The History of the Kyoto Protocol
英语翻译基础(英汉互译)-试卷29
英语翻译基础（英汉互译）-试卷29(总分：12.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.汉译英（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：2.科学家与环保人士担心全球变暖的问题。
使用化石燃料(如石油、煤)或大面积砍伐森林，是地球大气“温室气体”不断增加的两大因素。
这些气体所吸收的热能越来越多，最终将改变天气型态、造成海平面与海洋温度的上升，以及形成有害于植物、野生动物和人类栖息地的气候反常。
虽然科学界对全球变暖的影响程度尚有歧见，但若人类对温室效应造成的危险置之不理，无异于玩火自焚。
为避免温室效应加剧，从个人角度来看我们可以做的就是降低对化石燃料的依赖、减少用电，并采取最不耗损自然资源的生活方式。
在政府这个层面，世界大部份的工业化国家，已在一九九七年所签定的京都议定书中，宣誓将做到气体排放减量。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案： Scientists and environmentalists are concerned about global warming. The use of fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal and the deforestation of large areas are the two major factors behind rising levels of "greenhouse gases" in the Earth" s atmosphere. As these gases retain more and more heat energy, the eventual results will be altered weather patterns, an increase in sea levels and o-cean temperatures, and disruptive climate changes that affect the habitats of plants, wildlife and humans. Although there is disagreement within the scientific community about the extent of global warming , humans would be playing with fire if we were to ignore the danger it poses . As individuals, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, use less electricity and adopt lifestyles that minimize the use of natural resources. On the governmental level, most of the world" s industrialized nations have pledged to cut gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol in 1997.)解析：3.城市中的绿洲走在人声鼎沸、高楼耸立的城市里，大楼帷幕玻璃在阳光里闪闪发亮。
首届全国口译大赛初赛复赛试题和答案
首届全国口译大赛（英语交替传译）复赛 Part I 英译中下面你将听到一段联合国秘书长潘基文在联合国维持和平人员国际日发布的电文：On the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers, we honour the sacrifices of the men and women who lost their lives while serving under the UN flag. This year's commemoration is a somber one. The past 14 months have been especially deadly for UN peacekeeping.谨此联合国维持和平人员国际日之际，我们缅怀那些在联合国旗帜下以身殉职的维和人员。
今年的国际日活动是肃穆的活动，因为过去14个月对联合国维持和平人员而言尤其伤亡重大。
As we honour such moving displays of courage and dedication, we also pay tribute to the more than 122,000 military, police and civilian personnel who serve with distinction in our operations across the world.Their efforts directly help millions of people...By providing security and promoting reconciliation...By clearing land-mines and demobilizing combatants...By strengthening institutions and the rule of law...By delivering aid and repatriating refugees and displaced personsBy supporting democratic elections, reforming the security sector... and so much more.Peacekeeping is an indispensable part of the UN’s work for a better world. Let us give it the support it needs to succeed.我们向如此令人感动的勇气和献身精神致敬，同时也向在世界各地联合国维和行动中杰出工作的122 000多名军事、警务和文职人员致意。
18英语专升本夜大商务英语A
苏州大学成人高等学历教育商务英语考试试题（A）学院外国语学院专业英语班级(级)（班）层次：专升本姓名学号形式：闭卷类别：业余I. Give the full name of the following (5*1’=5’)1.ASEAN2.GDP3.ADB4.PBOC5.AIMII. Fill in the blanks with the proper for ms of the words and expressions given (2’*20=40’)catchy, incentive, by and large, trace back, profound, collateral, pitch, luster, incur, be consistent with, at the mercy of, cash out, template, spell out, be engaged in, figure out, in light of, buyout, toe the line, renaissance1.The objective is not to provide a ____ for a business plan, but to give hints, based on theexperience of those who have already done it, be they entrepreneurs or investors.2.The higher the discount, the more ____buyers have to pay early. Sellers can thus adjust creditterms to influence when customers pay their bills.3.The combination of urbanization, demand for new infrastructure, and the rapid expansion ofits manufacturing platform, has had a ____ impact on China’s consumption of industrial materials and its impact on global commodity markets.4.London’s dramatic ____ as perhaps the world’s leading financial center has been awell-documented phenomenon in recent years.5.Protectionist policies do not work and the ____damage from these policies is high.6.During the 1980s, creating value through financial techniques (junk bonds, leveraged ____,financial asset repackaging) was tried.7.The elevator ____ is a one-paragraph description of the business, presented as if you were inan elevator with an investor.8.Once, one of the leading-edge high-technology firms in the world, Hewlett-packard began tolose some of its ____ in the mid-1990s.9.They like____ titles, tend to read in diagonals, and have a short attention span.10.Short-term expenditures are ____regularly in a firm’s everyday business activities.11.They would rather look at the coherence of figures and check that they____ the strategy.12.Determined never to be____ foreigners again, many Asian countries have since built up hugeforeign-exchange reserves as a buffer against financial shocks.13.Some CEOs have encouraged their organizations to take large short-term risks and then ____their options before the long-term problems appear.14.They ____ previously unclear procedures for foreign purchases of Chinese companies.15.There is a bias towards promoting those who ____which means the status quo becomesentrenched deeply in the business.16.In fact, any given manager is likely to ____each of these activities during the course of theday.17.Ironically, one of the major reasons for its slide could____to what had once been a majorstrength.18.By 1998, however, problems had become apparent, and no one could quite ____what wasgoing on.19.Mangers, ____, focus on revenue and asset growth.20.Consequently, many middle-managers view themselves as the protectors of the corporatehistory, particularly ____the fact that CEOs come and go more rapidly these days.III. Questions (5’*2=10’)1.What does the management process include?2.Why are some Chinese firms such as Haier and Lenovo rapidly eating into their foreigncounterparts’ market share?IV. Sentence Translation (3’*5=15’)1.China's largest banks have announced plans in recent months to raise tens of billions ofdollars to meet stricter regulatory requirements and replenish capital after a record lending spree last year.2.It is not just the ultrafast video downloads and web surfing that such networks could providefor consumers. Rather, it is the whole range of future economic and technological opportunities — from self-driving cars to smart cities and factories — that they could open up.3.Financial firms, including Goldman Sachs and the Carlyle Group, have also expressedconcern about investment restrictions, saying they could provide a drag on the United States economy.4.Technology companies argue that the restrictive measures the administration is taking to helpprotect them could end up penalizing American manufacturing, raising costs and making their firms less competitive globally.5.Ren Zhengfei, the founder of Huawei, has described shareholders of public companies asgreedy and short-termist, in a forceful rejection of the idea of listing the Chinese telecoms equipment maker.V. Passage Translation (10’)China’s campaign of policy restraint was initiated last fall, with an increase in reserve requirements on bank deposits from 6% to 7% announced in late August and made effective in late September. That measure apparently didn’t work in arresting the rapid growth of the real economy. And so Premier Wen has been quite direct in warning that further forceful measures were beingprepared to stem the excesses of bank lending. True to his word, the People’s bank of China unveiled a second tightening in late March and then a third action in early April. A failure to arrest the excesses of an overheated economy is perceived to be a recipe for the dreaded hard landing. China cannot afford such a dire outcome. It would have serious implications for unemployment and nonperforming bank loans thereby undermining the very reforms that are at the heart of the China Miracle.VI. Reading Comprehension (2’*10=20’)Experiments have shown that in selecting personnel for a job, interviewing is at best a hindrance, and may even cause harm. These studies have disclosed that judgments of interviewers differ markedly and bear little or no relationship to the adequacy of job applicants. Of the many reasons why this should be the case, three in particular stand out. The first reason is related to an error of judgment known as the halo effect（光圈效应）. If a person has one noticeable good trait, their other characteristics will be judged as better than they really are. Thus, an individual who dresses smartly and shows self confidence is likely to be judged capable of doing a job well regardless of his or her real ability.Interviewers are also prejudiced by an effect called the primacy effect（首因效应）. This error occurs when interpretation of later information is distorted by earlier connected information. Hence, in an interview situation, the interviewer spends most of the interview trying to confirm the impression given by the candidate in the first few moments. Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that such an impression is unrelated to the aptitude of the applicant.The phenomenon known as the contrast effect also skews the judgment of interviewers. A suitable candidate may be underestimated because he or she contrasts with a previous one who appears exceptionally intelligent. Likewise, an average candidate who is preceded by one who gives a weak showing may be judged as more suitable than he or she really is.Since interviews as a form of personnel selection have been shown to be inadequate, other selection procedures have been devised which more accurately predict candidate suitability. Of the various tests devised, the predictor which appears to do this most successfully is cognitive ability as measured by a variety of verbal and spatial tests.1. The word “hindrance”in line 2 is closest in meaning to____________.A) encouragementB) assistanceC) procedureD) interference2. According to the passage, the halo effect________________.A) stands out as the worst judgmental errorB) works only when a candidate is well dressed and self confidentC) exemplifies how one good characteristic colors perceptionsD) helps the interviewer's capability to judge real ability3. According to the passage, the impression given in the first few moments______________.A) can easily be alteredB) is the one that stays with the interviewerC) is unrelated to the interviewer's prejudicesD) has never been reinforced throughout the interview4. The author mentions all of the following reasons why interviewing is not an accurate way topredict candidate suitability EXCEPT_____________.A) the halo effectB) the primacy effectC) the contrast effectD) the cognitive effect5. This passage mainly discusses_______________.A) the effects of interviewing on job applicantsB) the inadequacy of interviewing job applicantsC) the judgments of interviewers concerning job applicantsD) the tactics and techniques for judging job applicantsGlobal warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but- regardless of whether it is or isn't - we won't do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.A1 Gore calls global warming an "inconvenient truth," as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, and - without major technological breakthroughs - we can't do much about it.From 2003 to 2050, the world 's population is projected to grow from 6.4 billon to 9.1 billion , a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly,CO2) will be 42% higher in 2050. But that's too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn the world's poor to their present.Poverty and freeze everyone else's living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more then double by 2050.No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they're "doing something " Consider the Kyoto Protocol(京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn't. But it hasn't reduced CO2 emissions(up about 25% since 1990),and many signatories(签字国) didn't adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it's really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don't solve the engineering problem, we're helpless.6. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph?A) It may not prove an environmental crisis at all.B) It is an issue requiring worldwide commitments.C) Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it.D) Very little will be done to bring it under control.7. According to the author's understanding, what is A1 Gore's view on global warming?A) It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of.B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences.C) It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized.D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about.8. Greenhouse emissions will more than double by 2050 because of ___.A) economic growthB) wasteful use of energyC) the widening gap between the rich and poorD) the rapid advances of science and technology9. The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, ____.A) politicians have started to do something to better the situationB) few nations have adopted real tough measures to limit energy useC) reductions in energy consumption have greatly cut back global warmingD) international cooperation has contributed to solving envoronmental problems10. What is the message the author intends to convey?A) Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one.B) The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technology.C) The debate over global warming will lead to technological breakthroughs.D) People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming.。
Kyoto Protocol
Definition
The Kyoto Protocol is a plan created by the United Nations for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming.
The objective of the Kyoto climate change conference was to establish a legally binding international agreement, whereby all the participating nations commit themselves to deal with the issue of global warming and greenhouse gas emissions. The target agreed upon was an average reduction of 5.2% from 1990 levels by the year 2012. Contrary to popular belief, the Protocol will NOT expire（期满） in 2012. In 2012, Annex I countries must have fulfilled their obligations of reduction of greenhouse gases emissions established for the first commitment period (2008-2012) .
地球环保英文文献
地球环保英文文献随着全球人口的增加和经济的发展，地球面临着日益严重的环境污染和生态破坏问题。
为了保护地球的生态环境，许多国家和组织都制定了环保政策和措施。
以下是一些有关地球环保的英文文献。
1. The Paris AgreementThe Paris Agreement is an international treaty signed in 2015 by 196 countries with the goal of limiting global warming to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The agreement requires countries to set their own targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and regularly report on their progress.2. The UN Sustainable Development GoalsThe UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The goals include targets for reducing poverty, improving health and education, and promoting sustainable economic growth, as well as protecting the environment and combating climate change.3. The Clean Air ActThe Clean Air Act is a US federal law passed in 1970 that regulates air pollution. The law sets limits on emissions of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, andparticulate matter, and establishes a system of permits for industrial sources of pollution.4. The Kyoto ProtocolThe Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty adopted in 1997 with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The treaty requires developed countries to reduce their emissions by specified amounts by 2012, and established a system of emissions trading to allow countries to meet their targets more efficiently.5. The Montreal ProtocolThe Montreal Protocol is an international treaty adopted in 1987 with the goal of protecting the ozone layer. The treaty requires countries to phase out the production and use of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).这些文献展示了国际社会对地球环保问题的重视，并提出了许多重要的环保政策和措施。
高中英语 Unit 2 The environment Section Ⅰ Reading(Ⅰ)(W
Unit 2 The environmentIs our environment being destroyed by greed?人类的贪婪是环境恶化的主要原因。
然而，除此之外还有其他因素吗？The environment has been suffering from all forms of damage，especially in recent years global warming seems to be the main problem.Many times，the worsening of the environment，in the forms of running out of natural resources, and air，water and land pollution，is caused by the irresponsible behaviour of man.However，it will be unfair to state that the worsening of the environment is brought about only by greed.Other factors，such as the inability of some developing countries to find other choices of survival，also play a part in contributing to environmental problems.The state of the environment has been the concern of scientists in recent years.As for global warming，greed，in order to get economic benefits, actually contributes to the ruin of the environment.This is seen when the United States refused to carry out its agreement to the Kyoto Protocol (《京都议定书》), which helps deal with the increasing emission of greenhouse gases.If the USA had agreed to it, it would have meant that it had to cut back on its Gross Domestic Product(GDP) growth.Another reason for the worsening of theenvironment is that some developing countries have nochoice but to survive at the cost of theenvironment.For example, slashandburn agricultureis the cheapest way for poor farmers even though itcreates a serious environmental problem.If they don'tdo that，they may not be able to clear the land in time for agricultural activities to support themselves and their family members.For them, pared to their survival, environment concerns are secondary.Therefore, to save the environment, everyone, young or old, rich or poor, should play a part, as a collective effort definitely makes a big difference.[阅读障碍词]1．irresponsible adj. 不负责任的2．inability n. 无能3．survival n. 生存，幸存4．theKyotoProtocol《京都议定书》5．slashandburn adj.刀耕火种的6．definitely adv. 肯定地[诱思导读]阅读短文，回答下列问题。
模拟联合国环境
Shanghai American School Pudong Model United Nations 2015 Forum: Environment CommitteeIssue: Addressing the impacts of heavy industry on public healthStudent Officer:Elyse ToderPosition: Deputy Chair of the Environment CommitteeIntroductionHeavy industry is one of the major causes of air pollution as well as water pollution and global warming. According to Dr Flavia Bustreo, World Health Organization’s (WHO) Assistant Director-General of Family, Women and Children’s Health, “cleaning up the air we breathe prevents no communicable diseases as well as reduces disease risks among women and vulnerable groups, including children and the elderly”. Currently, worldwide, ambient air pollution contributes to 6.7% of all deaths.Air pollution can cause r espiratory diseases, such as acute respiratory infections. It causes chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and it is the greatest single environmental health risk. In 2012, seven million people died from diseases related to air pollution. Southeast Asia and Western Pacific Regions had the worst air pollution in 2012, with indoor and outdoor air pollution-related deaths reaching 3.3 million and 2.6 million deaths, respectively.Emissions from burning fossil fuels to power heavy industries not only contribute to air pollution but are also a major cause of global warming. According to WHO, “extreme high temperatures [from global warming] contribute to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, particularly among elderly people.” For example, the 2003 European heat wave caused over 70,000 deaths. Extreme heat also elevates levels of pollen and other aeroallergens, which can trigger asthma.Industrial wastewater from heavy industries contributes to industrial effluents, which, along with agricultural runoff and domestic sewage, pollute groundwater. Industrial effluents include poisonous heavy metals such as lead and mercury and there are also other chemicals from effluent which cause cancer. Contaminated groundwater not only limits the amount of safe drinking water but also infiltrates the food chain, which can cause widespread health issues including cancer, mental retardation and premature death.Health problems that arise from the pollution generated by heavy industry cause billions of dollars of “hidden” costs. The public pays the ultimate price in poor health. The burden to provide medical services falls to national governments, with funding from taxpayers, while heavy industry is given a free ride. This committee seeks to prevent these problems but also to redistribute responsibility in a more equitable manner.118Shanghai American School Pudong Model United Nations 2015 218Definition of Key TermsHeavy industryAn industry engaged in the large-scale complex manufacture of capital goods or extraction of raw materials. Examples of heavy industries include steel fabrication, automobile manufacturing, iron ore mining and crude oil drilling and refining.Cardiovascular DiseasesTypes of disease that have to do with your heart and circulatory system. The circulatory system, which includes the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries, transports blood throughout the body. Examples of cardiovascular diseases include heart attacks or strokes.Respiratory diseaseTypes of disease that affect the lungs. For example, asthma and lung cancer.CarcinogenSubstance that has the ability to cause cancer in living tissue.WastewaterWater that has been negatively affected by pollutants and is usually caused by human activities such as heavy industries and agriculture.Microbial pollutionPollution that is caused by accidental contamination from bacteria, yeast, mold and fungi.Light industryLight industry is less capital intensive than heavy industry and tends to focus on end users rather than intermediaries. Textiles and consumer electronics are examples of light industries.Shanghai American School Pudong Model United Nations 2015318HistoryIndustrial RevolutionThe first Industrial Revolution was from 1760-1820. It mainly focused on improving methods for spinning and weaving which greatly increased the efficiency of manufacturing textiles and significantly lowered costs. It was the first period where large-scale manufacturing displaced craftsmen and led to an increase in urbanization.Although textiles are light industry, two factors led to the development of heavy industry. First, to improve the efficiency of machinery, wood was replaced with metal. Second, power generation improved when coking coal replaced charcoal in steam engines. The second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) built on these trends and focused on heavy industries such as steel, railroads, petroleum, chemicals and electricity.Working conditions in factories during the industrial revolution were horrible and child labor was common. There were no regulations limiting emissions from factories and the increase in coal use caused air pollution to increase substantially. Uncontrolled disposal of wastewater from factories also polluted many rivers in industrialized areas.Later 1987, WHO published the Air Quality Guidelines. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted on December 11th, 1997, is connected to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and sets international guidelines on emission reduction targets. On June 11th 2015, the annual United Nations climate change conference was held in Bonn, Germany.Shanghai American School Pudong Model United Nations 2015 418Figure #1: Industrial RevolutionWater pollutionIndustrialization increased water pollution. Rivers and lakes have been polluted bywastewater from factories and untreated sewage from increased population density in cities.Acid rainWhen fossil fuels are burned, they produce ash that contains toxic chemicals. The ash isreleased into the air and, when it mixes with water vapor, it creates acid rain. Acid rain was discovered in the 1850s. At that time, acid rain was primarily caused by coal-based power plants, which released large amounts of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere. Other fossil fuels, such as petroleum, also release these harmful compounds when they are burned.Most lakes and streams have a PH level of six to eight. If the sulfur and nitrogencompounds released by burning fossil fuels cannot be buffered by the soil, acid rain lowers the PH of the water (ie. it becomes more acidic). Changing the chemistry of the water negatively impacts vegetation, fish and soil. In addition, acid rain can erode the exterior of buildings and other structures.Acid rain not only negatively affects vegetation, fish and soil; it also damages humanhealth. When nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide combine in the atmosphere they create fine sulfate and nitrate particles. If inhaled, they can cause heart and lung diseases such as asthma.Great London SmogThe Great London Smog of December 1952 was caused by air pollution and resulted in4,000 deaths. After that event, the UK government passed the Clean Air Act and became the first nation to legislate air quality. The Act moved heavy industry and power generation to rural areas, which decreased the number of people affected by the air pollution caused by these industries.Bhopal disasterThe Bhopal disaster happened on December 2, 1984, at the Union Carbide pesticideplant in Bhopal, India. It is estimated that 20,000 people died due to this disaster, making it the biggest industrial disaster the world has ever experienced. The accident occurred when a factory malfunction caused methyl isocyanate (MIC) - a lethal chemical – to be released into the air. The gas damaged people’s respiratory systems, kidneys, livers, and brains. People were forced to flee their houses and retreat across a river to another part of the city.Key IssuesAir pollutionAir pollution is the contamination of air from harmful gases, dust or smoke. There are two types of air pollution: visible air pollution like smog and invisible air pollution like formaldehyde.“The risks from air pollution are far greater than previously thought or understood, particularly for heart disease and strokes” (Dr. Maria Neira, Director of WHO’s Department for Public Health).Figure #2: Continents that are most affected by pollutionOzoneThe ozone (O3) layer protects the earth from harmful ultra violet (UV) rays from the sun.The ozone layer is becoming depleted due to an increase in chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere, which increases the amount of UV rays which reach the surface of the earth. UV rays have different wavelengths. Although longer wavelengths (320-400nm, called UV-A) help in the formation of Vitamin D in the skin, too much exposure causes sunburn. The shorter wavelengths (290-320nm, called UV-B) damage DNA. Excess exposure to UV rays from the sun can cause skin cancer (melanoma) and cataracts. CFC’s were produced by the chemical industry and used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners. The Montreal518Protocol on the Ban on CFCs, which was signed in 1987, is an example of international cooperation to reduce pollution.Ground level ozone is created by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the sunlight. Heavy industries such as electrical utilities as well as automobile exhaust and chemical solvents are major sources of NOx and VOC. Ozone is the major component of urban smog and it can be transported into rural areas by the wind.Inhaling ozone can inflame and damage the airways and aggravate lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Long-term exposure can cause scarring in lungs.Children are most susceptible to the negative effects of ozone because their lungs are still forming.Nitrogen DioxideHeavy industries increase the amount of Nitrogen Dioxide’s (NO2) in the atmosphere. NO2 is created from the burning of fossil fuels in power plants, vehicles, and factories. Short-term exposure to NO2can irritate lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections. Long-term exposure can increase the chance of acute respiratory illness in child ren.Sulfur DioxideSulfur Dioxide (SO2) is formed when fuels that contain sulfur, such as coal and oil, are burned to create electricity. Heavy industries are a major consumer of electricity. Coking coal is also burned during the smelting process to make steel. Exposure to high concentrations of SO2 cause respiratory illness and aggravate patients with existing cardiovascular diseases.Heavy MetalsLead and mercury are the most common heavy metal pollutants. People can be exposed to lead through contaminated air, food, water and soil as well some types of paint. Long-term exposure can cause anemia, kidney disease, reproductive disorders, seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders. M ercury can also be present in the air and in water.Burning coal is the major source of mercury in the environment. When mercury is introduced into the ecosystem, natural bacteria can absorb it and convert it into more toxic methyl mercury.Methyl mercury can be found in inland waterways and oceans and enters the food chain through fish. Exposure to mercury can cause cardiovascular disease and mothers who have eaten contaminated fish are at risk of their newborns having impaired motor skills and learning abilities.618Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a gas that is formed when carbon, which is present in fuels such as petroleum and coal, is not burned completely. CO is primarily produced by automobiles and is the major component of car exhaust. When carbon monoxide is inhaled, it enters into the bloodstream and hinders a cell’s ability to deliver oxygen to organs and tissues. Long-term exposure can cause visual impairment, reduced work capacity, and reduced manual dexterity, poor learning ability and difficulty performing complex tasks.Water pollutionWater pollution is caused by industrialization and urbanization. Chemical waste byproducts of manufacturing can be released into the environment and contaminate the water supply. In addition, air pollutants such as carbon dioxide are trapped in precipitation and cause a chemical contamination when large quantities collect in groundwater and flow into waterways.MiningDuring the mining process, raw forms of coal are extracted which contain harmful chemicals. It can contaminate water and make it dangerous to drink. In addition, mining creates metal waste and sulphides, which are also harmful substances.Mining accidents not only kill thousand of people every year, they also negatively impact health. Coal mining releases coal mine methane, which is 20 times more lethal than CO2. Black lung disease caused by coalmine methane is very common for miners and people who live near mines.Industrial wasteHeavy industries produce a large amount of waste that contain chemical and pollutants such as lead, mercury, sulfur, asbestos and nitrates. Many factories lack proper waste management systems and drain these pollutants directly into fresh water, which flows into rivers and canals. Toxic substances can change the chemistry of water resulting in a change in color, increase in the amount of minerals (ie. Eutrophication), and changes in temperature, all of which pose a threat to fish and other wildlife, and the people who rely on them..718Land pollution is caused by the destruction of the Earth’s surface and soil. People are exposed to land pollution through food and vegetables that have been grown in polluted areas. Consuming affected foods can cause cancer and other diseases.DeforestationIndustrial scale agriculture and a growing population have led to deforestation, as more farmland is needed to grow food. In addition, chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides have been developed to increase agricultural output. Some of these chemicals can be toxic.Global warmingGlobal warming is caused by greenhouse gases that are released into the air. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which causes the temperature to rise. Rising water temperatures can cause the death of marine life and result in water pollution.Major Countries and Organizations InvolvedWHOThe World Health Organization has many programs that focus on this issue. One such initiative is the Programme on Household Pollution. The program combats growing diseases caused by pollution. In addition, the WHO also published “Air Quality Guidelines” in 1987.UNEPThe United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) cooperates with UN-HABITAT. They work together to improve sustainability in urban planning and management, analyzing air pollution, climate change, water and sanitation in different cities. Together, these two organizations formulated a 2008-2009 implementation plan which focuses on climate change, sustainable urban mobility, integrated waste management, urban biodiversity, and ecosystems.In addition, UNEP has a partnership with Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV). These two organizations work together to promote better air quality in LEDCs through the use of more renewable energy sources and environmentally friendly vehicles.818UNESCO leads the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP). The main mission of the WWAP is to influence leaders in government, the private sector, and civil society to ensure that their policies promote sustainable social and economic development on all scales. In addition, the WWAP works with the UN on the UN Water Report by providing information on the management of the world’s freshwater resources.Developing countriesIndia: Along the Ganges and its tributaries, 764 industrial plants release toxic waste at arate of 500 million liters per day (mld). In addition, untreated sewage is dumped into theriver. People bathe in the river and the contaminated water can quickly spread diseasesthroughout the population.Indonesia: Class 1 water is safe to drink according to the national Regulation 82/2001.In Indonesia, there are 30 rivers that do not meet the criteria for class 1 certification. Oneof the major factors is mercury contamination from mining.Mexico: Due to the dense population in Mexico City, CO2emissions released byvehicles and coal burning in factories negatively impacts public health. Therefore, Mexicoplans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2050. In addition, the country isdeveloping a carbon credit trading system to reduce emissions caused by the electricity,oil, cement and steel sectors.South Africa: The majority of the air pollution In South Africa arises from burning of fossilfuels, and over 90% of electricity is generated from coal. The pollutants from burning coalcan cause lung cancer. Therefore, South Africa plans to stop the increase of greenhousegas emissions by 2025.OECDThe Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) published The Cost of Air Pollution: Health Impacts of Road Transport on May 21, 2014. This book mainly addresses the impact of air pollution and methods for solving it.918The EEA (European Environment Agency) is making air pollution data available and assessing pollution trends and related policies. In addition, they are analyzing air pollution policies in different areas (climate change, energy, transport, industry)EUThe EU published their standards on toxic emissions from coal plants in December, 2012. In addition, the EU passed the world’s first Environmental Action Plan that was adopted in July, 1937, and founded the European Environmental Bureau in 1974.Timeline of EventsDate Description of events1948 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN on December 10th, 1948. The document stated that everyone has the right to health.1956 The Air Clean Act was passed by the UK Parliament following the Great London Smog. This was the first legislation regulating industries which were highly polluting and it required them to relocate to less populated rural areas.1970 The Clean Air Act of 1970 was a huge step in the United States federal government’s involvement in regulation of air pollution levels. This act led to the creation of many new regulations such as the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), State Implementation Plans (SIPs), New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs).1979 On November 13, 1979, the Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution was the first international convention to deal with air pollution on a regional level. The treaty provisions were implemented in 1983 and later extended by eight protocols.10181987 The Air Quality Guidelines was published by WHO. It was the first set of guidelines published by WHO which addressed air pollution. The document was revised in 1997.2011 The United Nations Working Group on Business and Human Rights ensures that corporation does not challenge sustainable development. In addition, the Working Group called for businesses to be more transparent when they are dealing with human rights.Relevant UN Treaties and Events• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (December 10, 1948)• The Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (November 13, 1979) • Air Quality Guidelines (1987)• Resolution A/RES/44/228 (UN Conference on Environment and Development, Dec. 1999)• United Nations Working Group on Business and Human Rights (2011)Previous Attempts to Solve the IssueThe Air Quality Guidelines published by WHO, the Clean Air Act and the Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution were intended to decrease air pollution, both indoors and outdoors. In addition, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been periodically publishing reports on climate change. Although these initiatives aimed to decrease air pollution, none of them have achieved this goal.The technology for producing energy from renewable sources is immature and it is very costly to replace existing power generation facilities. Therefore, governments have been hesitant to completely transition to renewable energy even though it would reduce air pollution, improve the quality of life and lower long-term medical costs.1118Possible SolutionsOne of the many possible ways to solve this issue is to add regulations and policies. For example, governments could attach provisions to the issuing of construction permits requiring companies to reduce emissions and restrict the locations zoned for heavy industry, power plants and other energy-intensive business near urban areas. In addition, governments could use tax policies and market-oriented incentives that encourage conservation since such measures have helped reduce pollution in Japan and many European countries. Finally, national governments could create an environmental public health yardstick to evaluate their performance as well that of local governments and individual officials.Nations can reduce their reliance on fossil fuels in general, and more specifically coal, which is a major source of pollution. Investment in and adoption of cleaner energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric and nuclear would also helps to solve this problem. Solar power can be generated on both a macro scale, with large plants feeding directly into the grid, and on a micro scale by encouraging single-family homes to install solar panels and the construction of smart buildings in metropolitan areas. Therefore, governments should request more research to be done on renewable energy technology so that nations that are hesitant to transition away from fossil fuels will have more incentives to do so.Education and promotion are potential tools to solve this problem. For example, governments can promote clean manufacturing by providing tax breaks and subsidies for business which upgrade to more efficient and cleaner procedures and practices including such activities as buying associated equipment and improving insulation. Countries can also reduce the consumption of products and services that were created by major polluters or by heavy industry in general. This can be encouraged by raising public awareness among consumers and, at the government level, by adopting policies/legislation regarding information on packaging and through the tax code. More economically developed countries (MEDCs) should provide aid to less economically developed countries (LEDCs) to help them afford equipment and develop expertise that increases efficiency and reduces pollution. Finally, to facilitate greater participation and awareness, countries should make air quality information easily available to the public.Corruption must be weeded out in order to ensure that heavy industries’ impact on the environment and public health is reduced. In addition to individual-level instances of bribery and preferential treatment, corruption includes government connections to businesses such as the formulation of favorable policies that are reinforced by powerful lobby groups. Corruption also refers to a lack of freedom for the public to make complaints and take big business to court as well as misleading the public by misrepresenting the true scale of a problem. Possible solutions to this problem would be to1218attack corruption at different levels of the government by setting up organizations to oversee the granting of permits/licenses to heavy industries and establishing independent organizations to formulate clear, strict, air and water quality standards, monitor pollution levels and make the data available to the public.Governments can reduce pollution by investing in research and development of cleaner industries as well as establishing programs, competitions and reward systems at a national level that encourage innovation in industry and encouraging private partnerships. In addition, governments should promote the enforcement of laws that limit greenhouse gas emissions and regulate disposal of industrial wastes. Specific incentives could encourage the creation of good waste management systems, the building of wastewater treatment plants and the rehabilitation of degraded water resources to reduce water pollution. Finally, national governments must lead by example and state-sponsored industries must therefore reflect best practices in terms of pollution and public health.Nations should also increase spending on environmental protection agencies, energy ministries and public health ministries to combat the impact heavy industries have on public health and force local governments to deal with this issue. The collection, analysis and sharing of accurate data is an essential ingredient for effective water and air quality management strategies. Furthermore, commitments from national governments should be combined into global air pollution reduction targets with the assistance of international organizations such as the UN. Balancing economic growth and environmental protection/public health should be a regional concern as well as a national concern.In addition to actions by national governments, this issue should also be tackled at the local level. Governments should empower local communities, including indigenous groups, to have a say in the development of industries in their area. Communities tend to focus on more sustainable practices since they will be the first affected and they will therefore govern and report more diligently. In addition, local communities must not be penalized for speaking out about infringement.One route to solve this issue that does not rely solely on national governments is for third parties such as the World Bank at the international level and IGOs and NGOs, such as the Global Alliance on Health (GHAP), at the national level to take the lead. These organizations could increase data collection and monitoring, sponsor longitudinal studies and tap into expertise around the globe to build statistical models to better measure the current situation regarding pollution from heavy industries and its impact on public health as well as future trends. In addition, these organizations can apply pressure to governments that do not publish certain health data for fear of inciting social unrest.Instead of moving heavy industries, this issue could also be solved by relocating citizens. For example, if companies create hazardous zones because of bad waste management or other issues, the government can hold the companies responsible for cleaning up the area and helping with relocation1318effort. In addition, governments can conduct independent investigations to find out the causes of the hazards and use legal action to ensure that the companies fix the problem they created. Also, governments can improve and modify regulations related to zoning for factories or other structures that create hazardous waste to ensure that they are built to help prevent potentially hazardous zones from affecting residential areas. Relocation is not only about moving people into new housing developments; it is also important to focus on reviving livelihoods and rebuilding the affected communities. The government, the polluting industries and other groups will need to work together to ensure relocation is beneficial to all parties.Health Care costs should be covered by the government and not the individual citizens who have been affected by pollution from heavy industries. In addition, the government could require heavy polluters to provide much more comprehensive medical insurance packages for their workers and perhaps even for the local communities around their factories. Governments can also build healthcare facilities, provide check-ups and fund regular evaluations of the situation (health/environment) by an independent third party.Bibliography"Air Quality Programs." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 22 June 2015./region07/air/quality/health.htm"Health Impacts of Water Pollution." Health Impacts of Water Pollution. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 June 2015. http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/water/health.htm"Causes and Effects of Industrial Pollution - Conserve Energy Future." ConserveEnergyFuture. N.p., 13 June 2013. Web. 22 June 2015. /causes-effects-of-industrial-pollution.php"Causes, Effects and Solutions of Land Pollution - Conserve Energy Future." ConserveEnergyFuture. N.p., 17 Apr. 2013. Web. 22 June 2015. http://www.conserve-energy-/causes-effects-solutions-of-land-pollution.php"Household (Indoor) Air Pollution." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2015.http://www.who.int/indoorair/en/"7 Million Premature Deaths Annually Linked to Air Pollution." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/1418。
新编研究生英语综合教程课后答案,潘海英
Unit1:选词填空(1) You are minutely analytical and can fulfill any task that requires meticulous （谨小慎微的）attention to detail.(2) As part of the Kyoto____protocol__协议____, many developed countries have agreed to legally binding reductions in their emissions of greenhouse gases in two commitments periods.(3) Charles's letter was indeed published, _____albeit__尽管____ in a somewhat abbreviated简短的 form.(4) We will just throw them into the air and no one will ask again until people are ____embroiled卷入的in litigation诉讼.(5)The American Association of University Professors defines _____plagiarism___剽窃___ as “taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of another, without acknowledgment and with the intention that they be taken as the work of the deceiver.(6)Blood tests may be needed periodically to monitor the treatment and its efficacy功效.(7)A case tribunal审理委员会 which adjudicates判决on any matter must decide whether or not any person has failed to comply with the code of conduct of the relevant authority 权威concerned.(8)The committee ruled规定 that the ban禁令 constituted an infringement侵犯of free trade.(9) When completed, the balls are _____incorporated_合并的_______ into other objects before they are sold, including trophies奖品 and lamp stands落地灯.(10) A way of recovering penalties by a sanction制裁which is the most serious one known to law.完型1、reviewing 2.maintaining 3.likewise 4.either 5.disclose 6.confidentiality 7.form 8.endeavors 9.interfere 10.with 11.process 12.to 13.article 14.disqualify 15.aware 16.touch 17.take 18.step 19.include 20.outside英译汉Cases of misconduct学术不端 are not simple matters to evaluate评价. One source of concern is confusion within the field of science about just what constitutes a punishable infringement of ethical standards. In the fields of engineering, law, and medicine, clear written guidelines exist for defining ethical conduct.学术不端并不是能够简单评价的问题。
大学英语综合教程 U3课件
Text A
③ The roadmap is essentially the beginning of a beginning. The negotiations to come have a specific end date — 2009 — and for the first time, dismantles what the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change executive secretary called “the Berlin Wall of climate change”, the idea that only the rich nations need to take responsibility for fighting global warming. Both developed countries and developing countries have signed up to the climate change fight.
Text A
④ The two sides still have different responsibilities, with developed nations ready to take on more quantifiable emissions cuts, and developing nations preparing to take on less specific national actions, but no country is left behind. That matters because the majority of future carbon emissions will come from the developing world, and no climate deal can work without the participation of the developing nations. “The developing nations of the south are on the same road as the North,” says the director for the climate and air program for Environmental Defense. “They’re using the same roadmap.”
The Kyoto protocol
The Kyoto protocol ['prəʊtəkɒl]背景：为了人类免受气候变暖的威胁，1997年12月，《联合国气候变化框架公约》第３次缔约方大会在日本京都召开。
与会的149个国家和地区的代表通过了旨在限制发达国家温室气体排放量以抑制全球变暖的《京都议定书》。
Background:In order to escape from the threat of climate change.The United Nations framework convention on climate change held the conference of the parties in December 1997,in Kyoto, Japan. Representatives of 149 countries and regions agreed the Kyoto protocol. Which is to limit greenhouse gas emissions in the developed countries and to control(curb) global warming.条约于2005年2月16日开始强制生效，到2009年2月，一共有183个国家通过了该条约.其目标是“将大气中的温室气体含量稳定在一个适当的水平，进而防止剧烈的气候改变对人类造成伤害”。
The protocol was enforced to carry out on February 16, 2005.By February 2009, a total of 183 countries pass the treaty(protocol). The goal is to "make the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere stable and in a proper level, thus to prevent severe climate change of causing harm to human beings"Points;1,protect the environment从1986年冬季开始，我国已连续出现了24个“暖冬”。
2024年同等学力申硕英语考前押卷模拟题
全真模拟试卷（一）Part I Oral Communication (15 minutes, 10 points)Section ADirections:In this section there are two incomplete dialogues and each dialogue has three blanks and three choices A, B and C, taken from the dialogue. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Dialogue OneA. Why don't we eat out?B. I'm going to fix some pork chops.C. I just bought it the day before yesterday.Wayne:What are we going to eat for dinner?Lilia:（1）______Wayne:I'm afraid the meat is rotten.Lilia:That's strange!（2）______Wayne:Well,I forgot to put it in the refrigerator.Lilia:Good for you! Now what should we eat?Wayne:（3）______Lilia:Again? Weren't you just complaining that it's too expensiveto eat out?Wayne:Not when you're hungry.Dialogue TwoA. great minds think alikeB. We could do it first thing tomorrow morningC.We still have to do about ten moreNancy:How many orders do we still need to pack, Gilbert? We've been packing all day. Gilbert:（4）______.Nancy:Well,I'm really tired of packing all of the stuff all day. And it's about time to clock out. Gilbert:I know. Maybe we can finish it tomorrow.Nancy:Why not! These orders are not urgent.（5）______Gilbert:All right. Let's call it quits and go home.Nancy:See,（6）______!Section BDirections:In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and four choices A,B,C and D, taken from the interview. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.A. I want to go into e-commerceB.That dependsC. you can make a living out of thatD. we could talk to each client individuallyWilliam:I have this great ambition to start my own small business, as soon as I can. Steven:That's great. What sort of business are you planning?William:It's the Internet.（7）______ and specialize in teaching Chinese to foreigners. Steven:That's a newbie. I haven't heard of anyone making a business out of that.William:My mate and I are developing the software for a program that will teach people an easier way to learn.Steven:And you reckon（8）______?William:Yes.We have a good marketing plan to target the rght people who need to learn Chinese. Steven:How do you plan to set up this business?William:The idea,once we have the software finished, is to offer progressive lessons over the Internet.Steven:What? A sort of one on one system?William:That's right. With modern technology, using web camera and voice communication, （9）______.Steven:How many people will you need for teaching the lessons?William:（10）______.To begin with, we estimate, between the two of us, we could handle about 40 clients a week.Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)Directions:In this part there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined.Choose the one from the four choices marked A,B,C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.11.Ralph would not concede that the work of the detectives was ikely to be in vain given the price offered.promiseB.reconcileC.announceD.acknowledge12. The government's attempt to inhibit the present speed of inflation is highly appreciated.A.checkB.inhabitC.prohibitD.accelerate13. To conserve energy,estate developers are encouraged to build houses that can retain heat in winter.A.attainB.keepC.releaseD.generate14. To suppress this uprising completely seemed to be too difficult a mission to these officials.A.advocateB.concealC.upholdD. crush15. For them, defeating this football team is a mere dream that is neither substantial nor practical.A.wealthyB.sturdyC.realD.contented16.The flowers on the table were a manifestation of the child's love for his mother.A. demonstrationB.(an) infestationC. combinationD.satisfaction17.The restaurant's patrons enjoyed the food and atmosphere so much that they recommended it to their friends.A.ownersB.actorsC.customersD.critics18.Forests are delicate systems that, if disturbed, can be permanently destroyed. A.fragileB.expansiveplexD. unusual19.Most religions are concerned with the worship of one or several deities as well as with ethica rules of conduct.A.faithB.speechC.thoughtD.behavior20.The use of penicillin is limited by its tendency to induce allergic reactions.A.bring aboutB.stopC.reduceD.demandPart III Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 25 points)Section ADirections:In this section,there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished state. ments,each with four suggested answers A,B,C and, D. Choose the best answer and mark youi answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneTen years ago, when environmental lawyer Kassie Siegel went in search of an animal to save the world, the polar bear wasn't at all an obvious choice. Siegel and Brendan Cummings of the Center for Biological Diversity in Joshua Tree, Calif.,were looking for a species whose habitat was disappearing due to climate change, which could serve as a symbol of the dangers of global warming. Her first candidate met the scientific criteria-it lived in ice caves in Alaska's Glacier Bay, which were melting away-but unfortunately it was a spider. You can't sell a lot of T-shirts with pictures of an animal most people would happily step on.Next,Siegel turned to the Kittlitz's murrelet, a small Arctic seabird whose nesting sites in glaciers were disappearing. In 2001,she petitioned the Department of the Interior to add it to the Endangered Species list, but Interior Secretary Gale Norton turned her down. Elkhorn and staghorn coral,which are threatened by rising water temperatures in the Caribbean, did make it onto the list, but as iconic species they fell short insofar as many people don't realize they're alive in the first place. The polar bear, by contrast, is vehemently alive and comes the undeniablecharisma of a top predator. And its dependence on ice was intuitively obvious; it lives on it most of the year. But it took until 2004 for researchers to demonstrate that shrinking sea ice was a serious threat to the bears'population. On Feb. 16, 2005-the day the Kyoto Protocol to curb greenhouse gas emissions took effect,without the participation of the United States-Siegel petitioned to list polar bears as endangered. Three years later her efforts met with equivocal（不明确的）success，as Interior Secretary Dirk Kempthorne designated the bears as "threatened"(not endangered), a significant con- cession from an administration that has stood almost alone in the world in its reluctance to acknowledge the dangers of climate change. The Endangered Species Act (ESA), whose odd lists of snails and bladderworts sometimes seemed stuck in the age of Darwin, had been thrust into the mainstream of 21st-century environmental politics. Break out the T-shirts!21.Siegel and Cummings hoped to choose an animal to ______.A. call on people to take actions against global warmingB. make people aware of the danger of environmental damageC. introduce to people a new concept of environmental protectionD.remind people of the importance of protecting endangered species22.The problem with elkhorn and staghorn corals lies in that ______.A.they were not much-liked by many peopleB. they were not well-known enough to be an iconC.they were not considered animals by many peopleD.they were not added to the list of Endangered Species23. It can be learnt that the polar bear ______.A. was first considered by Siegel to be the iconic animal in 1998B. was first proposed by Siegel to be the endangered species in 2004C. was not qualified scientifically as the endangered species until 2005D. was not officially under the government protection until 200824. Which of the following is chosen by Siegel as the symbolic animal?A.The murrelet nesting in glaciers.B. The polar bear in the North Pole.C. The spider in Alaska's Glacier Bay.D.Staghorn corals in the Caribbean.25. The passage is focused on ______.A.how the scientists tried to protect endangered speciesB. how the symbolic endangered species has been chosenC.the relation between global warming and endangered speciesD. the problems in and the future of endangered species protectionPassage TwoMore American mothers than ever are working, and more workers are mothers. Yet their march into the world of paid work continues to cause suspicion. One recent survey found that 48 percent of Americans believe that preschoolers suffer if their mothers work, while another found that 42 percent of employed parents think that working mothers care more about succeeding at work than meeting their children's needs.The kids are all right. Studies conducted by the University of Michigan have consistently demonstrated that a child's social or academic competence does not depend on whether amother is employed. In my research four out of five children told me that having a working mother was their preferred arrangement. My study found that children with working mothers are no more likely to drop out, take drugs, break the law, or experiment with sex prematurely than children with nonemployed mothers. Children have taken their mothers' example to heart. Ninety percent of the young women I interviewed said they hoped to combine work with motherhood, while two-thirds of the men said they wanted to share parenting and work. Sadly,children support working mothers more than we do as a society. Parental leave and child-care benefits in the United States remain inadequate, particularly when compared to what's offered in other countries. Children thrive when their mothers have satisfying, well-paid jobs when they can count on other caretakers to share the load. The challenge facing us is thus not whether good workers can also be good mothers, but whether we can create the conditions that enable working mothers and fathers to be good parents.26. From the first paragraph, we can see that ______.A. now more American mothers are working than any time in American history and anywhere else in the worldB. more than half Americans think that before going to school, children need their mothers'whole-hearted careC. a majority of Americans believe that once working outside home mothers think of their own work more than their childrenD. more American mothers work than ever before, but this problem of working mothers has not been solved satisfactorily27. From the passage, we can not find the proof of the fact that ______.A. mothers do their household work today just as well as they did beforeB.with their mothers working, children are better offC. lack of mothers' care, children like to go astrayD. in single-parent families, most children like their mothers to go out working28.In the last paragraph, “Parental leave and child-care benefits in the United States remain inade- quate”actually refers to ______.A. parents should not leave and pay more care to their childrenB. parental leave and child care is contradictedC.children have inadequate care from their parentsD. in the United States, parents enjoy inadequate child-care leave and allowance29. What do the Americans need in solving the problem of working mothers?A. They need the support of males.B. They need the understanding of other members of their families.C. They need young people to be well-prepared to work both in and outside their homes.D. They need especially the powerful support, of the society for working mothers.30. What is the main idea of the passage?A. We should let mothers work without worries.B. It is better for mothers to stay at home.C.We should work hard, especially mothers.D. Like mothers, like children.Passage ThreeJob sharing refers to the situation in which two people divide the responsibility of one fulltimejob. The two people willingly act as part-time workers, enough hours between them to fulfill the duties of a full-time worker. If they each work half the job, for example, they each receive 50 per-cent of the job's wages, its holidays and its other benefits. Of course, some job sharers take a smaller or larger share of the responsibilities of the position, receiving a less or greater share of the benefits.Job sharing differs from conventional part-time work in that it occurs mainly in the more highly skilled and professional areas, which requires higher levels of responsibility and employee commitment. Job sharing should not be confused with the term work sharing, which refers to increasing the number of jobs by reducing the number of hours of each existing job, thus offering more positions to the growing number of unemployed people. Job sharing, by contrast, is not designed to address unemployment problems; its focus, rather, is to provide well-paid work for skilled workers and professionals who want more free time for other activities.As would be expected, women constitute the bulk of job sharers. A survey carded out in 1988 by Britain's Equal Opportunities Commission revealed that 78 percent of sharers were female,the majority of whom were between 20 and 40 years of age. Subsequent studies have come up with similar results. Many of these women were re-entering the job market after having had children, but they chose not to seek part-time work because it would have meant lower status.Job sharing also offered an acceptable shift back into full-time work after a long absence.The necessity of close cooperations when sharing a job with another person makes the actual work quite different from conventional one-position jobs. However, to ensure a greater chance that the partnership will succeed, each person needs to know the strengths, weaknesses and preferences of his or her partner before applying for a position. Moreover,there must be a fair division of both routine tasks and interesting ones. In sum, for a position to be job-shared well,the two individuals must be well matched and must treat each other as equals.31.“Employee commitment”in Paragraph 2 refers to the employee's ______.A. loyaltyB. qualificationC.experienceD. achievement32.Work sharing is different from job sharing in that______.A. it requires more working hoursB. it depends on the employer's decisionC. it provides more work positionsD. it offers a more satisfactory salary33. Job sharing is popular with young mothers mainly because______.A.they can take care of both work and familyB.they are over ideal working agesC. they seek equal opportunities with menD. they have difficulty finding full-time jobs34. According to the survey, the sharers women consist of ______.A.20%B.40%C.50%D.78%35. The main purpose of the passage is to ______.A. recommend job sharing to womenB. describe job sharing in generalC.criticize job sharing as inefficientD. discuss a way to tackle unemploymentPassage FourThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literature, which is more importantin this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence,sex and crude language”, says David Walsh,President of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately, it's a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.”One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said“These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We're teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it's like to pull the trigger.What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse,because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.”In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says:“Your victims no only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees anc beg for mercy，or commit suicide. If you like，you can also dismember（肢解）them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taker into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies arechoosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealis. tic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?36. Which of the following computer games is NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that help people learn more about computers.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C. Those that provide special training for writers online.D. Those that provide special training for pilots.37. According to one study, most computer and online games ______.A. allow the players to take part in killing actsB. teach the players to be antisocialC. make the players forget the real life resultsD. that young people like contain violence38. Many studies have suggested that ______.A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB.violence in computer games makes their players more aggressiveC. there are now far more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence39.The author uses "television advertising”as an example to show that______.A.other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeD. there isa close link between computer games and increased violence in real life40.The best title for the passage could be ______.A.The Dark Side of Computer GamesB. Computer Games-Advantages and DisadvantagesC.The Development of Violent Computer GamesD.A Study on the Influence of Computer GamesSectionBDirections:In this section,you are required to read one quoted blog and the comments on it. The blog and comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.In 2011,green homes made up roughly 17 percent of the market and is expected to reach two out of five homes by 2016,according to the report.The biggest attribute to a green home is energy efficiency, of course. Ninety percent of homeowners surveyed said energy efficiency is important because of personal values, and because of lower energy bills. Other eco-friendly factors include indoor air quality, material durability, use of post-consumer materials and sustainability-focused waste management practices.Another big incentive for consumers is the fact that mortgage lenders and regional programs offer discount interest rates for green homes.Regardless of the incentive, consumers should also inquire about the materials that they will be using to build their home, especially the foundation. A home built with concrete blocks, for example, does not suffer from the same number of insect infestations as wood construction homes.Don't just call an exterminator. Call an expert-866-953-0103. $50 off Orkin? Pest Con-trol. Schedule Your Free Estimate Today!Comment 1:Great ideas, many people are working now to make the world more green.Comment 2:The demands for green homes and the market of 17 percent must be increased and there must be insects and infections cured for wooden constructions.Comment 3:The concept is nice but I think, technology has changed a lot in today's modern world but some of the techniques of construction will remain same as it was in 1800s. More ideas should be introduced in construction to offer environment friendly homes.Comment 4:The idea of investing a house that makes you save money is not bad. It's a long-time investment and I've been thinking for a while to make some changes. Could you for instance tell me how low the energy bills get? 20% or 50%? The thing with concrete blocks is that during summertime it gets really hot and there's no air. I would go anytime for wood instead of concrete. And the bugs problem, well you solve it once and you solve it for good! As far as I can see, the green homes trend is expanding quickly! I have started to get sick of all the skyscrapers!Comment 5:All homeowners can be proud that wood is a renewable and green product.41. What is the theme of the blog quoted?A. How to choose material for green homes.B. The demand for green homes is on the rise.C. Green homes and personal values.D. Long term development starts from housing.42. The personal values (Para.2) may refer to ______.A. the pursuit of wealthB. the idea of trying newC.rejection to the modern technologyD. the consciousness of continual development43. When people choose green homes, which of the following doesn't belong to his or her first consideration?A.Energy saving.B.Bill paid for energy consumption.C.The lowered interest rates offered.D. The material usability.44. From comment 2 to comment 4, we learn people show concerns over ______.A. the techniques of renewing wasteB. the choice of different construction materialsC.the energy billsD. the popularity of green homes45. All of the commentators' attitude towards green homes can be summarized as being ______.A.supportiveB.negativeC.objectiveD.doubtfulPart IV Cloze (10 minutes,10 points)Directions:In this part, there is a passage with ten blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark your answer on the An-swer Sheet.Researchers produced evidence to support what most of us already knew-that a cup of tea is the answer to any crisis.Dr. Malcolm Cross, a psychologist at City University of London,tested the anxiety levels of a group of people following a（46）______situation and revealed that even a single cup of tea has a （47）______calming effect. His team gave 42 volunteers a mental arithmetic exam and（48）______offered half of them a cup of tea and the other half a glass of water. The water group's anxiety lev- els soared（49）______ 25 percent compared to before the task,（50）______ the tea group actually reported a four percent reduction in anxiety-despite the difficult test,they were more relaxed than when they started.According to a survey carried out for the research, 68 percent of Britons（51）______ tea in a dilemma, making it the nation's most common response to trouble of（52）______ kind.About 60 percent said the promise of comfort and warmth was the main reason for putting the kettle on.“The （53）______ of making and drinking tea-particularly during times of stress-is at the very （54）______ of British culture,”Cross said.This study shows that the social psychological （55）______ of tea enhance the effects of its chemical make-up on our bodies and brains.46.A. light-heartedB. seriousfortableD.stressful47.A. significantB.rigorousC.severeD.selective48.A.previouslyB. afterwardsC.besidestely49.A.onB.inC.byD.at50.A.whileB.howeverC.meanwhileD.nevertheless51.A.give upB.owe toC.look onD.turn to52.A.whicheverB.whateverC.howeverD.whoever53.A.ceremonyB.functionC.ritualD.observance54.A.beginningB.momentC.endD.core55.A. aspectsB.facesC.sitesD.waysPart V Text Completion (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this part, there are three incomplete texts with 20 questions(Ranging from 56 to75).Above each text there are three or four phrases to be completed. First, use the choices provided in the box to complete the phrases. Second, use the completed phrases to fill in the banks o. the text. Note you should blacken the letters that indicate your answers on the Answer Sheet.Text OneA.watchB. informationC.withPhrases:A.associated（56）______ a 22-minute reduction in their life expectancyB. lived an average 4.8 years less than those who didn't（57）______ any televisionC. when they collected TV viewing（58）______Sitting in front of the television may be relaxing, but spending too much time in front of the TV may take years off your life. That's what Australian researchers found,（59）______ from more than 11,000 people older than 25 years. The study found that people who watched an average si hours of TV a day（60）______.Also,every hour of TV that participants watched after age 25 was: （61）______.The more TV you watch, the less physically active you are. And the less exercise you get, the more likely you are to develop diseases such as diabetes or heart problems.Text TwoA.decreaseB.liquidC.are usedPhrases:A.The first relates to the treatment of wastes to（62）______ their pollution hazardB. Effluents from sewage disposal plants（63）______ in some areasC.“prior to”disposal and the treatment of（64）______ wastesThere are two ways by which the pollution problem can be dwindled.（65）______This involves the processing of solid wastes（66）______,or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economical use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement.（67）______both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained.Text ThreeA.help maintain environmental qualityB. as people clear landsC. depends on countless interactionsD. by overfishing and by pollution Phrases:A.（68）______ for homes and farms and cut wood for fuelB.They also（69）______ by breaking down or removing some pollutantsC. fish supplies have been greatly reduced （70）______D.（71）______ among plants, animals, and microorganismsWildlife plays a vital role in the biological processes that are essential to life itself. The functioning of the biosphere, and hence the maintenance of human life,（72）______ These processes are essential for agriculture, fisheries, and other efforts necessary to human life.（73）______ and by preventing the pile-up of waste. Some of the biological processes in which wildlife is involved are seed scattering, soil generation, nutrient cycling and pest control.No discussion of threats to wildlife is complete without an examination of the causes, which are human needs. In Africa, forests are shrinking （74）______.Sheep eat the vegetation, leaving the bare soil to be carried away by wind and water. Humans kill wildlife for the illegal trade in furs. The loss of forests is destructive to many species and plants. Beyond that, in the oceans,（75）______ .Part VI Translation (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.Globally,most smokers start smoking before the age of 18, with almost a quarter of those beginning before the age of 10.The younger children are when they first try smoking, the more likely they are to become regular tobacco users and the less likely they are to quit. A strong link between advertising and smoking in young people has been proven. The more aware and appreciative young people are of tobacco advertising, the more likely they are to smoke or say they intend to. In response to this threat, World No Tobacco Day campaigns for a total ban on all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship by the tobacco industry.Part VII Writing (30 minutes,15 points)Directions:You are asked to write in, no less than, 150 words about the topic of Advanced Technology Is Changing the Way We Learn. You should base your composition on the following requirements.1.Give examples to show how advanced technology has changed the way we learn.2. Tell the advantages of the application of advanced technology in learning.。
英语国家社会与文化入门上册答案
英语国家社会与文化入门上册答案英语国家社会与文化入门上册答案【篇一：英语国家社会与文化入门上册第三版】p> 1、britain is no longer an imperial（帝国） country(t)2、the commonwealth（英联邦）of nations includes all european countries(f)3、1 in 10 of the british population are of non-european ethnicity（种族）(f)4、the stereotype（刻板印象）of the english gentleman never applied to the majority of the british people(t)5、when people outside the uk talk about england, they mistake it as britain sometimes(t)6、the scots and welsh（苏格兰和威尔士）have a strong sense of being british(f)7、scotland（苏格兰） was never conquered by the romans （罗马人）(t)8、most people in scotland speak the celtic（凯尔特）language, called “gaelic”(f)9、scotland was unified with england through peacefulmeans(t)10、wales（威尔士） is rich in coal（煤炭） deposits（存款）(t)11、cardiff（卡迪夫）, the capital of wales, is a large city(f)12、the title of prince（王子） of wales is held by a held by a welsh according to tradition(f) 第二单元1、ireland is part of great britain(f)2、“ulster（阿尔斯特）”, referring to northern ireland, was once an ancient irish kingdom（王国）(t)3、the capital of belfast（贝尔法斯特） is a large city with halfa million people(f)4、northern ireland is significant（重要的）because of its manufacturing（制造业） industry(f)5、the majority of irish people were descendants（后代） of the original celtic（凯尔特）people who inhabited british isles （群岛） before the romans arrived 2000 years ago(t)6、most british people are protestants（新教徒） while most irish people are catholics（天主教徒）(t)7、the british government does not have direct rule from london over northern ireland(t)8、sinn fein（新芬党）is a legal political party in northern ireland(t)9、the anglo-irish（岗格鲁-爱尔兰）agreement of 1985 guaranteed the loyalist（政府军） protestant community（社区）their to decide their future in northern ireland(t)10、the good friday agreement（协议） was approved on 10 april 1998(t)11、northern ireland today is governed by separate jurisdictions（司法管辖区）: thatf republic（共和国）of ireland that of great britain(f)第三单元1、it is no doubt that britain is the oldest representative democracy（民主） in the world(f)2、in britain, the process of state-building（国家建设） has been one of evolution rather than revolution, contrast to france and the us（与法国和美国相比）(t)3、the oldest institution（机构） of government in britain isthe monarchy（君主政体）(t)4、the divine（神圣的）right of the king means the sovereign （主权） derived（派生的） his authority（权威） fromhis subjects（主题）(f)5、as the king in theory had god on his side, it was thoughtthat he should exercise absolute（绝对） power(f)6、the term “parliament（议会）” was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons（封建贵族）and representatives from counties and towns(f)7、britain is both a parliamentary democracy（议会民主制）and a constitutional monarchy（君主立宪制）(t)8、britain, like israel, has a written constitution of the sort which most countries have(f)9、common laws are laws which have been established（建立）through common practice（实践） in the courts（法院）(t) 第四单元1、in the uk, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances（情况下）(t)2、anyone who is eligible（符合条件的）to vote with 500 pounds as deposit（存款） can stand as an mp（国会议员）(f)3、each main party is given some time on national tv to “sell” their policies. the time is not given free and has to be paid by the party(t)4、the amount spent in national campaign（运动）is not limited other than that on tv(f)5、secrecy（保密）is not an important part of the voting process(t)6、there are two major national parties in the u.k. according to the text(f)7、liberal democratic（自由民主） party is the newest of the major national parties(f)8、children from the upper-middle-class（中上层阶级）usually have a better education than those from the working or middle-class(t)9、the majority of middle-class people today have working class parents or grandparents(t)10、one of the distinctive features（独特的特征） about the british class-system is that it has also retained（保留） a hereditary aristocracy（世袭的贵族）(t)11、the majority of britain’s recent immigrants have mainly come from north asia（北亚）and caribbean（加勒比）countries(f)12、most immigrants earn a living by opening restaurants or becoming musicians(f)13、the majority have problems of unemployment publishedits household energy management strategy（家庭能源管理策略）(t)14、on march 2, 2010, the british government publish its household energy management strategy(t)15、on december 27, 2009 the tn climate（气候）change conference was held in copenhagen(t)16、according to the kyoto protocol（京都议定书）, the government has agreed that the uk will meet tough targets（艰难的目标） to reduce carbon emissions incrementally（增量）between now and 2020(f)第五单元1、by the 1880’s the british economy was dominant（主导）in the world(t)2、both the us and canada overtook britain in economy by 1900(f)3、by the end of world war ii, britain had gone heavily into debt（债务） in order to develop its manufacturing industry andborrowed large amounts from the us and france(f)4、another reason for british decline is the loss of its colonies （殖民地）, especially india, which gained its independence in 1947(t)5、in the 1970s, with the soaring（飙升的） price of oil and high rates of inflation（通货膨胀）, britain went through a bad period. in 1979, the labour party had to step down（下台）from the government (t)6、the leader of the conservatives（保守派）, margaret thatcher（玛格丽特-撒切尔）started a series of reforms. an extensive（广泛的）programme of privatization（私有的）was carriedout, and she was successful in an all-round（全面的） way (f) 7、tertiary（三级）industries include banking, insurance（保险）, tourism（旅游）, agriculture and the selling of goods (f)8、britain has a large sector（部门） of agriculture producing 11.6% of its national wealth (f)9、according to the text, the tertiary（三级）industry produces approximately（大约）two-thirds of the national wealth (t)10、the service industry in the uk employs 70% of the total work force (t)11、as a member of the world trade organization, the uk is playing a very important role in the world trade (t)12、the uk is the third biggest international investor（投资者）in the world (f)第六单元1、much early british literature was concerned with christianity（基督教）, and anglo-saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）produced many versions（版本） of the bible（圣经） (t)2、beowulf（贝奥武夫） was a sea monster（海怪） killed bya swedish warrior（瑞典战士） (f)3、“the wife of bath（浴的妻子）” is one of the tales（故事）contained in the canterbury tales（坎特伯雷故事集） (t)4、there was a general flowering of culture and intellectual （知识） life in europe during the 17th and 18th century which is known as “the renaissance（文艺复兴时期）” (f)6、keats, shelley and byron（济慈、雪莱和拜伦） brought the romantic movement（浪漫主义运动） to its height (t)7、robinson crusoe（鲁宾逊漂流记）tells the story of a shipwreck and solitary survival（海难和孤独的生存） (t)8、writers of romantic literature（浪漫主义文化）are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason (t)第七单元1、the purpose of british education is not only to provide children with literacy（读写能力） and the other basic skills but also to socialize（社交） children (t)2、the state seldom interferes（干扰） with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught (f)3、the enduring feature（持久特征） of british education is the continuing debate over what should be taught in schools (f)4、the 1944 education act made entry to secondary schools （中学）and universities “meritocratic（精英）” (t)5、public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government (f)6、british universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government (t)7、all secondary schools in britain are run and supervised （监督） by the government (t)8、in oxford and cambridge the ba converts to an ma several years later, upon payment of a fee (t)9、independent schools get money mainly through the private sector（部门） and tuition（学费）rates, with some government support (t)10、grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education (f)第八单元1、when the second world war ended, britain no longer wasthe largest military（军事） power in western europe (f)2、the uk was awarded（授予） a seat on the un（联合国）security council（安理会）in recognition（识别）of its contribution in setting up the united nations (f)3、according to the text, the most important single factorwhich influences british policy-maker is its history (t)4、the prime minister and cabinet（内阁）decide on the general direc tion of britain’s foreign policy (t)5、the main government department involved is the foreignand commonwealth office（外交和联邦事务部）(fco) (t)6、britain is a parliamentary monarch（议会君主） (f)7、there are about 60 members of the commonwealth（英联邦）(f)8、the british host a large american military（军事）presence and there are 63 american military bases in the uk (t)9、britain is not a member of the nato（北约）due to its disagreement with some european countries on defence policy (f)第九单元1、on an average day, an overwhelming（压倒性的）majorityof britons over the age of 15 red a nation or local paper（报纸）(t)2、the british media play an important role in shaping（塑造）a national culture (t)3、in the late seventeenth and early 18th century, as thebritish economy began to industrialise, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and newspapers began to appear (f)4、free press has the function of keeping an eye on the government, and therefore it is called the watchdog（监管机构）of parliamentary democracy（议会民主制） (t)5、the advertising code（广告代码）ensures that advertisements are legal, decent（体面地）, honest and truthful; have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society; and respect the principles of fair competition（竞争）(t)6、it is incorrect to say that class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read (f)7、the telegraph readers, for example, will be soft on crime（犯罪）, be quite feminist（女权主义）and interested in green politics (f)8、the tabloids（小报） are smaller format（格式）newspapers with colour photos and catchy headlines（吸引人的标题）. they are often called “the gutter press（黄色小报）” (t) 9、the british broadcasting corporation is funded by licence （许可证） fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their tv set (t)10、the bbc（英国广播公司） world service, the internationalbranch of the bbc, broadcasts in english and 42 other languages throughout the world (t)第十单元1、the tradition of having sunday off derived from（来自）the christian church（基督教堂）(t)2、the origin of bowling（打保龄球）lies in the victory celebration ceremony（仪式） by the ancient warriors (t)3、tennis（网球） is usually regarded as a winter and spring sport (f)4、the game of golf was invented by the scottish（苏格兰）(t)5、the animal-lovers’ groups would like to have horse racing banned（禁止） (t)6、easter（复活节）is the biggest and best loved british holiday (f)7、christmas pantomime（哑剧）is one of the three christmas traditions that are particularly british (t)8、it is commonly believed that boxing day involves the sport of boxing (f)9、the biggest bonfire night（篝火之夜） celebration is held in london (f)10、in ireland, new year’ eve called hogma除夕）(december 31st) is the major winter celebration (t)选择题第一单元1、which of the following is not considered a characteristic of london? (d/the sports centre)2、which of the following is not true about the characteristics of britain? (b/differences of social systemsbetween scotland and wales（威尔士）)3、which of the following is not true about britain? (d/it used to be one of the superpowers in the world)4、three of the following are characteristics of london. which of the four is the exception? (c/london is not only the largest city in britain, but also the largest in the world)5、the tower of london, a historical sight, located in the centre of london, was built by (d/william the conqueror)6、who were the ancestors of the english and the founders of england? (a/the anglo-saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)7、which is the largest city in scotland? (c/glasgow（格拉斯哥）)8、why did the scottish kings decide to form an independent singular scottish（奇异的苏格兰）state in the century? (a/they needed a unified independent nation to fight against viking raids （维京人袭击）)9、where do the majority of people in scotland live? (b/in the lowlands（低地）)10、which of the following statements is not true? (b/wales was occupied by the anglo-saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)11、which of the following parties in scotland still wants an independent scotland? (c/the scottish nationalist（民族主义）party)12、when did scotland join the union by agreement of the english and scottish parliaments（议会）?(d/in 1701)13、llywelyn ap gruffudd is not a simple historical figure forthe welsh. he is almost considered the legendary（传奇）hero of welsh nationalism because (d/he unified wales as an independent nation)第二单元1、in the 17th century the english government encouraged people from scotland and northern england to emigrate to the north of ireland, because (a/they wanted to increase its control over ireland)【篇二：英语国家社会与文化入门_上册_翻译】united kingdom 该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
Kyoto Protocol 京都议定书
Kyoto Protocol participation map 2010.Green indicates countries that have ratified the treaty; Dark green are Annex I and II countries that have ratified the treaty; Grey is not yet decided; Brown is no intention of ratifying; Red is Canada, which has withdrawn in Dec 2011.
Background
The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.
The Kyoto mechanisms are:
• Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market" • Clean development mechanism (CDM) • Joint implementation (JI).
The Road Ahead
《京都议定书》英文全文
Bosselman, Eisen, et al., Energy, Economics and the Environment (2006), selections from Chapter 16The “Rio Plus 5,” a special session of the U.N. General Assembly five years after the Rio Conference, ended without substantive commitments to GHG reductions. This led to the third conference of the parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), held in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, and the adoption of the “Kyoto Protocol.”ABA Section of Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Law Special Committee on Climate Change and Sustainable Development1997 Annual ReportOn December 11, 1997, in Kyoto Japan, the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) unanimously adopted the “Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” (Kyoto Protocol). The FCCC concluded nearly two years of international negotiations involving various FCCC subsidiary bodies and resulted in an international agreement calling for binding obligations on Annex I Parties (developed countries) to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions at least five percent below 1990 levels by 2008-2012.The U.S. will have, during the first commitment period of 2008-2012, binding obligations to reduce its 1) carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions seven percent below 1990 levels and 2) hydrofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride emissions seven percent below 1990 or 1995 levels. The same base years or base periods apply to all Annex I Parties except for countries with economies in transition (EITs), which are allowed some flexibility in the selection of a base year or base period. The “assigned amounts” (targets) are set forth in Annex B to protocol and include the following:Iceland 110%Australia 108%Norway 101%Russia, Ukraine, New Zealand 100%Croatia 95%Japan, Canada, Poland, Hungary 94%U.S. 93%European Union (EU) collectively, Switzerland, other EITs 92%Targets and timetables and binding obligations. Known as Quantified Emission Limitations and Reduction Objectives (QELROs), the binding commitments and targets and timetables for Annex I parties are set forth in Article 3 and Annexes A and B. The key compromise was the EU as a bloc agreeing to a collective eight percent reduction under its so-called “bubble”(see Article 4 and discussion in I.A.2, infra), with the U.S. agreeing to a seven percent reduction level and Japan agreeing to a six percent reduction level. Thus, the commitments are politically differentiated but were not determined by any formulaic means.Critical components of the agreement on targets and timetables were agreements on coverage of gases–the so-called “basket” approach–and “sinks,” or forestry-based offsets. Coverage of all six gases was crucial to the U.S. The option of being able to elect a different baseline for the second set of gases was important to Japan and other countries. No clear consensus could be reached on sinks, so the Parties agreed to limit removals by sinks to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, subject to later decisions by the conference, taking into account work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. See Articles 3.3, 3.4 and 3.7.“Banking” of excess reductions from the first commitment period to meet obligations in a subsequent commitment period was allowed, but “borrowing” of reductions from a subsequent commitment period to meet obligations in the first commitment period was not. See Article 3.13.Policies and measures, and the EU bubble. Under Article 4, the EU received its bubble, under which it collectively will be responsible for an eight percent reduction but will also have the flexibility to assign different targets to individual Parties. Thus, some EU countries will be able to increase their emissions, while others (such as the United Kingdom and Germany) will bear a larger share of reductions. Failure by the EU to meet the collective eight percent target will mean that each Party shall be responsible for meeting its own level of emissions set out in the EU agreement. See Article 4.5. However, the EU was only able to obtain a weakened version of policies and measures (PAMs) in Article 2. While there is still mandatory language in Article 2, implementation or “elaboration” of such PAMs appears to be discretionary in accordance with individual Parties’ national circumstances.Emissions trading and commitments for developing countries. These two issues threatened to crater the negotiations in the early hours of December 11. Ultimately, the U.S. and other Annex I Parties insisted on emissions trading,and the non-Annex I Parties (developing countries) acceded in order to avoid total collapse of the negotiations. Later, however, although many Annex I Parties and some non-Annex I Parties sought to include a U.S.-sponsored provision so that advanced developing countries could “opt in” to Annex I commitments, the U.S. acceded to developing countries’ insistence that the protocol exclude binding obligations for developing countries, the opt-in provision, and even establishment of a process for developing such commitments for developing nations.Emissions trading, joint implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism. Because no clear consensus could be forged on many critical issues, numerous framework, shell or placeholder provisions are scattered throughout the Kyoto Protocol. Notable among these are the following provisions: emissions trading (Articles 3.10, 3.11 and 16 bis); joint implementation among Annex I Parties (Articles 3.10, 3.11 and 6); the so-called Clean Development Mechanism (Articles 3.12 and 12), which became a substitute for joint implementation between Annex I and non-Annex I Parties and for the Brazil-sponsored Clean Development Fund; credit for early action from the year 2000 (Article 12.10); and enforcement and noncompliance (Article 17).NOTES AND COMMENTS1. An extensive analysis of the Kyoto Protocol is found in Michael Grubb et al., The Kyoto Protocol: A Guide and Assessment (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999). Perhaps the key question in the international politics of climate change is whether the developing countries will remain unified in their present posture. At one point during the Kyoto negotiations, some 35 developing countries supported a proposal to provide an explicit path by which developing countries might voluntarily adopt quantified commitments, but Brazil, India, China and the OPEC countries lined up solidly against it and it was withdrawn. Grubb, supra at 110. For a relatively optimistic look at the possibilities for reductions by developing countries, see Jonathan Baert Wiener, On the Political Economy of Global Environmental Regulation, 87 Geo. L. J. 749 (1999). For a critique of Kyoto from a deep ecology perspective, see Prue Taylor, An Ecological Approach to International Law: Responding to Challenges of Climate Change (Routledge, 1998).2. The United States, the world's biggest GHG emitter, explicitly rejected the Kyoto Protocol in 2001. President Bush said Kyoto was too costly, based onunreliable science and unfairly excluded big developing nations like India, China and Brazil which account for a third of the world's population. In 2005, on the occasion of President Bush’s visit to Europe, British Prime Minister Blair promised to try to persuade the U.S. to rethink. “The truth of the matter is without America there is no deal. We have got to do our best and use our relationship with America to try and make sure they come into agreement with us. Whether I will be able to achieve it or not, I don't know,” he told Channel Five TV. Doyle, supra. Australia, the only big developed nation on the sidelines with the United States, said it had no plans to sign up. “Until such time as the major polluters of the world, including the United States and China, are made part of the Kyoto regime it is next to useless and indeed harmful for a country such as Australia to sign up to the Kyoto Protocol,”Prime Minister John Howard told the Australian Parliament. Id.3. In July 1997, the only vote in the U.S. Senate on the Kyoto Protocol took place. By a unanimous vote of 95-0, the U.S. Senate adopted S. Res. 98, the so-called Byrd-Hagel Resolution. S. Res. 98, 105th Cong., 143 Cong. Rec. S8138-39 (daily ed. July 25, 1997). S. Res. 98 stated that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol to, or other agreement regarding, the Climate Convention that would (A) mandate new commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the Annex I [developed country] Parties, unless the protocol or other agreement also mandates new specific scheduled commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for Developing Country Parties within the same compliance period, or (B) would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States.One argument cited by a number of Senators was the same one later made by President Bush: that the Kyoto Protocol would put an unfair burden on developed countries, particularly the United States. In order for the Senate to ratify Kyoto and agree on legislation to implement it, developing countries would need to share in reductions, which they were not required to do.b. RATIFICATION OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOLIn 2004, Russia ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and it went into effect. See Doyle, supra. A key consideration in Russia’s decision to ratify the Protocol was its position as a likely net exporter of CO2 allowances, after the collapse of Soviet-era industries reduced GHG emissions in the nation. In Moscow, Russian electricity giant Unified Energy, which accounts for 2 percent of world GHG emissions, said it was close to signing 30 deals to cut emissions.Id.Scientists have stated that the Protocol’s goal of reducing GHG emissions by 5.2 percent from 1990 levels is just a first step, and a cut of at least 60 percent is needed to prevent catastrophic impacts of climate change this century. See Clouds Gather Over Future of Kyoto Climate Pact, Reuters, Feb. 11, 2005. Even if fully implemented, Kyoto would slow rising temperatures by just 0.18 F (0.1 C) by 2100, according to figures from the IPCC, and this would be a small dent in rising temperatures compared to the IPCC’s forecasts of an overall rise of 1.4-5.8 degrees Celsius this century. See IPCC 2001 Report, supra.NOTES AND COMMENTS1. Canada announced in early 2005 that it would spend between $8-10 billion (Canadian) by 2012 on its efforts to meet targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The majority of the money would be split into two projects: a $1 billion Climate Change Fund to create an emissions credit-trading program for private industry and a partnership fund for provincial clean-air efforts. Canadians also would be encouraged to reduce their energy consumption, and oil, gas and other large industries would cut GHG emissions with new clean-air equipment. CBC News Online, Apr. 8, 2005. Emissions trading is discussed further in the next section.2. The Kyoto Protocol gave support to “joint implementation,” a system where industrialized countries receive benefits from helping developing countries with their emissions reduction commitments. Kyoto Protocol Annex I countries can undertake emissions reduction projects in other Annex I countries and receive a negotiated share of the emissions reductions generated by the projects. Some commentators suggest that this may present a “free-rider” problem. See Hanafi, supra at 460, 467-69. For additional commentary on joint implementation, see Note: Joint Implementation: Legal and Institutional Issues for an Effective International Program to Combat Climate Change, 22 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 441 (1998).3. The Kyoto Protocol created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to foster collaborative projects to reduce emissions or sequester carbon in developing countries. It allows an industrialized country that must reduce its emissions under the Protocol (an Annex I country) to invest in a project in a developing country without a target (non-Annex I), and claim credit for the emissions that the project achieves (known in CDM parlance as “Certified Emission Reductions”). In theory, this is done if it is easier and cheaper forthe Annex I nation to meet its GHG reduction target in this fashion; at the same time, a developing country host can benefit from new investment that increases economic productivity and may reduce local environmental problems. See Sophie Smyth, The Prototype Carbon Fund: A New Departure in International Trusts and Securities Law, Sustainable Dev’t L. & Pol’y, Spring 2005, at 28.Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol established three bodies to oversee the CDM: the representatives of the COP, an executive board established by the COP, and independent auditors to verify project activities. However, the Protocol provided almost no guidance on what exactly the CDM would do or how it would operate. Instead, the structure and authority of supervisory bodies and the CDM were left for future negotiation. The final rules for the CDM were agreed to at the 7th COP in Marrakech in 2001, with the exception of rules on carbon sinks, which were completed at the 9th COP in 2003, and some details about CDM project approval, which were delegated to the newly formed CDM Executive Board. See CDM Watch, The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Toolkit, /files/CDMToolkitVO19-02-04.pdf, for a complete description of the project application process; Annual report (2003–2004) of the Executive Board of the clean development mechanism to the Conference of the Parties, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop10/02a01.pdf. The World Bank has three carbon funds for the financing of CDM projects. See . The operational details of the “Prototype Carbon Fund” are described in Smyth, supra.A “CDM Scorecard” is maintained by the group CDM Watch. See/. One observer notes that the CDM “remains under-resourced and its lethargic approval process has only sanctioned several projects to date,” and recommends more involvement from private sector firms with experience in emissions trading finance. Stephen Tully, Commercial Contributions to the Climate Change Regime: Who’s Regulating Whom?, Sustainable Dev’t L. & Pol’y, Spring 2005, at 14, 22.The CDM overlaps with the European Union’s emissions trading scheme (discussed below); CO2 emissions reduction projects undertaken outside the EU pursuant to JI and CDM may qualify for allowances that can be bought and sold within the ETS. However, one report notes that over 800 CDM projects – significantly more than the number currently approved –would be necessary to meet European reductions targets. Pew Center onGlobal Climate Change, The European Union Emission Trading Scheme: Insights and Opportunities (2005), (“Pew EU-ETS Report”).For a discussion of the possible conflict between the CDM and world trade rules, see Andrew Green, Climate Change, Regulatory Policy and the WTO, 8 J. Int’l Econ. L. 143 (2005).4. The tenth session of the COP was held in Argentina in 2004, and produced a number of decisions aimed at strengthening the climate change framework. See http://unfccc.int/. However, negotiations on commitments to GHG reductions after the Kyoto period were rejected by the U.S. as premature. Tully, supra, at 23.。
高二英语气候外交策略单选题80题(答案解析)
高二英语气候外交策略单选题80题(答案解析)1.In climate diplomacy, the UNFCCC stands for_____.A.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeB.United Nations Forum on Climate ChangeC.United Nations Foundation for Climate ChangeD.United Nations Fund for Climate Change答案：A。
解析：UNFCCC 是United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 的缩写，即《联合国气候变化框架公约》。
选项B“United Nations Forum on Climate Change”是联合国气候变化论坛，并非UNFCCC 的全称。
选项C“United Nations Foundation for Climate Change”是联合国气候变化基金会。
选项D“United Nations Fund for Climate Change”是联合国气候变化基金。
2.The Kyoto Protocol is mainly about_____.A.reducing greenhouse gas emissionsB.increasing renewable energy useC.promoting sustainable developmentD.protecting wildlife答案：A。
解析：《京都议定书》主要是关于减少温室气体排放。
选项B“increasing renewable energy use”是增加可再生能源的使用。
选项C“promoting sustainable development”是促进可持续发展。
Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol（京都议定书）The Kyoto Protocol[ki’əutəu ’prəutəkɔl] is a plan created by the United Nations for the United Nations Framework Convention(协议, 协定)on Climate Change. The plan aims to reduce the amountof pollution released into the environment. Some scientists say carbon dioxide and other industrial gasesare to blame for climate change around the world. The scientists say such gases build up in the atmosphere and trap heat below. They say this results in increasing temperatures and rising sea levels.?The plan is called the Kyoto Protocol because it was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. The goal of the agreement is to reduce the amount of emissions --industrial gases released -- to below the levels of 1990.Nations responsible for at least fifty-five percent of the world's industrial carbon dioxide emissions had to approve the agreement before it could go into effect. The European Union and many other industrial nations quickly approved the Kyoto Protocol. They receive credit for their own emissions if they invest incleaner technologies in developing nations. Developing nations do not have to meet the emissions requirements of the agreement.?The United States produced thirty-six percent of the world's carbon dioxide emissions in 1990. But the United States refused to approve the Kyoto Protocol. Before the Protocol was negotiated, the UnitedStates Senate voted that any treaty harmful to the economy of the United States could not be signed. President Bush has said that he supports the general idea of the treaty(协定)but will not send the treaty to the Senate for approval.Mister Bush said that the agreement sets unfair differences between industrial and developing nations. He also said thatthe treaty could cause some Americans to lose their jobs.?After the United States rejected the Kyoto Protocol, approval by Russia was necessary for the agreement to come into force. Russia approved the Protocol in November, 2004. The Kyoto Protocol went into effect on February 16, 2005. One hundred fifty-seven countries have approved the agreement.。
低碳经济中英文外文文献
本科毕业设计（论文）外文文献(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)标题: The Challenge of Changing to a Low-Carbon Economy: A Brief Overview作者: Carrasco, Jorge F出版物名称: Low Carbon Economy卷: 5;期: 1;页: 1-5;页数: 5;出版年份: 2014;出版商: Scientific Research Publishing出版物国家/地区: United StatesISSN: 21587000The Challenge of Changing to a Low-Carbon Economy: A BriefOverviewCarrasco, Jorge FAbstractClimate change alters all sustainable development dimensions for a given nation or region, therefore, decreasing emission of GHG is not only an environmental issue, but it has also implication on the economic, social and political matters. In 2009, the Copenhagen Accord adopted the 2°C global warming increase limit as an international policy, being this threshold the maximum allowable warming to avoid dangerous and irreversible anthropogenic interference in the climate system. The observed monthly average CO^sub 2^ concentrations in the atmosphere crossed the 400 parts per million thresholds, for the first time in April and May 2013. The energy sector is the single largest source of climate changing GHG emissions, and therefore moving from fossil fuel to clean energy production should be a priority challenge for all countries. For that, it is necessary to develop a low carbon economy for confronting the climate change.Keywords：Climate Change; Carbon Dioxide; Low-Carbon Economy; 2°C Target1. OverviewSince the release of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1], when the main conclusion was that the climate change is unequivocal; the vast majority of the world reached the consensus that this environmental change is real and it is due to the atmosphere warming as a con- sequence of the increased concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) of anthropogenic origin. This has recently been confirmed by the Fifth IPCC Report [2]. One of the main conclusions indicates that "human influence has been detected in warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, as well as, changes in the global water cycle, in re- ductions in snow and ice, in global mean sea level rise, and in changes in some climate extremes". Also, the re- port reveals that "it is extremely likely (i.e., 95% - 100% probability) that human influence has been the domi- nant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century" [2]. Climate model simulations project further warming and changes in all components of the climate system as emissions of CO2 continue, or even if emis- sions of CO2 are stopped now [2]. Therefore, it is necessary to face and to be prepared for a warmer world than the present one, with an appropriate worldwide plan and/or with integrated and synergetic national programs that globally mitigate the emission of GHG. This mainly implies to end with our dependence on fossil fuels, which is the major source of carbon dioxide(CO2) released into the atmosphere, and to assume that this action is a challenge that should be the main worldwide environmental problem of our time. The CO2 is the most impor- tant anthropogenic GHG contributing ~64% to the radiative forcing of the long-lived GHG, and it is responsible for ~84% of the increment in radiative forcing since 2002 [3]. Climate change alters all sustainable development dimensions for a given nation or region, therefore, de- creasing emission of GHG is not only an environmental issue, but it has also implications on the economic, so- cial and political matters. Since this issue was recognized by the global community, several actions and agree- ments have been taking place in the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Conven- tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Among others, in 2009 the Copenhagen Accord endorsed the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol; it recognized that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time and em- phasized the needed for a "strong political will to urgently combat climate change in accordance with the prin- ciple of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities". Also, it was recognized that deep cuts in global emissions are required according to science results [1] [2] and that countries should agree in cooperative way in stopping from rising global and national GHG emissions "as soon as possible". To achieve this, it is necessary to develop a low CO2 emission strategy in order to secure a sustainabledevelopment. Later in the COP at Durban 2011, the governments recognized the need of a new universal, legal agreement to deal with climate change beyond 2020, where all parties will play their part to the best of their ability. Meanwhile, an amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in the COP at Doha 2012 where the parties agreed on an 8-year second commitment period, this in order to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.Also, the Copenhagen Accord adopted the 2°C global warming increase limit [4] as an international policy, being this threshold the maximum allowable warming to avoid dangerous and irreversible anthropogenic inter- ference in the climate, beyond this threshold the risks of significant damage to ecosystems and of non-linear responses are expected to increase rapidly. These actions are now even more urgent after knowing the results of the last Fifth IPCC Report [2]. The International Energy Agency (IEA) [4] also recognized that the energy sector is the single largest source of climate changing GHG emissions, and therefore changing from fossil fuel to clean energy production should be a priority challenge. This means to develop an economic based on a low-emission pathway, in other words, to establish a low carbon economy (LCE) for confronting the climate change. This im- plies a low-fossil-fuel economy, or a decarbonized economy that has a minimal output of GHGemissions into the atmosphere, specifically CO2 as a result of human activity. The IEA [5] recently indicated that even though Governments have decided collectively that the world needs to limit the average global temperature increase to no more than 2°C (as sooner as possible), any resulting global agreement related with this challenge will emerge after 2015 and new legal obligations will most probably begin after 2020. Meanwhile, despite the agreement taken by governments and that many countries are taking new ac- tions, the GHG emission continue increasing and the world target for accomplishing the 2°C is drifting further from the track that it needed to follow [5]. In fact, the observed monthly average CO2 concentrations in the at- mosphere crossed the 400 parts per million thresholds, for the first time in April and May 2013, in several ob- serving stations (Barrow/Alaska-USA, Alert/Canada, Ny-?lesund/Norway, Iza?a/Canary Islands-Spain, and Mauna Loa/Hawaii-USA) [6]. Recently, the PwC (PricewaterhouseCooper LLP) [7] revealed that the annual rate reduction of CO2 emission for the 2012-2050 period, needed to accomplish the 2°C warming target, has ris- en from 3.7% to 5.1% (Figure 1) [6]. Also, the IEA indicated in its World Energy Outlook Special Report [5] that we are more likely to increase the air temperature between 3.6°C and 5.3°C during the 21th century, com- pared with pre-industrial values (see also Peter et al. [8]). Figure 1 also shows that the business as usual projec- tion will not accomplish the 2°C targetreduction. Neither it will be if the annual reduction rate is 3.7% as origin- ally was estimated. If we continue the business as usual pathway, every year the annual reduction rate needed will be larger and therefore more challenge to achieve. Peter et al. [8] comparing the observed annual global CO2 emission with those projected by different IPCC scenarios, since the first report until those used in the fifth one, concluded that the current trend follows or even is above the worse scenario. They concluded that if the CO2 emission track continues the global warming will be above the 2°C target, and that to return to the 2°C pathway requires a sustainable global mitigation, including capture and storage CO2, but also high level of technological, social and political innovations [8].Despite of this, the 2°C target is still a feasible challenge but it is now more difficult to achieve and actions are urgently needed before 2020. It is well recognized that energy accounts for around two-third of GHG emis- sions, as more than 80% of global energy consumption is based on fossil fuels. Therefore, achieving a LCE is a worldwide challenge in order that the climate change impacts can be mitigated any time soon. Such an endeavor must be undertaken, not only by developed countries (Annex 1 of the Kioto Protocol), but it should also be a compromise by developing countries (non Annex 1 of the Kioto Protocol). However, any action should be in accordance with the principle ofcommon but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Natural energy resources are vital for securing economic growth and development for all countries, not just today but for future generations. The relationship between economic growth and the environment is complex. Changes in technology due to LCE can have the potential of reducing the environmental impacts, but also of af- fecting the economic growth. Traditional economy is based mainly on energy generated by using fossil fuel. For this reason many economical indexes include results of consumption of fossil fuel, like the economic growth, nation and people prosperity, and other overall cost and benefits. The LCE implies the development of a new way of generating energy, which it should be based on "clean-renewable" sources. For the vast majority of the countries this shift is highly cost and it will affect their economy, mainly to those less-developed communities. As indicated earlier, the international community recognizes that the climate change (and its impacts) is one of the largest problems facing humanity. This is well assumed in economic terms, but the challenge goes beyond this, arising ethical questions that many time are often overlooked, questions that have to be with ourselves and with our interaction with the environment including the ecosystems and the biodiversity. What should be the objectives of climate change, and who should bear the burdens of climate change? Who should be included in decision-making about mitigationand adaptation strategies? Is it only governmental decision? What role plays the private sector? Beinhocker and Oppenheim [9] ind icated that moving to a LCE involves a technology shift might cause job losses in some sectors, but on the other hand is likely to create more jobs than it will destroy. Also, greater social equity could be an additional benefit of such a low-carbon revolution. For example, in de- veloping countries innovations in power generation technology could make electricity both more affordable and more accessible to less-developed communities. Increased electrification has a wide variety of development benefits ranging from improved healthcare and access to clean water, to greater economic growth. Even, the de- velopment of a truly sustainable biofuels industry could offer vast economic opportunities for the rural poor communities.Clearly climate change will impact our way of life, moving to a LCE for accomplishing the goal of 2°C target will cause changes in the current social status, on the people's capacity to enjoy fundamental rights to life, food, water and health [9]. This means that the 2°C target is likely to be too high to safeguard these rights. Then, how we as worldwide society are able to confront the challenge imposed by climate change, in moving to a LCE and adopting polices for mitigation and adaptation, without compromising people's rights for a better life and the environment as a whole. No doubt that LCE requires an ethical and political frameworkthat differs from current ones.Climate change is the result of human activity involving many actors from the individual level (summing bil- lions of people), to industry and governmental levels, and from national (private and public) to international in- stitutions. To move to a LCE requires a collective action of all countries and across the entire society, from pri- vate to public sectors, from the individual to a community levels. It requires actions that go beyond legal decla- rations, (完整文献请到百度文库) from national legislatures and international agreement and involving national and international organi- zations, like the World Trade Organization and World Bank, two bodies funding research into new technologies. It also requires that these institutions coordinate and cooperate with each other to ensure that social and eco- nomic policies are not pursued in ways that destroy the environment. In many countries, the balance between private and public investment in a LCE should be driven by the market but with governmental policies and regu- lations that ensure the least impact on the most vulnerable communities. It is most probable that the private sec- tor will not act on those areas where the return investment is of long-term or highly uncertain. In these cases, ac- tion from the public sector will be needed by taking responsibility on the investment or by subsidizing private ones or to the vulnerable communities. The climate change is a global problem with a global solution, even though the responsibilitiesare differentiated, all countries should take actions, and all industries should be in- volved in moving to a LCE. Today, in a global market and economy, most industrial production is also of an in- ternational scale and, therefore, they should be involved in LCE actions.The LCE also implies the concept of low carbon technology (LCT) for energy generation and the develop- ment of new technology with zero carbon emission. This development has relationships with electricity, trans- portation and construction sectors; chemistry industry and many other new technologies. Globally, technology development has dramatically accelerated over recent decades in developed countries, however, this develop- ment remains slow in low- and middle-income countries. Technology transfer from developed to developing countries needs further implementation. Also, LCT involves research for improving efficiency of existing tech- nology and for developing new technology from renewable energy that comes from natural resources. Advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in replacing fos- sil fuels, meeting global energy demand, but at the same time reducing CO2 emissions. In summary, the world is facing a warmer environment due to human activity that have being increasing the GHG concentration. To overcome the impacts of the climate changes we need to adapt to the new scenarios, but also to reduce the GHG emission by moving to a LCE, which requires the compromiseof all countries and indi- viduals. LCE will impact the society in different way, for example on the economic growth which can be com- promised; it will need a balance between private and public investment, governmental policies and regulations, research and development of new technologies. It will require an international agreement where all nations should act with generosity for the well-being of humanity. AcknowledgementsThis study was carried out when the author was still affiliated with the Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. This article is a contribution to FONDAP (CR2) N° 1511009. ReferencesReferences[1] Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H.L. (2007) Contri- bution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New Y ork. [2] Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Alexander, L.V., Allen, S.K., Bindoff, N.L., Bréon, F.-M., Church, J.A., Cu- basch, U., Emori, S., Forster, P., Friedlingstein, P., Gillett, N., Gregory, J.M., Hartmann, D.L., Jansen, E., Kirtman, B., Knutti, R., Krishna Kumar, K., Lemke, P., Marotzke, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Meehl, G.A., Mokhov, I., Piao, S., Ra- maswamy,V., Randall, D., Rhein, M., Rojas, M., Sabine, C., Shindell, D., Talley, L.D., V aughan, D.G. and Xie, S.-P. (2013) Technical Summary. In: Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M., Eds., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Uni- versity Press, Cambridge and New Y ork, in Press. [3] WMO (2013) The State of the Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2012. Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, 9, 4 p. [4] Jaeger, C.C. and Jaeger, J. (2010) Three Views of Two Degrees. European Climate Forum (ECF) Working Paper 2, Potsdam.[5] International Energy Agency (2013) Redrawing the Energy-Climate Map. [6] Bala, G. (2013) Digesting 400 ppm for Global Mean CO2 Concentration. Current Science, 104, 47-48. [7] PwC (Pricewaterhouse Coopers LLP) (2012) Too Late for Two Degrees Low Carbon Economy Index. /gx/en/sustainability/publications/low-carbon-econo my-index/index.jhtml [8] Glen, P.P., Andrew, R.M., Boden, T., Canadell, J.G., Ciais, P., Le Quere, C., Marland, G., Raupach, M.R. and Wilson, C. (2013) The Challange to Keep Global Warming below 2°C. Nature Climate Change, 3, 4-6. [9] Beinhocker, E. and Oppenheim, J. (2009)Economic Opportunities in a Low-Carbon World. UNFCCC E-Newsletter. https://unfccc.int/press/news_room/newsletter/guest_column/items/4608.php AuthorAffiliationJorge F. Carrasco1,21Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 2Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile Email:****************** Received 8 December 2013; revised 8 January 2014; accepted 16 January 2014 Copyright ?2014 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/。
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The History of the Kyoto Protocol
X
The Kyoto Protocol is an effort to reduce carbon emissions that damage the environment.
The Kyoto Protocol is an accord between nations designed to combat global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It is the result of a 1997 meeting in Kyoto, Japan of participating nations in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As of April 2010, 189 countries had ratified the agreement. The United States is the only major industrial nation which has not ratified the protocol, although it is a party to the UNFCCC.
1. UNFCCC
o The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international agreement developed during the 1992 United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. The purpose of the treaty was to initiate efforts to slow global
warming and deal with any unavoidable increases in temperature. The
agreement did not include any restrictions on emissions or
enforcement provisions. These would be determined by future treaty
additions, called protocols. An annual Conference of the Parties (COP)
to the treaty would establish the protocols.
Conferences of the Parties
o The first Conference of the Parties was held in Berlin in 1995.
Participants at this meeting decided on a two year assessment period
for countries to decide, which options for addressing climate change
would work best for their nation. At the second COP meeting the
following year in Geneva, Switzerland, the treaty parties agreed to
several key points in line with the United States' position on climate
change, including acceptance of scientific findings showing a rise in
global temperatures since the late 19th century for which human
activity was at least partially responsible.
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MSc in Industrial Ecology
Interdisciplinary 2yr Master Degree No tution, international
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Kyoto COP
o The third Conference of the Parties in Kyoto in December 1997 resulted in the Kyoto Protocol. This called for 37 major industrial
nations and the European community to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from 2008 to 2012, by an average of five percent below
1990 levels. The protocol was legally binding and included
enforcement mechanisms. The participation of the United States in
the Kyoto Protocol required ratification by the Senate. American oil
companies and automakers protested its provisions and President Bill
Clinton never submitted the agreement to the Senate for action,
fearing it would not pass.
Bush era
o President George W. Bush, a former oil company executive, took office in January 2001 and two months later announced that the
United States would no longer participate in the Kyoto process. The
United States delegation to a COP meeting in Bonn, Germany,
declined to participate in deliberations. Still, the meeting agreed to a
United States proposal presented the previous year to allow credits for
carbon sinks, forest and agricultural land that absorbs carbon
emissions.
Activation
o The Kyoto Protocol went into effect Feb.16, 2005 after the required ratification threshold (participation by at least 55 nations representing
at least 55 percent of 1990 carbon emissions) was achieved. At the
2005 COP in Montreal, participants agreed to an action plan calling for
the Kyoto Protocol to extend beyond 2012 with even further
reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. However, the timeline for
this new climate change agreement was delayed by disagreement at
the 2009 Copenhagen COP meeting.
Read more: The History of the Kyoto Protocol |
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