ECONOMICS REPORT - The Credit Crisis Spreads to Banks Around the World
金融危机给大学生带来的影响英语作文
The Impact of the Financial Crisis on College Students The financial crisis, a global economic phenomenon, has left its indelible mark on various sectors, including education, and especially on college students. As the primary beneficiaries and potential victims of economic fluctuations, college students face a unique set of challenges during these tumultuous times.Firstly, the financial crisis has directly impacted the job market for college graduates. With many companies struggling to maintain profitability or even survive, they have had to reduce hiring or implement layoffs. This has made it increasingly difficult for college students to find suitable jobs after graduation. Many are forced to take up temporary or part-time work, while some may even struggle to find any form of employment.Secondly, the crisis has also had a significant impact on the financial situation of many college students. As the cost of education continues to rise, students often rely on loans, grants, and part-time work to finance their studies. However, during a financial crisis, these sources of income may become unreliable or decrease, putting further strainon students' finances. This can lead to an increased sense of anxiety and pressure among students, affecting their mental health and ability to focus on their studies. Furthermore, the crisis has also affected the opportunities available to college students for internships and practical experience. Many organizations, especially those in the private sector, may reduce or eliminate their internship programs due to financial constraints. This deprives students of valuable hands-on experience and networking opportunities, which are crucial for their future career development.However, despite these challenges, the financial crisis also presents opportunities for college students. It encourages them to be more innovative and entrepreneurial in their approach to finding work and earning a living. Many students have turned to starting their own businesses or finding alternative ways to generate income, such as freelancing or online businesses. This not only helps them to earn a living but also provides them with valuable experience and skills that will be useful in their future careers.In conclusion, the financial crisis has had a profound impact on college students, both positively and negatively. While it has created challenges in terms of job opportunities, finances, and internship programs, it has also spurred innovation and entrepreneurship among students. As they navigate these uncertain times, it is important for college students to remain resilient, proactive, and innovative in order to overcome the challenges and seize the opportunities that lie ahead.。
商务英语阅读期末考试复习资料
《商务英语阅读》期末考试复习资料一、词汇翻译题（课内词汇+课外高频商务词汇）1.entrepreneur 企业家2.specification 规格详述3.human resources 人力资源4.institution 机构5.orientation 方向，导向，新员工入职培训6.decline 消减，衰亡7.bonus 奖金unch 推出，投放市场munity 社区，共同体10.necessities （生活）必需品11.stock 股票12.liquidity 流动性，变现性13.risk 风险14.potential 潜在的15.act of God 不可抗力y off 使……下岗17.listed company 上市公司18.log on 登入、连接（上网）19.absolute interest 绝对产权20.keyboard skills 打字技能21.human resources 人力资源22.account for 解释某事物的原因，占……比例23.executive 高级管理人员，执行总裁24.logo 企业或公司等专用的标记、标识25.administration 管理26.budget 预算27.feasible 可行的28.industry 产业，行业29.ingredient 成分，要素30.securities 证券mission 佣金32.dividend 股息，红利33.mature 到期，成熟34.accounts receivable 应收账款35.job description 岗位描述36.letter of intent 意向书37.living wage 基本生活工资38.bar code 条形码39.acid test 决定性的考验40.executive 高管，主管41.administrative expenses 行政管理费用42.jet lag 飞机时差反应43.customized 用户化的，按客户要求定制的44.keep-fit market 保健市场45.lecture theatre 梯形教室，梯形报告厅46.local adaptation 本土化47.balance sheet 资产负债表48.benefits package 福利套餐,整体福利49.bill of lading 提单、提货单50.access fee 使用费二、单项选择题（课内）1.Factors of production refer to _______.A.natural resources and capitalbor and entrepreneursC.both A and B2.The structure of a large manufacturing company and that of a small service firmshould be __________.A. the sameB. differentC. similar3. Organization charts show employees where they ______.A. start their workB. report to the bossC. fit into the company’s operation4. The basic management skills are ________.A.technical skills, human relations skills and conceptual skillsB.performing skills, marketing skills and planning skillsanizing skills, controlling skills and leading skills5. ________ programs include wages and salaries, incentives, and benefit forworkers.A. CompensationB. MarketingC. Orientation6. The firm’s ________ covers all the products it offers for sale.A. product lineB. product lifeC. product mix7. A nation’s ______ is the difference between the flow of money into and outof the nation.A.balance of tradeB.balance of paymentsC.payment of balance8. China is in the _______ regional economy.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. Asia/Pacific9. A corporation can also obtain equity financing by selling securities directlyto current stockholders. “Equity” here means ______.A. reasonable qualityB. ordinary stocks and sharesC. principles of equality10.Most short-term financing is unsecured. “unsecured” here means _______.A.no interest chargeB.no collateral is requiredC.no bank loans11.The funds needed to operate an enterprise are referred to as _______.A.capitalB.resourcesbor12. Organization charts show employees where they ______.A. start their workB. report to the bossC. fit into the company’s operation13. The basic management skills are ________.A.technical skills, human relations skills and conceptual skillsB.performing skills, marketing skills and planning skillsanizing skills, controlling skills and leading skills14. ________ programs include wages and salaries, incentives, and benefit forworkers.A. CompensationB. MarketingC. Orientation15. The firm’s ________ covers all the products it offers for sale.A. product lineB. product lifeC. product mix16. _______ may be established based on costs, demands, the competitions’prices,or some combination of these.A. ProductsB. BrandsC. Prices17. A nation’s ______ is the difference between the flow of money into and outof the nation.A.balance of tradeB.balance of paymentsC.payment of balance18. China is in the _______ regional economy.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. Asia/Pacific19.People can buy stocks from _____.A.securities marketsB. a secure marketC.financial markets20. High-risk investment techniques can provide greater returns, but they entailgreater risk of loss. “Entail” here means _________.A. retailB. investC. involve（答案自己在书上找）三、阅读理解题（课外）Passage 1Global Recession Hits the Developing WorldBoth the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund expect the world economy to shrink this year for the first time since World War Two. As recently as January, the I.M.F. had predicted growth of one-half percent. But this week its chief, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, said the world has entered what he called “a great recession”.A new World Bank report says the recession may hurt the developing world the most. Those countries depend on trade for economic growth. But world trade is expected to fall at the fastest rate in eighty years.East Asia has been hardest hit. In February, exports from China fell twenty-six percent from a year ago.Rich nations are expected to borrow heavily in world credit markets to finance spending at home. But investors are demanding very high returns if they are willing to lend to the developing world at all. Jeff Chelsky, a World Bank senior economist, says investors are avoiding higher risk debt in a flight to quality.The bank estimates that up to three trillion dollars of public and private loans in developing countries must be repaid this year. Some nations have enough foreign currency reserves, but others will struggle to find new financing to pay their existing debts.The World Bank estimates that developing nations will need between two hundred seventy and seven hundred billion dollars in financing. The amount depends on the depth of the recession.The I.M.F. is seeking to expand its lending ability. And World Bank President Robert Zoellick has called on rich nations to put some of their economic recovery spending into a crisis fund to help poor countries.Bank economist Jeff Chelsky says the poorest countries are in the greatest danger. They cannot borrow in credit markets and they depend on exports of commodities like crops or minerals. But falling commodity prices mean they now depend more than ever on foreign aid.Finance ministers and central bankers from major industrial and developing countries meet this weekend outside London to discuss the financial crisis. President Obama wants all countries in the Group of Twenty to coordinate their separate efforts to strengthen their economies.There was some good news this week, including better-than-expected reports on spending by Americans in January and February. And financial stocks rose after Citigroup reported a profit for those two months.And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.1. According to the passage, the world economy will _______ for the first timethis year since the World War Two.A. developB. growC. expandD. become smaller2. _______may be hurt the most by the recession.A. the developing worldB. the developed countriesC. the rich countriesD. Asian countries3. Who are easier to borrow money in the world credit market?A. Rich nationsB. Poor countriesC. the World BankD. the International Monetary Fund4. What does the underlined “flight”mean in the fourth paragraph?A. travelB. flyingC. escapeD. movement through the air5.___________ has called on rich nations to help poor countries.A. President ObamaB. President Robert ZoellickC. Jeff ChelskyD. the International Monetary FundPassage 2A Rough Road for ToyotaToyota became the world's largest automaker in two thousand eight. But after years of building loyalty, the Japanese company may have put its quality brand name at risk, at least temporarily.Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the world because of cases where vehicles have sped up unexpectedly. Last August, a driver in California was unable to stop. The crash killed him and three of his family members.Toyota says the problem is rare and caused by accelerator pedals becoming stuck open. On January twenty-sixth, the company suspended sales of eight of its top-selling vehicles in the United States, its largest market. Toyota dealers have been receiving parts to make repairs.General Motors and Ford both reported increased sales in January. But Toyota sales in the United States have fallen, and so has its stock price. Toyota says it expects costs and lost sales from its recent safety recalls to total two billion dollars by the end of March.Louis Lataif spent twenty-seven years in the car industry at Ford. Now he is dean of the School of Management at Boston University.LOUIS LATAIF: “It’s Toyota’s biggest such recall. It’s voluntary incidentally, it’s not mandated. So, in that respect, they are doing something fairly bold, namely, taking the hit of shutting production and correcting the vehicles that are in inventory on which they have stopped sales.”A recall late last year involved floor mats that Toyota said could cause the accelerator to get stuck. One of the vehicles in the floor mat recall was the Prius, the world’s top selling hybrid.Now American officials are investigating the brake system on the twenty ten Prius. The Transportation Department says it has received more than one hundred twenty reports, including reports of four crashes.Toyota says it found a software problem that could briefly affect the “feel” of the anti-lock brakes on rough or slippery roads. It says it fixed the brake problem last month.But a growing number of legal cases claim Toyota knew for a long time about the sudden acceleration issue with other vehicles. The problem reportedly has led to more than eight hundred crashes and nineteen deaths in the past ten years. Congress is preparing for hearings.Greg Bonner is a marketing professor at Villanova University. He says to regain trust, Toyota will have to make public everything it knows about the problems and show it accepts responsibility.The recall has also intensified questions about all the computer control systems used in modern cars.6. Toyota may have put its quality brand name at risk because__________.A. vehicles have sped up unexpectedlyB. last August, a driver in California was unable to stop.C. Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the worldD. All of the above.7. Which of the following ways is not one Toyota solves its problem about accelerator pedals?A. Toyota stopped sales of eight of its top-selling vehicles in the UnitedStatesB. Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the worldC. Toyota increased salesD. Toyota dealers have been receiving parts to make repairs.8. Whose sales decreased in January?A. General MotorsB. FordC. General Motors and FordD. Toyota9. From what Louis Lataif said about Toyota, we can infer that _________.A. Toyota didn’t solve its problem positively.B. Louis Lataif didn’t think that Toyota solved its problem properly.C. Louis Lataif thought highly of Toyota’s way of solving its problem.D. Toyota couldn’t solve its problem.10. The underlined word in the last paragraph “intensify” means ________.A. increase in degreeB. decrease in degreeC. make the questions more tenseD. become more intensePassage 3Stock Sectors - How to Classify StocksOne of the ways investors classify stocks is by type of business. The idea is to put companies in similar industries together for comparison purposes. Most analysts and financial media call these groupings “sectors” and you will often read or hear about how certain sector stocks are doing.One of the most common classification breaks the market into 11 different sectors. Investors consider two of these sectors “defensive” and the remaining nine “cyclical.” Let’s look at these two categories and see what they mean for the individual investor.DefensiveDefensive stocks include utilities and consumer staples. These companies usually don’t suffer as much in a market downturn because people don’t stop using energy or eating. They provide a balance to portfolios and offer protection in a falling market.However, for all their safety, defensive stocks usually fail to climb with a rising market for the opposite reasons they provide protection in a falling market: people don’t use significantly more energy or eat more food.Defensive stocks do exactly what their name implies, assuming they are well run companies. They give you a cushion for a soft landing in a falling market.Cyclical stocksCyclical stocks, on the other hand, cover everything else and tend to react to a variety of market conditions that can send them up or down, however when one sector is going up another may be going down.Here is a list of the nine sectors considered cyclical:∙Basic Materials∙Capital Goods∙Communications∙Consumer Cyclical∙Energy∙Financial∙Health Care∙Technology∙TransportationMost of these sectors are self-explanatory. They all involve businesses you can readily identify. Investors call them cyclical because they tend to move up and down in relation to businesses cycles or other influences.Basic materials, for example, include those items used in making other goods – lumber, for instance. When the housing market is active, the stock of lumber companies will tend to rise. However, high interest rates might put a damper on home building and reduce the demand for lumber.How to UseStocks sectors are helpful sorting and comparison tools. Don’t get hung up on using just one organization’s set of sectors, though. uses slightly different sectors in its tools, which let you compare stocks within a sector.This is extremely helpful, since one of the ways to use sector information is to compare how your stock or a stock you may want to buy, is doing relative to other companies in the same sector.If all the other stocks are up 11% and your stock is down 8%, you need to find out why. Likewise, if the numbers are reversed, you need to know why your stock is doing so much better than others in the same sector –maybe its business model has changed and it shouldn’t be in that sector any longer.ConclusionYou never want to be making investment decisions in a vacuum. Using sector information, you can see how a stock is doing relative to its peers and that will help you understand whether you have a potential winner or loser.11. According to this passage, an investor should buy _____________in a falling market.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. technology stocksD. transportation stocks12. According to this passage, an investor should buy _____________in a rising market.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. stocks of utilitiesD. stocks of consumer staples13. ______________sectors belong to cyclical stocks.A. 11B.2C.9D.314. Utilities and consumer staples belong to _______________.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. technology stocksD. transportation stocks15. ___________tend to move up and down in relation to businesses cycles or other influences.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. stocks of utilitiesD. stocks of consumer staplesPassage 1America's biggest carmaker accepted fifty billion dollars in federal aid from the Obama and Bush administrations. People joked that GM meant "Government Motors." Now, General Motors could be on the road to recovery.The company recorded over two and a half billion dollars in profit in the first half of the year. The government still owns sixty-one percent of GM as a result of the bailout. Canada is also a shareholder. But now GM plans to sell stock to the public again.GM spent just forty days in bankruptcy. It sought protection from its creditors in June of last year. GM restructured. It discontinued some vehicles and closed dealerships and factories.In April, GM repaid almost seven billion dollars in government loans. Many of its creditors are waiting to see how much they get.GM plans an IPO, an initial public offering of stock, later this year. The company could raise as much as fifteen billion dollars.Chief executive Edward Whitacre is leaving September first. He wants the government to sell all of its shares in the company during the IPO. Many experts believe the Treasury will act slowly over time after the public offering is completed.If the stock price rises, the government could profit from the rescue. But the IPO is risky for the company. The offering will test the willingness of investors to take an equity share in the “new GM”.Buying equity is not like buying bonds. Bonds represent a loan. Equity represents ownership. Investors willing to buy equity shares in a company expect one thing -- growth.GM believes it can make that happen, in part with a new electric-and-gas hybrid.COMMERCIA L: “Chevy Volt, a car that can go up to forty miles before it uses any gas at all. That's an American revolution.”The Volt is expected to start arriving in showrooms later this year.GM is also looking overseas. The world's fastest growing car markets are in developing nations. GM is now selling more cars in China than in the United States. GM still leads the American market, though Toyota is now the biggest car company in the world.There are signs that America's big three may have put the worst of their recent troubles behind them.Chrysler also went through bankruptcy and says its sales are up. Italy's Fiat holds a twenty percent share.Ford Motor Company avoided bankruptcy and refused government help. Ford reported close to five billion dollars in profit for the first six months of the year.1. America’s biggest carmaker is _________________.A. ToyotaB. ChryslerC. GMD. Ford Motor Company2. GM stands for __________.A. Government MotorsB. General MotorsC. Both A and BD. Neither A Nor B3. People joked that GM meant “Government Motors” because _____________.A. The government still owns sixty-one percent of GM as a result of the bailout.B. They accepted fifty billion dollars in federal aid from the Obama and Bushadministrations.C. Both A and BD. Neither A Nor B4. Now, General Motors could be on the road to recovery. It plans ___________.A. to restructure.B. an IPO, an initial public offering of stock, later this yearC. to seek protection from its creditors.D. to discontinue some vehicles and closed dealerships and factories.5. According to the passage, what is not true about Chevy Volt?A. GM believes it will bring profit growth.B. It is a new electric-and-gas hybrid.C. It is a car that can go up to forty miles before it uses any gas at all.D. It has been produced.Passage 2The digital revolution, as exemplified by the Internet and electronic commerce, has shaken marketing practices to their core. In a recen t paper, Wharton’s Jerry Wind, director of the SEI Center for Advanced Studies in Management, and co-authorVijay Mahajan, a marketing professor at the College of Business Administration of the University of Texas at Austin, examine the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricing, when customers can propose their own prices (), or buyers and sellers can haggle independently in auctions ().The paper provides an overview of some of the emerging realities and new rules of marketing in a digital world, and outlines what the new discipline of marketing may look like in the early part of the new century.To begin with, say the authors, the rapid-fire growth of the Internet is helping to drive changes. “It is not just our comp uters that are being reprogrammed; it is customers themselves,” says Wind. “These emerging cyber consumers are like an alien race that has landed in the midst of our markets. They have different expectations and different relationships with companies from which they purchase products and services.”For one thing, cyber consumers expect to be able to customize everything —from the products and services they buy and the information they seek, to the price they are willing to pay. And with digital technology opening new channels for gaining information, they are more knowledgeable and demanding than previous consumers. Digital customers can also sort products based on any desired attribute, price, nutritional value, or functionality, and they can easily obtain third-party endorsements and evaluations, tapping the experience of other users. “Companies that cannot meet their demands and expectations will be at a loss,” says Wind.Questions:6. The passage was most likely to be quoted from______.A.an overview of a paperB.an introduction to a bookC. a book on digital revolutionD. a paper discussing digital revolution7. The paper mentioned in this paper was written by______.A.Jerry WindB.Vijay MahajanC.Jerry Wind and Vijay MahajanD.an anonymous8. From the third paragraph, we can infer that______.A.the customers are also reprogrammed by computersB.e-business companies need be more knowledgeable about cyber consumersC.cyber consumers are a group of strange peopleD.cyber consumers came from outer space9. Compared with traditional customers, the emerging cyber consumers______.A.are more difficult to satisfyB.have less knowledge about businessC.have more problems with pricesD.are less willing to buy products and services10. What is mainly discussed in the passage? ______A.digital revolutionB.digital marketingC.cyber consumersD.the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricingPassage 3Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from ‘invisible earnings’ to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional #375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus -- $66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties toobtain parliamentary majorities.In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:“Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome –without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.Questions:11. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_________.A. Greek income and expendituresB. The improving economic situation in GreeceC. The value of tourismD. Military expenditures12. Many peasants earn less than _________.A. $60 a weekB. $2 a weekC. $1 a dayD. $10 a month13. The Greek Government spends __________.A. more than 25%of its budget on military termsB. More than its collectsC. A third of a billion dollars in goldD. Less than 25% of its budget on military terms14. According to the passage, Greece has _________.A. a dictatorshipB. a monarchyC. a single majority partyD. too much red tape15. Greece imports annually goods and materials __________.A. totaling almost $700 millionB. that balance exportsC. that are paid by touristsD. costing $66 million四、篇章翻译题（课外）Passage A纳斯达克开设北京代表处随着各方吸引迅速增长的中国公司赴海外上市的争夺战愈演愈烈，纳斯达克(Nasdaq)昨日成为最新一个在北京开设代表处的全球证交所。
重点总结的经济学人-中英文版)
Finance and EconomicsOffshore private banking离岸私人银行业Bourne to survive伯恩的幸存Aug 6th 2009From The Economist print editionDespite the woes of UBS, Swiss private banking remains in reasonable shape尽管瑞银处境不佳，瑞士的私人银行业仍保有相当规模Illustration by S. KambayashiA FTER visiting his bank in Zurich, Jason Bourne, an amnesic assassin, wonders: “Who has a safety-deposit box full of money and six passports and a gun?” In the popular imagination as well as Hollywood films the answer is clear: customers of Swiss banks do.当失忆的杀手詹森•伯恩(Jason Bourne)从其位于苏黎世的银行走出后，自问到：”什么样的人会有一个装满了钱、6本护照还有一把枪的银行保险箱？”在大众的想像与好莱坞的电影中，这个答案是明确的：瑞士银行的客户就是这样的人。
If this reputation for skulduggery is right, Switzerland, home to about one-quarter of the world’s offshore money, is in big trouble. After nearly going bust, UBS, its biggest bank, is now being pistol-whipped by America’s Internal Revenue Service (IRS), which wants it to hand over the names of tens of thousands of alleged tax dodgers. A preliminary settlement between the two was agreed on July 31st, although its details have yet to be made public. In March Switzerland agreed to comply with an OECD tax code that will oblige it to reveal information on clients that other governments say they need to enforce their laws. Where will crooks, despots and war criminals go now? And what will Swiss private banks do when they leave?如果这种隐秘而无原则的名声不是空穴来风的话，瑞士，这个坐拥世界四分之一离岸资金的国家将会有大麻烦。
全球经济衰退袭击发展中国家
This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.Both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund expect the world economy to shrink this year for the first time since World War Two. As recently as January, the I.M.F. had predicted growth ofone-half percent. But this week its chief, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, said the world has entered what he called "a great recession."A new World Bank report says the recession may hurt the developing world the most. Those countries depend on trade for economic growth. But world trade is expected to fall at the fastest rate in eighty years.East Asia has been hardest hit. In February, exports from China fell twenty-six percent from a year ago.Rich nations are expected to borrow heavily in world credit markets to finance spending at home. But investors are demanding very high returns if they are willing to lend to the developing world at all. Jeff Chelsky, a World Bank senior economist, says investors are avoiding higher risk debt in a flight to quality.The bank estimates that up to three trillion dollars of public and private loans in developing countries must be repaid this year. Some nations have enough foreign currency reserves, but others will struggle to find new financing to pay their existing debts.The World Bank estimates that developing nations will need between two hundred seventy and seven hundred billion dollars in financing.The amount depends on the depth of the recession.The I.M.F. is seeking to expand its lending ability. And World Bank President Robert Zoellick has called on rich nations to put some of their economic recovery spending into a crisis fund to help poor countries.Bank economist Jeff Chelsky says the poorest countries are in the greatest danger. They cannot borrow in credit markets and they depend on exports of commodities like crops or minerals. But falling commodity prices mean they now depend more than ever on foreign aid.Finance ministers and central bankers from major industrial and developing countries meet this weekend outside London to discuss the financial crisis. President Obama wants all countries in the Group of Twenty to coordinate their separate efforts to strengthen their economies.There was some good news this week, including better-than-expected reports on spending by Americans in January and February. And financial stocks rose after Citigroup reported a profit for those two months.And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.中文翻译世界银行和国际货币基金组织（I.M.F）估计今年的世界经济会发生二战以来的首次收缩，一月份，I.M.F估计全球经济增长率为1.5%，然而本周I.M.F总裁多米尼克斯特劳斯-卡恩说，世界经济已经处于“大衰退”时期。
关于金融危机的英文词汇
次贷危机相关词汇1、次级贷款Subprime mortgage crisis次贷危机也可以用Subprime crisis表示，也可以简略为Subprime, mortgage 是指抵押贷款，与mortgage 相对应的另一个词En-mortgage最近使用频率也很高，如Ex-mortgage broker是指推销抵押贷款的中间人。
2、可调整利率贷款项目Option ARMsARM是adjustable rate mortgage缩写，指可调整利率贷款，美国之所以出现次贷危机，就是由于Option ARMs过于“发达”，使得房地产泡沫越吹越大，最终造成不可避免的金融危机。
3、房地产泡沫real estate bubble房地产泡沫The Housing Bubble房地产泡沫破灭the housing bubble busting，经济衰退economic declining经济危机economic crisis市场疲软market weak注意foreclosure这个词，是指贷方lender没有能力给付月供，银行收回用于出售的房产。
4、信用危机credit risk道德风险Moral Hazard系统风险Systemic Risk信用保险Credit Insurance5、部分金融机构和政府部门中英文对照Lehman Brothers 雷曼兄弟公司Countrywide 美国国家金融服务公司Bear stearns 世界顶级投资银行贝尔斯登AIG 美国国际集团Fed 美国联邦储备委员会住房抵押贷款证券mortgage backed securities 证券和交易委员会Securities and Exchange Commission次贷危机Subprime mortgage crisis美国房地产泡沫US housing bubble流动性liquidity无法偿还房贷和丧失抵押赎回权home-loan defaults and foreclosures发放次贷的出贷方subprime lenders借贷打包证券和银行持有的投资组合loans packaged into securities and held in bank portfolios可调整的贷款利率adjustable-rate mortgages（ARM) 贷款欺诈fraudulent loans信用危机credit risk证券化securitization住房抵押贷款证券mortgage-backed securities（MBS) 抵押债务collateralized debt obligations（CDO) 机构投资者institutional investors杠杆操作leveraged manipulation贬值devaluation市值管理Market Capitalization Management Adjustable-rate Mortgage 可调利率抵押贷款Collateralized Debt Obligation 债务抵押债券Credit Crunch 信用危机Discount Rate and Discount Window贴现率和贴现窗口Equity 资产净值Fed Funds Rate 联邦基金利率Foreclosure 止赎权Investment Bank 投资银行Liquidity 流动性Monoline Insurance 单一险种保险Mora Hazard 道德风险Mortgage-backed Security 抵押担保证券Prepayment Penalty 提前还款罚金Rating Agencies 评级机构Reset 利率重设Risk Premium 风险溢价Securitization 证券化Structured Investment Vehicle 结构化投资工具Systemic Risk 系统风险Term Securities Lending Facility 定期证券借贷工具Transparency 透明度Speculation 投机collateral 抵押品Standard & Poor's 标准普尔Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac 房利美和房地美（两大联邦住宅贷款抵押公司）dot-com bubble 网络泡沫Securities and Exchange Commission证券和交易委员会其它金融词汇rating agency 评级机构credit trading 信用secondary listing 第二上市primary market 一级市场secondary market 二级市场financing 融资intermediary 中介机构capital market 资本市场monetary market 货币市场liquidity 流通性hedge fund 对冲基金real estate 房地产share 股票valuation 股价equity market 股市shareholder 股东macroeconomic 宏观经济take a nosedive （股市）大跌tumble 下跌bourse 证交所corporate champion 龙头企业pension fund 养老基金government bond 政府债券budget 预算deficit 赤字mongey-loser 亏损企业traded company,trading enterprise 上市公司transparency 透明度intellectual property 知识产权opportunistic practice 投机行为entrepreneur 企业家cook the book 做假帐money-market 短期资本市场capital-market 长期资本市场volatility 波动option 期权merger 并购arbitrage 套利bad debt 坏帐a store of value 保值forward exchange 期货交易pickup in rice 物价上涨inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreigh exchange 外汇quote 报价contract 合同domestic currency 本币floating rate 浮动利率venture capital 风险资本(VC)job machine 就业市场consolidation 兼并leverage 杠杆file for bankruptcy 申请破产bailout 救助take over 收购on the hook 被套住housing bubble房贷泡沫bubble economy泡沫经济underwriter 保险商valuation 股价government bond 政府债券saving account 储蓄帐户equity market 股市shareholder 股东delist 摘牌mongey-loser 亏损企业inventory 存货traded company,trading enterprise 上市公司stakeholder 利益相关者transparency 透明度market fundamentalist 市场经济基本规则damage-contral machinery 安全顾问efficient market 有效市场intellectual property 知识产权opportunistic practice 投机行为entrepreneur 企业家cook the book 做假帐regulatory system 监管体系portfolio 投资组合money-market 短期资本市场capital-market 长期资本市场volatility 波动diversification 多元化real estate 房地产option 期权call option 看涨期权put option 看跌期权merger 并购arbitrage 套利Securities and Exchange Commission 〈美〉证券交易委员会dollar standard 美元本位制budget 预算deficit 赤字bad debt 坏帐macroeconomic 宏观经济fiscal stimulus 财政刺激a store of value 保值transaction currency 结算货币forward exchange 期货交易intervention currency 干预货币Treasury bond 财政部公债current-account 经常项目pickup in rice 物价上涨Federal Reserve 美联储inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreigh exchange 外汇spot transaction 即期交易forward transaction 远期交易option forward transaction 择期交易swap transaction 调期交易quote 报价settlment and delivery 交割buying rate 买入价selling rate 卖出价spread 差幅contract 合同at par 平价premium 升水discount 贴水direct quoation method 直接报价法indirect quoation method 间接报价法dividend 股息domestic currency 本币floating rate 浮动利率parent company 母公司credit swap 互惠贷款venture capital 风险资本book value 帐面价值physical capital 实际资本IPO(initial public offering) 新股首发；首次公开发行job machine 就业市场welfare capitalism 福利资本主义collective market cap 市场资本总值golbal corporation 跨国公司transnational status 跨国优势transfer price 转让价格consolidation 兼并leverage 杠杆Federal Reserve 美联储financial turmoil/meltdown 金融危机file for bankruptcy 申请破产bailout 救助take over 收购buy out 购买(某人的)产权或全部货物go under 破产take a nosedive （股市）大跌tumble 下跌falter 摇摇欲坠on the hook 被套住shore up confidence 提振市场信心stave off 挡开, 避开,liquidate assets 资产清算at fire sale prices 超低价sell-off 证券的跌价。
The Credit Crisis Conjectures about Causes and Remedies翻译
真正的答案，似乎是银行家们认为这些证 券是值得的投资，尽管他们要承担风险。 （注释1：随着危机的发展，一些银行购买 了AAA级部分，在进一步恶化的住房市场上 出售质量较低的证券作为套期保值的赌注 。 这回来困扰他们的是恶化的比低评级证券 还厉害的AAA级证券。） 考虑以下问题的具体表现。
A.顶端（人群）的激励 对CEO表现的评估部分地取决于他们相 对于同行所产生的收益。在一定程度上， 一些主要银行可以产生合法的高额回报， 这会给其他银行施加压力以跟上他们。紧 随其后的银行的老板最终可能为了提高各 种观察措施的性能承担了过多的风险。事 实上，即使管理者认识到，这种类型的战 略不真正创造价值，但他们的股票价格和 对其个人的声誉的渴望仍可使它成为最有 吸引力的选择。
这并不是说，银行的风险管理人员都 没有意识到这种激励。 然而，他们可能无 法完全控制他们，因为尾部风险本质上是 罕见的，因此在它们发生前是很难精确量 化的。虽然他们可能试图强加原油限制贸 易商最大风险的活动，这些交易者可能已 经非常有利可图（之前的风险实际上是实 现），这样的行为是不可能让一个高层管 理团队为了利润产生压力。
关于信用危机原因的推测 和补救措施
By Douglas W. Diamond & Raghuram G. Rajan
产生信用危机的原因很多，本文从几 个近因中进一步探究造成信用危机的根本 原因，并在文章的最后阐述了信用危机的 解决办法。 正式开始探究造成危机的根本原因前， 作者先介绍了三个公认的与危机密切相关 的原因：（1）美国金融业配置不当的资 源，房地产，通过发行其他国家的新金融 工具进行融资; （2）一些金融工具中的 重要部分都直接或间接的在商业银行和投 资银行的资产负债表中找到其适用的方面； （3）投资主要与短期债务融资。
经济报告英文
经济报告英文Economic Report: Rising Tensions Undermine Global GrowthIntroductionThis economic report provides an overview of the current global economic situation and the outlook for the future. In recent years, the global economy has faced a range of challenges, including trade tensions, geopolitical uncertainty, and slowing growth in major economies. This report examines these issues, including their causes and potential consequences for the global economy.Overview of the Current Economic SituationThe global economy has been slowing down in recent years, with growth rates in many developed and emerging economies declining. This is partly due to trade tensions between major economies such as the United States and China, which have disrupted supply chains and reduced investment. In addition, there is growing geopolitical uncertainty, with ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, tensions between the United States and Iran, and political instability in many regions.These challenges have had a significant impact on the global economy, with many countries experiencing lower growth rates and rising unemployment. In addition, there are concerns about the long-term impact of these issues, including their potential to further undermine global economic growth.Trade TensionsOne of the primary drivers of the current economic situation is the growing trade tensions between major economies. The United States and China have been engaged in a trade war for several years, imposing tariffs on each other's goods and disrupting global supply chains. Other countries, such as Japan, have also faced trade tensions with the United States, creating uncertainty and reducing investment.These trade tensions have had a significant impact on the global economy, with many businesses struggling to adjust to the new environment. In addition, they have led to rising prices for consumers, affecting purchasing power and reducing demand for goods and services.Geopolitical UncertaintyAnother major factor contributing to the current economic situation is geopolitical uncertainty. Ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, including in Syria and Yemen, have created significant instability in the region and disrupted global oil supplies. This has led to higher oil prices, affecting energy costs around the world.In addition, there is growing tension between the United States and Iran, following the killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani. These tensions have increased the risk of conflict in the region, creating further uncertainty for businesses and investors.Outlook for the FutureDespite these challenges, there are reasons to be optimistic about the future of the global economy. Many countries are taking steps to address the issues facing the global economy, including through trade negotiations and efforts to resolve geopolitical conflicts.In addition, there are opportunities for growth in emerging markets, which are expected to continue to expand over the coming years. This could help to offset slower growth in developed economies, creating new opportunities for businesses and investors.However, the risks facing the global economy cannot be ignored. Continued trade tensions, geopolitical uncertainty, and the ever-present risks of natural disasters and other disruptions could all undermine global growth in the coming years.ConclusionOverall, the current economic situation is characterised by rising tensions and uncertainty. However, there are opportunities for growth and optimism about the future, particularly in emerging markets. The challenge for policymakers and businesses will be to navigate these risks and take advantage of the opportunities available, ensuring a stable and prosperous global economy for years to come.。
经济英文段落
经济英文段落The global economy has been a subject of intense interest and scrutiny in recent years. As the world has become increasingly interconnected, the ebb and flow of economic forces have had a profound impact on the lives of individuals and nations alike. At the heart of this complex tapestry lies the intricate web of economic principles and policies that shape the way we produce, consume, and distribute resources.One of the fundamental pillars of the modern economy is the concept of supply and demand. This principle, which has been studied and refined by economists for centuries, underscores the delicate balance between the availability of goods and services and the willingness of consumers to acquire them. When demand for a product or service rises, producers are incentivized to increase supply to meet this need, often through the expansion of production or the development of new technologies. Conversely, when supply outstrips demand, prices tend to fall, encouraging consumers to purchase more and producers to scale back or adjust their operations.The role of government in the economy is another crucial factor to consider. Policymakers often seek to intervene in the market to promote economic stability, foster growth, and address issues of inequality and social welfare. This can take the form of fiscal policies, such as adjusting tax rates or government spending, or monetary policies, where central banks manipulate interest rates and the money supply to influence inflation, employment, and other economic indicators.One of the most significant economic developments in recent decades has been the rise of globalization. As barriers to international trade and investment have fallen, businesses and consumers have gained access to a wider array of goods, services, and investment opportunities. This has led to increased competition, greater specialization, and the emergence of global supply chains that span multiple countries and continents. However, the benefits of globalization have not been evenly distributed, and concerns have been raised about the potential for job displacement, environmental degradation, and the erosion of national sovereignty.Another key aspect of the modern economy is the role of technology. The digital revolution has transformed the way we work, communicate, and conduct business. The rise of e-commerce, automation, and artificial intelligence has disrupted traditional industries and created new opportunities for innovation andentrepreneurship. At the same time, the rapid pace of technological change has also raised concerns about job insecurity, the widening of income inequality, and the potential for disruptive social and economic upheaval.The financial sector also plays a crucial role in the broader economy. Banks, investment firms, and other financial institutions facilitate the flow of capital, provide access to credit, and enable the management of risk. The stability and resilience of the financial system are critical to the overall health of the economy, as demonstrated by the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, which had far-reaching consequences for economies around the world.In addition to these core economic concepts, the field of economics also encompasses a range of specialized sub-disciplines, such as development economics, environmental economics, and behavioral economics. Each of these areas offers unique insights into the complex interplay of human behavior, natural resources, and economic systems.As we look to the future, it is clear that the challenges facing the global economy are multifaceted and ever-evolving. Climate change, demographic shifts, technological disruption, and geopolitical tensions are just a few of the forces that will shape the economic landscape in the years to come. Navigating these challenges willrequire a deep understanding of economic principles, a willingness to adapt to changing circumstances, and a commitment to promoting sustainable and equitable economic growth.Ultimately, the study of economics is not just about numbers and graphs; it is about the fundamental drivers of human behavior and the complex systems that underpin our collective prosperity. By grappling with these issues and exploring the nuances of economic theory and practice, we can work towards a more resilient, inclusive, and prosperous future for all.。
金融危机的影响英语作文
金融危机的影响英语作文The Financial Crisis: A Catalyst for ChangeThe global financial crisis that erupted in 2008 was a pivotal moment in modern economic history. It exposed the vulnerabilities of the world's financial systems and had far-reaching consequences that are still being felt today. This essay will explore the various impacts of the financial crisis, from economic downturns to shifts in policy and regulation.Economically, the crisis led to a severe recession in many countries. Unemployment rates soared as businesses closed their doors, leaving millions jobless. The housing market, which was at the epicenter of the crisis, suffered a dramatic collapse, with home prices plummeting and foreclosures becoming commonplace. This not only affected individual homeowners but also the banks and financial institutions that held these assets.The crisis also had a profound impact on global trade. As credit markets froze and consumer confidence waned, international trade volumes dropped significantly. This was exacerbated by protectionist measures that some countries adopted in an attempt to shield their domestic industries, which further slowed down the recovery process.Policymakers were forced to respond to the crisis with arange of measures. Central banks around the world lowered interest rates and implemented quantitative easing to inject liquidity into the economy. Governments introduced fiscal stimulus packages to boost spending and counter the downturn. These actions, while necessary to stabilize the economy, also led to a significant increase in public debt.Regulation of the financial sector was another area that saw major changes. In the aftermath of the crisis, there wasa global push towards more stringent oversight and regulation. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in the United States and the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) in the European Union are examples of the new regulatory frameworks put in place to prevent a similar crisis from happening again.The financial crisis also had social implications. It led to a loss of trust in financial institutions and a growing sense of economic insecurity among the public. This, in turn, fueled political movements and calls for greater economic equality and transparency.In conclusion, the financial crisis of 2008 was a transformative event that had profound and lasting effects on the global economy, policy, and society. It served as a wake-up call to the risks inherent in unchecked financial markets and has led to significant changes in how economies are managed and regulated. While the world continues to grapple with the aftermath of the crisis, it has also been a catalyst for positive change, pushing towards a more stable and equitable financial system.。
次贷危机 英文
次贷危机：subprime mortgage crisis (SMC)地产泡沫：real estate bubble -- 相关：泡沫经济：bubble economy经济衰退或萧条：economic recession/ economic declining / economic depression经济复苏：economic recovery全球金融危机：Global financial crisis / financial turmoil / meltdown利率：interest rate可调整利率：adjustable rate固定利率：fixed rate汇率：exchange rate货币升值：appreciation货币贬值：depreciation货币发行：note issue货币流通：circulation抛售美国债：short-selling US treasury bonds外汇储备：foreign currency reserve黄金储备：gold reserve顺差: favorable balance / surplus逆差: adverse balance / deficit房贷：home-loan投机者：speculator抛售房产：flip one's house信用危机：credit risk信用不足：poor credit不良贷款：non-performing loan / Bad loan救市资金：bailout （居2008美国热词排行榜首位）宏观经济:macroeconomic财政刺激:fiscal stimulus跨国公司：global corporation申请破产：file for bankruptcy收购：take over股市大跌：crash/nosedive/plummet裁员：ax jobs (大刀阔斧的砍) lay off / cut jobs / 口语委婉可以说I'm between jobs.失业率：unemployment rate刺激消费：to stimulate consumption扩大内需：to expand domestic demands美联储：Federal Reserve贸易保护主义、贸易壁垒：trade protectionism; trade barrier （美国宣扬“买国货”的实质）股市下滑（挫）：slide / fall / slump / tumble经济刺激方案：economic stimulus plan道琼斯：Dow Jones Industrial average(INDU) （曾经在近年听力翻译单句中出现过）纳斯达克：Nasdaq composite汽车商：Automaker ( GM n Chrysler )原油：crude oil 也曾在00年听力新闻中考过金价：... an ounce (注意“一盎司”的连读，很像announce）。
财经类英语文章
1. China's economy, one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and the biggest contributor to global growth, grew 9.9 percent year-on-year in the first three quarters of this year, according to official figures released on Monday, showing a trend of a slowdown amid the current global financial crisis. In the third quarter, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate slowed down to 9 percent, the lowest in five years, from 10.6 percent in the first quarter, 10.1 percent for the second quarter and 10.4 percent in the first half of 2008. China's economic growth has been on a steady decline since peaking in the second quarter of 2007. The slowing world economy pummeled by the global financial crisis and weaker demand for Chinese exports on international markets heavily weighted on the Chinese economy, according to Li Xiaochao, spokesperson for the National Bureau of Statistics. Another widely watched indicator, the consumer price index (CPI) -- an important measure of inflation -- rose 4.6 percent in September, over the same period last year. The figure, coupled with 7.1 percent in June, 6.3 percent in July, 4.9 percent in August and a nearly 12-year-high of 8.7 percent in February, shows the CPI in a downward spiral. Analysts mainly attribute the decline in the CPI to ample grain supply and lower-thanexpected income growth of Chinese residents, as the housing and stock markets take heavy toll, which dented residents' desire to consume. Chinese stocks have shed nearly 70 percent of their value from the last year's peak at 6,124 points due to weak investor confidence. The stock market rose more than two percent on Monday amid expectation the government would unveil more measures to stimulate economy. The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index gained 43.36 points to close at 1,974.01 points. Exports, one of the three major drivers of the Chinese economy along with investment and consumption, are taking hit from the global financial turmoil and economic slowdown. In the first three quarters exports grew 22.3 percent, 4.8 percent points lower than the same period last year. Fixed assets investment totaled 11.6246 trillion yuan ($1.66 trillion) in the first three quarters of 2008, up 27.0 percent over the same period last year, according to the bureau. The growth rate was 0.7 percentage points higher than the first half of this year, or 1.3 percentage points higher than the year-earlier level. Another key economic indicator, retail sales, increased by 22 percent year-on-year in the first three quarters and climbed 23.2 percent in September alone. Analysts say China would have to further stimulate domestic consumption in order to push the economy forward amid an export slump. "China still has huge potential and leeway to expand domestic consumption," Li said. The combination of an economic slowdown and easing inflation may give rise to louder calls for loosening the monetary policy and adopting a more proactive fiscal policy. Analysts expect more monetary easing, building on two cuts in interest rates and banks' required reserves since mid-September. The State Council said on Sunday China's economy can weather the effects of the global financial turmoil, but growthwill decline as business profits and public revenues slow. In a statement at the end of an executive meeting presided by Premier Wen Jiabao, it said the global turmoil and economic instability will have a "gradual" effect on the country. It said China's economic growth will slow along with corporate profits and public revenues, and as capital markets continue to fluctuate. "Unfavorable international factors and the serious natural disasters at home have not changed the basic growth situation of our country's economy," said the statement posted on a government website. "Our country's economic growth has the ability and vigor to resist risks." China must "adopt flexible and cautious macroeconomic policies" to maintain stable growth, the statement said. The State Council said that in the fourth quarter, China should focus on developing the rural economy, while striving to control inflation. Global Financial Crisis：全球金融危机international market 国际市场gross domestic product 国内生产总值consumer price index 消费者物价指数housing and stock markets 房地产和证劵市场investor confidence 投资者信心stimulate economy 刺激经济easing inflation 缓解通货膨胀investment and consumption maintain stable growth投资和消费保持稳定增长2. Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels. In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments. Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior. Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand.Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist . One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior. Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980. Macroeconomics 宏观经济学Price stability 价格稳定balance ofpayments 国际收支平衡表individual economics behavior 个体经济行为product statistics 产品统计individual economic decisions 个体经济决策full employment 充分就业rational expectations 理性预期long termstrategies 长期战略microeconomic models 微观经济模型3.The annual review of American company board practices by Korn/Ferry, a firm of 3. headhunters, is a useful indicator of the health of corporate governance. This year’s review, published on November 12th, shows that the Sarbanes-Oxley act, passed in 2002 to try to prevent a repeat of corporate collapses such as Enron’s and WorldCom’s, has had an impact on the boardroom--albeit at an average implementation cost that Korn/Ferry estimates at $5.1m per firm.Two years ago, only 41% of American firms said they regularly held meetings of directors without their chief executive present; this year the figure was 93%. But some things have been surprisingly unaffected by the backlash against corporate scandals. For example, despite a growing feeling that former chief executives should not sit on their company’s board, the percentage of American firms where they do has actually edged up, from 23% in 2003 to 25% in 2004. Also, disappointingly few firms have split the jobs of chairman and chief executive. Another survey of American boards published this week, by A.T. Kearney, a firm of consultants, found that in 2002 14% of the boards of S&P 500 firms had separated the roles, and a further 16% said they planned to do so. But by 2004 only 23% overall had taken the plunge. A survey earlier in the year by consultants at McKinsey found that 70% of American directors and investors supported the idea of splitting the jobs, which is standard practice in Europe. Another disappointment is the slow progress in abolishing "staggered" boards--oneswhere only one-third of the directors are up for re-election each year, to three-year terms. Invented as a defence against takeover, such boards, according to a new Harvard Law School study by Lucian Bebchuk and Alma Cohen, are unambiguously "associated with an economically significant reduction in firm value".corporate governance 企业管制splitting the jobs 分裂的工作4.taken the plunge 采取果断行动corporate scandals 公司丑闻4. The dollar's tumble this week was attended by predictable shrinks from the markets; but as it fell to a 20-month low of $1.32 against the euro, the only real surprise was that it had not slipped sooner. Indeed, there are good reasons to expect its slide to continue, dragging it below the record low of $1.36 against the euro that it hit in December 2004. The recent decline was triggered by nasty news about the American economy. New figures this week suggested that the housing market's troubles are having a wider impact on the economy. Consumer confidence and durable-goods orders both fell more sharply than expected. In contrast, German business confidence has risen to a 15-year high. There are also mounting concerns that central banks in China and elsewhere, which have been piling up dollars assiduously for years, may start selling. So, contrary to popular perceptions, America's economy has not significantly outperformed Europe's in recent years. Since 2000 its structural budget deficit (after adjusting for the impact of the economic cycle) has widened sharply, while American households' saving rate has plunged, causing the current-account deficit to swell. Over the same period, the euro-area economies saw no fiscal stimulus and household saving barely budged. Yet cyclical factors only partly explain why the dollar has been strong. At bottom, its attractiveness is based more on structural factors---or, more accurately, on an illusion about structural differences between the American and European economies. The main reason for the dollar's strength has been the widespread belief that the American economy vastly outperformed the world's other rich country economies in recent years. But the figures do not support the hypothesis. Sure, America's GDP growth has been faster than Europe's, but that is mostly because its population has grown more quickly too. Official figures of productivity growth, which should in theory be an important factor driving currency movement, exaggerate America's lead. If the two are measured on a comparable basis, productivity growth over the past decade has been almost the same in the euro area as it has in America. Even more important, the latest figures suggest that, whereas productivity growth is now slowing in America, it is accelerating in the euro zone. America's growth, thus, has been driven by consumer spending. That spending, supported by dwindling saving and increased borrowing, is clearly unsustainable; and the consequent economic and financial imbalances must inevitably unwind. As that happens, thecountry could face a prolonged period of slower growth. As for Europe, the old continent is hobbled by inflexible product and labor markets. But that, paradoxically, is an advantage: it means the place has a lot of scope for improvement. Some European countries are beginning to contemplate (and, to a limited extent, undertake) economic reforms. If they push ahead, their growth could actually speed up over the comingyears. Once investors spot this, they are likely to conclude that the euro is a better bet than the dollar. dollar's tumble 美元下跌durable-goods 耐用商品popular perceptions 流行观点structural budget 结构性预算current-account deficit 现有项目赤字currency movement 资本流通comparable basis 可比基础consumer spending 消费性开支financial imbalances 财政失衡inflexible product 缺乏弹性的产品labor markets 劳力市场5. At its heart, logistics deals with satisfying the customer. This implies that management must first understand what those requirements are before a logistics strategy can be developed and implemented to meet them. Customer service is the most important output of an organization’s logistics system. In a more practical sense, logistics refers to the systematic management of the various activities required to move benefits from their point of production to the customer. Often these benefits are in the form of a tangible product that must be manufactured and moved to the user; sometimes these benefits are intangible and are known as services. They too must be produced and made available to the final customer. But logistics encompasses much more than just the transport of goods. The concept of benefits is a multifaceted one that goes beyond the product or service itself to include issues regarding timing, quantity, supporting services, location and cost. So a basic definition of logistics is the continuous process of meeting customer needs by ensuring the availability of the fight benefits for t he right customer, in the quantity and condition desired by that customer, at the time and place the customer wants them, all for a price the buyer is willing to pay. These concepts apply equally well to for-profit industries and non-profit organizations. However, logistics can mean different things to different organization. Some firms are more concerned with producing the benefits: their management focus is on the flow of raw materials into the production process rather than on delivering the final goods to the user. Some companies are much more concerned with the flow of finished goods from the end of the production line to the customer. Logistics in this situation is sometimes referred to as physical distribution. Finally, somefirms view logistics as embracing both material management and physical distribution tasks into a single supply chain that links the customer with all aspects of the firm, sometimes it is referred to as supply chain management. logistics strategy 物流战略tangible product 有型产品continuous process 连续过程final goods 最终产品physical distribution 物资调运single supply chain单一供应链supply chain management 连锁供应管理系统Global house pricesHome truthsOur latest round-up shows that many housing markets are still in the dumpsTHE house-price boom that preceded the financial crisis was remarkable for its scope and scale. With a very few exceptions, there seemed only one way for prices to go: up. Things have been more diverse since, and our latest review of house prices is a picture with dramatic chiaroscuro. A brightening outlook for America stands out against the darkening tones of the beleaguered economies on the periphery of the euro area.In the countries we track, house prices are rising and falling in equal numbers. Over the past year prices have jumped most in Hong Kong (see table), prompting further government efforts to cool the market. They have dropped by 9.3% in Spain, the heaviest faller. The overall trend is down, however, since in three of the countries where prices are rising they are doing so at a slower pace than a year ago—in Canada, for example, they are up by 3.3% compared with 7.1% 12 months ago.A similar diversity characterises valuations. To gauge whether homes are cheap or expensive we use two measures, both of which compare current estimates with a long-run average (in most countries, going back to 1975). This average is our benchmark for “fair value”.The first gauge is a price-to-rents ratio. This is analogous to theprice-earnings ratio used for equities, with the rents going to property investors (or saved by homeowners) equivalent to corporate profits. The measure displays a massive range, from a whopping 78% overvaluation in Canada to an undervaluation of 37% in Japan. The other measure, the ratioof prices to disposable income per person, stretches from a 35% overvaluation in France to a 36% undervaluation, again in Japan. America’s housing-market revival looks sustainable in part because the sharp correction in house prices over the past few years has made homes cheap by historical standards. A year ago house prices were still falling, by 3.6%. There has been a turnaround since: the latest data show prices rising by 4.3%. But based on the ratio of prices to rents, houses are still 7% undervalued; judged by the price-to-income ratio, they are 20% below fair value. It also helps that mortgage rates are at historic lows and are likely to stay that way, since the Federal Reserve has promised to keep an extremely loose monetary stance for the next couple of years.Homeowners may be coming up for air in America, but their plight is deepening across much of Europe. The agony is most acute in Spain, where declines have gathered momentum (the 9.3% fall in our latest round-up follows a drop of 5.5% the previous year). Other big euro-zone economies are also heading in the wrong direction. In Italy and the Netherlands the pace of decline has quickened; in France prices are now edging down after a brief recovery.European valuations are most stretched in France, by as much as 50% judging by rents and by 35% on the basis of incomes. This compares with around 20% overvaluation on both counts in Spain, despite the price falls to date. But any house-price collapse in France is likely to be modest compared with Spain’s. Spain’s bust reflects a massive oversupply of housing built in the construction boom, and an unemployment rate that rose to 26.6% in November, the highest in Europe. France’s unemployment rate has edged up to 10.5% but that is in a different league to Spain’s; its banks are in better shape than Spanish ones, too.The anomaly among Europe’s big economies is Germany, where house prices are rising by a restrained 2.7%, the same pace as a year earlier. Thanks to their good fortune in missing the housing party before the financial crisis, German homeowners have a decent chance of making further gains. Homes there are 17% undervalued compared with historical averages on both our measures. German purchasers can benefit fromrock-bottom borrowing costs, unlike their counterparts in peripheral Europe. One of the lowest rates of unemployment (5.4%) in Europe further underpins the housing market.British house prices have posted only modest overall declines over the past five years (although rising rents and incomes have also helped bring things closer to fair value). But the British market may do rather better thanstill-stretched valuations suggest. For one thing, it does not suffer from the glut of empty homes that has created ghost towns in Ireland and Spain. Andaccording to the Bank of England’s latest credit-conditions survey lenders are more willing to make mortgage finance available than at any time since the financial crisis. The number of mortgage approvals for new purchases is at its highest for almost a year.Overvaluation is especially marked in Canada, particularly with respect to rents (78%) but also in relation to income (34%). Mark Carney, the country’s central-bank governor, who is soon to jump ship to join the Bank of England, where he takes over from Sir Mervyn King in July, may have shown good market timing with his move to London as well as a deft hand in negotiating his lavish remuneration. Singapore and Hong Kong also look vulnerable to a correction, given the overvaluation on their price-to-rents ratios.Misalignments with our gauges of fair value can persist for a long time, of course. That may spare countries where house prices have clearly overshot from a painful bust, but it may also mean that some markets end up mimicking Japan’s long descent and badly undershoot. At some point, central banks will have to take away the balm of easy money. If housing markets remain so fragile when they are getting so much help, they may break when it is removed.。
世界经济危机对社会的影响英语作文
世界经济危机对社会的影响In the twenty-first century, the world has witnessed numerous economic crises, each with profound impacts on society. These crises are not mere fluctuations in economic indices; they are seismic shifts that reshape the social, political, and cultural landscape. The global economic crisis of 2008, for instance, triggered a chain reaction of events that had far-reaching consequences for individuals, communities, and nations alike.**1. Economic Disruption**The most immediate impact of the crisis was the widespread disruption of economic activities. Global trade, investment, and production suffered significant contractions, leading to job losses, business closures, and a general slowdown in economic growth. This had a direct impact on individuals, who faced increased financial instability and uncertainty about their future.**2. Social Unrest**The economic downturn often led to social unrest and political instability. As people struggled to make endsmeet, there was a rise in protests, strikes, and even riots in some parts of the world. This social unrest could have long-term consequences for political systems and social cohesion.**3. Inequality**The crisis often exposed and exacerbated existing inequalities. While some sectors of society were able to weather the storm, others were hit much harder. This led to a widening gap between the rich and the poor, which can have long-term social and political consequences.**4. Social Services**Governments, facing budget constraints, often had to make difficult decisions about where to allocate limited resources. This often meant cuts to social services such as healthcare, education, and welfare, which had a direct impact on the well-being of society's most vulnerable members.**5. Technological Innovations**In the wake of the crisis, there was a surge in technological innovations that aimed to address theeconomic and social challenges. For instance, the rise of the gig economy and remote work became more prevalent as businesses looked for ways to cut costs and remain competitive. These innovations, while they brought new opportunities, also presented new challenges for society. **6. Global Cooperation**The crisis also highlighted the need for global cooperation to address shared challenges. As national economies became increasingly interconnected, it became clear that unilateral action was not enough. This led to an increased focus on global institutions and cooperation to address issues such as trade, climate change, and financial stability.In conclusion, the world economic crisis not only had immediate economic impacts but also had profound social consequences. It exposed and exacerbated existing social issues, such as inequality and social unrest, while also presenting opportunities for technological innovation and global cooperation. As we face future crises, it is important to remember that the solutions often lie not justin economic policies but also in addressing the underlying social and cultural challenges.**世界经济危机对社会的影响**自二十一世纪以来，世界见证了多次经济危机，每一次都对社会产生了深远的影响。
金融学专业商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中3000字
文献出处：Cornett M, Strahan P. The credit risk management of commercial banks [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 2015, 101(2): 297-312.原文The credit risk management of commercial banksCornett M, Strahan PAbstractCredit risk is one of the most usual ones which any commercial banks may encounter during their operation. Credit risks of commercial banks not only cause losses which result in bankruptcy but also cause the most serious issues of financial and economic crisis of one nation. Referring to credit risk management of Vietnam commercial bank system，the capability of credit risks management of Vietnam commercial banks is still low; The rate of bad debt in the entire system is still much higher than international standards. Take this situation in consideration together with referring to a great number of documentations, I have studied credit risk managementof the three typical commercial bank in Vietnam and analyzed and evaluated the remaining issues in the process of credit risk control by these banks and offer some relevant solutions to the entire system of domestic banks. In credit risk management, I shall focus mainly on unscientific features in econometrics methods of credit risk management issued by commercial banks in Vietnam，which is inclusive of combination of unclear mathematic method and class analysis one to calculate credit risks. Due to the fact that credit risk management after disbursement by most of commercial banks is still weak, it is quite needed to study management after disbursement, particularize the method of identifying credit asset debt, build five-class classification, carry out actual management of credit asset and base on tendency of bad debt to offer solutions for every time period. In conclusion, what motioned herein comes from credit risk management in consideration of prevention, calculation, change and solution as well as risk management institutions.Key words: Risk, credit risk, commercial bank credit.1 Commercial bank credit risk management theoryAlthough Banks have a long history, but the theoretical analysis of credit risk is a relatively short history. By kea ton (Keeton, 1979), stag Ritz and Weiss (Mr. Weiss, 1981) development and formation of the "incomplete information credit rationing models on the market", it is pointed out that the credit market credit risk not only the two typical forms of...Adverse selection and moral hazard, and demonstrates the root of the credit risk, information asymmetry caused by the principal-agent relationship, lead to the emergence of credit rationing. Credit risk management refers to the commercial Banks through the scientific method of various subjective factors could lead to credit losses effectively forecast, analysis, prevention, control and processing. In order to reduce the credit risk, reduce the credit losses and improve the quality of credit, to enhance the capacity of the commercial bank risk control and loss compensation ability of a credit management activity. Depth understanding of credit risk management from the following four to grasp. One is the basis of credit risk management is according to the characteristics of credit requirements, not against the objective law of credit; The second is the credit risk management is scientific, modernization, standardization, quantitative and comprehensive; Three is the credit risk management method is mainly credit risk analysis, risk identification, risk measurement, risk control and risk management; Four is the credit risk management goal is to reduce risk, reduce loss, enhance the ability of commercial Banks operating risk.In order to guarantee bank loans will not be against its customers, to customers, companies, enterprises, such as different customer types before they are allowed to make loans to consider some problems. Also the question bank standard of 5 cabaña will select credit analysis of 5 c as a measure of the basic elements of corporate credit risk:1.1 QualityThe debtor to meet its debt obligations will, is the first indicator of evaluate the credit quality of the debtor. Regarding the quality of the wholesale banking, measure, or can be based on the reputation of the company management/owner eventually and company strategy.1.2 AbilityThe debtor's solvency, include the trend of the vision of the industry, the sustainable development of the company; the financial data mainly embodied in the current ratio and quick ratio. The stability of the corporate cash income directly determines its solvency and probability of default.1.3 CapitalRefers to the capital structure of the debtor or quotas, which indicates that the background of the customer may repay debt, such as debt ratio) or the net value of fixed assets and other financial indicators, etc.Shadow of the company's capital structure financing strategy: equity financing and debt financing.1.4 EnvironmentCompany locates the environment and the adaptability to the environment. Including solvent could affect the debtor's political, economic and market environment, such as the dong to rise and cancel the export tax rebate. As the "green credit, supported by more and more countries and companies, sustainable risk also be incorporated into the environmental risk considerations.1.5 MortgageRepayment of the debt of other potential resources and the resources provided by the additional security. Refuse or insolvent debtor can be used as mortgage/collateral assets, for no credit record (such as trading for the first time) or credit record disputed the debtor2 The commercial bank credit risk management processIn order to effective credit risk management, commercial Banks should grasp the basic application of credit risk management. In general, the credit risk management process can be divided into credit credit risk identification, risk estimate and credit risk handling three phases:2.1 Credit risk identificationCredit risk identification is before in all kinds of credit risk, the risk types and to determine the cause of occurrence of a risk, analysis, in order to achieve the credit risk measurement and processing. Credit risk identification is a qualitative analysis of the risk, is the first step of credit risk management, which is the basis for the rest of the credit risk management. Customer rating system and credit risk classification of the two dimensional rating system is constitute the important content of risk identification. This chapter will make detailed description of the two parts. Before the credit investigation is the commercial bank credit risk identification is the most basic steps, bank loans to the customer before must know the borrowing needs of the clients and purpose. Credit investigation before the concrete has the following contents: understand the purpose of credit, credit purpose including: type, in line with the needs of the business purpose and credit product mix and match the borrower repayment source of credit and credit term and effective mortgage guarantee/warranty or other intangible support.2.2 Credit risk estimateCredit risk estimation is the possibility of Banks in credit risk and the fact that the risk to evaluate the extent of the losses caused by measurement. Its basic requirements: it is estimated that some expected risk the possibility of credit; 2 it is to measure some credit risk fact may cause the loss of the scale. Objective that is both a difficult problem, but such as is not an appraisal, can't the quantitative corresponding countermeasures to prevent and eliminate. With the development of risk management techniques, in the financial markets open, Vietnam's financial regulators and commercial Banks also pay more and more attention to the risk of quantitative, in credit rating and have a certain progress in capital adequacy.Before Banks to make loans to customers, Banks must also understand the purpose of the customer, more understand the usage of loan customers, whether it is feasible, from now on, find a way to manage future loans to avoid the violation of the customer. As a result, Banks should use the loan examination and approval way to deal with.2.3 The processing of credit riskCredit risk after processing is that the Banks in the recognition and valuation risk, the effective measures taken by different for different size of loan risk take different processing method, make the credit risk is reduced to the lowest degree. Risk treatment methods mainly include: risk transfer refers to the bank assumes the credit risk on to others in some way. Transfer way, it is transferred to the customer, such as Banks to raise interest rates, require the borrower to provide mortgage, pledge or other additional conditions, etc.; 2 it is transferred to the insurance company, the bank will those particularly risky, once happened will loss serious loans directly to the insurance company insured, or by the customer to the insurance company insured to transfer risk;3 Commercial bank credit risk management regulation.In the risk management of commercial Banks to improve themselves at the same time, regulators and external credit rating agencies to the commercial bank credit risk management has a different regulation method.3.1 The China banking regulatory commission five classificationsThe CBRC requires commercial Banks asset quality for five categories, to reflect the face possible credit losses. System is classifying loans into five categories according to the inherent risk level could be divided into normal commercial loans, concern, loss of secondary, suspicious, five categories.The China banking regulatory commission five classifications has the advantage that the bank asset quality can be compared more easily, also can take credit quality ofthe whole global. Disadvantage is that some small and medium-sized Banks because of the lack of independent audit and internal audit, classification standard is difficult to unity, the China banking regulatory commission five classifications often find selective examination questions.3.2 Stress tests, a rating agencyRating agencies will be according to the information disclosure and audit results and adjusting the bank's credit rating. Stress test is a credit rating agency for checking the quality of commercial bank credit and common ways of anti-risk ability. Because of the influence of the stress tests, for what has happened, to predict the result may worsen the credit quality; Or for the possibility of events, predict the results of the impact of credit quality. Similar stress tests include, an industry is a strong shock cases the possibility of default, or large credit customer default could lead to credit quality decline.3.3 The new Basel capital accordNew Basel capital agreement hereinafter referred to as the new Basel agreement (hereinafter referred to as Basel II) in English, is by the bank for international settlements under the Basel committee on banking supervision (BCBS), and content for 1988 years the old Basel capital accord (Basel I) have had to make significant changes, in order to standardize the international risk management system, improve the international financial services of risk management ability.译文商业银行信贷风险管理作者：Cornett M, Strahan P摘要信贷风险是商业银行经营过程中所面临的最主要的风险之一。
世界经济危机对社会的影响英语作文
世界经济危机对社会的影响英语作文The global economic crisis has had a profound impact on societies around the world. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which the economic downturn has affected people and communities.One of the most immediate effects of the economic crisis has been a rise in unemployment. As businesses struggle to stay afloat, many are forced to lay off employees or reduce hours. This has led to increased financial stress for families, as well as a sense of uncertainty about the future. Unemployment can also have a negative impact on mental health, leading to feelings of depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem.The economic crisis has also led to a rise in poverty levels in many countries. With incomes falling and job opportunities scarce, more and more people are struggling to make ends meet. This has resulted in an increase in homelessness, food insecurity, and other forms of deprivation. Poverty can have long-lasting effects on individuals and communities, contributing to a range of social problems such as crime, substance abuse, and poor health outcomes.Furthermore, the economic crisis has had a significant impact on education and social mobility. As families struggle to pay for basic necessities, they may be forced to cut back on expenses such as education. This can have a detrimental effect on children's academic performance and future prospects. In addition, rising tuition costs and limited job opportunities have made it increasingly difficult for young people to access higher education, further widening the gap between the wealthy and the disadvantaged.The economic crisis has also exacerbated social inequality and unrest. As wealth becomes concentrated in the hands of a few, social divisions deepen, leading to increased resentment and conflict. This can manifest in various forms, such as protests, strikes, and political upheaval. In extreme cases, social unrest can escalate into violence and civil unrest, further destabilizing societies and economies.In conclusion, the global economic crisis has hadfar-reaching effects on societies around the world. From rising unemployment and poverty levels to challenges in education and social mobility, the impacts of the economic downturn are wide-ranging and complex. It is crucial for policymakers, businesses, and communities to work together to address thesechallenges and create a more inclusive and sustainable future for all. Only through collective action and cooperation can we build a more resilient and equitable society in the face of economic uncertainty.。
经济危机英文怎么说英语是什么
经济危机英文怎么说英语是什么经济危机指的是一个或多个国民经济或整个世界经济在一段比较长的时间内不断收缩。
那么你知道经济危机的英文怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来经济危机的英文说法，供大家参考学习。
经济危机的英文说法1：crisis经济危机的英文说法2：economic crisis经济危机相关英文表达：周期性经济危机 cyclical economic crisis国际经济危机 International economic crisis阿根廷经济危机 argentine economy crisis泰国经济危机 financial crisis in thailand经济危机冲击 the impact of economic crisis经济危机英文说法例句：1. Natural disasters have obvi-ously contributed to the continent's economic crisis.很显然，自然灾害也是造成该大陆经济危机的原因之一。
2. The economic crisis was interpreted in diametrically opposing ways.对于这场经济危机有着截然不同的解释。
3. The war has aggravated an acute economic crisis.战争加剧了原本已很严重的经济危机。
4. the growing economic crisis and resultant unemployment不断加剧的经济危机以及由此而产生的失业5. With the deepening of the economic crisis, unemployment shot up.经济危机加剧, 失业人数激增.6. The spectre of economic crisis is constantly haunting somecountries.经济危机的幽灵一直在一些国家里游荡徘徊.7. They did this to ease their economic crisis.他们这样做是为了缓和经济危机.8. Investments turned down considerably during the economic crisis.在经济危机中,投资大大减少了.9. Economic crises recur periodically.经济危机周期性地发生.10. An economic crisis engulfed the entire capitalist world.经济危机席卷了整个资本主义世界.11. It represents a last ditch attempt by the country to extricate itself from its economic crisis.那是该国摆脱经济危机的最后一搏。
经济危机对普通人的影响的英语作文
经济危机对普通人的影响的英语作文The impact of the first economic crisis on ordinary people was severe. The crisis, which began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s, had a ripple effect throughout the world. Many people lost their jobs, as companies were forced to downsize or shut down entirely. With no income, families struggled to make ends meet and many fell into poverty.The depression also led to a decline in consumer spending, as people had less money to spend on nonessential items. This had a further negative impact on businesses, which saw decreased revenue and profits. As banks failed and credit dried up, many people also lost their homes and were forced to live in shantytowns and Hoovervilles.The government response to the crisis was often inadequate, with many politicians believing in laissezfaire economics and refusing to intervene in the market. This lack of action only worsened the situation for ordinary people.Overall, the first economic crisis had a profound and lasting impact on the lives of millions of people around the world. It highlighted theneed for government intervention and regulation in the economy, and led to the development of social welfare programs designed to provide assistance to those most in need.。
2007年9月20日经济报道：美国央行着手减轻信贷影响、保护经济
ECONOMICS REPORT - US Central Bank Moves to Ease Credit, Protect EconomyThis is the VOA Special English Economics Report.A listener from Indonesia named Efendy asks why the Federal Reserve is so important and how it works. This week offered a good example.The Federal Reserve System is the United States central bank. Its Federal Open Market Committee, led by Fed chairman Ben Bernanke, makes monetary policy. It makes decisions that affect the cost of money and credit in the economy.2007年9月20日经济报道：美国央行着手减轻信贷影响、保护经济。
这是VOA特别英语的经济报道。
On Tuesday the committee lowered its target for the federal funds rate to four and three-quarters percent. This rate is what banks pay other banks to borrow money overnight. It was the first cut in four years.Major banks including Bank of America, Wachovia and Wells Fargo soon followed with cuts in their prime rate. This is what banks charge their best customers.Financial markets expected a rate cut from the Fed. But the size -- fifty basis points, or half a percentage point -- was double what many people expected. And it persuaded many that the Fed is more concerned about the possibility of a recession than about inflation.Such concerns rose earlier this month on news that in August the economy lost jobs for the first time in four years. That added to worries about the housing finance crisis.The committee said economic growth was moderate during the first half of the year. But it said the reduced availability of credit could intensify the current housing problems and restrain economic growth. The policy makers also said that some inflation risks remain and will be watched carefully.The Fed's action will help some homeowners and other borrowers. What is not clear, though, is how much it will do for many homeowners facing sharply higher payments. Their payments on adjustable-rate mortgages will still go up, though not as high as they would have.By the end of next year, an estimated two million or more holders of subprime loans will have their rates reset higher. These loans were made to people with weak credit histories.The Fed also cut its discount rate for direct loans to banks by half a point, to five and one-quarter percent, to increase their lending ability. The traditional opinion of borrowing from the so-called discount window was that it represented a sign of weakness.Stock markets rose sharply after the Fed cut interest rates. But not everyone was so pleased. Some experts warn that cutting rates could raise inflation. They also say it helps those who made unwise borrowing decisions.And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Jim Tedder.。
国际经贸高级英语6
Unit Six The Return of Depression Economics —Paul Krugman Most modern economists—to the extent that they think about it at all—regard the Great Depression as a gratuitous, unnecessary tragedy. They believe that what might have been an ordinary, forgettable recession became a nightmarish slump thanks to the stupidity (or at least the ignorance) of policymakers. If only the Federal Reserve had not been preoccupied with defending the gold standard instead of the real economy; if only Herbert Hoover had followed an expansionary fiscal policy instead of trying to balance the budget; if only policy in general had not been governed by a “liquidationist” philosophy that saw short-run economic pain as a necessary purgative for previous excesses—then the catastrophe could easily have been avoided. And since we know better now, it cannot happen again.
全球金融危机英语
Global Financial CrisisThe global financial crisis, often referred to as the Great Recession, was a severe economic downturn that occurred in 2007 and lasted until 2009. It was triggered by a combination of factors, including the collapse of the housing market in the United States, high levels of debt and leverage in the financial system, and issues with credit and liquidity.The crisis began with the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States, where banks and other financial institutions issued a large number of mortgages to borrowers with poor credit histories. As house prices began to fall, many borrowers defaulted on their loans, leading to significant losses for financial institutions and a lack of confidence in the market.This lack of confidence led to a credit crunch, where banks and other financial institutions became reluctant to lend money due to concerns about potential losses. This in turn led to a reduction in liquidity and credit availability, which had a negative impact on businesses and consumers.The crisis quickly spread beyond the United States to other countries around the world, affecting both developed and developing economies. Governments and central banks responded by implementing a range of measures to stabilize the financial system and support economic growth.The impact of the crisis was felt in many ways, including job losses, decreases in household wealth, and contractions in GDP. However, with the implementation of stimulus measures and gradual improvement in financial market conditions, the economy began to recover in 2009.The global financial crisis was a significant event that highlighted the interconnectedness of financial markets and the importance of sound financial regulation and supervision. It also served as a reminder of the need for governments and central banks to act quickly and decisively in response to economic crises.全球金融危机，通常被称为大衰退，是2007年发生并持续到2009年的严重经济衰退。
英语(国际贸易)
一、名词和短语的英汉互译：Quota―配额、定量maintenance―维持、保持tariff barriers―关税壁垒invalid contract―无效合同monopolistic competition―垄断性竞争depreciation=devaluation―贬值inventory―存货清单cost effectiveness―成本效益direct/indirect tax―直接/间接税the required re serve―法定最低储备金economics of scale―规模经济packaging material―包装材料inferior product―残次品manufactured goods―产成品survey report―调查报告consumer goods―消费品export/import quota―出口/进口配额claim―索赔technical expertise－技术知识compensation trade－补偿贸易raw material－原材料traffic jam－交通阻塞subsidiary company－分公司multilateral trade－多边贸易service trade－服务贸易trade gap－贸易差额assembly line－生产线planned/market economy－计划/市场经济Universal Product Code－产品统一条形码visible/invisible trade－有形/无形贸易insurance policy－保险单excess reserves－额外储备金free port－自由港public interest－公共利益comparative advantage－比较优势trail order－试订单foreign-trade zones－外贸保税区sole agent－独家代理registered trade mark－注册商标geographic area－地理位置standardized container－标准集装箱delivery rate－运费target market－目标市场fraud－欺诈annal revence/annual gain－年收入means of production－生产资料retained profits－留存收益advertising media－广告媒介Gross National Product－国民生产总值Gross Domestic Product－国内生产总值consumption expenditures－消费品支出credit ration－信用额度know-how－专有技术tax exemptions－税收减免demand curve－需求曲线income tax－所得税joint venture－合资企业interest charge－利息费working capital－营运资金board of directors－董事会work permits－工作许可regular port－普通港productive capacity－生产能力labor force－劳动力transportation mode－运输方式infrastructure－基础设施barter trade－易货贸易premium－保险费weather conditions－天气条件market share－市场份额investment expenditure－投资性支出profit position－盈利状况communication system－通讯系统energy crisis－能源危机inflation rate－通货膨胀率fair dealing－公平交易financial institution－金融机构retailer－零售商terms of payment－付款方式technology transfer－技术转让a confirm offer－实盘disposable－可支的收入shopping center－购物中心economic crisis－经济危机a price-and-market mechanism－市场价格机制the supply and demand apparatus－供求机制inventory carrying costs－存货占用成本replacement cost－重置费用money market－货币市场capital-output ratio－资本产出比率the differentiation of the product－产品鉴别intangible factors－无形因素demand schedule－需求计划better quality products at good values－物美价廉的商品a dead-end job－没有出路的工作lower the cost－降低成本put on the market－投放市场mass-production－批量生产artificial silk－人造丝in the red－赤字preferential credit treasures－优惠的信用措施an industrialized country－工业化国家a merchant fleet－商船船队checkout counter－收款台interpersonal relations－人际关系downtown business district－城市商业区checking accounts－活期存款帐户high repeat exposure－很高的重复接触率underwriting－承保hypothetical economy－假设经济capital equipment－资本设备demand/supply elasticity－需求/供给弹性in random fashion－以任意的形式economic literature－经济学文献monopoly elements－垄断要素rational，thought-out decision－深思熟虑的理智的决定insurer－承保人taxpayer－纳税人二、单选中易考的短语和句式：the average person：般人make…into：把……制成…pay…for：为了得到…而付钱make profit：盈利；赚钱as far as sth. Is concerned：就…而言on average：平均last for ever：一直用下去look after＝take care of：照看；照料once in a lifetime：一辈子一次的，难得的persuade sb to do sth：劝说某人做某事persuade sb out of sth/doing sth：劝说某人不要做某事throw away：丢弃lead to：导致trade in sth for sth else：以一物换取另一物out of fashion：过时in fashion：流行turn…into…：使…变成…get into trouble：陷入困境be at work：在起作用go down：（物价）下降，下跌in the meanwhile：在此期间in limited quantities：有限的数量go into sth：加入：开始做strive to do sth：努力做某事protect …from…：使…免受…的伤害be harmful to sth：对…有害first of all：首先be composed of：由…组成，构成be labled as…：贴上…标签be on guard：警惕take sth for granted：认为某事当然，想当然in the order of：依…次序trick sb into doing sth：诱使某人做某事suffer from sth：遭受（疾病、灾难等）as a result of：由于under pressure：处于压力之下warn sb of（against）sth：警告、告诫drive sb to suicide：逼得某人自杀point out：指出run away from：逃离move house：搬家fall ill：生病in times of…：在…时候take up：从事；开始做…to tail after a man：尾随某人be in good（poor）health：健康情况好（差）commit a crime：犯罪as with…：如同…那样lose one‘s lead：失去领先地位change hands：转手、易手lead…in…：在哪方面居领先地位be designed to：目的是add to：提高、增加do away with：消灭、消除check out：付账后离开protection against the cold：御寒in many different climates：在不同的气候条件下spin sth into yarn：把…纺成纱guard a secret：保守秘密be known as：被称为by no means：决不by means of…：用…、依靠…go as high as…percentage：高达…的百分比arrange for sb to do sth：安排某人做某事take a train：乘火车hold on to：抓住…不放enter into business：开始经商according to…：根据…in general：一般地、大体上get used to…＝become accustomed to…：习惯于…complain about：抱怨apply to：适用于get along with…：与…相处at least：至少deal in sth：经营…slow down：减速provide sb with sth：为某人提供某物be in use：正在使用中place of historical interest：名胜古迹get around：各处旅行come to the conclusion that…：得到的结论是…be chartered for sth：被租来做某事have （no）trouble/difficulty in doing sth：做某事有困难be superior to：比…优越mix with：与…混合combine with：与…化合on earth：在世间separate…from：把…和…分开use up：用完an aid to sth：对…有所帮助inform sb of sth：通知某人某事go beyond：超越create a desire for…：激发对…的需求take advantage of：利用…；占便宜at this point：此时此刻for emotional motives：出于情感compete with（against）sb for sth：为了得到某物而与某人竞争remain i n one‘s mind：记在心里get the attention of：吸引…的注意get down to do sth：开始认真做某事have advantage in doing sth：做…有好处prefer to do sth rather than do sth：愿意做…而不愿做…to be limited by：受限于…to confine…to…：把…局限于…in a position to do：能够做…have a effect on：对…有影响，有作用be aimed at：以…为目的relate to：与…有关associate with：与…联系在一起be subject to：受…的控制in a search for…＝in search of：寻找、寻求lead up：引入…in addition to…：除…之外couple with：与…相结合add to：增加trace to：追溯到…engage in sth：从事…be in operation：正在运转come into operation：实施、生效at large：普遍地be inclined to：倾向于…；赞同…in effect：实质上to be pessimistic about：对…感到悲观on…side：支持…step in…：介入…bine…to…：使…束缚于… make…possible to：使…成为可能by contrast：相比之下break into：闯入come across：路上偶遇某人pull though：使康复settle up：清偿，还清债务make up for：弥补，补偿put up with：忍受，容忍bestowed by：…赐予的be obliged to：不得不in terms of：在…方面specialize in：专门从事…merge with：于…联合，结合appeal to：呼吁be exposed to：使遭受、面对take in：接收，吸收prior to：从前的occasioned by：由…造成的be sufficient to：足以…to be pivotal in：起着关键作用take…into account：考虑到…in a swarm：成群，大批be aware of：知晓come up against：面对…的困难be ascribed to：归结于in excess of：超过keep pace with：与…并驾齐驱in the aggregate：总计be paired with：与…配对out of harmony with：与…不协调yearned for：渴望，向往be charmed with：被…迷住in consequence：因此replace…with…：用…代替…invest in：在…上投资be reference to：作为…的参考risk doing sth：做某事是有风险的attempt at doing sth：企图做某事take sth apart：拆开，拆散leave of：停止must have done：表示对过去的推测piggy-back service：背负式运输服务vary with sth：随…而变化held out：提出，主张anything but：决不是nothing but：只不过，仅仅是词汇:两份报纸two copies of newspaper一块肥皂a bar of soap一件家具a piece of furniture一把剪刀a pair of scissors丢弃throw away陷入困境get into trouble工业产品industrial goods农产品agriculture goods一辈子一次性的收获a one-in-a-lifetime acquisition没有出路的工作a dead-end job付一大笔钱pay good money过时be out of fashion流行be in the fashion批量生产mass-production降低成本lower the cost在起作用be at work物美价廉的产品better quality products at good values 所得税income tax投放市场put on the market小批量in limited quantities大量地in large quantities要求ask for下降go down从商go into business努力做某事strive to do sth.医疗设备medical device劣质产品inferior products一条面包a loaf of bread温和宽容的easy- going人造丝artificial silk假牙artificial teeth对…有害be harmful to警惕be on guard认为某事当然take sth for granted由…组成be composed of一个中年妇女a middle-aged women一些性格开朗的女孩an open-minded girl一个意志软弱的人 a weak-minded man一个意志坚强的人 a strong-minded soldier遭受suffer from由于压力as a result of stress警告信号warning signals交通阻塞traffic jam指出point out逃离run away from自杀commit suicide从事摄影take up photography高度工业化国家a highly industrialized country 工业生产industrial production制成品manufactured goods领先take over the lead失去领先地位lose one‘s lead赤字in the red就…而言as far as … is concerned易手change hands赚钱earn money金融中心a financial centre贸易中心a commercial centre国际贸易international trade外贸foreign trade商船船队a merchant fleet巨额金钱vast sums of money一大笔钱a large sum of money对付，处理deal with有形贸易visible trade无形贸易invisible trade贸易差额trade gap失血loss of blood高度机械化的工厂highly mechanized factory产品统一条形码universal product code黑白相间的条纹zebra stripes （or black and white stripes）斑马线zebra crossing油炸土豆片potato chips炸薯条French fries黑白电视机black and white televisions墨画black and white身上青一块紫一块be black and blue光学扫描器an optical scanner激光束laser beam目的是be designed to消灭，消除do away with付账后离开check out到达登记check in现金出纳机cash register在左边on the left side收款台check out counter原材料raw materials制成品manufactured goods近在手边at hand衣夹clothes-peg晒衣绳clothes-line桌布a tablecloth洗碗布a dishcloth洗碗机a dishwasher原始人primitive people现代人modern people穿着be dressed in从…上刮去scrape…from把…纺成… spin…into…把…制成make…into4000万年前over four thousand years ago 在远古时in the time immemorial富人和穷人一样the rich and the poor alike 想到think of剪去cut off讲故事spin a yarn保守秘密keep a secret直接税direct taxes间接税indirect taxes收入所得税income taxes纳税人taxpayer税务员tax-collector免税的tax-free国税state taxes地方税local taxes穷人the poor富人the rich年轻人the young老年人the old高达as high as以…形势in the form of政府机关government offices凭借by means of在某个星期一的早晨on a Monday morning 在星期一的早晨on Monday morning乘火车take train乘公共汽车take bus布莱克一家the Blacks向某人道别say goodbye to sb.向某人道歉say sorry to sb.每隔几分钟every few minutes每隔一天every other day每隔一行every other line不久以后shortly afterwards通向lead to抓牢hold on to一打鸡蛋a dozen eggs在阳光下in the sun注意pay attention to继续作某事keep （on）doting好像as if自信self-confidence自信的self-confident自大的self-important自助的self-service自给自足的self-sufficient自学的self-taught一般的in general确信be sure of习惯于become accustomed to抱怨complain about说实话tell the truth说谎tell a lie适用于apply to处理deal with依赖于depend on必修课a required course同…相处get along with考虑think about日复一日from day to day从始自终from beginning to end每况愈下from bad to worse减速slow down在使用中in use不再使用out of use免费入场admission free免所得税free of income tax免费获得某物get sth. free再步行一段路即可到达的距离之内within walking distance 探知，查明find out得到以下结论come to the conclusion that得出结论draw a conclusion交通高峰时间rush hours交通拥挤traffic jams援助计划aid program视觉教具visual aids助听器hearing-aid捏粘土work clay揉面团work dough一定数量的a certain amount of大量地in large amounts小额地in small amounts优于be superior to劣于be inferior to把…与…相混合mix…with…把…与…分开separate…from 把…分成separate…into用尽use up表现了…的特点be characteristic of 究竟，到底on earth五大湖区the Grate Lakes region通知某人某事inform sb of sth.利用take advantage of准备某事be ready to do sth.很容易拿到within easy reach够不到out of reach想出，熟思think out吸引…的注意get the attention of食品杂货店grocery store为…竞争compete for干得好do a good job记在心里remain in one‘s mind收款台checkout counter国营公司state-owned company合资公司joint ventures白雪覆盖的山顶snow-covered peak 糖衣药丸sugar-coated pills营业时间business hors因公on business开始谈正事get down to business激烈的竞争strong competition通货膨胀inflation顺差surplus城市商业区downtown business district保险业insurance不断的never-ending受限于be limited by被认为是be perceived as把…局限于confine…to为了一切有实用价值的目的for all practical purposes 能够做in the position to do使…变成tur n…to对…有影响have an effect on总纲general principles以…为目的be aimed at与…相关的relate to与…联系在一起associate with太阳能solar power受…的控制be subjected to引入lead up通讯系统communication system能源危机an energy crisis财政危机a financial crisis业余画家an amateur painter业余摄影家an amateur photographer道德的基础the basis of morality柱基the base of a pillar自然现象the phenomena of nature故意的on purpose商业银行a commercial bank金融机构a financial institution金融中心a financial centre财政困难in financial difficulties与生俱来的特权the privileges of birth活期存款账户checking accounts定期存款账户savings accounts州政府the state government联邦政府the federal government答应一项帮助grant a favor答应一项请求grant a request发给银行执照grant a charter to the bank一定量的资产a specified volume of assets遵循一定的常规follow certain practices隶属于州的银行state banks国家银行national banks活期存款demand deposits与…相结合couple with部分准备制的原理the fractional reserve principle 在任何一次at any one time可用，握有on hand公债government loans内债domestic loans外债foreign loans可能的买主a prospective buyer增加了increase by增加到increase to被看作be counted as防备取款a precaution against withdrawals追溯到trace to法定最低储备金the required reserve额外储备金excess reserves就…意义而言in the sense在某种意义上in a sense自由港free port外贸保税区foreign-trade zones经济特区special economic zones从事于政治engage in politics忙着工作be engage in business与某人订婚be engage to sb.普通港口a regular port中东the Middle East远东the Far East近东the Near East关税壁垒tariff barriers起作用，生效in operation为…付关税pay a tariff on…索价，要价charge…for原材料raw material制成品manufactured products码头工人dock workers造船厂，修船所dockyard内河航行inland navigation国内工业home industries国内产品home products国内贸易the home trade国内市场the home market美国国会the United States Congress外贸保税区法the Foreign Trade Zones Act（英国）议院的法案An Act of Parliament（美国）国会的法案The Acts of congress外贸保税区管理委员会the Foreign Trade Zone Board 董事会the Board of Directors国际商务局the Bureau of International Commerce天津商检局Tianjin Commodity Inspection Bureau美国商业部United States Department of Commerce市场经济market economy计划经济planned economy决定性的测验the crucial test决定性的问题the crucial question在重要的关头at the crucial moment以分散的方式in a decentralized fashion市场价格机制a price-and-market mechanism技术工skilled labor劳工与雇主之间的关系labor relations工党the Labor Party纯粹的形式a pure form英国工业革命the English Industrial Revolution法国大革命The French Revolution普遍地at large倾向于做某事be inclined to do sth.全社会society at large有…倾向的be subject to由…产生的stem from实质上，根本上in effect供求机制the supply and demand mechanism完全承袭…传统in the full tradition of对于…感到悲观be pessimistic about对于…感到乐观be optimistic about指出point out个人利益private interest社会利益society interest支持某人on sb‘s side获胜，击败triumph over高度计划的社会主义经济highly planned socialist economies 用这样或那样的方式in one way or another介入step in决不by no means当然，必定by all means就…而言as far as…is concerned比较利益comparative advantage把…从…解放出来free…from使…束缚于bind…to…生产过程production processes比较利益原则the law of comparative advantage 指…而言refer to把…比作为compare to适用于be applicable to使适应，使适合be geared to/toward为某事给某人报酬或奖赏reward sb for sth把…应用于，使用于apply…to…归类程序sorting process彼此one another相比之下by contrast卷入involve in完完全全的自由贸易perfectly free commerce致力于devote…to对…有益处的be beneficial to整个社会的普遍利益the universal good of the whole 独特的力量the peculiar powers大批量生产mass production总的生产规模the general mass of productions总收益general benefit商业往来commercial intercourse文明世界the civilized world把…用于… employ…in不得不做某事be obliged to do sth.在…方面低劣inferior in在…方面优越superior in交换in exchange for对…有利be advantageous for 使…从…转移到divert…from…to标准化集装箱standardized containers 集装箱运输container transport陆运overland transportation海运sea transportation空运air transportation水运water transportation管道运输pipeline transportation联运combined transport承运人carrier托运人consignor收货人consignee铁路运单consignment note空运单air waybill租船合同charter party提单bill of lading订舱单booking note重新占领市场regain market share背负式运输服务piggy-back service 从…方面来讲in terms of专门从事specialize in与…结合merge with失效，崩溃break down存货占用成本inventory carrying costs 短途送货short-distance distribution长途送货long distance distribution汽车装运的货物trucked goods空运货物air freight基础设施infrastructure广告媒介advertising media天天，逐日from day to day并肩地，相互支持地side by side说出，（尤指无意间）吐露throw out吐露秘密throw out a secret有吸引力，引起兴趣appeal to目标观众target audiences有线电视cable television有线电视广告收入cable ad revenues使遭受，面对be exposed to抛却，扔掉throw away旧货商a junk dealer预付费用the advance cost成本效益cost effectiveness被分为be segmented into（广播中的）答问节目talk shows解释，说明account for使（某人）信服convince…of…相当提前well in advance有…倾向的be subject to有很高的重复接触率high repeat exposure 保险insurance保险额insurance value保险公司insurance company保险范围insurance coverage保险费insurance premium作为对…的报答in return for防御protect against不愿意做某事be unwilling to do经商，经营in business因公有事on business赚钱make a profit收入，接受，吸收take in付钱（如福清费用）pay out投保人policyholder保险单policy建于…之上be based on索价，要价charge for毛利gross profit净利net profit国民生产总值gross national product统计学原理a statistical principle大数定律law of larger numbers随…变动vary with在相反的情形下in the opposite situation使恢复bring sb back to在…之前prior to为此目的toward this end由于…而发生result from导致result in故意行为an intentional act放火纵火set fire to sth在欺诈的情况下in cases of fraud有助于，促成contribute to重置费用replacement cost资本支出capital expenditure资本货物capital goods固定资本fixed capital流动资本floating capital资本积累accumulation of capital原始资本积累primitive accumulation of capital 把…用于employ…in…以同样的方式in the same manner有几分，有点儿in a manner补偿贸易compensation trade在和平时期in time of peace在战争时期in time of war足够的a sufficiency of sth迫使某人做某事oblige sb to do sth侵占，侵害encroach upon/on预定，命中注定be destined for由…所造成的be occasioned by在大多数情况下upon most occasions在那个时机on that occasion曾经，有一次on one occasion很少，不常on rare occasions足以be sufficient to从…而产生出来的be derived from使恢复restore to投资需求investment demand投资规模investment scale消费者需求consumer demand国民收入national income指出point out在…方面起着关键作用be pivotal in设身处地put oneself in the place of可能作某事be likely to do许多 a host of对某事加以考虑take sth into account对某事不予考虑leave sth out of account 在开始时at the outset从开始时from the outset政府的年限the life of a government企业预测business expectations决定性的因素a crucial factor在重要的关头at the crucial moment在…方面in terms of在人力方面in terms of manpower在理论上in terms of theory投资于invest in以…代替… replace…with…创新进步innovational advances大波动major fluctuations领导，带头take the lead成群，大批in a swarm一大群蚂蚁a swarm of ants生产资料means of production大量购买buy in bulk参考书reference book面对…困难come up against利息率，利率the interest rate货币市场money market企业投资支出business investment expenditure 不愿做某事be reluctant to do和…联系在一起be associated with与…有关系be related to归因于ascribe to规模经济economies of scale以空前的速度at an unprecedented rate换句话说to put it in somewhat different words 成功地做成某事succeed in doing sth压出，榨取squeeze…out of每一单位投入every unit of input多于，超过in excess of过渡to excess在非常有利的条件下under extremely favorable conditions 优于，胜过be superior to劣于，次于be inferior to在春末in late spring企图做某事，尝试做某事attempt at doing sth攻击，袭击attempt on拆开，拆散take sth apart国民生产总值Gross National Product （GNP）生产性投资productive investment与…并驾齐驱keep pace with由于…的原因owing to因…值得受到称赞deserve credit for与…对照，与…对比as opposed to外汇分配foreign exchange allocations停止leave off可自由支配的收入disposable income对…负责be responsible for准备，筹备provide for到现在为止as yet弥补make up for政府支出government expenditures消费支出consumption expenditures时间滞差a time lag总计，合计in the aggregate集中精力于concentrate on与…有很大关系have a lot to do with与…无关系have nothing to do with逐渐获得，逐渐建立built up免税tax exemptions技术，技能know-how擦去wipe away辨别，区别distinguish one thing from another 建于…之上be based on/upon独有的特权exclusive privileges独家代理权exclusive agency商标trademark商品名称trade name同类卖价，批发价格trade price关于with respect to不管，不顾虑without respect to公平交易fair dealing使…与…相关联attach…to…就…之限度，在…范围内so far as无形因素intangible factors无形资产intangible assets对某事加以考虑take sth into account大约，多少有一点more or less广泛的兴趣a wide range of interest相当独特fairly individual显著，杰出stand out反之亦然vice versa垄断性竞争monopolistic competition常常more often than not纯粹的垄断pure monopoly纯粹的竞争pure competition纯粹浪费时间a pure waste of time至于as for需求曲线demand curve概言之，一般说来in general阻止某人做某事preclude sb from doing sth 排除所有误解preclude all misunderstanding需求计划demand schedule与…竞争in competition with不完全竞争市场imperfectly competitive market 与…配对be paired with以任意的形势in random fashion与…合并be merged with有几分，稍稍in some measure把…至于显著地位bring into the foreground产生arise from部分独立partial independence经济学文献economic literature给…以其应有分量give due weight to集中精力于focus attention on观点point of view与…不协调out of harmony with与…协调in harmony with经济增长的代价the cost of economic growth不惜任何代价，无论如何at all costs丧失，牺牲at the cost of势如破竹的胜利an overwhelming victory极度的悲哀overwhelming sorrow绝大部分公民the overwhelming number of its citizens 渴望，向往yearn for继续，连续a continuation of为…奋斗struggle for心醉于，被迷倒be charmed with踩，践踏tread on sth踩在某人的脚趾上tread on sb‘s toes相互追逐tread on each other‘s heels得意洋洋tread on air与某人祸福与共cast in one‘s lot with sb决不是，绝对不anything but盼望，期待look forward to结果，因此in consequence富裕繁荣的社会the affluent society在富裕的环境中in affluent circumstances对…满意be content with丰富的饮食food and drink in abundance过着丰衣足食的生活live in abundance依次，轮流in turn赶上琼斯家keep up with the Joneses赶上，不落后Keep up with sb/sth继续作某事deep on doing sth更富有，跟舒服be better off生产商诱导而产生的需要producer-induced demand 成为…之一部分enter into sth自然增长或产生accrue from sth英国的工业革命the English Industrial Revolution传统的生活方式traditional pattern of life仅仅，只不过nothing but等于amount to不是，而是not…but…10月份的国考又临近了，相信现在就已经有许多同学开始备战了吧。
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Tuesday, the Fed said it will make short-term loans by purchasing what is called commercial paper. Such loans usually come from pools, or collections, of investment money. The goal is to provide financial help to all companies that need short-term loans to operate. Earlier, the central bank announced loans to banks of up to nine hundred billion dollars.
ECONOMICS REPORT - The Credit Crisis Spreads to Banks Around the World
By Mario Ritter / Broadcast date: Friday, October 10, 2008 Source: /voanews/specialenglish/ This is the VOA Special English Economics Report. This week, economic worries turned from inflation. On Wednesday, central banks in nations around the world acted together to lower interest rates. The fear is that a lack of credit and falling demand could cause a deep, worldwide recession. The International Monetary Fund has warned that the world is facing its most dangerous economic crisis since the nineteen thirties. To fight slowing economic growth, the United States Federal Reserve cut its federal funds rate to one and one half percent. That is the rate banks charge each other for overnight loans. The European Central Bank also announced an interest rate cut. So did central banks in Britain, Canada, Sweden and Switzerland. Australia and China also cut interest rates. The action marked the first time that the Federal Reserve has joined with other central banks to cut interest rates.
Speaking in Washington, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke warned Tuesday of slowing economic growth
European countries are also taking steps to deal with the crisis. The Economist magazine reports that European banks have borrowed more against their bank deposits than American banks have. This puts them at greater risk when there are low levels of activity in credit markets. Iceland is an example. Its banks borrowed many times the amount of money they held in deposits. In recent weeks, Iceland has had to seize three major banksan of more than five billion dollars from Russia to avoid a collapse of its financial system. Other countries have taken steps to keep people from withdrawing money from banks. Ireland, Germany and Britain increased the limit of bank deposits guaranteed by their governments. And, the British government has announced a rescue plan similar to the one passed by the United States Congress. Britain will make eighty-seven billion dollars available to eight major banks. It will also provide hundreds of billions of dollars in loans and guarantees to the banking system. And, that is the VOA Special English ECONOMICS REPORT, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.