱雅法Lex Licinia lunia 李其尼亚和优尼亚法Lex Licinia Mucia 李其尼亚和穆奇亚法Lex Maenia 马艾尼亚法Lex Ogulnia 奥古尔尼亚法Lex Ovinia 奥威尼亚法。

三千多个 植物学名词中英文对照1

三千多个 植物学名词中英文对照1

盖高楼:全国科技名词审定委员会-植物学名词(1)盖高楼:全国科技名词审定委员会-植物学名词(2)01.001 植物学botany, plant science01.002 植物生物学plant biology01.003 植物个体生物学plant autobiology01.004 发育植物学developmental botany01.005 植物形态学plant morphology01.006 植物解剖学plant anatomy, phytotomy01.007 植物细胞学plant cytology01.008 植物细胞生物学plant cell biology01.009 植物细胞遗传学plant cytogenetics01.010 植物细胞形态学plant cell morphology01.011 植物细胞生理学plant cell physiology01.012 植物细胞社会学plant cell sociology01.013 植物细胞动力学plant cytodynamics01.014 植物染色体学plant chromosomology01.015 植物胚胎学plant embryology01.016 系统植物学systematic botany, plant systematics01.017 植物小分子系统学plant micromolecular systematics01.018 演化植物学evolutionary botany01.019 植物分类学plant taxonomy01.020 植物实验分类学plant experimental taxonomy01.021 植物化学分类学plant chemotaxonomy01.022 植物化学系统学plant chemosystematics 01.023 植物血清分类学plant serotaxonomy01.024 植物细胞分类学plant cellular taxonomy 01.025 植物数值分类学plant numerical taxonomy 01.026 植物分子分类学plant molecular taxonomy 01.027 植物病毒学plant virology01.028 藻类学phycology01.029 真菌学mycology01.030 地衣学lichenology01.031 苔藓植物学bryology01.032 蕨类植物学pteridology01.033 孢粉学palynology01.034 古植物学paleobotany01.035 植物生理学plant physiology01.036 植物化学phytochemistry01.037 植物生态学plant ecology, phytoecology01.038 植物地理学plant geography, phytogeography 01.039 植物气候学plant climatology01.040 植物病理学plant pathology, phytopathology 01.041 植物病原学plant aetiology01.042 植物毒理学plant toxicology01.043 植物历史学plant history01.044 民族植物学ethnobotany01.045 人文植物学humanistic botany 01.046 植物遗传学plant genetics01.047 植物发育遗传学plant phenogenetics 01.048 分子植物学molecular botany01.049 分类单位taxon 又称“分类群”。

植物生理学中英文对照

植物生理学中英文对照

植物生理学中英文对照一画乙醛酸体glyoxysome 乙醛酸循环glyoxylate cycle,GAC 乙醇酸glycolate,glycolic acid乙醇酸氧化酶glycolate oxidase乙醇酸氧化途径glycolic acid oxidation pathway乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase乙烯ethylene乙烯利ethrel二画二型性别dimorphism 二苯脲diphenylurea 二酰甘油diacylglycerol,DG,DAG二硝基酚dinitrophenol,DNP 1 1,3-二磷酸甘油酸1,3-bisphosphoglyce rate二氧化碳猝发CO2 outburst二氧化碳饱和点CO2 saturation point二氧化碳补偿点CO2 compensation point 二氨丙烷diaminopropane2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid,2,4-D二氢玉米素dihydrozeatin二氢吡咯pyrroline二氢红花菜豆酸dihydrophaseic acid 二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetonephosphate,DHAP人工种子artificial seeds儿茶酚氧化酶catechol oxidase 三画三十烷醇1-triacontanol三碘苯甲酸2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid,TIBA三氯苯氧乙酸trichlorophenoxyace tic acid三重反应triple response 293三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle,TCAC干旱drought干旱胁迫drought stress 土壤—植物—大气连续体soil-plant-atmosphe re continuum,SPAC下调作用down regulation大纤丝macrofibril大量元素major element,微量元素macroelement小孔扩散律small pore diffusion law尸胺cadaverine 299 己糖磷酸途径hexose monophosphate pathway,HMP己糖激酶hexokinase 马来酰肼maleic hydrazide,MH四画开放体系open system天然单性结实natural parthenocarpy天冬氨酸aspartate,Asp天冬氨酸转氨酶aspartate amino transferase天线色素antenna pigment无土栽培soilless culture无融合生殖apomixis 无辐射退激radiationless deexcitation无氧呼吸anaerobic respiration 1无氧呼吸消失点anaerobic respiration extinction point无籽果实seedless fruit无限生长indeterminate growth 无孢子生殖apospory 无丝分裂amitosis木酮糖5 磷酸xylulose-5-phosphat e木质素lignin支链淀粉amylopectin 区域化compartmentation瓦伯格效应Warburg effect日中性植物day neutral plant中日照植物intermediate day length plant中央液泡central vacuoleC3-C4 中间植物C3-C4 intermediate plant中间丝intermediate filament中层middle lamella 水培hydroponics水培法water culture method水势water potential 水杨基氧肟酸salicylhydroxamate,SHAM水杨酸salicylic acid,SA水生植物hydrophytes 水氧化钟water oxidizing clock水合补偿点hydration compensation point 水分亏缺waterdeficit水分平衡water balance水分临界期critical period of water水分代谢water bolism 水溶清蛋白albumin水通道蛋白water channel protein水孔蛋白aquaporins 内吞endocytosis内聚力cohesion内聚力学说cohesion theory内在蛋白intrinsic protein内酯酶lactonase内转换internal conversion内向K +通道inward K + channel ,内质网endoplasmic reticulum,ER内膜endomembrane内能internal energy 贝壳杉烯kaurene气培法aeroponics气相色谱gas chromatography气腔网络air space netwotk气穴现象cavitation 气孔开度stomatal aperture气孔运动stomatal movement气孔蒸腾stomatal transpiration气孔下腔substomatal cavities气孔频度stomatal frequency毛管水capillary water毛细作用capillarity 长日植物long day plant长短日植物long short day plant片层lamellae化学势chemical potential化学信号chemical signal化学渗透学说chemiosmotic theory 反向传递antiport反馈抑制feedback inhibition反馈调节feedback regulation反应中心reaction center ,反应中心色素分子reaction center pigment介电常数dielectric constant分支酶branching enzyme分化differentiation 分泌囊泡secretory vesicles比热容specific heat 比集运转速率specific mass transfer rate,SMTR 比久B9,二甲胺基琥珀酰胺酸 dimethyl aminosuccinamic acid 巴斯德效应Pasteur effect双“S”形生长曲线double sigmoid growth curve双光系统two photosystem双向运输bidirectional transport 双受精double fertilization五画末端氧化酶terminal oxidase玉米素zeatin,ZT 玉米素核苷zeatin riboside玉米素顺反异构酶zeatin cistrans isomerase玉米赤霉烯酮zearaienone正常性种子orthodox seed正化学信号positive chemical signal正向重性positive gravitropism正效应物positive effector去春化作用devernalization去极化depolarization去镁叶绿素pheophytin,Pheo甘氨酸甜菜碱glycine betaine甘油三酯triacylglycerols,TA G甘油3 磷酸glycerol-3-phosphat e甘油3 磷酸脱氢酶glycerol-3-phosphat e dehydrogenase甘油醛3 磷酸glyceraldehyde-3-ph osphate,GAP甘油醛3 磷酸脱氢酶ghyceraldehyde-3-ph osphate dehydrogenase甘油酸激酶glycerate kinase可溶性氧化酶soluble oxidase可溶性淀粉合成酶soluble starch synthase丙酮酸pyruvate丙酮酸磷酸二激酶pyruvate phosphate dikinase PPPk丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvic acid dehydrogenase complex丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvic acid decarboxylase 丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase丙氨酸甜菜碱alaninebetaine丙糖磷酸异构酶triose phosphate isomerase戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway,PPP平衡压力balance pressure平衡石statolith平衡溶液balance solution平衡细胞statocyles 灭光信号light off signal卡尔文循环Calvin cycle叶黄素xanthophyll 叶面营养foliar nutrition叶面积系数leaf area index,LAI叶肉细胞mesophyll cell叶绿素chlorophyll,Chl叶绿体chloroplast叶绿体被膜chloroplast envelope 5′-甲硫基核苷5′-methylthioribose甲硫氨酸methionine 甲瓦龙酸甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid电中性electroneutrality电化学势electrochemical potential电负性electronegative田间持水量field capacity四氢吡喃苄基腺嘌呤tetrahydropyranylbenzyladenine生理碱性盐physiologically alkaline salt生理酸性盐physiologically acid salt生理中性盐physiologically neutral salt生理钟physiological clock生理休眠physiological dormancy生殖生长reproductive growth 生殖细胞无孢子生殖generatine apospory 生物大分子biomacromolecule生物固氮biological nitrogen fixation生物钟biological clock生物氧化biological oxidation生物分子biomolecule 生物膜biomembrane生长growth生长素auxin生长素梯度学说auxin gradient theory生长素赖氨酸合成酶IAA lysinesynthetase 生长素结合蛋白auxin binding protein生长抑制剂growth inhibitor生长大周期grand period of growth生长呼吸growth respiration生长延缓剂growthretardant生长的周期性growth periodicity生长效率growth efficiency生长发育growth and development生命周期life cycle 生色团chromophore代谢bolism代谢库bolic sink代谢源bolic source 外排exocytosis外植体explant外在蛋白extrinsic protein外连丝ectodesmata外向K+通道outward K + channel外膜outer membrane 饥饿基因famine gene 主动转运active transport主动吸水active absorption of water 主动吸收active absorption主宰酶master enzyme 主导库dominant sink 半醌semiquinone半支莲醛potulai半透膜semipermeable membrane半自主性细胞器semiautonomous organelle半月苔酸lunlaric acid半纤维素hemicellulose它感化合物allelochemical必需元素essential element永久萎蔫permanent wilting永久萎蔫系数permanent wilting coefficient皮孔蒸腾lenticular transpiration发酵fermentation发育development对氯汞苯磺酸parachloro-mercurib enzene sulfonate幼年期juvenile phase 丝状亚基fibrous subunits丝氨酸serine丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶serine glyoxylate aminotransferase六画动作电位action potential,AP 动力蛋白dynamin老化aging共振传递resonance transfer共价键covalent bond 共向传递体symport共质体symplast共质体运输symplastic transport 共质体装载symplastic phloem loading共质体途径symplast pathway亚硝酸还原酶nitrite reductase,NiR亚胺环已酮cycloheximide亚麻酸linolenic acid 亚精胺spermidine亚油酸linoleic acid 过氧化氢酶catalase,CAT过氧化物酶peroxidase,POD过氧化物体peroxisome过敏反应hypersensitive reaction再春化现象revernalization再生阶段regeneration phase 再分配redistribution再分化redifferentiation 扩散作用diffusion ,协助扩散facilitated diffusion西罗血红素sirohaem 压力探针pressure probe 压力势pressure potential压力流学说pressure flow hypothesis压力室法pressure chamber有氧呼吸aerobic respiration有益元素beneficial elements有限生长determinate growth有丝分裂reduction mitosis灰分ash灰分元素ash element 死亡激素death hormone成花素florigen成花决定态floral determinated state 成花启动floralevocation成花诱导floral induction成膜体phragmoplast 成熟maturation光形态建成photomorphogenesis 光呼吸photorespiration光呼吸碳氧化循环photorespiration carbon oxidation cycle光敏色素phytochrome,PHY光保护作用photoprotection光化学烟雾photochemical smog 光反应light reaction 光合速率photosynthetic rate 光合有效辐射photosynthetically active radiation,PAR 光合碳还原循环photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle光合磷酸化photophosphorylatio n光合链photosynthetic chain 光合午睡现象midday depression of photosynthesis光合作用photosynthesis光合作用的光抑制photoinhibition of photo synthesis光合膜photosyntheticmembrane光合产物photosynthetic yield 光合单位photosynthetic unit 光合滞后期lag phase of photosynthesis光合细菌photosynthetic bacteria光受体photoreceptor 光周期photoperiod光周期现象photoperiodism光周期诱导photoperiodic induction光饱和点light saturation point光系统Ⅰphotosystem Ⅰ,PSⅠ光系统Ⅱphotosystem Ⅱ,PSⅡ光亲和标记photoaffinity labling光滑性内质网smooth endoplasmic reticulum光补偿点light compensation point 光调节因子light regulated element光能利用率efficiency for solar energy utilization 早熟发芽precocious germination早前期带preprophase band,PPB ,吐水guttation同型二聚体homodimer 同化物assimilate同化物运输assimilate transportation同化作用assimilation同化力assimilatory power同源异型基因homeotic gene同源异型突变homeotic mutation 吸胀吸水imbibing absorption of water 吸胀作用imbibition ,吸收光谱absorption spectrum吸附作用absorption 回补机制replenishing mechanism传递体transporter 休眠dormancy 休眠素dormin伤呼吸wound respiration伤流bleeding伤流液bleeding sap 自动催化作用autocatalysis自花授粉self pollination自由基free radical 自由水free water 自由空间free space 自由能free energy 自交不亲和性self incompatibility自交不育self infertility自养性autotropism 自溶作用autolysis 向光性phototropism 向重性gravitropism 向化性chemotropism向触性thigmotropism 向性运动tropic movement后熟作用after ripening近似昼夜节奏circadian rhythm杀粉蝶菌素A piericidin A合子zygote肌动蛋白actin肌醇三磷酸inositol-1,4,5-trip hophate,IP3肌醇磷脂lipositol 负化学信号negative chemical signal负向重性negative gravitropism负效应物negative effector多元酚氧化酶polyphenol oxidase 多聚核糖体polyribosome多聚化截留机理polymerization trap mechanism多聚半乳糖醛酸酶polygalacturonase 多克隆抗体polyclonal antibody 多胺ployamines,PA 色素pigment色素蛋白复合体pigment protein complex色氨酸tryptophan色氨酸单加氧酶thyphophan monooxygenase色胺tryptamine交替氧化酶alternative oxidase交替途径alternative pathway交叉适应现象cross adaptation交叉忍耐cross tolerances次生壁secondary wall 次级共运转secondary cotransport次级电子供体secondary electron donor次级电子受体secondary electron acceptor次级库subordinate sinks异花授粉allogamy异构酶isomerase异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitratelyase异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitric acid dehydrogenase异戊烯基腺苷isopentenyl adenosine,iPA异戊烯基腺嘌呤isopentenyladenine, ip异戊烯转移酶isopentenyl transferase异戊烯焦磷酸isopentenyl pyrophosphate异化作用disassimilation阳生植物sun plant 阴生植物shade plant 红花菜豆酸phaseic acid红光red light红降red drop纤维素cellulose纤维素酶cellulase 七画麦芽糖酶maltase形态发生morphogenesis远红光far red light 运动反应motor response运转器translocator 韧皮部装载phloem loading韧皮部卸出phloem unloading韧皮蛋白P 蛋白phloem protein坏死性死亡necrosis death赤藓糖4 磷酸erythrose-4-phospha te赤霉素gibberellin,GA赤霉烷gibberellane 抑制剂depressant 抗坏血酸氧化酶ascorbate oxidase 抗盐性salt resistance抗热性heat resistance抗蒸腾剂antitranspirant抗旱性drought resistance抗虫性pest resistance抗氰呼吸cyanide resistant respiration抗氰氧化酶cyanide resistant oxidase 抗冻性freezing resistance抗冷性chilling resistance抗病性disease resistance抗性resistance,hardines s抗涝性flood resistance抗张强度tensile strength壳梭孢菌素fusicoccin,FC拟核体nucleoid拟脂体lipid body芽休眠bud dormancy 花芽分化flower bud differentiation花的发端initiation of flower花熟状态ripeness to flower state 花粉pollen花粉粒pollen grain 6-苄基腺嘌呤6-benzyl adenine,BA 克隆clone极性polarity极性运输polar transport极性分子polar molecule束缚型赤霉素conjugated gibberellin束缚型生长素bound auxin束缚水bound water两极光周期植物amphophotoperiodism plant还原阶段reduction phase旱害drought injury旱生植物xerophytes 吲哚丁酸indole-3-butyric acid,IBA吲哚丙酮酸indole pyruvic acid吲哚丙酸indole propionic acid吲哚乙醛indole acetaldehyde吲哚乙酰天冬氨酸indole acetyl aspartic acid吲哚乙酰葡萄糖indole acetyl glucose吲哚乙酰肌醇indole acetyl inositol吲哚乙酸indole-3-acetic acid,IAA吲哚乙酸氧化酶IAA oxidase吲哚乙腈indole acetonitrile别藻蓝蛋白allophycocyanin延胡索酸酶fumarase 体细胞无孢子生殖somatic apospory体细胞胚somatic embryo伸展蛋白extensin低温诱导蛋白low temperature induced protein希尔氧化剂Hill oxidant希尔反应Hill reaction谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase,GS谷氨酸合酶glutamatesynthase,GOGAT谷氨酸脱氢酶glutamate dehydrogenase,GDH 谷氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶glutamate glyoxylate aminotransferase谷胱甘肽glutathione 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶glutathione peroxidase,GPX谷胱甘肽还原酶glutathione reductase,GR邻香豆酸ocoumaric acid邻近细胞neighbouring cell免疫immune角质蒸腾cuticular transpiration系统获得性抗性systemic acquired resistance系统肽systemin冻害freezing injury 库sink库强sink strength 应变素allergens冷击蛋白cold shock protein冷响应蛋白cold responsive protein 冷害chilling injury 间质stroma泛醌ubiquinone,UQ 泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase完熟ripening初生壁primary wall 初级共运转primary cotransport识别recognition层积处理stratification张力tension阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白arabinogalactan protein阿斯匹林aspirin驱动蛋白kinesin纺锤体spindle八画环式光合磷酸化cyclic photophosphorylatio n环式电子传递cyclic electron transport 环境污染environmental pollution环腺苷酸cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP 环脂肪酸cyclic fatty acid环割试验girdling experiment表面张力surface tension ,表异构酶epimerase表观光合速率apparent photosynthetic rate 表观库强apparent sink strength顶端优势apical dominance茉莉酸jasmonic acid,JA茉莉酸甲酯methyl jasmonate,MeJA茉莉酸类jasmonates 苯丙氨酸phenylalanine苯丙氨酸解氨酶phenylalanine ammonia lyase苯乙酸phenylactic acid苹果酸malate,Mal苹果酸酶malic enzyme 苹果酸代谢学说malate bolism theory 苹果酸合成酶malate synthetase苹果酸脱氢酶malic acid dehydrogenase ,直链淀粉amylose板块镶嵌模型plate mosaic model刺激感受stimulus perception刺激性单性结实stimulative parthenocarpy矿质元素mineral element 矿质营养mineral nutrition转运肽transit peptide转基因植物transgenic plant转醛醇酶transaldolase转酮酶transketolase 转移细胞transfer cell,TC转化酶invertase ,转录因子tranion factors非环式光合磷酸化non cyclic photophosphorylatio n非环式电子传递noncyclic electron transport非堆叠区nonappressed region 果胶pectin果胶物质pectic substances果胶酶pectinase果胶酸pectic acid 果糖1,6 二磷酸fructose-1,6-bispho sphate,FBP果糖1,6 二磷酸酯酶fructose-1,6-bispho sphate phosphatase 果糖-6-磷酸fructose-6-phosphat e,F6P果糖激酶fructokinase固氮酶nitrogenase 固定化细胞immobilized cells 呼吸速率respiratory rate 呼吸电子传递链respiratory electron transport chain呼吸跃变respiratory climacteric呼吸链respiratory chain呼吸作用respiration 呼吸系数respiratory coefficient呼吸底物respiratory substrate吸呼效率respiratory ratio呼吸商respiratory quotient,RQ岩棉栽培rockwool culture罗汉松内酯podolactone物理信号physical signal物候期phenological period质蓝素plastocyanin,PC质体plastid质体醌plastoquinone,PQ ,质体小球plastoglobulus质壁分离plasmolysis ,质壁分离复原deplasmolysis质子动力proton motive force,pmf质子泵proton pump质外体apoplast质外体运输apoplastic transport 质外体装载apoplasmic phloem loading 质外体途径apoplast pathway受体receptor ,,受精作用fertilization乳酸脱氢酶lactic acid dehydrogenase 乳酸发酵lactate fermentation胁迫stress胁迫激素stress hormone胁变strain周期性growth periodicity鱼藤酮rotenone饱和蒸气压saturation vapor pressure夜间断night break 底物水平磷酸化substrate levelphosphorylation放热呼吸thermogenic respiration放氧复合体oxygen evolving complex ,放射免疫检测法radioimmunoassay放线菌素actinomycin D净光合速率net photosynthetic rate 净同化率net assimilationrate,NAR ,育性转化fertility change性别表达sex expression单“S”形生长曲线single sigmoid growth curve单盐毒害toxiciy of single salt单克隆抗体monoclonal antibody 单酚氧化酶monophenol oxidase 单倍体无配子生殖haploid apogamr单倍体孤雄生殖haploid androgenesis 单倍体孤雌生殖haploid parthenogenesis单向传递体uniport单性结实parthenocarpy法呢基焦磷酸farnesyl pyrophosphate ,油菜素brassin油菜素内酯brassinolide,BR油菜素甾体类化合物brassinosteroids油酸oleic acid油体oil body油体蛋白oleosins泥炭培养peat culture 空种皮技术empty seed coat technique衬质matrix衬质势matrix potential衬质水势matrix water potential降解breakdown线性期linear phase 线粒体mitochondria ,细菌叶绿素bacteriochlorophyll 细胞克隆cell clone 细胞板cell plate细胞松弛素B cytochalasin B 细胞融合cell fusion 细胞浆cytosol细胞器cell organelle 细胞骨架cytoskeleton细胞繁殖cell reproduction细胞质环流cyclosis 细胞质基质cytoplasmic matrix 细胞质膜plasma membrane细胞全能性totipotency细胞分裂素cytokinin,CTK细胞分裂素氧化酶cytokinin oxidase细胞分化cell differentiation细胞膜cell membrane 细胞周期cell cycle细胞色素cytochrome,Cyt细胞色素氧化酶cytochrome oxidase 细胞衰老cellular aging细胞液cell sap细胞学说cell theory 细胞壁cell wall孤立体系isolated system孢粉素pollenin孢子体型不亲和sporophyric self incompatibility,SSI 九画春化素vernalin春化作用vernalization封闭体系closed system指数期logarithmic phase草酰乙酸oxaloacetic acid,OAA荧光fluorescence荧光猝灭剂fluorescence quencher ,胡萝卜素carotene枯斑necrotic spot 相互竞争allelospoly 相生相克它感作用allelopathy相关性correlation 相对生长速率relative growth rate,RGR相对自由空间relative free space,RFS柠檬酸循环citric acid cycle柠檬酸合成酶citratesynthase砂培sand culture 砂基培养法sand culture method砂砾栽培gravel culture临界日长critical daylength临界暗期critical dark period钙调蛋白钙调素calmodulin,CaM ,氢醌hydroquinone 氢化酶hydrogenase 选择吸收selective absorption种子劣变seed deterioration种子生活力seed viability种子休眠seed dormancy 种子的寿命seed longevity种子活力seed vigor 秋水仙素colchicine ,重力势gravitational potential重力水gravitational water复种指数multiple crop index复合脂类complex lipids顺乌头酸酶aconitase 保卫细胞guard cell 信号转导signal transduction ,信息传递message transportation胚芽鞘coleoptile胚柄suspensor胚状体embryoid胚胎萌发viviparous germination,vivipary胚胎晚期丰富蛋白late embryogenesis abundant protein,LEA 胚胎发生embryogenesis胞间连丝plasmodesma 胞间层intercellular layer亲和性compatibility 亲和力affinity类胡萝卜素carotenoid类胡萝卜素途径carotenoid pathway 类囊体thylakoid前质体proplastid ,前馈活化feedforward activation逆境environmental stress逆境逃避stress avoidance逆境乙烯stress ethylene逆境蛋白stress protein逆境忍耐stress tolerance总光合速率gross photosynthetic rate 活化酶activase活性氧active oxygen ,染色体chromosome染色质chromatin染色单体chromatid 穿梭运动shuttle streaming诱导酶induced enzyme ,诱导性单性结实induced parthenocarpy昼夜节律circadian rhythm昼夜周期性daily periodicity结构酶constitutive enzyme结合态淀粉合成酶granule bound starch synthase结合蛋白binding protein绝对生长速率absolute growth rate,AGR十画顽拗性种子recalcitrant seed载体carrier载色体chromatophore 盐碱土saline and alkaline soil盐逆境蛋白salt stress protein盐溶清蛋白globulin 盐害salt injury热电偶thermocouple 热休克蛋白热激蛋白heat shock proteins,HSPs热害heat injury热力学thermodynamics莽草酸shikimic acid 真核生物eukaryote真核细胞eukaryotic cell真光合速率true photosynthetic rate 核基质nuclear matrix 核酮糖1,5 二磷酸ribuloseBF-1,5-bisphosphate,BFQ RuBP核酮糖1,5 二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶BFQ ribulose-1,5-bispho sphate carboxylase/oxygenase,Rubisco核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-phosphat e,Ru5P核酮糖-5-磷酸表异构酶ribulose-5-phosphat e epimerase核酮糖-5-磷酸激酶ribulose-5-phosphat e kinase,Ru5PK核小体nucleosome核仁nucleolus核质nucleoplasm核膜nuclear membrane 核糖=5-磷酸ribose-5-phosphate, R5P核糖-5-磷酸异构酶ribose-5-phosphate isomerase核糖体ribosome核液karyolymph核孔nuclear pore根压root pressure 根冠比root top ratio,R/T砾培gravel culture 原核生物prokaryote 原核细胞prokaryotic cell原果胶protopectin 原生质protoplasm原生质体protoplast 原初电子供体primary electron donor原初电子受体primary electron acceptor 1原初反应primary reaction原初主动运转primary active transport原发优势primigenic dominance配子体型不亲和gametophytic self incompatibility,GSI 致电泵electrogenic pump圆球体spherosome铁硫黄素蛋白iron sulfur flavoprotein 铁硫蛋白iron sulfur protein铁氧还蛋白ferredoxin,Fd铁氧还蛋白-NADP+还原酶ferredoxin-NADP+red uctase,FNR 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation氧自由基oxygen free radical氧饱和点oxygen saturation point1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸1-aminocyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid,ACC氨基酮戊酸aminolevulinic acid 氨基氧乙酸aminooxyacetic acid,AOA氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸aminoethoxyvinyl glycine,AVG缺绿症chlorosis敌草隆Diuron,DCMU 爱默生增益效应Emerson enhancement effect脂氧合酶lipoxygenase ,脂肪酸fatty acid胶体colloid胼胝质callose衰老senescence衰老相关基因senescence associated gene衰老特定基因senescence specific gene衰减期senescence phase高尔基体Golgi body 高效液相层析high performance liquid chromatography高温胁迫high temperature stress 病原菌disease producing germ病原相关蛋白pathogenesis related proteins,PRs ,病原物causal organism病害disease离区abscission zone 离层abscission layer 离子载体抑制剂ionophore depressant 离子颉颃ion antagonism离子交换ion exchange 离子通道ion channel 凋亡apoptosis凋亡小体apoptotic body涝害flood injury酒精发酵alcohol fermentation流动镶嵌模型fluid mosaic model被动运输passive transport被动吸水passive absorption of water 被动吸收passive absorption能荷energy charge 能量梯度energy gradient通道channel继代培养subculture 十一画堆叠区appressed region授粉pollination培养基medium接触态建成thigmomorphogenesis 接触交换contact exchange 基态ground state 基因组genomes基质matrix基质片层stroma lamella基质类囊体stroma thylakoid基粒granum基粒片层grana lamella基粒类囊体grana thylakoid基细胞basal cell 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide,FAD 黄素单核苷酸flavin mononucleotide,FMN 黄化现象etiolation 黄质醛xanthoxin , 萘基邻氨甲酰苯甲酸naphthyphthalamicacid萘氧乙酸naphthoxyacetic acid 萘乙酸naphthalene acetic acid,NAA ,萌发germination萝卜酰胺raphanusamide萝卜宁raphanusanin 萎蔫wilting菊芋素heliangint营养转移nutrient diversion营养生长vegetative growth营养膜技术nutrient film technique,NFT 梅勒反应Mehler's reaction副卫细胞subsidiary cell酚氧化酶phenol oxidase辅酶A coenzyme A,CoA 辅助色素accessory photosynthetic pigments悬浮培养suspension culture甜菜碱betaines第二信使second messenger敏感性sensitivity偶联因子coupling factor偶联部位coupled site 偏向受精preferential fertilization假环式光合磷酸化pseudocyclic photopho sphorylation 假环式电子传递pseudocyclic electron transport 脯氨酸proline,Pro ,脯氨酸甜菜碱prolinebetaine脱落abscission脱落素abscisin脱落酸abscisic acid,ABA脱支酶debranching enzyme脱分化dedifferentiation 脱羧作用decarboxylation阈时presentation time羟基丙酮酸还原酶hydroxypyruvate reductase羟脯氨酸hydroxyproline,Hyp 粘性plasticity粘附力adhesionJP 粗糙型内质网rough endoplasmic reticulum,RER JP烯醇化酶enolase液晶态liquid crystalline state 液泡膜tonoplast淀粉酶amylase淀粉磷酸化酶starch phosphorylase淀粉体amyloplast ,淀粉合成酶starch synthase淀粉粒starch grain 渗透势osmotic potential渗透吸水osmotic absorption of water 渗透作用osmosis渗透胁迫osmoticstress渗透调节osmotic adjustment寄主host寄主特异毒素host specific toxin密度density弹性胁变elastic strain蛋白磷酸酯酶protein phosphatase蛋白激酶protein kinase ,隐花植物cryptogamia 隐花色素cryptochrome ,维持呼吸maintenance respiration维管束鞘细胞bundle sheath cell,BSC绿色荧光蛋白green fluorescent protein 绿色硫细菌green sulfur bacteria十二画琥珀酸硫激酶succinic thiodinase 琥珀酸脱氢酶succinic dehydrogenase琥珀酸:泛醌氧化还原酶succinate:ubiquinon e oxidoreductase超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase,SOD颉颃作用antagonism 插入蛋白integral protein葡聚糖ployglucosan 葡萄糖-6-磷酸glucose-6-phosphate ,G6P葡萄糖6 磷酸脱氢酶glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase植醇phytol植物生长物质plant growth substance植物生长调节剂plant growth regulator植物激素plant hormone植物组织培养plant tissue culture植保素phytoalexin 硝酸还原酶nitrate reductase,NR硫氧还蛋白thioredoxin硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate硫脂sulpholipid硫辛酸lipoic acid 雄性素androecious line雄性生殖单位male gerem unit,MGU暂时萎蔫temporary wilting紫黄质violaxanthin 紫外线诱导蛋白UV induced protein紫色硫细菌purple sulfur bacteria紫色非硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria 量子需要量quantum requirememt量子效率quantum efficiency量子产额quantum yield喷灌spray irrigation 景天科酸代谢crassulacean acidbolism,CAM景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸sedoheptulose-1,7-b isphosphate,SBP景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酯酶sedoheptulose-1,7-b isphosphate phosphatase,SBPase景天庚酮糖-7-磷酸sedoheptulose-7-pho sphate,S7P蛭石栽培vermiculaponics短日植物short-day plant短长日植物short-long day plant 氰化物cyanide氯丁唑多效唑,PP333, paclobutrazol4-氯吲哚乙酸4-chloroindole-3-ac etic acid氯氟代烃chlorofluorocarbous 2-氯乙基膦酸2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid稀土元素rare earth element筛管sieve tube筛管装载sieve loading筛管分子sieve element筛管分子伴胞复合体sieve element companion cell,CC 集光色素light harvesting pigment 集体效应group effect集流mass flow焦磷酸磷酸果糖激酶pyrophosphate phosphofructokinase 湿害waterlogging温周期现象thermoperiodicity 温度补偿点temperature compensation point 游离型生长素free auxin 270富含羟脯氨酸的糖蛋白hydroxyproline rich glycoprotein,HRGP强迫休眠epistotic dormancy十三画蓝光效应blue light effect蒸气压梯度vapor pressure gradient蒸腾拉力transpirational pull 蒸腾速率transpiration rate 蒸腾作用transpiration蒸腾系数transpiration coefficient蒸腾效率transpiration ratio 蒸腾流-内聚力-张力学说transpiration-cohes ion tension theory 蒸发vaporizationα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体α-ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase complex酪氨酸酶tyrosinase感震性seismonasty 感受perception感受蛋白sensor protein感夜性nyctinasty感性运动nastic movement感温性thermonasty4-碘苯氧乙酸4-iodo phenoxy acetic acid 雾培spray culture 暗呼吸dark respiration暗反应dark reaction 跨膜蛋白transmembrane protein蜂蜡醇myricylalcohol嵴cristae锯木培sawdust culture 矮壮素氯化氯胆碱chlorocholine chloride,CCC微量元素minorelement微团micell微管microtubule 微管蛋白tubulin 微体microbody微注射法microinjection technique微梁系统microtrabecular system微纤丝microfibril 微丝microfilament 愈伤组织callus腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphatase,ATPase腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase解偶联剂uncoupler 新黄质neoxanthin2 羧基3 酮基阿拉伯糖醇1,5 二磷酸2-carboxy-3-ketoara binitol-1,5-bispho sphate2 羧基D 阿拉伯糖醇1 磷酸2-carboxy-D-arabini tol1phosphate羧化效率carboxylation efficiency羧化阶段carboxylation phase 塑性胁变plastic strain源source源-库单位source-sink unit源强source strength 溶酶体lysosome溶质势solute potential溶胶sol溶液培养法solution culture method叠氮化物azide十四画聚光色素复合体light harvesting pigment complex蔗糖磷酸磷酸酯酶sucrose phosphate phosphatase蔗糖磷酸合成酶sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS蔗糖-质子共运输蛋白sucrose-H+symporter,蔗糖合成酶sucrose synthase,SS碱土alkaline soil碳酸酐酶carbonic anhydrase,CA碳同化carbon dioxide assimilation酶联免疫吸附检测法enzyme linked immunoso rbent assay 酶复合体enzyme complex 198酶放大的免疫鉴定法enzyme amplified immunoassay酸生长理论acid growth theory酸化作用acidification需水量water requirement雌蕊pistil 雌雄同株同花植物hermaphroditic plant 雌雄同株异花植物monoecious plant雌雄异株植物dioecious plant雌性生殖单位female germ unit雌性系gynoeciousline锻炼hardening膜动转运cytosis膜不饱和脂肪酸指数unsaturated fatty acid index膜片钳patch clamp,PC 膜间空间intermembrane space 腐胺putrescine精胺spermine漫灌wild flooding irrigation滴灌drip irrigation 滴漏式hourglass寡霉素oligomycin寡糖素oligosaccharin缩合酶condensing enzyme十五画增效作用synergism 醇溶谷蛋白prolamin 潜在库强potential sink strength缬氨霉素valinomycin 十六画操纵子operon燕麦试法avena test 薄层层析thin layer chromatography整形素morphactin整合integration醛缩酶aldolase膨压turgor pressure 膨压素turgorins膨压运动turgor movement凝聚condensation凝集素lectins凝胶gel糖酵解glycolysis糖脂glycolipid激素受体hormone receptor激动素kinetin,KT 激发态excited state 激发子elicitor激子传递exciton transfer十七画磷酸运转器pi translocator,PT3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶3-phosphoglyceralde hyde dehydrogenase 磷酸甘油酸phosphoglycerate,PGA磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutas e磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglyceric kinase,PGK磷酸葡萄糖酸phosphogluconate6-磷酸葡萄糖酸内酯6-phosphogluconolac tone6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase 磷酸蔗糖合成酶sucrose phosphate synthetase,SPS 磷酸丙糖运转器triose phosphate translocator磷酸丙糖异构酶phosphotrioseisomer ase磷酸酯酶phosphatase 磷酸水解酶phosphorhydrolase 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸phosphoenolpyruvate ,PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPC 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶PEP carboxykinase磷酸乙醇酸磷酸脂酶phosphoglycolate phosphatase磷酸己糖异构酶phosphohexoseisomer ase磷光phosphorescence 磷脂phospholipid磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycero l磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidylcholine 磷脂酰肌醇phosphatidylinosito l,PI磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanol amine磷脂酰丝氨酸phosphatidylserine 磷脂酶phos pholipase 十九画藻蓝蛋白phycocyanin 藻胆素phycobilin 藻红蛋白phycoerythrin 二十二画囊腔lumen__。

泛读第三册课文翻译

泛读第三册课文翻译

泛读第三册课文翻译第一单元第一篇脐带血:未来的干细胞研究吗?明尼苏达大学的研究人员最近宣布,他们能够在很大程度上扭转中风影响在实验室老鼠发现利用干细胞培育人类脐带血中。

在实验中,进行低神经科沃特和他的同事们,移植的干细胞特性的脑细胞了,似乎刺激大鼠的大脑“负责”自己。

研究人员几乎完全愈合后48小时的大鼠动物持续大脑损伤。

通常医生需要三个小时内行动治疗中风病人人类成功。

脐带血细胞移植是一种治疗已成为一般为血液病。

现在科学家们喜欢低发现干细胞从脐带blood-once的思想只能变成血可能是能够生长成其他类型的细胞。

(见《华夏地理》杂志的特征科学的干细胞和周围的争议。

) 先进铸造脐带血,此前视为医学废料在分娩后,一个新的视角。

虽然专家们对未来感到乐观的脐带血来源为新的干细胞疗法,他们也不同意关于这可能保命的资源应该如何处理。

一个吸引人的干细胞的来源目前尚不清楚是否治疗的研究团队使用低的老鼠身上会是安全的,也在人体上的效果。

但许多人与其他危及生命安全的疾病已经痊愈收集这容易的干细胞来源。

今天医生使用脐带血细胞治疗大约70的疾病,大部分贫血或血液系统肿瘤,如白血病或淋巴瘤)。

方法将免疫diseases-like患者重症联合免疫缺陷,俗称男孩也回应了泡沫Disease-have脐带血治疗。

“[脐带血干细胞]可以用来代替失败的血细胞,\他解释Kristine Gebbie教授、护理位于纽约的哥伦比亚大学。

全球六千例治疗脐带血干细胞移植到目前为止,尽管美国食品与药品管理局仍然认为实验的程序。

为治疗,医生通常会获得脐带血的志愿捐赠从胎盘生后。

血是库存的那几个公共登记处。

如果供者的和耐心不是足够的基因相似,病人的身体会拒绝输血。

结果可能是致命的。

“一个战争继续[差、供受体细胞],而你想要捐赠(细胞)来取得胜利,”玛丽说劳克林专家脐带血移植的凯斯西储大学的教授在俄亥俄州。

但脐带血移植是更包容比其他的过程,如骨髓移植,如果供者的不是一个最好的遗传的比赛。

进出口货物名称中英对照(92)

进出口货物名称中英对照(92)

demi-double thickness window glass 中厚窗玻璃 demi-lustre yarn 半有光⽑纱 demi-mousseline 细薄平布或条⼦布 demi-tasse spoon ⼩咖啡杯匙 demi-tasse ⼩咖啡杯 demijohn ⼩颈⼤瓶 demimini 超超短裙 demineralizer 去除矿物质器 demineralizing equipment 除盐装置 demiostage 有光呢 demister pad 破沫器 demister 去雾器 demittons 厚重棉织物 demixer 分层器 demoder 解码器 demodulating equipment 解调装置 demodulating repeater 解调中继器 demodulator amplifier 解调放⼤器 demodulator filter 解调滤波器 demodulator of frequency shift signal 移频信号解调器 demodulator probe 检波头 demodulator 解调器 demolition tool 捣碎机 demonstrating oscillograph 演⽰⽤⽰波器 demonstration eyepiece 指⽰⽬镜 Demosan 地茂散 demountable tube 可拆管 demoxepam 地莫西泮 demoxytocin 去氨缩宫素 demulcent 润肠药 demulsibility tester 破乳化性试验器 demulsifier 破乳化器 demulsifying compound 抗乳化剂 demultiplex filter 多路分解滤波器 demultiplexer 多路分离器 demultiplier 倍减器 Denapon 西维因杀⾍剂 denatonium benzoate 地那铵苯甲酸盐 denatured rubber 变性橡⽪ denaverine 地那维林 Denco 丹可牌⼿表 Dendara 丹达拉棉 dendrobium stem ⽯斛 dendrocalamus affinis ⿇⽵ dendrocalamus giganteus ⼤⿇⽵ dendrocalamus latiflorus 阔花⿇⽵ Denera 地纳拉牌⼿表 denieroscope 纤度试验仪 denim pants 劳动布裤 denim 劳动布 denitrated collodion 脱硝基⽕棉胶 denitrator 脱硝器 denitrifier 脱氧剂 denitromethane ⼆硝甲烷 Denmark satin 丹麦缎纹呢 Dennis 丹尼斯牌消防汽车 dense bronze 致密青铜 dense firebrick 致密耐⽕砖 dense flint 重⽕⽯玻璃 dense pile velvet ⾼经密乔绒 dense wood 密纹⽊材 densener 压紧器 densi-tensimeter 密度-张⼒计 densified laminated wood ⾼密层压⽊板 densifier 增密器 densilog instrument 密度测井仪 densimeter 密度计 densitometer 密度计 density balance ⽐重天平 density bottle 密度测定瓶 density control valve 密度控制阀 density controller 密度控制器 density gauge 密度计 density indicating meter 密度指⽰计 density indicator 密度指⽰器 density interferometer 密度⼲涉仪 density logger 密度测井仪 density measuring instrument 密度计量仪 density meter 密度计 density recorder 密度记录器 density type analyzer 密度分析仪 densometer 感光测定计 dental pump chair 油泵⽛科椅 dental abrasive ⽛科磨料 dental alloy powder 补齿合⾦粉末 dental alloy 补齿合⾦ dental amalgam ⽛科⽤汞合⾦ dental basin ⽛科漱⼝盆 dental bone file ⽛⾻锉 dental cement ⽛科粘合剂 dental chair oil pump ⽛科椅油泵 dental chair ⽛科治疗椅 dental chisel ⽛⾻凿 dental cream ⽛膏 dental electric engine ⽛科电机 dental enamel powder ⽛釉粉 dental engine 钻⽛机 dental equipment unit 全套⽛科治疗机 dental equipment ⽛科设备 dental floss ⽛科⽤纯丝线 dental forceps 拔⽛钳 dental gold 镶⽛⽤⾦合⾦ dental graduated probe ⽛科刻度探针 dental impression material ⽛齿印模材料 dental instrument and equipment ⽛科机械及设备 dental instrument ⽛科器材 dental laboratory lathe ⽛科技⼯打磨机 dental lacquer ⽛齿光洁剂 dental mastic ⽛齿胶粘剂 dental material and laboratory appliance ⽛科材料及技⼯⽤具 dental motor ⽛科电动机 dental pincette ⽛钳 dental plate 假⽛床 dental porcelain ⽛科瓷 dental powder ⽛粉 dental reflector ⼝镜 dental stainless steel wire ⽛⽤不锈钢丝 dental stool ⽛医凳 dental surgeon's chair 医⽣坐椅 dental syringe needle ⽛科注射针 dental syringe ⽛科注射器 dental unit ⽛科治疗机 dental wheel ⽛科砂轮 dental X-ray film ⽛科X光软⽚ dental X-ray unit ⽛科X光机 dental X-ray with patient seat ⽛科X光机附座椅 dentelle de la sorciere 丝眼纱 dentelle des indes 抽绣 dentelle net 花边图案粗眼窗纱 dentifrice ⽛粉 dentist's armchair ⽛医⽤扶⼿椅 dentizing nail 补⽛钉 dentizing strip 补⽛条 denture acrylic ⽛托粉 denture polish 假⽛擦光剂 denture soaker 假⽛浸洗剂 denture 假⽛ deodorant cream ⽌臭膏 deodorant lotion 祛臭化妆⽔ deodorant powder 祛臭粉 deodorant soap 除臭肥皂 deodorant spray 祛臭喷雾剂 deodorant stick 祛臭锭 deodorant 除臭剂 deodoriser 除臭器 deodorizer 除臭器 deoiled wax 脱油蜡 deoiler 去油器 deoscillator energy disperser 减振器 deoscillator 阻尼器 deoxidant 胶氧剂 deoxidation water tank 脱氧⽔箱 deoxidiser 脱氧剂 deoxidized bronze 脱氧青铜 deoxidized copper 脱氧铜 deoxidized steel 脱氧钢 deoxidizer 除氧剂 deoxidizing agent 脱氧剂 deoxo-filter 去氧过滤器 deoxycholic acid 去氧胆酸 deoxygenated water 脱氧⽔ deoxygenator 脱氧器 dependable crystal filter 恒特性⽔晶滤波器 depentanizer 戊烷馏除塔 dephlegmation tower 分馏塔 dephlegmator 分馏塔 dephosphorized pig iron 去磷⽣铁 depilated hide 脱⽑畜⽪ depilating machine 脱⽑机 depilating powder 脱⽑粉 depilator 脱⽑机 depilatory cream 脱⽑霜 depilatory paste 脱⽑膏 depilatory wax 脱⽑蜡 depilatory 脱⽑剂 depiler 装料台 depiling crane 叠板卸垛吊车 depinker 抗爆剂 depithing machine 除髓机 deplete semiconductor 耗尽型半导体 depolarizer 消偏振镜 depolymerizator 解聚器 depolymerizing furnace 裂解炉 deponit TTS 贴保宁膜剂 deposit chamber 沉淀槽 deposit gauge 沉淀测量仪 deposited copper 沉积铜 deposited metal 熔敷⾦属 deposited-carbon resistor 炭膜电阻 depositing tank 沉淀槽 deposition burner 沉淀燃烧器 depository dish 储藏盒 depositum urinae praeparatum 淡秋⽯ depressant 抑制剂 depressed centre flat wagon 凹底车 depressing machine 踏平机 depression tank 减压箱 depressuring valve 减压阀 depressurizer 减压器 deprodone 地泼罗酮 deproteinized rubber 除蛋⽩橡胶 depth adjuster 深度调节器 depth calibrator 深度测量仪 depth calliper 深度卡规 depth dial gauge 度盘式深度机 depth finder 测深计 depth gauge micrometer 深度测微器 depth gauge 深度规 depth index 深度计 depth indicator 深度指⽰器 depth measurement meter 测深仪 depth micrometer 深度千分尺 depth recorder 深度记录仪 depth regulator cultivator 深度调节耕作机 depth sampler 深⽔采样器 depth sounder 测深计 depth telemeter 深度遥测仪 depth vernier caliper 深度游标卡尺 depth vernier gage 深度游标尺 depth-current recorder 深层⾃记海流计 depth-sounding pipe 测深管 depthometer 深度计 deptropine 地普托品 depurator 净化器 deq lozenge tablet 得益⽚ dequalinium chloride 地喹氯铵 derail indicator 脱轨指⽰器 derailer 脱轨器 derailing point 脱轨转辙器 derator 充⽓机 Deraup oscillator 德劳振荡器 Derbent rug 德本特地毯 Derby freezer 得贝牌电冰柜 derby hat 常礼帽 derby shoes 有掩绑绳鞋 Derby 德⽐牌汽车 Deri motor 德⾥电动机 Deri repulsion motor 德⾥推斥式电动机 deriband 漂⽩印度棉布 deriming heater 解冻加热器 derivative fibre 衍⽣纤维 derived type filter 推演式滤波器 derivometer 测偏仪 dermal needle ⽪肤针 dermateen 漆布 dermatitis adhesive plaster ⽪炎灵膏药 dermatome 植⽪⼑ dermatonosis grenz ray unit X线⽪肤病治疗机 Dermitron ⾼频电流测镀层厚度计 dermovate 特美肤 Derosal 多菌灵 derrick barge 浮式起重机 derrick block 提升滑轮 derrick boat 起重船 derrick boom rest 吊杆托架 derrick boom 吊杆 derrick brace 井架斜拉筋 derrick car 汽车起重车 derrick cargo truck 随车起重运输车 derrick crab 动臂起重机 derrick crane 斜撑式起重机 derrick fall 吊货索 derrick floor 钻台 derrick guy 吊杆稳索 derrick head cargo block 吊杆头起货滑车 derrick kingpost 起重桅杆 derrick leg 井架⽀腿 derrick lighter 起重驳。

进出口专业英语词汇(D3)

进出口专业英语词汇(D3)

进出口专业英语词汇(D3)diplogen 氚Diplomat 外交家牌汽车Diplomata 外交家牌汽车diplopiometer 复视计dipole oscillator 双极振荡器dipolymer reactor 二聚反应器diponium bromide 地泼溴铵dipotassium clorazepate 氯卓酸钾dipotassium tartrate 酒石酸二钾dipotassium tetraborate 四硼酸钾dipped electrode 手涂焊条dipped hosiery 染色的原色针织物dipper arm 铲斗柄dipper door 铲斗底门dipper dredge 铲斗挖泥机dipper shovel 杓斗铲dipper stick 水位指示机dipper 铲斗dipping coil primary means 电磁式检测设备dipping coil 浸渍线圈dipping compass 磁倾仪dipping counter 浸液计数器dipping detector 浸液探测器dipping needle 磁倾针dipping refractometer 浸液折射计dipping switch 变光器开关diprofene 地普罗芬dipropalin 胺乐灵除草剂dipropenyl 联丙烯基dipropetryn 杀草净diprophylline 二羟丙茶碱dipropyl amine 二丙胺dipropyl lead 二丙基铅dipropyl phthalate 邻苯二甲酸二丙酯dipropyl sebacate 癸二酸二丙酯dipropyl sulfide 二丙硫醚dipropyl sulfone 二丙砜dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether 二丙二醇单甲醚dipropylene glycol 二缩二丙二醇diproqualone 地普喹酮Dipry 迪普赖聚丙烯纺丝成网非织造布dipterex 敌百虫Diptox 百砜混剂dipyridamole tablet 潘生丁片dipyridamole 潘生丁dipyrithione 双硫氧吡啶dipyrocetyl 地匹乙酯diquat dibromide 敌草快diquat 敌草快Diram 福美铵direct act engine 直接式发动机direct acting pump 直接联动泵direct acting regulator 直接作用式调节器direct acting type recording ammeter 直接作用式记录安培计direct acting type recording voltmeter 直接作用式记录伏特计direct acting type recording wattmeter 直接作用式记录瓦特计direct acting type regulator 直接作用式调节器direct acting valve 直接操纵阀direct action pressure controller 直接作用式压力控制器direct action temperature regulator 直接作用式温度调节器direct admission valve 快动制动阀direct air injection die-casting machine 直接气压推动式压铸机direct analog computer 直接模拟计算机direct arc furnace 直接电弧炉direct bearing 导向轴承direct black 直接黑direct blue 直接靛兰direct bordeaux 直接枣红direct broadcasting satellite television receiver 卫星直播电视接收机direct brown 直接棕direct cabling machine 直接并捻机direct capacitance meter 直接容量器direct clutch 直接离合器direct condenser 回流冷凝器direct contact condenser 混合式凝汽器direct contact feed heater 直接给水加热器direct contact heat exchanger 混合式热交换器direct contact heater 直接接触式加热器direct contact spray type attemperator 直接喷水减温器direct cooling refrigerator 直冷式冰箱direct copper blue 直接铜蓝direct dark green 直接墨绿direct deep black 直接深黑direct diazo black 直接重氮黑direct digital computer 直接数字计算机direct digital control computer 直接数字控制计算机direct digital controller 直接数字控制仪direct digital frequency synthesizer 直接式数字频率合成器direct digital laser logger 直接数字激光测井仪direct distillation gasoline 直馏汽油direct drive video magnetic drum 直接驱动视频磁鼓direct dye 直接染料direct evaporator 直接蒸发器direct fast black 直接耐晒黑direct fast blue 直接耐晒蓝direct fast brilliant yellow 直接耐晒嫩黄direct fast brown 直接耐晒棕direct fast dye 直接耐晒染料direct fast grey 直接耐晒灰direct fast light yellow 直接耐晒嫩黄direct fast pink 直接耐晒桃红direct fast red 直接耐晒红direct fast scarlet 直接耐晒大红direct fast turquoise blue 直接耐晒天蓝direct fast yellow 直接耐晒黄direct feed evaporator 直接进料蒸发器direct focussing finder 直接聚焦取景器direct frequency synthesizer 直接式频率合成器direct gasoline 直接分馏汽油direct green 直接绿direct grey 直接灰direct heat exchanger 直接换热器direct heat type thermistor 直热式热敏电阻direct illuminating lamp 直射灯direct impact amplifier 对冲式放大器direct injection engine 直接喷油式发动机direct injection shoes-making machine 直接注射制鞋机direct laryngoscope 直接喉镜direct lithographic rotary machine 直接平印轮转机direct nuclear pumped laser 直接核抽运激光器direct online processor 直接联机处理机direct operated proportional relief valve 直动比例安全阀direct orange 直接橙direct photodetection receiver 直接光电探测接收器direct pick-up camera 直接摄取式摄像机direct pink 直接桃红direct point repeater 直接点转发器direct pressure hot-chamber machine 直接加压的热室压铸机direct pressure press 压型机direct radiation type loudspeaker 直接幅射式扬声器direct read-out image dissector 直接发送图像分析器direct read-out infrared radiometer 直接发送红外辐射仪direct reading calculator 直读式计算器direct reading current meter 直读式电流仪direct reading direction finder 直读式测向器direct reading distortion meter 直读式失真分析器direct reading dosimeter 直读式剂量仪direct reading emission spectrometer 直读发射光谱仪direct reading flow velocity and direction meter 直读式流速流向仪direct reading frequency meter 直读频率计direct reading indicator 直读式指示器direct reading meter 直读式仪表direct reading ohmmeter 直读式电阻表direct reading phase analyzer 直读式相位分析仪direct reading pulse recurrence frequency generator 直读式脉冲重复频率发生器direct reading reflector meter 直读式反射仪direct reading spectrograph 直读光谱分析仪direct reading spectrometer 直读式分光计direct reading tachometer 直读式转速表direct reading thermometer 直读式温度计direct recording apparatus 直接记录设备direct recording facsimile equipment 直接记录传真设备direct red brown 直接红棕direct red 直接红direct reversing engine 直接逆转式发动机direct rolling mill 无锭轧机direct rose 直接玫瑰红direct scarlet 直接大红direct screen camera 直接加网分色照相机direct selector 直接选择器direct shadow set up 阴影仪direct shear apparatus 直接剪切仪direct sky blue 直接天蓝direct spinning machine 直接纺丝机direct stress fatigue machine 直接应力疲劳试验机direct tan 直接棕黄direct through-connection equipment 直通连接设备direct translator 声谱显示仪direct type duplicator 直接复印机direct viewfinder 直观寻像器direct viewing kinescope 直视显像管direct viewing tube 直观显像管direct viewing type ultrasonic thickness gauge 直观式超声波厚度计direct violet 直接青莲direct vision finder 正视取景镜direct vision spectroscope 直视分光镜direct vision viewfinder 直视取景器direct wave height recorder 直达波高仪direct writing electrocardiograph 直记式心电图仪direct writing electromagnetic oscillograph 直接记录式电磁示波器direct writing recorder 直接记录器direct yellow 直接黄direct-acting engine 直接传动式发动机direct-acting steam pump 直动蒸汽泵direct-arc heating furnace 直接电弧加热炉direct-axis 纵轴direct-connected turbine 直接传动式涡轮机direct-connected turbo-generator 直接驱动涡轮发电机direct-contact desuperheater 喷水减温器direct-cooled piston 直接冷却式活塞direct-coupled amplifier 直接耦合放大器direct-coupled bistable multivibrator 直接耦合多谐振荡器direct-coupled driver triode 直接耦合激励三极管direct-coupled flip-flop 直接耦合式双稳态触发器direct-coupled power amplifier 直接耦合功率放大管direct-coupled transistor amplifier 直接耦合晶体管放大器direct-coupled twin triode 直接耦合双三极管direct-current electrodynamometer 直流电动功率计direct-current exciter 直流励磁机direct-current generator 直流发电机direct-current indicator 直流指示器direct-current meter transformer 直流仪表用变压器direct-current ringer 直流振铃器direct-drive engine 直接传动式发动机direct-drive machine 直接传动机器direct-drive turbine 直接传动式涡轮机direct-driven pump 直接驱动泵direct-driven supply pump 直接驱动供应泵direct-entry phototypesetter 直接输入照排机direct-fired boiler 直吹式制粉锅炉direct-fired generator 直燃式发生器direct-fired lithiumbromide absorption refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct-fired mill 直吹式制粉系统磨煤机direct-indirect heat cylindrical drier 转筒式直接-间接加热干燥机direct-injection diesel engine 直射式柴油机direct-on starter 直接启动器direct-on-line starter 直接起动器direct-operated relief valve 直接作用式安全阀direct-spun yarn 丝束直纺纱direct-view kinescope 直观显像管directing plate 引导板direction controller 方向控制器direction detector 探向仪direction finder 测向仪direction gauge 测角计direction indicator for vehicle 车辆方向指示器direction indicator 方向指示器direction meter 无线电测向器direction post 指向牌direction rectifier 方向整流器direction safeguard valve 转向安全保护阀direction theodolite 方向经纬仪direction valve 方向阀direction-finder antenna 测向天线direction-finder set 测向机direction-finding antenna 测向天线direction-finding apparatus 测向仪direction-finding compass 测向罗盘direction-finding device 测向装置direction-finding receiver 测向接收机direction-listening device 声波定向器directional antenna 定向天线directional comparison carrier relay 方向比较载波继电器directional comparison microwave relay 方向比较微波继电器directional control valve 方向控制阀directional coupler 定向耦合器directional detector 方向探测器directional distance relay 定向距离继电器directional filter 方向滤波器directional float tray 浮舌塔盘directional ground relay 定向接地继电器directional gyro 定向陀螺仪directional gyroscope 定向陀螺仪directional HF antenna 定向高频天线directional hydrophone 定向水听器directional impedance relay 定向阻抗继电器directional microphone 定向传声器directional overcurrent relay 定向过流继电器directional phase shifter 定向移相器directional power meter 定向功率计directional power relay 定向功率继电器directional receiver 定向接收机directional relay 定向继电器directional silicon steel strip 各向异性硅钢片directional valve 方向阀directional variable microphone 方向可变麦克风directional wattmeter 定向瓦特表directional-type tricone bit 定向型三牙轮钻头directly-fed coil 直馈式线圈director coil 指示器线圈director fault diagnosis tester 指挥仪故障诊断仪director simulation circuit board tester 指挥仪仿真电路板检测仪director telescope 光学瞄准器director valve 导向阀director 导向器Direz 敌菌灵dirigible balloon 可操纵气球dirigible fabric 气球布dirndl apron 装饰用围裙dirndl 紧身连衫裙dirt catcher 滤尘器dirt collector 吸尘器dirt dispersion agent 阻垢分散剂dirt oil pump 污油泵dirt proof sleeve 防污套dirt separator 除污器dirt tub 污物桶dirt wagon 垃圾车dirt-trap 集尘器dirty oil 污油dirty ship 重油船dirty tanker 原油油轮disalicylidene ethylenediamine 双水扬醛缩乙二胺Disan 地散磷除草剂disappearing fibre 溶解性纤维disappearing-filament optical pyrometer 热丝掩盖式光测高温计disappearing-filament pyrometer 热丝掩盖式光测高温计disazo dyestuff 二重氮化染料disc arrester 圆盘式避雷器disc atomizer 圆盘式雾化器disc attenuator 圆盘形衰减器disc balling machine 圆盘造球机disc brake 圆盘闸disc breaker 盘式压破机disc camera 转盘式照相机disc capacitor 圆盘形电容器disc ceramic capacitor 盘状瓷介电容器disc ceramic trimmer 圆片形微调瓷介电容器disc clutch 圆盘离合器disc comparator 转盘比色器disc coulter 圆盘犁刀disc coupling 圆盘联轴器disc crank 圆盘形曲柄disc crusher 盘磨机disc cultivator 圆盘式碎土机disc curler 圆盘卷边机disc cutter 盘形铣刀disc DC motor 盘式直流电动机disc discharger 盘式放电器disc dryer 圆盘干燥器disc electrometer 盘式静电计disc emery wheel 切割砂轮disc evaporator 盘式蒸发器disc exhauster 转盘式排气箱disc feeder 盘式加料机disc filter 盘式过滤机disc finishing machine 圆盘磨光机disc friction press 圆盘摩擦压力机disc furrower 圆盘开沟铲disc gauge 圆盘规disc grinder 盘磨机disc harrow 圆片耙disc heat interchanger 盘式换热器disc memory 盘式存储器disc mill tool 盘形铣刀disc mill 圆盘粉碎机disc milling cutter 盘形铣刀disc mixer 盘式搅拌器disc notching machine 圆盘切口机disc of pump 泵轮disc oiled bearing 圆盘注油轴承disc pack 磁盘部件disc plate 圆板disc plough 圆盘犁disc polisher 圆盘抛光机disc pulverizer 盘式粉磨机disc record 唱盘disc recorder 唱片录音机disc rotor 圆盘转子disc ruling machine 圆盘划线机disc saw 圆锯disc scanner 析像盘disc shape gear milling cutter 盘形齿轮铣刀disc shape gear shaping tool 盘形插齿刀disc shape straight teeth gear shaping cutter 盘形直齿插齿刀disc shredder 盘式切碎机disc shutter 圆盘式遮光器disc signal 圆盘信号机disc slicer 圆盘切片机disc spring 盘簧disc straw cutter 圆盘切草机disc surface grinder 圆盘平面磨床disc thermistor 盘形热敏电阻器disc unit 磁盘机disc valve 盘形阀disc wheel for steel wire needle sharpening 磨钢丝针用薄片砂轮disc wheel press 盘轮装压机disc wheel 碟形砂轮disc with outer teeth 带外齿的圆盘disc-bowl type centrifuge 盘碗离心机disc-operated minicomputer 磁盘操作微型计算机disc-pelletizer mixer 盘式造球混料机disc-type centrifugal separator 圆盘式离心分离器disc-type decoiler 盘式开卷机disc-type decorticator 圆盘式剥壳机disc-type electric motor 盘式电动机disc-type filter 片式滤清器disc-type guillotine shears 圆刀剪板机disc-type lightning arrester 盘形避雷器disc-type magnetic separator 盘式磁选机disc-type pelletizing machine 盘式造球机disc-type slag eliminator 圆盘除渣机disc-type transistor 盘式晶体管discharge bucket 卸料斗discharge check ball 出口止回球discharge chute 出料槽discharge connection 出口接管discharge counter 放电记数管discharge fan 单向排气扇discharge filter 排气过滤器discharge gauge 放电真空计discharge hopper 卸料斗discharge lamp 放电灯discharge line valve 排气管线阀discharge pipe 排水管discharge pump 排水泵discharge recording paper 放电记录纸discharge tongs 放电叉discharge tube rectifier 放电管整流器discharge tube 卸料管discharge valve cover 放泄阀盖discharge valve seat 放泄阀座discharge valve spindle 放泄阀轴discharge valve 排出阀discharge water valve 放水阀discharge-type ball valve 卸荷式球阀discharger 放电器discharging car 卸料车discharging choke coil 放电扼流圈discharging machine 出料机discharging resistor 放电电阻器discharging rod 放电棒discharging tube 放电管disco light 迪斯科灯Disco loom 迪斯科无梭织带机discolorous clinquefoil root 翻白草discompressor 减压器disconnecting apparatus and disengaging gear 折卸器械disconnecting gear for crank 曲柄分离装置disconnecting protective panel 断电保护屏disconnecting switch 切断开关disconnecting valve 截止阀disconnector release 拆线器disconnector 隔离开关discontact-type wave probe 非接触式浪高仪discontinuous amplifier 不连续放大器discontinuous detector 不连续检测器discontinuous dipmeter 不连续记录地层倾角仪discontinuous fin type radiator 间断翅片式散热器discontinuous metallic filament 金属短纤维discontinuous pasteurizer 间歇式巴氏杀菌器discontinuous sterilizer 间歇杀菌器discovery ship 探险船discrete component amplifier 分立元件放大器discrete component 分立元件discrete device 分立器件discrete material 松散材料discrete passivated epitaxial transistor 分立钝化外延晶体管discrete planar epitaxial device 分立平面外延器件discrete sample analyser 分散采样分析器discrete semiconductor device 分立的半导体器件discrete transistor 分立式晶体管discrimination selector 鉴别选择器discriminator transformer 鉴频变压器discriminator tube 鉴频管discriminator 鉴别器discus 铁饼disengaging clutch 脱开式离合器disengaging coupling 离合联轴节disengaging device operating lever 分离机构操纵杆disengaging device push rod 分离机构推杆disengaging fork lever 分离叉杆disengaging gear for shaft 轮轴分离装置disengaging gear 齿轮离合器disengaging latch 分离键disengaging lever 分离杆disengaging rod 分离杆disengaging shaft 分离轴dish antenna 抛物面天线dish brake 盘式制动器dish brush 碟刷dish cloth 抹布dish cover 盘罩dish crusher 圆盘式破碎机dish filter 盘式过滤机dish plate 碟形板dish towel 擦盘巾dish vacuum filter 碟式真空吸滤机dish washing detergent 餐具洗涤剂dish wheel 碟形砂轮dish 碟dishdasha 至踝衬衫disher mill 圆盘形穿孔机dishing press 车轮轮辐压弯机dishware 容器dishwasher 洗碟机disilane 乙硅烷disiloxane 二甲硅醚disincrustant 除垢剂disinfectant apparatus 消毒器disinfectant detergent powder 消毒洗衣粉disinfectant fluid 消毒水disinfectant soap 消毒皂disinfectant 消毒剂disinfecting apparatus 消毒器械disinfecting medicament and appararus for silkworm 蚕用消毒药剂及用具disinfecting paper 消毒纸disinfection and disinsectization vehicle 消毒杀虫车disinfector 消毒器disintegrating mill 碎磨机disintegrating nozzle 雾化喷嘴disintegrator 粉碎机disjunctor 分离器disk agitator 圆盘搅拌器disk armature 盘形电枢disk brake 圆盘制动器disk breaker 圆盘式破碎机disk brushing machine 碟式刷洗机disk centrifuge 盘式离心机disk ceramic capacitor 盘式陶瓷电容器disk chuck 花盘disk coalcutter 盘式截煤机disk coil 盘状线圈disk conveyer 圆盘式输送机disk crusher 圆盘式轧碎机disk cultivator 圆盘式碎土机disk cutter 圆盘式切割机disk emery cloth 圆盘磨光轮disk engine 盘式活塞发动机disk feeder 盘形加料器disk file 磁盘存储器disk grinder 盘式研磨机disk grizzly 圆盘筛disk harrow 圆盘耙disk indicator 盘式指示器disk memory 磁盘存储器disk meter 圆盘计量器disk mill 盘式磨粉机disk plough 圆盘犁disk printer 圆盘打印机disk pulper 圆盘打浆机disk refiner 圆盘精研机disk reproducer 留声机disk saw 圆锯disk scarifier 圆盘松土耕种机disk separator 圆盘式分离机disk signalling 圆盘信号机disk spaced cable 盘状绝缘电缆disk spring 盘簧disk stirrer 圆盘搅拌器disk storage 磁盘存储器disk telescope 日轮望远镜disk thermistor 盘形热敏电阻器disk type breaker 盘式压破机disk type decorticator 圆盘式剥壳机disk type gear shaper cutter 盘形插齿刀disk type gear shaving cutter 盘形剃齿刀disk type magnetic separator 盘式磁选机disk type milling cutter sharpening machine 盘式铣刀刃磨床disk unit 磁盘机disk valve 盘形阀disk wall liner hanger 盘形井壁衬管悬挂器disk wall packer 盘形井壁封隔器disk water meter 圆盘形水表disk weeder 圆盘式除草机disk wheel 盘形砂轮disk 磁盘disk-flow condenser 淋盘式凝汽器disk-seal tube 盘封管disk-type tape 盘式磁带diskette holder 磁盘盒diskette storage box 磁盘存储盒diskette 软磁盘diskfax 磁盘传真机dismantled plate restoring spring 拆卸板回位弹簧dismantling device 拆装工具dismantling key 拆装用扳手dismantling pliers 剥线钳dismutation furnace 歧化炉disobutamide 地索布胺disodium cromoglicate 色甘酸钠disodium cromoglycate 色甘酸二钠disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate 焦磷酸二氢二钠disodium glycyrrhizinate 甘草酸二钠盐disodium hydrogen arsenate 砷酸氢二钠disodium hydrogen phosphate 磷酸氢二钠disodium phenyl phosphate 磷酸苯二钠disodium phosphate 磷酸二钠disodium salt 二钠盐disophenol 双碘硝酚disopyramide 达舒平disorganized fibre 排列紊乱的纤维disparlure 环氧十九烷Disparmone 环氧十九烷dispatch boat 递送公文的船dispatch box 公文递送盒dispatch case 公文包dispatch tube 气动输送管dispatcher telephone device 调度电话装置dispatcher telephone 调度电话机dispatcher 分配器dispatching telephone control board 调度电话主机dispatching telephone equipment 调度电话设备dispatching telephone subset 调度电话分机dispatching telephone system 调度电话系统dispenser for wrapping paper 包装纸分配器dispenser 自动售货机dispensing apparatus 剂量装置dispensing balance 药剂天平dispensing bottle 配药瓶dispensing equipment 配料设备dispensing pump 配料泵dispensing scale 配药秤dispersal oscillator 扩散振荡器dispersant agent 分散剂dispersant type tignosulfonate retarder 分散型磺化木质素缓凝剂dispersant 扩散剂dispersator 分散搅拌机disperse black brown 分散黑棕disperse black 分散黑disperse blue 分散蓝disperse brilliant blue 分散艳蓝disperse brilliant yellow 分散嫩黄disperse brown 分散棕disperse dark blue 分散深蓝disperse dark brown 分散深棕disperse deep blue 分散深蓝disperse deep brown 分散深棕disperse dye JR for rapid dyeing 快染分散染料JRdisperse dye 分散染料disperse fluorescent yellow 分散型荧光黄disperse grass green 分散草绿disperse grey 分散灰disperse light yellow 分散嫩黄disperse mill 分散研磨机disperse navy blue 分散藏青disperse nile green 分散浅绿disperse orange 分散橙disperse red 分散红disperse red-violet 分散红莲disperse scarlet 分散大红disperse violet 分散紫disperse yellow brown 分散黄棕disperse yellow 分散黄dispersed acetate dye 分散性醋酯纤维染料dispersed dye stuff 分散染料dispersemeter 色散计disperser 扩散器dispersible cationic black 分散型阳离子黑dispersible cationic blue 分散型阳离子蓝dispersible cationic brilliant blue 分散型阳离子艳蓝dispersible cationic flavine 分散型阳离子嫩黄dispersible cationic golden yellow 分散型阳离子金黄dispersible cationic red 分散型阳离子红dispersible cationic turquoise blue 液状分散型阳离子翠蓝dispersible cationic yellow 分散型阳离子黄dispersimeter 微粒计dispersing instrument with prism 棱镜色散仪dispersing lens 散光透镜dispersing machine 散布机dispersing medium 分散剂dispersing mixer 分散混合器dispersing prism 色散棱镜dispersing steamer 散汽器dispersion contactor 分散接触器dispersion machine 分散机dispersion measuring instrument 色散测量仪dispersion mill 分散研磨机dispersion photometer 色散光度计dispersion resin 分散树脂dispersion strengthened lead 弥散强化铅dispersion-flattened fiber 色散型平坦光纤dispersion-flattened multiple-clad single-mode fiber 色散平坦多包层单模光纤dispersion-flattened single-mode fiber 色散平坦型单模光纤dispersion-shifted dual shape core fiber 色散位移双层心光纤dispersion-shifted dual shape core single-mode fiber 色散位移双层心单模光纤dispersion-shifted single mode fiber 色散位移单模光纤dispersion-shifted step-shaped-index fiber 色散位移突变型光纤dispersion-unshifted fiber 非色散位移光纤dispersion-unshifted single mode fiber 非色散位移单模光纤dispersive electrode 离散电极dispersive filter 波散滤波器dispersive optical maser 扩散式光激射器Dispersol dye 狄司潘素染料dispersor 色散器displace meter 排代计量计displace sensor 位移传感器displacement blower 容积式鼓风机displacement compressor 容积式压缩机displacement controller 位移控制器displacement corrector 位移校正器displacement detector 位移检测器displacement gauge 变位仪displacement generator 位移发生器displacement meter 位移流量计displacement oil pump 活塞式油泵displacement pump 活塞泵displacement sensor 位移传感器displacement thickener 置换浓缩机displacement transducer 位移传感器displacement-type liquid meter 排代型液体流量计displacement-type seismometer 位移式地震计displacer level meter 沉筒液面计displacer 置换剂display buffer 显示缓冲器display console 显示控制台display control switch 显示控制开关display device 显示设备display equipment 显示设备display information processor 显示信息处理装置display key 显示电键display lamp panel 指示灯盘display lamp 指示灯display memory 显示存储器display monitor 显示监视器display panel 显示板display paper 陈列用纸display radarscope 雷达显示器display scale 显示器刻度盘display screen 显示屏display shell 礼花弹display stand 陈列架display switching oscilloscope 显示转接示波器display tube 显示管display unit 显示部件display window 橱窗玻璃display 显示器display-storage tube 显示存储管disposable acupuncture needle 一次性使用无菌针灸针disposable biopsy guillotine needle 一次性活组织检查剪切针disposable choptsicks 卫生筷disposable cloth shoes 一次性布鞋disposable sterilized syringe 一次性使用无菌注射器disposable syringe with a needle 带针头一次性注射器disposable syringe 一次性注射器disposal bag 垃圾袋disposer 处置器disproportionated rosin potassium soap 歧化松香钾皂disproportionated rosin 歧化松香disproportionation catalyst 歧化催化剂disresonance coil 非谐振线圈diss 似芦苇属草纤维dissecting blow pipe 解剖吹管dissecting forceps 解剖镊dissecting hook chain 解剖链钩dissecting knife 解剖小刀dissecting microscope 解剖显微镜dissecting needle 解剖针dissecting probe 解剖探针dissecting saw 割解锯dissecting scalper 解剖刀dissecting scissors 解剖铰剪dissecting set 成套解剖器dissecting tenaculum 解剖摘钩dissecting tray 解剖盘dissector tube 析像管dissector 解剖器disseminating agent 分散剂disseminator 播种器dissepiment 鳞板dissipater 耗散器dissipation factor meter 损耗因素测量器dissipative attenuator 损耗衰减器dissipative cell 耗能元件dissipative system 耗能系统dissobutyl 二异丁基dissociator 离解器dissolved acetylene 溶解乙炔dissolved oxygen analytic instrument 溶解氧分析仪dissolved oxygen meter 溶氧计dissolvent 溶剂dissolver 溶解器dissolving salt 溶解盐dissymmetrical filter 不对称滤波器distance finder 测距计distance gauge 测距计distance marker 距离标示器distance measuring equipment 测距装置distance measuring instrument 测距仪distance measuring potentiometer 测距电位计distance measuring theodolite 测距经纬仪distance meter 测距仪distance piece 隔片distance receptor 距离感受器distance recorder 距离记录器distance relay 远距继电器distance ring 定距环distance rod 推力杆distance scale 距离标尺distance servo amplifier 距离伺服放大器distance thermograph 遥测温度计distance thermometer 遥测温度计distancer 测距仪distannous citrate 柠檬酸亚锡二钠distant eye glasses 远视眼镜distant gun 远距电子枪distant infrared acupuncture apparatus 远红外针灸仪distant reading manometer 遥测读数压力计distant reading tachometer 遥读转速计distant reading thermometer 遥测温度计distant regulator 遥控调节器distant repeater 远距离转发器distant signal relay 远程信号中继器distant thermometer 遥测温度计distant transmitter 远程发射机distant zone field strength meter 远距离磁场强度计distant-indicator 遥测指示器distemper 刷墙粉distigmine bromide 溴地斯的明distillate cooler 蒸馏冷却器distillate oil 馏出油distillate selective cracking process 柴油选择裂化工艺distillating machine 蒸馏机distillation analyzer 蒸馏分析仪distillation apparatus 蒸馏器distillation column 蒸馏塔distillation equipment 蒸馏设备distillation flask 蒸馏瓶distillation furnace 蒸馏炉distillation kettle 蒸馏釜distillation pump 蒸馏泵distillation retort 蒸馏罐distillation stabilizer column 蒸馏稳定塔distillation still 蒸馏釜distillation tower 蒸馏塔distillator 蒸馏器distilled gasoline 蒸馏汽油distilled grain 酒糟distilled oil 蒸馏油distilled spirit 蒸馏酒精distilled vinegar 蒸馏醋distilled water bottle 蒸馏水瓶distilled water flask 蒸馏水烧瓶distilled water pump 蒸馏水泵distilled water 蒸馏水distilled zinc 蒸馏锌distiller condenser 蒸馏冷凝器distiller 蒸馏器distiller's grain meal 酒槽粉distilling apparatus with ground glass joint 具磨砂玻璃接口蒸馏器distilling apparatus 蒸馏器distilling flask with side tube 具支管蒸馏烧瓶distilling flask 蒸馏瓶distilling kettle 蒸煮釜distilling measuring cylinder 蒸馏量筒distilling pan 蒸煮锅distilling tube plain 无球分馏管distilling tube with one bulb 一球分馏管distilling tube with three bulbs 三球分馏管distilling tube with two bulbs 二球分馏管distilling tube 分馏管distinctometer 腹脏边缘触诊器distinctor 触诊器distomat 测距计distorometer 曲扭测定仪distorting amplifier 畸变放大器distorting mirror 哈哈镜distortion analyzer 畸变分析器distortion corrector 变形校正器distortion factor meter 失真度测量仪distortion indicator 失真指示器distortion measuring instrument 失真度测量仪distortion measuring set 失真测定器distortion meter 失真度测定计distortion pad 失真衰减器distortion transformer 畸变变压器distortionless pad 无失真衰减器distreptoniazide 双链烟肼distress-calling auto-sender 遇难信号自动发送器distributed air conditioner 分布式空调器distributed amplifier 分布式放大器distributed array processor 分布式阵列处理机distributed bar 分布钢筋distributed communication processor 分布通信处理机distributed component 分布元件distributed computer 分布式计算机distributed constant filter 分布常数滤波器distributed core type transformer 分布铁芯变压器distributed emission photodiode 分布发射光电二极管distributed feedback laser diode 分布反馈激光二极管distributed feedback semiconductor laser 分布反馈半导体激光器distributed fiber sensor 分布式光纤传感器distributed fiber-optic sensor 分布式光纤传感器distributed field compensated type universal motor 分布磁场补偿式通用电动机distributed generator 分布参数振荡器distributed paramp 分布参量放大器distributed time-division-multiplexer 分布式时分多路复用器distributed winding 分布绕组distributed-reflector laser 分布反射激光器distributer 分配器distributing amplifier 分配放大器distributing board 配电板distributing box 配电箱distributing cable 配线电缆distributing device 配料器distributing frame 配线架distributing head 配电箱distributing indicator 配料指示器distributing insulator 配线绝缘子distributing oil box 集中加油器distributing tank 沥青洒布机distributing transformer 配电变压器distributing valve 分配阀distribution amplifier 分配放大器distribution board 配电盘distribution box for ships 船用配电箱distribution box 配电箱distribution core type transformer 分布铁芯式变压器distribution transformer 配电变压器distribution valve 压力调节阀distributor advance pointer 配电器提早发火指针distributor breaker arm 配电器断电臂distributor brush 配电器电刷distributor cap 分电器盖distributor condenser 分电器电容器distributor control arm 配电器控制臂distributor disk 配电盘distributor drum 转筒配料机distributor housing 分电器外壳distributor rotor 分电器转子distributor shaft 分电器轴distributor shelf 分配器架distributor 分配器distributor-spreader 联合洒布机distributor-trailer 拖挂式洒布机district selector 地区选择器distyrene 联苯乙烯Disul Sodium 2.4滴硫钠disul 2disul-Na 2disulfanum 双磺胺disulfide 硫醚disulfiram 双硫醒disulfonic acid 二磺酸disulfoton 乙拌磷disulfuric acid 焦硫酸disulphate 硫酸氢盐disulphonate 蜘磺酸盐disulphonic acid 二磺酸disulphuric acid 焦硫酸Disystom-{S} 砜拌磷Disyston sulphoxide 砜拌磷Disyston 乙拌磷ditazole 地他唑ditch cleaning machine 清沟机ditch excavator 挖沟机ditchdigger 挖沟机ditcher boom 挖沟机臂ditcher for laying cable 敷设电缆挖沟机ditcher 开沟机ditching machine 挖沟机ditching plough 挖沟犁ditert-butyl peroxide 过氧化二特丁烷ditert-butylhydroquinone 二特丁基对苯二酚Dithane A40 代森钠Dithane M22 Special 特逢代森锰Dithane M22 代森锰Dithane M45 代森锰锌Dithane S31 代林锰Dithane Z78 代森锌Dithane 代森锌dither arm 高频振动臂dither motor 高频振动电机dither pump 高频振动泵dithiane 二噻烷dithianon 二噻农dithiazanine iodide 碘二噻宁Dithio TEPP 硫特普Dithio 硫特普dithio-bis-propylene sulfonic acid sodium salt 聚二硫二丙磺酸钠dithio-oxamide 二硫代草酰胺Dithio-systox 乙拌磷dithiocyano-methane 二硫氰基甲烷Dithiodemeton 乙拌磷dithioglycol 二硫代乙醇dithioglycollic acid 二硫代乙醇酸dithiolane 二噻茂烷Dithion 畜虫磷dithionate 连二硫酸盐Dithione 硫特普dithionic acid 连二硫酸dithionite 连二亚硫酸盐dithiophosphate 浮选剂dithizone 双流腙dithranol 蒽三酚Dition 畜虫磷Ditis 迪铁司牌手表dititanate 二钛酸盐ditolamide 地托胺ditolyl 联甲苯ditolylethane 双甲苯基乙烷ditophalo 地托呋Ditranil 氯硝胺ditropan tablet 尿多灵频尿丸dittany 白藓ditto machine 复印机diuranate 重铀酸盐diuretic for the treatment of dropsy 渗湿利尿药diuretic 利尿药diuretin 利尿素Diurex 敌草隆Diurol 杀草强diuron 敌草隆divalent alcohol 二元醇divan 沙发型长椅divaricatus 羊角拗dive-bomber 俯冲轰炸机dive-strafer 俯冲轰炸机diver 俯冲机diver's intercom set 潜水对讲电话机diver's suit 潜水衣divergent nozzle for precision flame cutting machine 扩散型火焰精密切割喷嘴divergent nozzle 扩张型喷嘴diverging concave-convex lens 散光凹凸镜diverging lens 散光透镜diversity combiner 分集合并器。

豹纹守宫常用英汉对照表

豹纹守宫常用英汉对照表

豹纹守宫常用英汉对照表豹纹守宫常用英汉对照表舶来品, 暴风雪, 萝卜头, 英文豹纹守宫算是舶来品吧,基因、品系的定义都涉及一大堆英文,让国内玩家感到有些不适应,这里是《豹纹守宫常用英汉对照表》,供大家参考,也方便大家去国外网站逛的时候方便鉴赏豹纹。

AAlbino 白化BBell 贝尔Banana Blizzard 香蕉暴风雪Blazing Blizzard 超级暴风雪Baldy 秃子Bold Stripes 粗纹Banded 皮带纹Bandit 土匪CCo-Dominant 等显性Carrot-head 萝卜头Carrot-tail 萝卜尾Cremesicles 奶油DDominant 显性Diablo blanco 恶魔白酒EEmber 灰烬Enigma 谜Eclipse 日蚀Emerald 青铜GGiant 巨人Ghost 幽灵HHigh-yellow 高黄het 杂合体Hypo 少点Hybino 少点白化JJungle 丛林(乱纹)Lline-bred 选育Lavender 紫(薰衣草)MMorph 品系Mack snow Mack 白雪Mack super snow Mack 超级白雪Melanistics 黑化Normal 原色PPatternless 轻白化Pastel 蜡黄'patternless' 无纹直线Phantom 幽灵RRecessive 隐性Rainwater 雨水Ruby-eyes 实心红眼Reverse Stripes 反直纹SSelect breeding 选育Sunglow 阳光Speckled 芝麻点Snake-eyes 蛇眼Stripes 直纹TTangrine 橘化Tremper 川普Tornado (橘)风暴XXanthic 明黄。

敦煌学术语汉英对照表

敦煌学术语汉英对照表

敦煌学术语英汉对照表1.蓝宝石金刚杵 blue diamond vajra staff2.斯坦因Aurel Stein3.伯希和Paul Pelliot4.景教Nestorianism5.回鹘Ughur6.观音avalokitesvara7.大势至菩萨mahasthamaprapta8.如意宝珠cintamani9.因陀罗indra10.梵天brahma11.炽盛光如来tejaprabha12.法轮dharma cakra/the wheel of dharma13.契丹khitan14.阿弥陀amitabha15.万字符svastika16.法华经saddharmapundarika/lotus sutra17.舍利塔sarihani/stupa of the Buddha's ashes18.佛定尊胜陀罗尼经变illuatrations of theBuddhosnisah Darani19.十轮经变illustration of Ten Wheels Sutra20.祆教zoroastrianism21.摩醯首罗天mahesvara22.那罗延天naraya23.帝释天indra24.印度教Hinduism25.婆罗门教brahmanism26.大自在天mahamahesvara27.鸠摩罗天kumara28.毗那耶迦vinayaka29.三叉戟trident30.湿婆shiva31.风神veshparkar/wind god32.娜娜nana33.贵霜朝kushan dynasty34.密特拉mitra35.日天aditya/sun deva36.月天candra/moon devi37.水天 varuna/water devi38.穹庐顶/圆顶dome ceiling39.东汉画像砖eastern Han carved tile40.石棺sarcophagus41.人非人non-human image42.粟特Sogdiana/Sogdian43.突厥Turk/Turky44.萨珊王朝sasanian dynasty45.五方佛Buddhas of the Five Directions46.莲花生Padmasambhava47.普贤samantabhadra48.佛、法、僧buddha\ dharma\sangha49.文殊 majushri50.大日如来mahavairocana51.金刚手 vajra pani52.手印 mudra53.卒堵坡/塔stupa54.菩萨boddhisattva55.弥勒maitreya56.外道heterodo*"57.千佛化现 illusion of thousand buddhas58.白沙瓦peshawa59.菩提树bodhi tree60.卢舍那佛vairochana61.金刚vajra62.龟兹kucha63.法衣cassock/monastic robe64.六道图si* paths of rebirth65.八相变eight aspects of Buddha life66.大乘mahayana67.犍陀罗gandhara68.释迦shakya69.波罗奈国varnanas70.法轮dharma-cakra71.三宝three jewels72.小乘hynayana73.匈奴hun74.戒律mandment/monastic disciplines75.萨倕太子本生故事Jataka of Prince Mahasattva76.夜叉yaksha/yakshi77.业karma78.护法dharmapala/guardians of the Law79.阎浮提主 Lord of Jambudvipa80.力士warrior81.阿难ananda82.迦叶kasyapa83.涅槃nirvana84.维摩诘Vimalakirti85.曼陀罗mandala86.天盖canopy87.金刚铃vajra bell88.天女celestial lady89.阎魔天yama90.桔祥坐auspicious pose91.降魔坐krisssword pose92.除盖帐菩萨sarvanivaranavishkambin93.不空娟索菩萨amoghapsa94.与愿印wish-granting mudra95.无畏印fear-not mudra96.密宗tantric/esoteric sect97.触地印earth-touching mudra98.世俗化 vulgarization/secularization99.青铜像bronze statue100.本地佛教regional Buddhism101.陀罗尼Dhāranīs102.护身符 amulet103.印章 seal104.仙丹 eli*ir105."四苦〞 Four Miseries106.净土歌赞Pure Land Carol107.六祖坛经 The Sutra Spoken by the S*ith Patriarch 108.作孽 sin-mitting109.降魔 demon-conquering110.空间构造 the spatial structure111.藏经洞 Library cave112.灵验记 An Efficacious Record113.行像活动 tht statue events114.三阶教 three-stage religion115.神仙 immortal being116.妙法莲华经 the Lotus Sutra117.吐蕃统治Tibetan Reign118.佛像东传 the transmission of buddhist images to East Asia119.敦煌山水画Dunhunag landscape paitings120.空间表现the representation of space121.供养人patron122.造像 image-making123.人物画 figure painting124.绢画 silk painting125.八大菩萨曼陀罗the Eight Mahaboddhisattva Mandala126.视觉联系 visual links127.胡化因素 foreign elemnts128.波罗王朝Pala Dynasty129.地藏菩萨Ksitigarbha130.虚空藏菩萨Akasagarbha131.菱形印 rhombus seal132.花供养菩萨flower-offering bodhisattva133.香供养菩萨incense-offering bodhisattva134.灯供养菩萨lamp-offering bodhisattva135.舞供养菩萨dance-offering bodhisattva136.歌供养菩萨song-offering bodhisattva137.金刚索vajra noose138.如意轮cintamani cakra139.净瓶water bottle140.西 the Western Wei Dynasty141.克孜尔石窟 Kizil Grottoes142.黎北岚 Penelope Riboud143.窑前殿堂palaces and halls in front of the cave 144.平面图plane figure145.立面图elvation drawing146.华尔纳Langdon Warner147.敦煌文物研究所Dunhuang Historic Relic Intitute 148.国立敦煌艺术研究所the State Dunhuang Art Institute149.石窟档案室 grotto file library150.脚手架架穴 scaffold holes151.抹泥plaster152.瘞窟 tomb cave153.僧房窟 Biddhist quarter cave154.多室禅窟 multi-room Buddhist cave155.廪窟storage cave156.西夏文 Wester *ia Language157.八思巴文Ph’ags-pa158.叙利亚文Syrian159.木活字 wood type160.通道 passage161.八瓣莲花 eight-lotus162.夯土 rammed earth163.条砖 soap brick164.建筑木构件 timber ponents165.石门枕 crossdrift pillow166.鎏金铜菩萨 fine gold bodhisattva167.三维激光扫描技术the three-dimensional laser scanning system168.全景数码摄影the panoramic digital photography 169.九层楼 the Nine-storey Building170.北大像North Buddha Statue171.重飞四级 four-storey eaves172.下寺 the Lower Temple173.上寺 the Upper Temple174.结社造窟 building caves by societies175.法身佛 Dharmakaya Buddha176.鹿野苑the deer park177.执金刚神 sorcerer178.天神deity179.笈多朝 the Gupta Dynasty180.萨尔纳特Sarnath181.莲花座 the Lotus Throne182.菩萨装天众Heavenly Beings in Bodhisattva Csotumes183.焰肩佛 Buddha with flames on the shoulders 184.背屏back screen185.修行 cultivate/ cultivation186.缦网 silk fabric187.大司马 minister of war188.四壁the four walls189.中心柱 the center pillar190.九色鹿本生故事 the story of nine-color deer 191.因缘故事 karma story192.东王公龙车 the Dragon Chariot of East Duke 193.歇山顶the slanting top194.三远法three ways of perspective in Chinese traditional paintings195.护国National Religion196.高丽八万大藏经 Tripitaka Koreana197.八角座octagonal throne198.阿弥陀三尊 Amitabha triad199.上品三生the upper three levels of rebirth 200.护国神 the nation-protecting deities201.往生俗人reborn devotees202.弩家crossbar maker203.都料 mander-in-chief204.卧佛the reclining Buddha205.西域技法 the Western Region Drawing Techniques 206.飞天Apsaras207.汉简Bamboo Slips of the Han Dynasty208.烽燧遗址the beacon tower site209.悬泉置遗址 *uanquanzhi Site210.天龙八部或天部类 the demi-gods and semi-devils 211.畏兽frightening animals212.佛爷庙 Buddha Temple213.葡萄纹 grape pattern214.蔓草纹turnip pattern215.小圆毯a small round woolen carpet216.舞筵 dancing mat217.洞窟功德主cave merits and virtues owner 218.中亚the Central Asia219.韦陀希 Vaidehi220.teaching mudra221.reasoning mudra222.觉胜印Supreme Enlightenment Mudra223.转法轮印turning-the-wheel-of-law mudra 224.说法印e*position mudra225.合掌 verneration mudra226.伽蓝 samgha-arama227.僧伽蓝 sangharama228.主尊 the main image229.阿胡拉·玛兹达Ahura Mazda230.巴米扬 Bamiyan231.护火图像 fire-protecting pictures232.不空成就 amoghasiddi233.禅定 dhyanasana234.胁侍菩萨 flanking Bodhisattva235.神变miraculous transformations236.莲茎 the lotus stalk237.上求下化238.ārhat239.法身如来 dharmakaya(doctrine) buddha240.色身佛 physical body buddha241.菩萨万行法身常往242.世尊lord of worlds243.一乘法 the one yama/ the vehicle of one-ness 244.尊格status245.佛传故事 the stories of Buddha’s life 246.政权regime247.朝臣courtier248.思益梵天249.游戏坐250.观无量寿变经amitayurr-dhyana-sutra251.金刚索 vajra pasa252.金刚拳vajrasandhi253.金刚语vajrabhasa254.金刚蔓 vajramala255.宝生如来ratnasambhava256.不动明王fudo257.智拳印wisdom-fist mudra258.婆薮仙vasu259.持国天 heavenly king in the east260.cross-ankled 交脚的261.the two-tree niche 双树龛262.tower-shaped niche阙形龛263.attendant Boddhisattva供养菩萨264.narrative paintings of Sākyamuni’s previous lives 本生故事画265.the Sivi-jataka尸毗王割肉贸鸽本生故事画266.Jataka of Prince Moonlight 月光王施头本生故事画267.the life of Sakyamuni佛传故事268. the four encounters出游四门269.the Scene of Buddha in preaching 说法图270.heavenly musicians 天宫伎乐271.the Queen Mother of the West 西王母272. asura阿修罗273.god of thunder雷公274.god of light 电母275.maha-kasyapa 迦叶。

刺绣英语简介

刺绣英语简介

Embroidery is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art. In the costume culture , it occupies an important position in the treasure of the Chinese traditional arts and crafts, and is an important part of Chinese nation. It represents the wisdom of Chinese people.Major Styles of Chinese Embroidery:Su Embroidery (苏绣)Yue Embroidery (粤绣)Shu Embroidery (蜀绣)Xiang Embroidery (湘绣)Su embroidery is the general name for embroidery products in areas around Suzhou, JiangsuProvince with a history of more than 2000 years.▪History:The craft, which dates back to the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280), became a sideline of people in the Suzhou area during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Well known for its smoothness and delicateness, Su embroidery won Suzhou the title City of Embroidery in the Qing Dynasty. In the mid and late Qing, Su embroidery experienced further developments involving works of double-sided embroideringFeature: Su embroideryhas a Strong local characteristics and its weaving techniques are characterized by the following: the product surface must be flat, the rim must be neat, the needle must be thin, the lines must be dense, the color must be harmonious and bright and the picture must be even. Double-sided embroidery is an excellent representative of Su embroidery.Yue Embroidery (粤绣Also called Guang embroidery, Yue embroidery is a general name for embroidery products of the regions of Guangzhou, Shantou, Zhongshan, Panyu and Shunde in Guangdong Province History: According to historical records Yue embroidery first became famous was in the first year of Yongzhen during the tang dynasty. The prosperous Guangzhou Port of the Song Dynasty promoted the development of Yue embroidery, which began to be exported at that timeFeature :Influenced by national folk art, Y ue embroidery formed its own unique characteristics. The embroidered pictures are mainly of dragons and phoenixes, and flowers and birds, with neat designs and strong, contrasting colorsShu Embroidery (蜀绣Also called Chuan embroidery, Shu embroidery is the general name for embroidery products in areas around Chengdu, Sichuan ProvinceHistory Shu embroidery enjoys a long history. As early as the Han Dynasty, Shu embroidery was already famous. The central government even designated an office in this area for its administration Shu embroidery experienced its peak development in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), ranking first in both production and excellence. In the mid-Qing Dynasty, the Shu embroidery industry was formed▪Feature :Originating among the folk people in the west of Sichuan Province, Shu embroidery formed its own unique characteristics: smooth, bright, neat and influenced by the geographical environment, customs and cultures. The works incorporated flowers, leaves, animals, mountains, rivers and human figures as their themes. Altogether, there are 122 approaches in 12 categories for weaving.Xiang Embroidery (湘绣)Xiang embroidery is well known for its time-honored history, excellent craftsmanship and unique style. The earliest piece of Xiang embroidery was unearthed at the No 1 Tomb of Mawangdui,Changsha City of the Han Dynasty (206BC-AD220History:In its later development, Xiang Embroidery absorbed the characteristics of traditional Chinese paintings and formed its own unique characteristics. Xiang embroidery experienced its heyday at the end of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) and in the early Republic of China (early 20th century), even surpassing Su embroidery. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xiang embroidery was further improved and developed to a new level.▪Feature :Xiang embroidery uses pure silk, hard satin, soft satin and nylon as its material, which is connected with colorful silk threads. Absorbing the spirit of Chinese paintings, the embroidery reaches a high artistic level.other embroidery styles in ChinaGu embroidery, Long embroidery, Xinzhou embroidery, Jinnan embroidery, and a number of ethnic styles used by the different ethnic minority groups living in China.。

药用辅料中英文对照

药用辅料中英文对照

药用辅料中英文对照1 阿拉伯胶(Acacia)2 乙酰舒泛钾(Acesulfame Potassium)3 冰醋酸(Acetic Acid,Glacial)4 乙酰枸橼酸三丁酯(AcetyltributylCitrate)5 乙酰枸橼酸三乙酯(AcetyltriethylCitrate)6 人血白蛋白(Albumin)7 乙醇(Alcohol)8 海藻酸(Alginic Acid)9 脂肪族聚酯(Aliphatic Polyesters)10 阿力糖(Alitame)11 杏仁油(Almond Oil)12 维生素E(Alpha Tocopherol)13 氨溶液(Ammonia Solution)14 维生素C(Ascorbic Acid)15 棕榈酸维生素C酯(Ascorbyl Palmitate)16 阿司帕坦(Aspartame)17 绿坡缕石(Attapulgite)18 皂土(Bentonite)19 苯扎氯铵(Benzalkonium Chloride)20 苄索氯铵(Benzethonium Chloride)21 苯甲酸(Benzoic Acid)22 苯甲醇(Benzyl Alcohol)23 苯甲酸苄酯(Benzyl Benzoate)24 溴硝丙二醇(Bronopol)25 丁羟茴醚(Butylated Hydroxyanisole)26 丁羟甲苯(Butylated Hydroxytoluene)27 羟苯丁酯(Butylparaben)28 碳酸钙(Calcium Carbonate)29 无水磷酸氢钙(Calcium Phosphate,Dibasic Anhydrous)30 磷酸氢钙二水合物(Calcium Phosphate,Dibasic Dihydrate)31 磷酸钙(Calcium Phosphate,Tribasic)32 硬脂酸钙(Calcium Stearate)33 硫酸钙(Calcium Sulfate)34 低芥酸菜籽油(Canola Oil)35 卡波姆(Carbomer)36 二氧化碳(Carbon Dioxide)37 羧甲纤维素钙(Carboxymethylcellulose Calcium)38 羧甲纤维素钠(Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium)39 角叉菜胶(Carrageenan)40 蓖麻油(Castor Oil)41 氢化蓖麻油(Castor Oil,Hydro-genated)42 微晶纤维素(Cellulose,Microcr ystalline)43 粉状纤维素(Cellulose,Powdered)44 微粉硅胶微晶纤维素(Cellulose, Silicified Microcrystalline)45 醋酸纤维素(Cellulose Acetate)46 纤维醋法酯(Cellulose Acetate Phthalate)47 角豆胶(Ceratonia)48 十八十六醇(Cetostearyl Alcohol)49 西曲溴铵(Cetrimide)50 十六醇(Cetyl Alcohol)51 壳聚糖(Chitosan)52 氯己定(Chlorhexidine)53 三氯叔丁醇(Chlorobutanol)54 氯甲酚(Chlorocresol)55 一氯二氟乙烷(Chlorodifluoroe-thane)56 氟里昂(Chlorofluorocabons)57 对氯间二甲酚(Chloroxylenol)58 胆固醇(Cholesterol)59 枸橼酸(Citric Acid Monohydrate)60 胶态二氧化硅(微粉硅胶)(Colloidal Silicon Dioxide)61 着色剂(Coloring Agents)62 玉米油(Corn Oil)63 棉籽油(Cottonseed Oil)64 甲酚(Cresol)65 交联羧甲纤维素钠(Croscarmellose Sodium)66 交联聚维酮(Crospovidone)67 环糊精(Cyclodextrins)68 环甲基硅酮(Cyclomethicone)69 苯甲地那铵(Denatonium Benzoate)70 葡萄糖结合剂(Dextrates)71 糊精(Dextrin)72 葡萄糖(Dextrose)73 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(Dibutyl Phthalate)74 癸二酸二丁酯(Dibutyl Sebacate)75 二乙醇胺(Diethanolamine)76 邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(Diethyl Phthalate)77 二氟乙烷(Difluoroethane)78 二甲硅油(Dimethicone)79 二甲醚(Dimethyl Ether)80 邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthalate)81 二甲亚砜(Dimethyl Sulfoxide)82 多库酯钠(Docusate Sodium)83 依地酸(乙二胺四乙酸)(Edetic Acid)84 乙酸乙酯(Ethyl Acetate)85 乙基麦芽酚(Ethyl Maltol)86 油酸乙酯(Ethyl Oleate)87 乙基香草醛(Ethyl Vanillin)88 乙基纤维素(Ethylcellulose)89 硬脂酸棕榈酸乙二醇酯(Ethylene Glycol Palmitostearate)90 羟苯乙酯(Ethylparaben)91 果糖(Fructose)92 富马酸(Fumaric Acid)93 明胶(Gelatin)94 液体葡萄糖(Glucose,Liquid)95 甘油(Glycerin)96 山萮酸甘油酯(Glyceryl Behenate)97 单油酸甘油酯(Glyceryl Monooleate)98 单硬脂酸甘油酯(Glyceryl Monostearate)99 硬脂酸棕榈酸甘油酯(Glyceryl Palmitostearate)100 四氢呋喃聚乙二醇醚(Glycofurol)101 瓜耳胶(Guar Gum)102 七氟丙烷(HFC)(Heptafluoro-propane)103 海克西定(Hexetidine)104 烷烃类(HC) (Hydrocarbons)105 盐酸(Hydrochloric Acid)106 羟乙纤维素(Hydroxyethyl Cellulose)107 羟乙甲纤维素(Hydroxyethylmethyl Cellulose)108 羟丙纤维素(Hydroxypropyl Cellulose)109 低取代羟丙纤维素(Hydroxypropyl Cellulose,Low-substituted) 110 羟丙甲纤维素(Hypromellose)111 羟丙甲纤维素酞酸酯(Hypromellose Phthalate)112 咪唑烷脲(Imidurea)113 异丙醇(Isopropyl Alcohol)114 肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(Isopropyl Myristate)115 棕榈酸异丙酯(Isopropyl Palmitate)116 白陶土(Kaolin)117 乳酸(Lactic Acid)118 拉克替醇(Lactitol)119 乳糖(Lactose)120 羊毛脂(Lanolin)121 含水羊毛脂(Lanolin,Hydrous)122 羊毛醇(Lanolin Alcohols)123 卵磷脂(Lecithin)124 硅酸镁铝(Magnesium Aluminum Silicate) 125 碳酸镁(Magnesium Carbonate)126 氧化镁(Magnesium Oxide)127 硅酸镁(Magnesium Silicate)128 硬脂酸镁(Magnesium Stearate)129 三硅酸镁(Magnesium Trisilicate)130 苹果酸(Malic Acid)131 麦芽糖醇(Maltitol)132 麦芽糖醇溶液(Maltitol Solution)133 麦芽糖糊精(Maltodextrin)134 麦芽酚(Maltol)135 麦芽糖(Maltose)136 甘露醇(Mannitol)137 中链脂肪酸甘油三酯(Medium-chain Triglycerides) 138 葡甲胺(Meglumine)139 薄荷脑(Menthol)140 甲基纤维素(Methylcellulose)141 羟苯甲酯(Methylparaben)142 液体石蜡(Mineral Oil)143 轻质液体石蜡(Mineral Oil,Light)144 液体石蜡羊毛醇(Mineral Oil and Lanolin Alcohols) 145 单乙醇胺(Monoethanolamine)146 谷氨酸一钠(Monosodium Glutamate)147 硫代甘油(Monothioglycerol)148 氮(Nitrogen)149 一氧化二氮(Nitrous Oxide)150 油酸(Oleic Acid)151 橄榄油(Olive Oil)152 石蜡(Paraffin)153 花生油(Peanut Oil)154 凡士林(Petrolatum)155 凡士林羊毛醇(Petrolatum and Lanolin Alcohols) 156 苯酚(Phenol)157 苯氧乙醇(Phenoxyethanol)158 苯乙醇(Phenylethyl Alcohol)159 醋酸苯汞(Phenylmercuric Acetate)160 硼酸苯汞(Phenylmercuric Borate)161 硝酸苯汞(Phenylmercuric Nitrate)162 磷酸(Phosphoric Acid)163 波拉克林钾(Polacrilin Potassium)164 泊洛沙姆(Poloxamer)165 葡聚糖(Polydextrose)166 聚乙二醇(Polyethylene Glycol)167 聚氧乙烯(Polyethylene Oxide)168 聚(甲基)丙烯酸树脂(Polymethacr-ylates)169 聚氧乙烯烷基醚(Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ethers)170 聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物(Polyoxyeth-ylene Castor Oil Derivatives) 171 聚山梨酯(Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters)172 硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯(Polyoxyethylene Stearates)173 聚醋酸乙烯酞酸酯(Polyvinyl Acetate Phthalate)174 聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl Alcohol)175 苯甲酸钾(Potassium Benzoate)176 碳酸氢钾(Potassium Bicarbonate)177 氯化钾(Potassium Chloride)178 枸橼酸钾(Potassium Citrate)179 氢氧化钾(Potassium Hydroxide)180 焦亚硫酸钾(Potassium Metabisulfite)181 山梨酸钾(Potassium Sorbate)182 聚维酮(Povidone)183 丙酸(Propionic Acid)184 没食子酸丙酯(Propyl Gallate)185 碳酸丙烯酯(Propylene Carbonate)186 丙二醇(Propylene Glycol)187 海藻酸丙二醇酯(Propylene Glycol Alginate)188 羟苯丙酯(Propylparaben)189 糖精(Saccharin)190 糖精钠(Saccharin Sodium)191 芝麻油(Sesame Oil)192 虫胶(Shellac)193 二氧化硅二甲硅油(Simethicone)194 海藻酸钠(Sodium Alginate)195 抗坏血酸钠(Sodium Ascorbate)196 苯甲酸钠(Sodium Benzoate)197 碳酸氢钠(Sodium Bicarbonate)198 氯化钠(Sodium Chloride)199 枸橼酸钠二水合物(Sodium Citrate Dihydrate)200 环拉酸钠(Sodium Cyclamate)201 氢氧化钠(Sodium Hydroxide)202 月桂硫酸钠(十二烷基硫酸钠)(Sodium Lauryl Sulfate) 203 焦亚硫酸钠(偏亚硫酸钠)(Sodium Metabisulfite) 204 磷酸氢二钠(Sodium Phosphate,Dibasic)205 磷酸二氢钠(Sodium Phosphate ,Monobasic)206 丙酸钠(Sodium Propionate)207 羧甲淀粉钠(Sodium Starch Glycolate)208 硬脂富马酸钠(Sodium Stearyl Fumarate)209 山梨酸(Sorbic Acid)210 山梨坦酯Sorbitan Esters(Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters) 211 山梨醇(Sorbitol)212 大豆油(Soybean Oil)213 淀粉(Starch)214 预胶化淀粉(Starch,Pregelatinized)215 灭菌玉米淀粉(Starch,Sterilizable Maize)216 硬脂酸(Stearic Acid)217 硬脂醇(Stearyl Alcohol)218 羟糖氯(Sucralose)219 蔗糖(Sucrose)220 可压性蔗糖(Sugar,Compressible)221 蔗糖粉(Sugar,Confectioner’s)222 蔗糖球形颗粒(Sugar Spheres)223 硫酸(Sulfuric Acid)224 葵花籽油(Sunflower Oil)225 氢化植物油(硬脂)栓剂基质(Sup-pository Bases,Hard Fat) 226 滑石粉(Talc)227 酒石酸(Tartaric Acid)228 四氟乙烷(HFC)(Tetrafluoroe-thane)229 硫柳汞(Thimerosal)230 二氧化钛(Titanium Dioxide)231 西黄蓍胶(Tragacanth)232 海藻糖(Trehalose)233 三醋汀(Triacetin)234 枸橼酸三丁酯(Tributyl Citrate)235 三乙醇胺(Triethanolamine)236 枸橼酸三乙酯(Triethyl Citrate)237 香草醛(Vanillin)238 氢化植物油(Vegetable Oil,Hydrogenated)239 水(Water)240 阴离子乳化蜡(Wax,Anionic Emulsifying)241 巴西棕榈蜡(Wax,Carnauba)242 十六醇酯蜡(Wax,Cetyl Esters)243 微晶蜡(Wax,Microcrystalline)244 非离子乳化蜡(聚西托醇乳化蜡)(Wax,Nonionic Emulsifying) 245 白蜡(Wax,White)246 黄蜡(Wax,Yellow)247 黄原酸胶(Xanthan Gum)248 木糖醇(Xylitol)796249 玉米朊(玉米蛋白)(Zein)250 硬脂酸锌(Zinc Stearate)11 / 11。

植物拉丁名中英文解释

植物拉丁名中英文解释

旗开得胜植物拉丁名中英文解释Vocabulary of Botany both in Latin and English1. arbor (tree) 乔木2. frutex (shrub) 灌木3. suffrutex (subshrub)亚灌木4. herba (herb) 草本5. planta scandens (vine) 藤本6. frutex scandens (scandent shrub)藤灌1. terrestris (terrestrial)陆生2. aquaticus (aquatic) 水生3. epiphyticus (epiphytic)附生植物4. saprophyticus (saprophytic) 腐生植物1. annuus (annual)一年生植物2. biennis (biennial)二年生植物3. perennis (perennial) 多年生植物Radix (Root)1. radix fibrosa (lateral root) 侧根2. radix primaria (tap root) 主根3. radix adventitia (adventitious root) 不定根4. radix aeria (aerial root) 气生根1旗开得胜Caulis (Stem)1. herbaceus (herbaceous) 草质2. ligneus;lignosus (woody;ligneus) 木质3. suffruticosus (suffrutiscent) 半灌木状1. erectus (erect) 直立的2. prostratus (prostiate) 平卧的3. repens (stolon;repnt) 匍匐生根4. scandens (climbing scanent)藤攀援茎的变态1. rhizoma (root stock) 根状茎2. tuber (stem tuber) 块茎3. cormus (corm;colid;bulle) 球茎4. bulbus (bulb) 鳞茎5. caulis carnosus (Fleshy stem)肉质茎6. cladophyllum (Foliaceous stem;cladophyll) 叶状茎7. bulbillus (bulbil) 珠芽8. cirrus (tendril) 卷须9. spinosus (thorny) 棘刺10. spina (prickle;spine ) 刺叶Folium (leaf)1. sempervirens (evergreen)2旗开得胜2. decidous (decidous)3. persistens (persistent)4. fugax (fugacious) 早落叶序phylloid (phylloideus)1. alternatus (alternate) 互生2. oppositus (opposite) 对生12. muronatus (mucronate) 凸尖13. aristatus (aristate) 芒尖叶基的形状1. cordatus (cordate) 心形2. auriculatus (auriculate) 耳形3. sagittatus (sagittate) 箭形4. hastatus (hastate) 戟形5. peltatus (peltate) 盾形6. cuneatus (cuneate) 楔形7. attenuatus (attenuate) 渐狭8. obliquus (oblique) 偏斜9. amplexicaulis (amplexicaul) 抱茎10. decurrens (decurrent) 下延叶的边缘1. interger (entire) 全缘2. serratus (serrate) 锯齿状3旗开得胜3. serrulatus (serrulate) 细锯齿4. crenatus (crenate) 钝锯齿5. crenulatus (crenate) 小锯齿6. dentatus (dentate) 齿牙状7. denticulatus (denticulate) 小齿牙8. undulatus (undulate) 波状9. repandus (repand) 浅波状10. sinuatus(sinuate) 深波状分裂Lobatus (Lobate)1. partitus (parted) 深裂2. laciniatus (laciniate) 条裂3. fissus (fissured) 劈裂4. segmentus (segment) 全裂5. pinnatilobatus (pinnatilobate) 羽状浅裂6. pinnatisectus (pinnatisect) 羽状全裂7. palmatilobatus (palmatilobate) 掌状浅裂8. palmatsectus (palmatsect) 掌状全裂9. palmatipartitus (palmatipartite) 掌状深裂10. pectinatus (pectinate) 篦状深裂11. lyratus (lyrate) 琴状分裂12. runcinatus (runcinate) 倒向羽裂4旗开得胜叶脉Nervus (Vein)1. costa media (midrib or midvein) 主脉2. nerri laterales (lateral vein or nerves) 侧脉3. vina (veinlets or nervules) 小脉4. retinervius (reticulate veins or reticulate nerved) 网脉5. nervi paralleli (parallel vein;p.nerved) 平行脉6. nervi palmati (palmate vein;palmate nerved) 掌状脉7. nervi pinnati (pinnate vein;pinnate nerved) 羽状脉8. x- (x-veins or x-nerved) 几出脉8. (amplexus) 合抱9. (half-equitent) 半套折10. equitans (equitent) 套折的花瓣排列convolute1. valvate2. induplicate3. reduplicate4. convulute5. qincuncial6. plicatus (plicate)花序inflorescentia (inflorescence)5旗开得胜1. terminalis (terminal) 顶生2. axillaris (axillary) 腋生3. extra-axillaris (extra-axillary) 腋上生4. caulilus (cauline) 茎生5. radicalis (radical) 根生6. pedicellus (pedicel) 花柄7. pedunculus (peduncle) 花序柄8. rhachis (rhachis) 花轴9. scapus (scape)花葶10. infl.indeterminata (indeterminate infl.) 无限花序11. infl.determinata(determi) 有限花序12. spicata (spike) 穗状花序13. racemus (raceme) 总状花序14. paniculata (panicle)圆锥花序15. amentum (ament;catkin) 葇荑花序16. spadix (spadix) 肉穗花序17. capitulum (capitate or head) 头状花序18. umbella (umbel) 伞形花序19. syconium (syconium) 隐头花序20. corymbus (syconium)伞房花序21. fasciculus (fascicle) 丛生花序22. cyma (cyme) 聚伞花序23. monochasialis (monochasium) 单歧聚伞24. dichotomus (dichotomous) 二歧聚伞6旗开得胜25. trichotomus (trichotomous) 三歧聚伞26. cyma-helicoidea (helicoid cyme) 蝎壳状花序27. cyma-scorpoidea (scorpoid cyme) 蝎尾状花序28. thyrsus (thyrse) 密锥花序1. bractea (bract) 苞片2. bracteola (bractiole) 小苞片3. involucrum (involucre) 总苞4. involucellum (involucel) 小总苞5. spatha (spathe) 佛焰苞6. gluma (glume) 颖9. dioecius (dioecious) 雌雄异株10. flos polygamus (polygamous flower) 杂性花11. flos heterogamus (heterogamous flower) 异形花12. flos homogamus (homogamous flower) 同形花13. flos dichlamydeus (dichlamydeous flower) 双被花14. flos monochlamydeus (monochlamydeous flower) 单被花15. flos nudus (achlamydeous flower) 无被花花萼Calyx1. sepalum petaloideum (sepal petaloid) 瓣状萼2. calyx chorisepalum (chorisepalous calyx) 离萼3. calyx gamosepalus (gamosepalous calyx) 合萼7旗开得胜4. calyx persistens (persistent calyx) 宿萼5. tubus calycis (calyx tube) 萼筒6. lobicalyxis (calyx lobes) 萼裂片7. epicalyx (epicalyx) 副萼花冠Corolla1. (apetalous) 无瓣花2..choripetala (choripetalous) 瓣状花冠3.sympetala (sympetalous) 合瓣花4.tubus corolla (corolla tube) 花冠筒5.lobi corolla (corolla limb) 冠片6.limbus (limb) 冠肢7. unguis (chaw) 瓣爪雄蕊Stamen1. filamentum (filament) 花丝2. anthera (anther) 花药3. connectium (connective) 药隔4. staminodium (staminode) 退化雄蕊5. stamen monodelpha (monodelphous stamen) 单体雄蕊6. stamen didynama (didynamous stamen) 二强雄蕊7. stamen tetradynama (tetradynamous stamen) 四强雄蕊8. anthera adnata (anther adnate) 全着药8旗开得胜9. anthera basifixa (anther basifixed) 基着药10. anthera dosifixa (anther dosifixfed) 背着药11. anthera versatills (anther versatile) 丁字药12. anthera divergens (anther divergent) 个字药13. anthera divericata (anther divericate) 广歧药14. dehiscentia longitudinalis (dehiscence longitudinal) 纵裂15. deh. porose (deh. porous) 孔裂16. deh. trasversus (deh. valvular) 横裂17. deh. valvata (deh. valvular) 瓣裂18. introsus (introse) 药内向19. extrosus (extrose) 药外向雌蕊Pistil1. carpellum (carpel) 心皮valva (valve) 果瓣septicidus (septicidal) 膜裂loculicidus (loculicidal) 室裂policidus (policidal) 孔裂pyxidium ,pyxis (pyxidium) 盖果circumscissilis (circumscissile) 盖裂diplotegium(diplotegium) 宿萼蒴果7. achenium (achene) 瘦果8. cypsela (cypsela) 菊果(连萼瘦果)9旗开得胜9. utriculus (utricle) 胞果10. caryopsis (caryopsis) 颖果11. samana (samana)翅果12. glans 槲果13. schizocarpium (schizocarp) 离果14. nux (nut) 坚果15. nucula (nutlet) 小坚果16. carnosus (fleshy fruit) 肉质果17. drupa (drupe) 核果18. drupeola(drupeolate) 小核果19. bacca (bacca) 浆果20. hesperidium (hesperidium)柑果21. pepo (pepo) 瓠果22. pomum (pome)梨果23. dehiscentia (dehiscent) 开果24. sutura (suture) 缝裂25. valva (valve) 瓣裂种子Semen (Seed)1. embryo (embryo) 胚2. albumen (albumen) 胚乳3. exalbuminus (exalbuminous) 无胚乳的4. albuminus (albuminous) 具胚乳5. cotyledon (cotyledon) 子叶6. testa (testa) 外种皮10旗开得胜7. endopleura (endopleura) 内种皮8. arillus (aril) 假种皮9. caruncula (caruncle) 种阜10. hilum (hilum) 种脐11. radicula (radicle) 胚根12. plumula (plumule) 胚芽13. ovulum orthotropum (orthotrpous ovule) 直立胚珠14. ovulum anatropum (anatropous ovule) 倒生胚珠15. ovulum amphitropum 半倒生胚珠16. ovulum campylotropum (campylotropous ovule) 弯生胚珠引用报告回复wang_aya新手上路UID 1805精华0积分2帖子15威望2 点11旗开得胜金钱20 RMB贡献值0 点阅读权限10注册2006-12-27状态离线#2使用道具发表于2007-4-11 10:33 资料个人空间短消息加为好友附属物Appendage1. cirrus (cirrase) 卷须2. spina (spine) 刺3. verticillus (verticillate;whorled) 轮生4. folium simplex (simple leaf) 单叶5. folium compositum (compound leaf) 复叶6. trifolitus (trifoliate) 三小叶7. pinnatus compositum (pinnately compound ) 羽状复叶8. digitatus compositum (digitately compound) 指状复叶9. palmatus compositum (palmately compound)掌状复叶10. bractea (bract) 苞片状1. lamina (lamina;blade) 叶片2. petiolus (petiole) 叶柄3. stipula (stipules) 托叶4. vagina (sheath) 叶鞘5. sessilis (sessile) 无叶柄6. exstipulatus (exstipules) 无托叶12旗开得胜7. glandular 具腺体的叶片的形状1. linearis (linear) 线形2. lanceolatus (lanceolate) 披针形3. oblanceolate (oblanceolate) 倒披针形4. ellipticus (elliptical) 椭圆形5. oblongus (oblong) 长椭圆形6. ovatus (ovate) 卵形7. obovatus (obovate) 倒卵形8. orbicularis (orbicular) 圆形9. rhomboidus (rhomboid) 菱形10. cuneatus (cuneate) 楔形11. spathulatus (spatulate) 匙形12. flabellatus (flabellate) 扇形13. flacatus (flacatus ,flacate) 镰刀形14. reniformis (reniform) 肾形15. deltoideus (deltoid) 三角形16. subulatus (subulate) 锥尖形17. panduratus (pandurate) 琴形叶尖的形状1. acutus (acute) 锐尖13旗开得胜2. abruptus acuminatus (abruptly acuminate ) 急尖3. acumiatus (acuminate) 渐尖4. caudatus (caudate) 尾尖5. obtusus (obtuse) 钝6. rotundaus (rotunded) 浑圆7. truncatus (truncate) 截头尖8. retusus (retuse) 微凹9. emarginatus (emarginate) 微缺10. obcordatus (obcordate) 倒心形11. cuspidatus (cuspidate) 骤尖9. obsoletus (obsolete or wanting) 隐脉立体形状1. ovoideus (ovoid) 卵形2. ellipsoideus (ellipsoidal) 椭球形3. globosus (globose) 球形4. turbinatus (turbinate) 陀螺形5. conicus (conical) 圆锥形6. pyramidalis (pyramidal) 尖塔形7. fusiformis (fusiform) 纺锤形8. teres (teret) 圆柱形9. trigonus (trigonous) 三棱形10. compressus (compressed) 侧压扁形14旗开得胜11. depressus (depressed )直压扁形12. moniliformis (moniliform) 念珠状13. didymus (didym) 孪生状14. plano-convexus (plano-conved ) 平凹状质地1. coriaceus (coriaceous) 革质2. chartaceus (chartaceous) 纸质3. papyraceus (papyery) 薄纸质4. membrannaceus (membranous) 膜质5. scariosus (scarious) 干膜质复叶的各部和种类1. foliolum (leaflet) 小叶2. (petolule) 小叶柄3. (rachis) 总轴4. pinnatum compositus (pinnately compound) 羽状复叶5. compositus (odd compound ) 奇数复叶6. compositus (even compound) 偶数复叶7. palmatum compositus (palmately compound) 掌状复叶8. digitatum compositus (digitately compound) 指状复叶9. unifoliolatus (unifoliolata) 单身复叶10. pinnatum trifolilatus (pinnately trifoliolate ) 羽状三小叶15旗开得胜11. digitatum trifoliolatus (digitate trifoliolate) 指状三小叶12. bipinnatus (bipinnate)二回羽状13. bijugatus (bijugate) 羽片二对14. trijugatus (trijugate) 羽片三对15. multijugatus (multijugates) 羽片多对叶在芽中的形状1. conduplicatus (conduplicate or folded) 折合2. convolutus (convolute) 包旋3. involutus (involute) 内旋4. revolutus (revolutus) 外旋5. plicatus (plicate) 折扇状6. reclinatus (reclinate) 内曲7. circinnatus (circinnate) 拳卷的8. Palea (palea)花冠的形状1. tubularis (tubular) 管状2. infundibuliformis (funnel shaped) 漏斗状3. campanulatus (campanulatea) 钟状4. hypocrateriformis (hypocrateriform or saiver-shaped) 高脚碟状5. urceolatus (urceolatue) 坛状16旗开得胜6. rotatus (rotatus) 轮状7. calcar (spurred) 距状8. labiatus (labiate) 唇形9. bilabiatus (bilabiate) 二唇形10. papilionaceus (papilionaceous) 蝶形11. vexillum (standard or banner) 旗瓣12. ala (wings or alae) 翼瓣13. carina (keel or carine)龙骨瓣14. ligulatus (ligulate) 舌状典型花各部1. sepalum (sepal) 萼片2. calyx (calyx) 花萼3. petalum (petal) 花瓣4. corolla (corolla) 花冠5. perianthium (perianth) 花被6. stamen (stamen) 雄蕊7. filamectium (filament) 花丝8. anthera (anther) 花药9. connectium(connective) 药隔10. pollen (pollen) 花粉11. pistillum (pistil) 雌蕊12. stigma (stigma) 柱头13. stylus (style) 花柱17旗开得胜14. ovarium (ovary) 子房15. ovulum (ovule) 胚珠16. receptaculum (receptacle) 花托17. (pedicel) 花梗18. (pedunele) 总花梗19. (rachis) 花轴20. (disk or disc) 花盘Flowers1. flos completus (complete flower) 完全花2. flos inconepletus (inconeplete flower) 不完全花3. flos bisexualis (bisexual flower) 两性花4. flos unisexualis (unisexual flower) 单性花5. flos neuter (neutral flower) 中性花6. flos staminatus (staminate flower) 雄花7. flos pistillatus (pistillate flower) 雌花8. monoecius (monoecious) 雌雄同株2. ovarium (ovary) 子房3. gynophorum (gynophre) 子房柄4. loculus (locule) 室5. ovulum (ovule) 胚6. stylus (style) 花柱7. stigma (stigma) 柱头8. supeuor (superior) 子房上位18旗开得胜9. inferior (inferior) 子房下位10. semi-inferius (half-inferior) 半下位1. placenta (placente) 胎座2. placenta axillis (axille placente) 中轴胎座3. placenta centralis (free-central placente) 特立胎座4. placenta parietalis (parietal placente) 侧膜胎座5. placenta basalis (basal placente) 基生胎座6. placenta apicalis (apical placente) 顶生胎座胚珠ovulum (ovule)1. nucellus (nucellus) 珠心2. integumentum (integument) 珠被3. funiculus (funicle) 珠柄4. chalaza (chalaza) 合点5. micropyle (micropyle) 珠孔花托Receptaculus (Receptacle)1. discus (disk) 花盘2. nectarium (nectary) 蜜腺3. flos hypogynus (flower hypogynous) 下位花4. flos perigynus (flower perigynous) 周位花5. flos epigynus (flower epigynous) 上位花6. gynophorun (gynophorum) 子房柄7. carpophorum (carpophore) 心皮柄19旗开得胜8. androgynophorum (androgynophoreir) 雄蕊柄果实Fructus (Fruit)1. fructus spurius (fruit spurious) 假果2. fructus simplex (fruit simplex) 单果3. fructus polyanthocarpt (fruit aggregate) 聚合果4. fructus multiplex (fruit collective) 聚花果5. pericarpium (pericarp) 果皮6. endrocarpium (endrocarp) 内果皮7. exocarpium (exocarp) 外果皮8. mesocarpium (mesocarp) 中果皮干果Dry fruit1. folliculus (follicle) 蓇葖果2. legumen (legume) 荚果3. lomentum (loment) 节荚4. siliqua (silique) 长角果5. silicula (silicle) 短角果6. capsule (capsule) 蒴果3. aculeus (aculeus) 皮刺4. planta spinosa (acanthophorous plants) 有刺植物5. plant aculeata (aculeus plants) 皮刺植物6. squana (scale) 鳞片20旗开得胜7. squamosus (squamose) 具鳞片8. glaucus (glaucous) 具白粉9. glaber(glabrous) 无毛10. rugosus(rugose) 有条纹11. striatus (striate) 有线条12. scaber (scabreus) 粗糙13. tuberculatus (tuberculate) 小瘤体14. muricatus (muricate) 小突刺15. echimatus (echinate) 芒刺16. pubescens (pubescent) 柔毛17. puberulus ((puberulent) 小柔毛18. tomentosus (tomentose) 绒毛19. lanatus (lanate) 绵毛lanosus (lanose) 绵毛20. pilosus (pilose) 疏长毛21. villosus (villose) 长柔毛22. hispidus (hispid) 刚毛23. hirsutus (hirsute) 长粗毛24. babartus babarte) 冉毛25. strigosus (strigose) 粗伏毛26. glochidiatus (glochidiate) 钩毛27. setosus (setose) 刺毛28. sericeus(sericeous) 绢毛29. ciliatus (ciliate) 睫毛21旗开得胜30. ciliolatus (ciliolate) 小睫毛31. pili glandulosi (glandular hair) 腺毛32. glandula (gland) 腺体22。

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翻译资料第三章强度变换和空间滤光前言空间域一词指的是图像平面本身,此类方法都是基于对图像中像素的直接控制。

本章我们将着重阐述2类重要的空间域处理方法:强度变换(又称灰度变换)和空间滤光。

后者有时亦被称为相邻处理或空间卷积。

接下来我们会详细说明在MATLAB模式下的这两类处理技术中的典型。

为了主题的一致,在本章的例子大部分与图像增强有关。

这很有助于引入空间处理,因为图像增强非常直观且具吸引力,尤其对于本领域的初学者而言。

正如你将会在本书中看到,然而,这些技术已大范围使用,并且活跃在数字图像处理的其他众多分支。

3.1 背景正如前段所指,空间域的技术直接对图像的像素进行操作。

本章所讨论的空间域处理记为以下表达式:g(x,y)=T[f(x,y)]其中f(x,y)是输入图像,g(x,y)是输出(已处理)图像,T是在点(x,y)的一个特定域上的对f的操作。

此外,T还可以对图片进行成组处理,例如K映像降噪处理的加法指令。

定义点(x,y)空间域的主要方法是以(x,y)为中心,画出一个正方形或矩形区域,如图3.1所示。

该区域的中心从一个像素移动到另一个像素,例如,在顶部,在左下角,当它移动的时候,它会包含不同的区域。

操作T适用于每个(X,Y),以产生在该位置上的输出,即g(x,y)。

只有在以(x,y)为中心邻近的像素可用于计算的g(x,y)。

本章余下的内容会用来讨论上述方程的不同实现。

虽然这个方程概念很简单,但在计算机上用MA TLAB实现时,要特别留意其数据类型和值范围。

3.2强度变换函数T变换的最简形式是图3.1中邻域的大小变为1X1(即单一像素)。

在这种情况下,g(x,y)的值只取决于这一点,同时T也变成了强度或灰度变换函数。

在涉及单色(即灰度)图像时,强度变换函数等于灰度变换函数。

当涉及到彩色图像时,“强度”用来表示在某色空间的彩色图像分量,第6章将会详述。

由于输出值只依赖于1个点的强度值,而不是一个邻域的点,强度变换函数经常简化为以下形式:s = T(r)其中r表示f的强度、s表示g的强度,二者同为坐标(x,y)的函数。

3.2.1灰度级调整函数灰度级变换函数是关于灰度图像强度变换的基本图像处理工具箱函数。

它的一正般语法为g = imadjust(f, [low_in high_in], [low_out high_out], gamma)如图 3.2所示,这个函数映射了图像的强度值由F变为新值G的过程,即,从low_in 到high_in之间的值映射到了从low_out到high_out之间的值。

小于low_in及大于high_in的值是截断的,也就是说,小于low_in的值,其输出依然等于low_out,同样大于high_in的输入其输出依然等于high_out。

输入图像可以是8位的,16位的,16位整型的,单精度或双精度的,但是输出图像要与输入图像类型一致。

所有灰度级调整函数的输入,除f和γ以外,其值都应0和1之间,且独立于f类。

例如,f是8位的,灰度级就要乘以255,以确定实际值;同样,f是16位的,灰度级就要乘以65535。

[low_in high_in]或[low_out high_out]使用空矩阵([ ]),得到的默认值为[0 1]。

如果high_out 小于low_out,输出强度逆转。

参数γ指定强度值f映射到g的曲线的形状。

如果γ小于1,映射是偏重于高灰度的输出值,如图。

3.2(a)。

如果伽玛大于1,映射是偏重于低灰度的输出值。

如果它被省略,γ默认为1(线性映射)。

图3.3(a)是一张数字X光图像,女性,出现小病变;图3.3(b)是其负片图象,可通过使用以下命令获得>> g1 = imadjust(f, [0 1], [1 0]);这个过程,是以数码的方法获得底片——在一个大图内加强白色或灰色的细节,当光线暗时效果尤为明显。

请注意,看,现在要分析图3.3(b)中乳房组织是何其容易。

图像的负片也可通过工具箱中的反色功能来实现:>> g = imcomplement(f)图3.3(c)是使用该命令的结果>> g2 = imadjust(f, [0.5 0.75], [0 1]);扩大了灰度区间,从[0.5,0.75]到整个[0,1]区间。

这种方法通常用来突出强度带。

最后,使用命令>> g3 = imadjust(f, [ ], [ ], 2);P68通过灰度低端的压缩和高端的扩大得[图 3.3(d)],类似于图3.3(c)(但更灰色调)。

3.2.3 对数和对比度拉伸变换对数和对比度拉伸变换是动态范围操作的基本工具。

对数转换使用如下表达式g = c*log(1 + f)其中c是一个常数,f是浮点数。

这个转变函数的形状类似于伽玛曲线(图3.2(a))——低值设置在0处,高值设置在1处。

然而,请注意,该伽玛曲线的形状是可变的,但对数函数的形状是固定的。

P69使用对数变换的主要原则之一是压缩动态范围。

例如,傅立叶谱(会在第4章提及)值的范围通常在[0,106]或更高。

在一个线性8位显示器上,以高谱值的信号为主,就会失去光谱中由低强度值所产生的视觉细节。

通过计算对数,压缩动态范围,例如,106,减少到大约14,这更具操作性。

当对数变换时,我们都希望得到的是从压缩值返回到显示器的完整范围。

对于8位,是最简单的方法是在MATLAB中输入语句>> gs = im2uint8(mat2gray(g));使用mat2gray使值范围变为[0,1]、使用im2uint8使值范围变为[0,255]。

接下去,我们会在3.2.3节中讨论一个定标函数,它能自动检测输入类型并进行相应的转换。

图3.4(a)中所示函数被称为对比拉伸变换函数,因为它可以把小范围的输入域变成大范围的输出域,这就是所谓的拉伸。

同样,它把大于m的输入值归纳为一个一定的输出范围,即图片中的深色部分,其结果是高对比度的图像。

事实上,如图3.4(b )所示,输出的是一个二进制图像。

这有限函数称为阈值函数,正如我们在第11章所讨论的那样,这是一个简单的用于图像分割的工具。

使用在本节开头介绍的符号,图3.4(a)中的函数有如下形式其中r表示输入图像的的强度,S是在输出图像的相应强度值,E控制函数的斜率。

这个方程在MATLAB中用浮点实现的形式为:g = 1./(1 + (m./f).^E)P70如果f有任何0值,须注意高清晰图形文件的使用(见表2.10),以防止溢出。

当使用这种类型的变换时,因为g的值只能为1,所以输出值不能超过[0,1]这个范围。

图3.4(a)的E值为20。

图3.5(a)是值范围在0到106的傅立叶谱显示在一个8位线性的显示系统。

图3.5(b)显示的是使用命令所得结果,对原有形象的视觉改善是显而易见的。

>> g = im2uint8(mat2gray(log(1 + double(f))));>> imshow(g)3.2.3强度转换方面实用的M-函数在本节中,我们开发了两个自定义的M-函数,它们能综合前三个部分中所介绍的强度变换的不同方面。

我们展示一段代码用以描述错误检查的过程,从而引出MATLAB函数的构造方法。

这些方法使函数们能够处理可变数据的输入和输出,同时也引出在本书中通用的代码格式。

自此,新M-函数的详细代码不会再被详细讨论,除非需要说明具体的编程结构,或说明新MATLAB和图像处理工具箱的使用功能,或审查早些时候引入的概念。

否则,只有函数语法方面的解释,函数的代码在附录C上。

另外,为了把精力集中在本书所提及的其余开发功能的基本结构上,这是我们最后一次说明错误检查的广泛使用。

接下来的程序是典型的在MATLAB中编译的错误处理程序。

P71可变数据的输入/输出处理为了检查输入到M函数的参数个数,我们使用输入宗量数函数(function nargin),n = nargin该函数返回实际输入M函数的参数个数。

同样,输出宗量数函数(function nargout)用于连接M函数的输出。

语法是:n = nargout举例来说,假设我们执行下面的M-函数,并在提示符下,键入:>> T = testhv(4, 5);在函数主体使用nargin函数将返回一个2,而使用nargout函数将返回1。

函数nargchk可用于M-函数的主体,以检查参数的个数是否正确。

语法如下,msg = nargchk(low, high, number)如果输入参数个数小于最少输入参数个数或大于最多输入参数个数,这个函数将提示参数不足或过多。

如果数量在最低值和最高值之间(包含最低和最高值),nargchk将返回空矩阵。

一个nargchk的常见用途是通过检测输入参数的个数来阻止函数的错误执行。

实际输入参数的个数是由nargin函数决定的。

举例来说,请阅读以下代码段:function G = testhv2(x, y, z)...error(nargchk(2, 3, nargin));...Typing>> testhv2(6);只有一个输入参数会产生错误没有足够的输入参数。

程序执行将终止。

P72能够编写输入/输出参数个数可变的函数是有用的。

为此,我们使用变量varargin和varargout。

在声明中,varargin和varargout必须小写。

例如function [m, n] = testhv3(varargin)testhv3.m函数允许可变数量的输入,function [varargout] = testhv4(m, n, p)数量不定的输出将从testhv4函数中返回。

比如说,如果函数testhv3有一个固定的输入参数x,之后是数目不定的参数,那么使用如下语句,function [m, n] = testhv3(x, varargin)调用函数时,varargin变量将从第2个参数起被使用。

varargout用法同。

函数允许输入和输出参数的个数都是可变的。

当varargin是一个函数的输入参数时,MATLAB将其设置到一个单元阵列中(见第2.10.7节),其中包含由用户提供的参数。

由于varargin是一个单元阵列,所以它允许调用函数的输入为各种类型。

例如,想象一下,我们假设的testhv3函数是这样一种函数,它完全接受各种输入类型,如下语法亦正确>> [m, n] = testhv3(f, [0 0.5 1.5], A, 'label');其中f是一个图像,下一个参数是一个长度为3的行向量,A是一个矩阵,'label是一个字符串。

这是一个强大的功能,可用于简化各种不同类型输入函数的结构。

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