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中英文资料外文翻译Internet of Things1.the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes, identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the third wave of the world's information industry development following the computer, the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications, Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore, the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things, and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of "material"Where the "objects" to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1. Receiver have the appropriate information;2. Have a data transmission path;3. Have a certain storage capabilities;4. T o have the CPU;5．T o have the operating system;6. Have specialized applications;7. Have a data transmitter;8. Follow the communication protocol of Things;9. World Network, a unique number that can be identified.3. "Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors, mobile terminals, industrial systems, floor control system, the family of Intelligentfacilities, video surveillance systems, and external can "(Enabled), such as RFID, a variety of assets (the Assets), personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal" intelligent objects or animals "or" smart dust "(the Mote), through a variety of wireless and / or cable over long distances and / or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M), application integration (the Grand Integration), and based on cloud computing, SaaS operation mode, in internal network (intranet), private network (e xtranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe, controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring, retrospective positioning, alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control, security, remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades, statistical reporting, decision support, the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions, "Everything," "efficient, energy saving, security environmental protection, "" possession, control, Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009, the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing, China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix, given the EU's definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects" of identity, physical attributes, virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks . Internet of Things Internet and media, the Internet and business Internet one, constitute the future of the Internet.5．changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of the same name released in 2005, the International T elecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China" Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries, to write the "Government Work Report" Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States, European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China", his coverage of the times, has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6．BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards, on the basis of the computer Internet, the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet "Internet of things" (referred to as the Internet of Things) , which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research, the establishment of applicable sensor network.1999, held in the United States, mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States, "T echnology Review" proposed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people's lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS), the International T elecommunication Union released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ", citing the concept of the" Internet of things ". The report pointed out that the ubiquitous "Internet o f Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor technology, nanotechnology, intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things, a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities, human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise, largely due to the International T elecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However, the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence, the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications, so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology, involving almost all aspects of IT, innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features, that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features, the network system should have automated, self-feedback and intelligent control features January 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States, held with U.S.business leaders a "round table", as one of the only two representatives, IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that "the wisdom of the Earth" this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24, 2009 news, IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet" strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life, and even analysts believe that IBM's vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy, and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically, is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water supply systems dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects, and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of "wisdom" in the implementation of the infrastructure, strong, not only in the short term to stimulate the economy, promote employment, and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM "Smarter Planet" strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years, a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore's Law accurately call it a "15-year cycle Law". Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol, 1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers, 1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. T o a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the "information superhighway" strategy. 1990s, the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion, construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure, to create a huge economic and social benefits.T oday, the "Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "information superhighway", the same they revive the economy, a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the UnitedStates, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world."Internet of Things prospects are very bright, it will dramatically change our current way of life." Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physical objects associated with each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session, held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar "Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0", the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change, and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years, the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market, the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity, perception, processing and information transfer, four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors, smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the "Internet of Things in 2020" report, an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics, retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015, 2015 ~ In 2020, the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things, RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from$ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion, this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market, including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts, the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is more than 3.8 billion yuan, the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensor is the small size, large-scale mass production cost reduction, mainly used in two major areas of automoti ve and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales. 7．PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world's "Internet of Things". In this network, the goods (products) to each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation, is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise, the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID, It is able to let items "speak" a technique. In the "Internet of Things" concept, RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system, to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent" management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense, identification technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications, breaking the conventional thinking before, human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand, airports, roads, buildings, while on the other hand, the data center, PC, broadband. In the era of the "Internet of Things", reinforced concrete, cable with the chip, broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. "Internet of Things" makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom" to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve the relationship between man and nature.8．Agency1, institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: "objects of the IPCC"), the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010, preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance, coordination, consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprisesto strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations, to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation, resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the app lication of Internet of Things technologies and products, and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale , co-development.9．ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life, and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies to assist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale, broad participation, management, technical, and material properties, etc. other features, the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design and research and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID, sensors, embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general, to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1) identified the object attributes, properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label, the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2) the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes, and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3) the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed, such as home computers or mobile phones, may also be centralized, such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10．key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1) RFID;(2) sensor network;(3) The M2M;(4) integration of the two.11.TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand, can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently, the United States, the European Union are all invested heavily in-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things, Industry and Information T echnology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to T aiwan to produce RFID, sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him, the use of the Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the data collection, transmission, processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi, bus, various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, "the bus services through" will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management, e-logistics ", will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition, the popularization of the "Internet of Things" for the number of animals, plants and machinery, sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things willbecome a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things, in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags, which will greatly promote the production of IT components, while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles, if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static, but in the state of the movement , we must maintain the items in the state of motion, and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world of business of the Internet of Things, compared with the business of interpersonal communication, will reach 30 to 1, so the "Internet of Things" is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second, sensor network field in the world, China is the standard one of the dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; Fourth, China's wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world's first the three major economies, with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding, which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry, it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensortechnology, or RFID technology, or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology, GPS, video recognition, infrared, laser, scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things, but not all of Things.Second, the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things, all of the interconnections, all shared Internet platform.In fact, the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network, Internet, WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of the Internet to the matter; LAN, professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional, LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation, smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.T er, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real, many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymeric integrated innovation, pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent, automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket, and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors, to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.es。

物理评论d级别

物理评论d级别【原创版】目录1.物理评论 d 级别的概述2.物理评论 d 级别的历史3.物理评论 d 级别的重要性4.物理评论 d 级别的未来发展正文【物理评论 d 级别的概述】物理评论 d 级别（Physical Review D，简称 PRD）是一种学术期刊，主要发表关于粒子物理学、核物理学、宇宙学、量子信息科学等领域的研究论文。

它是《物理评论》（Physical Review，简称 PR）系列的一部分，该系列包括 A、B、C 和 D 四个子期刊，分别涵盖不同领域的物理学研究。

PRD 与其他子期刊一样，以其严谨的同行评议和高质量的研究论文而受到广泛关注。

【物理评论 d 级别的历史】物理评论 d 级别的历史可以追溯到 1970 年，当时它作为《物理评论》系列的一个新的子期刊首次亮相。

从那时起，PRD 就致力于为物理学研究者提供一个展示和交流粒子物理学、核物理学和宇宙学等领域研究成果的平台。

在过去的几十年里，PRD 发表了大量具有里程碑意义的研究论文，推动了这些领域的发展。

【物理评论 d 级别的重要性】物理评论 d 级别在物理学界具有极高的声誉和影响力，其发表的论文往往代表了相关领域的最新研究动态和成果。

同时，PRD 对论文的评审过程十分严格，确保了论文的质量。

这使得 PRD 成为物理学家们获取可靠研究信息的重要来源。

此外，PRD 也为我国物理学家提供了一个向世界展示研究成果的窗口，促进了国内外学术交流与合作。

【物理评论 d 级别的未来发展】面对未来，物理评论 d 级别将继续秉持严谨的学术态度，关注粒子物理学、核物理学、宇宙学等领域的最新研究进展。

随着科学技术的不断发展，PRD 有望在量子信息科学等新兴领域发挥更大的作用。

Robust method to retrieve the constitutive effective parameters of metamaterials

Robust method to retrieve the constitutive effective parameters of metamaterials Xudong Chen,Tomasz M.Grzegorczyk,Bae-Ian Wu,Joe Pacheco,Jr.,and Jin Au Kong Research Laboratory of Electronics,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,Massachusetts02139,USA(Received25February2004;published26July2004)We propose an improved method to retrieve the effective constitutive parameters(permittivity and perme-ability)of a slab of metamaterial from the measurement of S parameters.Improvements over existing methods include the determination of theﬁrst boundary and the thickness of the effective slab,the selection of the correct sign of effective impedance,and a mathematical method to choose the correct branch of the real part of the refractive index.The sensitivity of the effective constitutive parameters to the accuracy of the S parameters is also discussed.The method has been applied to various metamaterials and the successful retrieval results prove its effectiveness and robustness.DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.016608PACS number(s):41.20.Jb,42.25.Bs,78.20.CiI.INTRODUCTIONLeft-handed(LH)structures have been realized so far asmetamaterials[1–3]and very quickly,researchers have beenworking on retrieving their effective permittivity and perme-ability to better characterize them[4–6].Known methods todate[7,8]use S parameters calculated from a wave incidentnormally on a slab of metamaterial,from which the effectiverefractive index n and impedance z areﬁrst obtained.Thepermittivity⑀and permeability␮are then directly calculated from␮=nz and⑀=n/z.It is also known that this retrieval process may fail insome instances,such as when the thickness of the effectiveslab(exhibiting bulk properties)is not accurately estimated [4]or when reﬂection͑S11͒and transmission͑S21͒data are very small in magnitude[6].Although these issues have beenaddressed to some extent in previous works,we have foundthat the retrieved results in some cases are still unsatisfac-tory.In particular,the determination of theﬁrst boundary ofthe effective homogeneous slab,the selection of the sign ofthe roots when solving for the impedance z,the determina-tion of the branch of the real part of refractive index n,andthe origin of the spikes appearing in the retrieved impedancez,are many problems that deserve further investigation.Theaforementioned issues are addressed in the next sections ofthis paper and some typical retrieval results are presented toshow the robustness and effectiveness of the method.Notethat the values of⑀,␮,and z are relative to those in free space,thus dimensionless.II.RETRIEV AL METHODA.Theoretical retrieval equationsIn order to retrieve the effective permittivity and perme-ability of a slab of metamaterial,we need to characterize it as an effective homogeneous slab.In this case,we can retrieve the permittivity and permeability from the reﬂection͑S11͒and transmission͑S21͒data.For a plane wave incident nor-mally on a homogeneous slab of thickness d with the origin coinciding with theﬁrst face of the slab,S11is equal to the reﬂection coefﬁcient,and S21is related to the transmission coefﬁcient T by S21=Te ik0d,where k0denotes the wave num-ber of the incident wave in free space.The S parameters are related to refractive index n and impedance z by[7,9,10]:S11=R01͑1−e i2nk0d͒1−R012e i2nk0d,͑1a͒S21=͑1−R012͒e ink0d1−R012e i2nk0d,͑1b͒where R01=z−1րz+1.As it has been pointed out in[4,5],the refractive index n and the impedance z are obtained by inverting Eqs.(1a)and (1b),yieldingz=±ͱ͑1+S11͒2−S212͑1−S11͒2−S212,͑2a͒e ink0d=X±iͱ1−X2,͑2b͒where X=1ր2S21͑1−S112+S212͒.Since the metamaterial un-der consideration is a passive medium,the signs in Eqs.(2a) and(2b)are determined by the requirementzЈജ0,͑3a͒nЉജ0,͑3b͒where͑·͒Јand͑·͒Љdenote the real part and imaginary part operators,respectively.The value of refractive index n can be determined from Eq.(2b)asn=1k0d͕͓͓ln͑e ink0d͔͒Љ+2m␲͔−i͓ln͑e ink0d͔͒Ј͖,͑4͒where m is an integer related to the branch index of nЈ.As mentioned above,the imaginary part of n is uniquely deter-mined,but the real part is complicated by the branches of the logarithm function.Equations(2a)and(2b)can be directly applied in the case of a homogeneous slab for which the boundaries of the slab are well deﬁned and the S parameters are accurately known. However,since a metamaterial itself is not homogeneous,the two apparently straightforward issues mentioned above need to be carefully addressed.First,the location of the twoPHYSICAL REVIEW E70,016608(2004)boundaries of the effective slab need to be determined,whichwe do here by ensuring a constant impedance for various slab thicknesses.Second,the S parameters obtained from numerical computation or measurements are noisy which can cause the retrieval method to fail,especially at those frequen-cies where z and n are sensitive to small variations of S 11and S 21.These two problems are examined in detail in the fol-lowing sections.B.Determination of the ﬁrst boundary and the thicknessof the effective slabA homogeneous slab of material can be characterized bythe fact that its impedance does not depend on its thickness.Our understanding of the physical meaning of the ﬁrst effec-tive boundary is a plane beyond which the reﬂected wave behaves like a plane wave for a plane wave incidence.When a plane wave is incident on a metamaterial,currents will be induced on the metals creating a scattered ﬁeld.The ﬁeld produced by the induced currents is not uniform:It is stron-gest around the metal and decay at a certain distance.The ﬁrst effective boundary is located where the reﬂected wave behaves like a plane wave,and it has to be determined.We use z 1and z 2to represent the impedances of two slabs ofmetamaterial of different thicknesses.The reﬂection S 11de-pends on the position of the ﬁrst boundary and the transmis-sion S 21depends on the thickness of the slab.In addition,since the impedance z is also a function of S 11and S 21,z depends on the ﬁrst boundary and the thickness of the slab as well.Taking into account the above-mentioned properties,we propose a method whereby the ﬁrst boundary and the thickness of the sample are determined by optimization so that z 1matches z 2at all frequencies.Figure 1illustrates the conﬁguration of the problem for a metamaterial made of two cells in the propagation direction (x direction ).The geometry of the metamaterial has been taken from [11,12],in which the dimensions have been slightly modiﬁed for ease of dis-cretization in ﬁnite-difference time-domain (FDTD )simula-tions.With the split-ring resonator (SRR )and rod in the cen-ter of the unit cell,the periodicity along the propagation direction is d 0.The ﬁrst boundary of the effective homoge-neous medium is located at x 1below ͑x 1ജ0͒or above ͑x 1Ͻ0͒the ﬁrst unit-cell boundary,and the thickness of the effective medium is 2d 0+x 2−x 1.The optimization model is set up to minimize the mismatch of impedances of different numbers of cells of metamaterial:min f ͑x ¯͒=1N f ͚i =1Nf͉z 1͑f i ,x ¯͒−z 2͑f i ,x ¯͉͒max ͕͉z 1͑f i ,x ¯͉͒,͉z 2͑f i ,x ¯͉͖͒,s.t.:−0.5d 0ഛx 1,x 2ഛ0.5d 0,x ¯=͑x 1,x 2͒,͑5͒where N f is the total number of sample frequencies and z j ͑f i ͒represents the impedance of slab j ͑j =1,2͒at frequency f i .In the ideal case,z 1matches z 2for all frequencies with the objective function value equal to zero.We use the differential evolution algorithm [13]to optimize the objective function,and the optimized solution is x ¯opt =͑3.8565ϫ10−4d 0,1.0479ϫ10−4d 0͒.The corresponding values of impedance are shown in Fig.2.It can be seen that the retrieved impedances for one,two,and three cells of SRR-rod metamaterial match well for most frequencies,while matching was not as satis-factory when the method in Ref.[4]was used (which corre-sponds to x 1=0.5d 0in our formulation ).We also calculated the impedance z for the case of x ¯=͑0,0͒and found that the results are almost the same as the optimized ones.We have corroborated this result with many other metamaterial thick-nesses and geometries to eventually conclude empirically that the ﬁrst effective boundary of a symmetric one-dimensional (1D )metamaterial [1,4,14]coincides with the ﬁrst unit-cell boundary and the second effective boundary coincides with the last unit-cell boundary.Fortwo-FIG.1.Illustration of the effective boundaries of a two-cellmetamaterial.The SRRs and rods are periodic along yˆand z ˆdirec-tions with periodicity a y =4mm,a z =3mm.The unit-cell thickness ͑d 0͒in the direction of wave incidence is 4mm.We choose the ﬁrst and the last unit-cell boundary as the reference plane for the param-eters x 1and x 2,respectively.The value of x 1and x 2are positive (negative )if the dashed lines are below (above )their reference planes.The thickness of the effective homogeneous medium is 2d 0+x 2−x 1͑mm ͒.FIG.2.Optimized impedance z for one,two,and three cells of SRR-rod metamaterial of Fig.1in the direction of propagation.CHEN et al.PHYSICAL REVIEW E 70,016608(2004)dimensional (2D )[11,14]and asymmetric 1D metamaterials,no such rule could be found and the effective boundaries of the slab need to be determined from optimization.C.Determination of n and z from S 11and S 21It is a common method to determine z and n from Eqs.(2a )and (2b )with the requirement of Eqs.(3a )and (3b ),where z and n are determined independently.However this method may fail in practice when z Јand n Љare close to zero:A little perturbation of S 11and S 21,easily produced in experi-mental measurements or numerical simulations,may change the sign of z Јand n Љ,making it unreliable to apply the re-quirement of Eqs.(3a )and (3b ),as discussed in Ref.[6].In fact,z and n are related and we should use their relationship to determine the signs in Eqs.(2a )and (2b ).In order to determine the correct sign of z ,we distinguish two cases.The ﬁrst is for ͉z Ј͉ജ␦z ,where ␦z is a positive number,for which we apply Eq.(3a ).In the second case,for ͉z Ј͉Ͻ␦z ,the sign of z is determined so that the corresponding refractive index n has a non-negative imaginary part,or equivalently ͉e ink 0d ͉ഛ1,where n is derived from Eqs.(1a )and (1b ):e ink 0d =S 211−S 11z −1z +1.͑6͒Note that once we obtain the value of z ,the value of e ink 0d is obtained from Eq.(6),so that we avoid the sign ambiguity in Eq.(2b )[it can be proven that only one sign of the imagi-nary part in Eq.(2b )makes it equivalent to Eq.(6)].Figure 3shows the retrieved impedance using the method presented in this paper and using only the condition of Eq.(3a ).It is noted that the discontinuities obtained when only applying the criterion z Јജ0are removed.D.Determination of the branch of n ЈWe have presented in the previous sections a method of solving for z and n Љ,but n Јremains ambiguous because ofthe branches of logarithm function as seen in Eq.(4).In order to address this problem,it has been suggested to use a slab of small thickness and applying the requirement that ⑀͑f ͒and ␮͑f ͒are continuous functions of frequency [4,5].However,no further details on the continuity argument were provided.In our method,we determine the proper branch by using the mathematical continuity of the parameters,with special attention to possible discontinuities due to reso-nances.The method is an iterative one:Assuming we have obtained the value of the refractive index n ͑f 0͒at frequency f 0,we obtain n ͑f 1͒at the next frequency sample f 1by ex-panding the function e in ͑f 1͒k 0͑f 1͒d in a Taylor series:e i n ͑f 1͒k 0͑f 1͒d Ϸe i n ͑f 0͒k 0͑f 0͒d ͩ1+⌬+12⌬2ͪ,͑7͒where ⌬=i n ͑f 1͒k 0͑f 1͒d −i n ͑f 0͒k 0͑f 0͒d and k 0͑f 0͒denotes the wave number in free space at frequency f 0.In Eq.(7),the branch index [m in Eq.(4)]of the real part of n ͑f 1͒is the only unknown.Since the left-hand side of Eq.(7)is obtained from Eq.(6),Eq.(7)is a binomial function of the unknown n ͑f 1͒.Out of the two roots,one of them is an approximation of the true solution.Since we have obtained n Љ͑f 1͒,we choose the correct root among the two by com-paring their imaginary parts with n Љ͑f 1͒.The root whose imaginary part is closest to n Љ͑f 1͒is the correct one,and we denote it as n 0.Since n 0is a good approximation of n ͑f 1͒,we choose the integer m in Eq.(4)so that n Ј͑f 1͒is as close to n 0Јas possible.The branch of n Јat the initial frequency is determined as follows:From ␮=nz and ⑀=n /z ,we have␮Љ=n Јz Љ+n Љz Ј,͑8a ͒⑀Љ=1͉z ͉2͑−n Јz Љ+n Љz Ј͒.͑8b ͒The requirements ␮Љജ0and ⑀Љജ0leadtoparison of the retrieved imped-ance z (real and imaginary parts )for one cell of metamaterial shown in Fig.1by the method pre-sented in this paper and a traditional method us-ing only the requirement z Јജ0.ROBUST METHOD TO RETRIEVE THE CONSTITUTIVE …PHYSICAL REVIEW E 70,016608(2004)͉n Јz Љ͉ഛn Љz Ј.͑9͒In particular,when n Љz Јis close to zero but z Љis not,n Јshould be close to zero.At the initial frequency,we solve for the branch integer m satisfying Eq.(9).If there is only one solution,it is the correct branch.In case of multiple solu-tions,for each of the candidate branch index m ,we deter-mine the value of n Јat all subsequent frequencies using the above-mentioned iterative method.Because the requirement of Eq.(9)applies to n Јat all frequencies,we use it to check the validity of n Јat all frequencies produced by the candi-date initial branch.Note in the special case when n Љz Јis close to zero but z Љis not,the checking process can easily be carried out.Therefore,the initial branch that satisﬁes Eq.(9)at both the initial frequency and the subsequent frequencies is the correct one.For the SRR-rod structure,we found that there is a fre-quency region at which there is no branch index m satisfying Eq.(9).We call this frequency region the resonance band.The properties of the resonance band are still disputed by researchers.Some papers [15–17]mention the existence of multiple modes in this region since the real part of n is large,yielding a wavelength comparable to or smaller than the unit size of the metamaterial thereby rendering the retrieval of the effective parameters of the metamaterials impossible.Other papers [5,18]state that retrieval is possible and the retrieved permittivity ⑀has a negative imaginary part in the resonance band.In this paper,we do not address this issue and for this reason the retrieved results presented here are interrupted in frequency by the resonance region (see,for example,Fig.4).In this case,since n ͑f ͒is not continuous through all frequen-cies,we have to determine the initial branches for two fre-quency regions:Below and above the resonance band.Note that below the resonant band,the retrieved branch index is zero,which conﬁrms the validity of the traditional method used for low-frequency retrieval.The retrieved refractive in-dexes n for one,two,and three cells in the propagation di-rection are shown in Fig.4,where the resonance band is seen to extend between 11GHz and 12GHz.We observe that thevalues of n for different cell numbers are identical above the resonant region.Below the resonant band,however,the re-trieved n for one and two cells match well,but the result for three cells differs signiﬁcantly from the previous two.This discrepancy is due to the small magnitude of S 21in this fre-quency band,as we shall discuss in the next section.E.Sensitivity analysisA close examination of the retrieved z and n for one,two,and three cells of metamaterial presented so far shows that the three results do not always match.There are two cases of discrepancies.The ﬁrst is that the retrieved refractive index n for three cells of metamaterial does not match the value for one and two cells at low frequencies (5GHz–11GHz in Fig.4).The second is that the impedance z appears to spike at some frequencies (around 12GHz,17GHz,and 19.5GHz in Fig.2).We shall show here that these discrepancies are due to the sensitivity of z and n to the accuracy of S 11and S 21.The ﬁrst case appears when ͉S 21͉is close to zero.In the region below the resonance band,the transmission is usually small,especially for thicker metamaterials.From Eq.(2b ),we see that S 21appears in the denominator,so that the values of n are very sensitive to small perturbations of S 21.Yet,a small transmission has little inﬂuence on the retrieval of z ,which can be seen by computing:ץz 2ץS 21=8S 21S 11͓͑1−S 11͒2−S 212͔2,͑10͒from which it is clear that a small ͉S 21͉makes ץz 2րץS 21small (approximately zero ).In addition,we can see from Eq.(1b )that if n Љis not small,S 21will decrease exponentially with d ,i.e.,with an increasing number of cells in the propa-gation direction.Therefore,the smaller S 21,the higher the computation and measurement relative errors,which leads to less accurate retrieval results.The second case appears when S 212is close to unity while S 11is close to zero.Similar to the ﬁrst case,the denominator in the expression of z [see Eq.(2a )]approaches zero,thus making it difﬁcult to retrieve z .However,in this case,the value of n is stable.In this situation,instead of solving fornFIG.4.Retrieved refractive index n (real and imaginary parts )for one,two,and three cells of the metamaterial structure shown in Fig.1.FIG.5.Range of z (real and imaginary parts )for tolerance ␦r =0.015and ␦t =0.0in Eqs.(11a )and (11b ).The impedance is for a three-cell metamaterial shown in Fig.1.CHEN et al.PHYSICAL REVIEW E 70,016608(2004)and z which exactly satisfy Eqs.(1a )and (1b ),we solve for the following inequalities:ͯS 11−R 01͑1−e i2nk 0d ͒1−R 012e i2nk 0dͯഛ␦r ,͑11a ͒ͯS 21−͑1−R 012͒e ink 0d 1−R 012ei 2nk 0dͯഛ␦t ,͑11b ͒where ␦r and ␦t are small positive numbers.Figure 5shows the range of z satisfying Eqs.(11a )and (11b )for ␦r =0.015and ␦t =0.0.At each frequency,all z having a real and imagi-nary parts between the bounds shown in Fig.5satisfy Eqs.(11a )and (11b ).It can be seen that the magnitude of the spikes is within the tolerance error,which implies that they are due to the noise in the S 11and S 21data.Finally,note that although the retrieved n and z for mul-tiple cells may be different from that for one cell at some speciﬁc frequencies,the calculated S 11and S 21for multiple cells using the retrieved ⑀and ␮from one cell data match well with the S 11and S 21data computed for multiple cells directly from numerical simulation,as is illustrated in Fig.6.F.ResultsThe retrieved permittivity ⑀and permeability ␮of a one cell of SRR-rod structure of Fig.1are shown in Fig.7.Notethat although the results satisfy the condition ⑀Љജ0and ␮Љജ0,the positive energy requirement ץ͑⑀␻͒/ץ␻Ͼ0[19,20]is violated in the frequency band 12GHz–12.2GHz.As a re-sult,the resonance band is extended to 11GHz–12.2GHz,as shown by the vertical dashed lines in Fig.7(a ).The value of ⑀and ␮are both negative in the frequency range 12.2GHz–12.8GHz,showing that in this band,the metamaterial exhibits a LH behavior.We also retrieved the effective parameters of four and ﬁve cells of metamaterial shown in Fig.1,and the retrieval results are close to those for one,two,and three cells.In addition,we also applied our method to retrieve the effective parameters of the structure taken from [14,21],as shown in the inset of Fig.8(a ).For a 1D structure,by match-ing the impedance z for one and two cells of the metamate-rial using the previously described method,we obtain x ¯opt=͑2.2053ϫ10−3d 0,1.1356ϫ10−3d 0͒,where d 0is the length of unit cell.Again,we ﬁnd that the two boundaries of the effective homogeneous medium are close to the outer unit-cell boundaries of the 1D metamaterial.Figure 8shows the retrieved z ,n ,⑀,and ␮for one cell of this metamaterial.It can be seen that the frequency range of 13.8GHz–14.5GHz is a LH band,which agrees with the conclusion in Ref.[14].It should be noted,however,that for a 2D version of this metamaterial,the effective boundaries should be obtained from the optimization process,as they do notnecessarilyFIG.6.S 11and S 21(real and imaginary parts )for three cells:Comparison between FDTD re-sults (dot line with *)and calculated S parameters based on the retrieved ⑀and ␮(solid line with ᮀ)for a one-cell metamaterial shown in Fig.1.FIG.7.Retrieved ⑀and ␮(real and imaginary parts )for a one-cell metamaterial shown in Fig.1.The vertical dashed lines denote the limits of the resonance band.ROBUST METHOD TO RETRIEVE THE CONSTITUTIVE …PHYSICAL REVIEW E 70,016608(2004)match the unit-cell boundaries of the metamaterial.Indeed,in this speciﬁc case,we obtain x ¯opt =͑0.33110d 0,0.30342d 0͒.III.CONCLUSIONWe have proposed an improved method to retrieve the effective parameters (index of refraction,impedance,permit-tivity,and permeability )of metamaterials from transmission and reﬂection data.The successful retrieval results for vari-ous metamaterial structures show the effectiveness of the method.Our main conclusions are as follows:(1)The ﬁrst boundary and the thickness of the effective media can be determined by matching z through all sample frequencies for different lengths of the slabs in the propaga-tion direction.For symmetric 1D metamaterials,we have drawn the empirical conclusion that the ﬁrst boundary coin-cides with the ﬁrst boundary of the unit cell facing the inci-dent wave,and the thickness of the effective medium is ap-proximately equal to the number of unit cells multiplied by the length of a unit cell.For 2D and asymmetric 1D metama-terials,the effective boundaries have to be determined by optimization.(2)The requirement z Јജ0cannot be used directly for practical retrievals when z Јis close to zero because the nu-merical or measurement errors may ﬂip the sign of z Ј,mak-ing the result unreliable.In this case,we have to determinethe sign of z by the value of its corresponding n so that n Љജ0.(3)There is a resonance band characterized by the fact that the requirement ␮Љജ0and ⑀Љജ0cannot be satisﬁed at those frequencies.On each side of the resonance,the branch of n Јcan be obtained by a Taylor expansion approach con-sidering the fact that the refractive index n is a continuous function of frequency.Since the refractive index n at the initial frequency determines the values of n Јat the subse-quent frequencies,we determine the branch of the real part of n at the initial frequency by requiring that ␮Љand ⑀Љare non-negative across all the frequency band.(4)Due to the noise contained in the S parameters,the retrieved n and z at some speciﬁc frequencies are not reli-able,especially for thicker metamaterials at lower frequen-cies.In spite of this,the fact that S 11and S 21for multiple cells of metamaterial calculated from the retrieved ⑀and ␮for a unit-cell metamaterial match the S 11and S 21computed directly from numerical simulation conﬁrms that the metamaterials can be treated as an effective homogeneous material.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was supported by DARPA (Contract No.N00014-03-1-0716)and ONR (Contact No.N00014-01-1-0713).[1]D.R.Smith,W.J.Padilla,D.C.Vier,S.C.Nemat-Nasser,and S.Schultz,Phys.Rev.Lett.84,4184(2000).[2]R.A.Shelby,D.R.Smith,and S.Schultz,Science 292,77(2001).[3]L.Ran,X.Zhang,K.Chen,T.M.Grzegorczyk,and J.A.Kong,Chin.Sci.Bull.48,1325(2003).[4]D.R.Smith,S.Schultz,P.Markoš,and C.M.Soukoulis,Phys.Rev.B 65,195104(2002).[5]P.Markošand C.M.Soukoulis,Opt.Express 11,649(2003).[6]R.W.Ziolkowshi,IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.51,1516FIG.8.Retrieved z ,n ,⑀,and ␮(real and imaginary parts )for a one-cell metamaterial structure taken from Refs.[14,21]and shown in the inset (a ).The vertical dashed lines denote the limits of the resonance band.CHEN et al.PHYSICAL REVIEW E 70,016608(2004)(2003).[7]A.M.Nicolson and G.F.Ross,IEEE Trans.Instrum.Meas.19,377(1970).[8]J.Baker-Jarvis,E.J.Vanzura,and W.Kissick,IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech.38,1096(1990).[9]J.A.Kong,Electromagnetic Wave Theory(EMW,Cambridge,MA,2000).[10]J.A.Kong,Prog.Electromagn.Res.35,1(2002).[11]D. A.Shelby, D.R.Smith,S. C.Nemat-Nasser,and S.Schultz,Appl.Phys.Lett.78,489(2001).[12]C.D.Moss,T.M.Grzegorczyk,Y.Zhang,and J.A.Kong,Prog.Electromagn.Res.35,315(2002).[13]R.Storn and K.Price,J.Global Optim.11,341(1997).[14]T.M.Grzegorczyk,C.D.Moss,J.Lu,and J.A.Kong,NewRing Resonator for the Design of Left-Handed Materials at Microwave Frequencies,Proceedings of Progress in Electro-magnetics Research Symposium,Honolulu,Hawaii,2003 (EMW,Cambridge,MA,2003),p.286.[15]C.R.Simovski,P.A.Belov,and S.He,IEEE Trans.AntennasPropag.51,2582(2003).[16]J.E.Sipe and J.V.Lranendonk,Phys.Rev.A9,1806(1974).[17]P.A.Belov,S.A.Tretyakov,and A.J.Viitanen,Phys.Rev.E66,016608(2002).[18]T.Koschny,P.Markoš,D.R.Smith,and C.M.Soukoulis,Phys.Rev.E68,065602(2003).[19]ndau,E.M.Lifshitz,and L.P.Pitaevskii,Electrody-namics of Continuous Media,2nd ed.(Pergamon,Oxford, 1984).[20]V.Veselago,p.10,509(1968).[21]C.D.Moss,Ph.D.thesis,Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy,2004.ROBUST METHOD TO RETRIEVE THE CONSTITUTIVE…PHYSICAL REVIEW E70,016608(2004)。

夫妻忠实义务研究中英文资料对照外文翻译文献

法律法学论文夫妻忠实义务研究中英文资料对照外文翻译文献外文参考文献摘录：A Study on responsibility o f conjugal chastityKerry MutchW alton Centre NHS Foundation Trust,Fazakerley,Liverpool,United Kingdom.Marriage is unification in wedlock concerning both party’s right and responsi bility voluntarily arranged by men and women for the purpose of living t ogether permanently.In order to live t ogether happily and satisfactorily,mutually supporting is needed t o guarantee the affluence of physical life and mutual chastity to support the felicitousness of the spiritual life.Therefore,mutual chastity is a major factor to support the wedlock,which is also a focus of marriage law.During the revision of marriage law in2001,the debate over the responsibility of mutual chastity was the mos t appealing issue.After intense arguing,finally the article“the spouses shall maintain mutual chastity”was listed in the revised marriage law. However the ar gument over mutual chastity of the spouses has never stopped,mo r e issues concerning it are still needed to be further studied.The thesis tries t o investigate and review the mutual responsibility of conjugal chastity systematically.In order to study the subject systematically,the historical,sociological,comparative law,empirical,dynamic and static analysis appr o aches by which the historical development of conjugal chastity、jurisprudential analysis of it and present regulation on it are observed and reviewed,are employed in the research.The thesis consists of four chapters.ChapterⅠ,which is composed of three subchapters,observes the mutual responsibility of conjugal chastity from the perspective of its historical development.In SubchapterⅠexplains the exact connotation of chastity andascertains the definite meaning of responsibility of conjugal chastity further.The basic meaning of chastity is loyal to each other,which connotes that the hus b and and wife shouldbe faithful t o one another n o t only in their acts bu t also in mental communication as well.Keywords:marriage responsibility o f conjugal chastity spouse spouse’s right divorceHowever,the mental communication is no t the regulating target of law,thus the conjugal chastity only d e no t es mutual loyalty in their sexual life and denies extramarital sex from the angle of marriage law.In SubchapterⅡ,the author observes and studies the awareness and responsibility of conjugal chastity under the primitive、slavery、feudal and the contemporary society irrespectively.After that the author has commented on the changes of attitudes towards the conjugal chastity in the Chinese marital legislation.During the investigation into the conjugal chastity in the pr olonged history,the author found that the regulation on responsibility of the conjugal chastity was implied by two major line,that is,the evolution from inequality bet w een men and women to the equality betw een the both;and the regulation on it thr ough statutory r emedy by private right instead of the interference by public power.Simultaneously,the linkage betw een the development,evolution of mutual responsibility of conjugal chastity and those of human marriage life and the changes of the viewpoints on conjugal relations,sexual morality and sex awareness are deeply connected.In SubchapterⅢ,the author mainly observes the influence of the changes of conjugal love,attitudes towards family and sex upon the viewpoint over conjugal chastity in contemporary China.As the wheels of history rolls on,the human’s viewpoint over the sexual morality and sex awareness has been changing all the time.As the inflation of individualism and liberalism in mos t capitalist countries,the previous exclusive love attitudes has been replaced by the non-interference of mutual freedom.At the s a me time the viewpoints of the judicial circle and judicature have c han ge d mo r e or less by the contemporary thought, therefore the strict rule has been loosened.According t o the previous research,the author claims that when we restructures the mutual responsibility of conjugal chastity in marriage legislation in our country,the changes of contemporary conjugal love,attitudes towards family and sex should be investigated and taken into account.In the following part the author has looked into the changes in present China in detail,and some personal opinions t o themare also released.On the basis of the study above,t he author holds that the responsibility of conjugal chastity is closely related with conjugal relationship,in regar d t o the influence of awareness of conjugal love、family and sex upon the responsibility of conjugal chastity,two aspects should be considered,that is,on the one hand,the changes should no t be ignored,in the design of responsibility of conjugal chastity,the old r oute to recover the adultery law and punish the adulterers had been discarded by the Age,and public power exploited in the punishment of extramarital sex should be cautious;On the other hand,the changes of viewpoints to marriage and family upon the conjugal love have never undermined the stable cornerstone of family structure in the Chinese society that is because the values of marital morality under the back gr ound of Confucian culture have always been supporting the Chinese marriage firmly.Some social surveys show that the sex concerning extramarital sex, especially that has gravely undermined the stability of families,the attitudes of our people are clear,i.e.,they oppose the extramarital sex.In the western countries,whereas,after the disastrous experiment of“sex revolution”,the slogans of“returning family”and“faithfu lness is fundamental to conjugal love”are back to be reused.Thus writing the responsibility of conjugal chastity into law can be considered the pr omotion of faithfulness in conjugal love, that is the inner voices of the people at home and abroad.China should g et integrated into the world trend,learn from the lessons of foreign countries and no t recover the old way of “serious results getting from excessive freedom of sex”in the West,thus our marriage law can be made as a new symbol of our socialist marriage and family.ChapterⅡ,consisting of three subchapters,is the jurisprudential analysis over responsibility of conjugal chastity.At the beginning of SubchapterⅠ,the author holds that the responsibility of conjugal chastity is the essence of marriage.The responsibility of conjugal chastity is the natural demand of marriage,which is also an e mbo dime n t of the exclusivity of conjugal sex and the demand of social nature of marriage.In our socialist society,monogamy is the requisite demand of the responsibility of conjugal chastity,which is a vigorous safeguard of monogamy as well.Then, the author analyses the juristic value of the entry of responsibility of conjugal chastity into law,the major reason of which is that the responsibility of conjugal chastity is alwaysconsidered as a good virtue.The safeguard of responsibility of conjugal chastity,in essence,could be r egar ded as the protection and pr omotion of justice by nation.The responsibility of conjugal chastity embodies the humanistic solicitude of law.The humanistic solicitude towards responsibility of conjugal chastity is such a proposition essentially,that is,the regulation and bound of the marital life of people by law is t o lead them t o live a safe、happy and satisfactory marital life, which can connect the individuality of man with the social nature of man intrinsically; Therefore,certain harmonies from the equilibrium of interests betw een individuals and society may be reached,and the value of man can be elevated.SubchapterⅡmainly observes and reviews the juristic identification of the natur e of responsibility of conjugal chastity.At first,the author holds that the responsibility of conjugal chastity is a derivative right of spouse’s right,which is a basic right of dignity betwee n the hus b an d and wife formulated by law.The maintenance of wedlock is b as e d on two elementary conditions,that is,the responsibility of cohabitation and being loyal t o each other.Therefore the responsibility of conjugal chastity,a derivative right fro m the spouse’s right,becomes the core of spouse’s right.And the characteristics of the responsibility of conjugal chastity are generalized in detail thereinafter.In the following part of this subchapter,the author concludes that the responsibility of conjugal chastity inevitably has the nature of right of personality.Though the responsibility of conjugal chastity has dual natures of right of personality and right of dignity,they should be distinguished.Right of dignity is the basic natur e of the responsibility of conjugal chastity,whereas, right of personality is the attaching nature of the responsibility of conjugal chastity.In SubchapterⅢ,the author makes a comparative law research on the responsibility of conjugal chastity and the other related rights.Firstly,the author analyzed the relationship betw een the responsibility of conjugal chastity and the right of sexual fr eedom from different perspectives. And then the relationship betw een the responsibility of conjugal chastity and privacy is being observed and analyzed.In chapterⅢ,the author mak es a reflection on the responsibility of conjugal chastity in reality and some suggestions are also br ought up for the future legislation on this subject.After further study the author holds that the responsibility of conjugal chastitymay be regulated by morality,b u t the regulation by law should no t excluded,and the private natur e of conjugal relation should be taken into account simultaneously.After that,the judicial regulation on the responsibility of conjugal chastity is analyzed. At the final part,the author brings up some suggestions on the legislation of the responsibility of conjugal chastity in the future,that is,(1)the setting up of the definition of spouse’s right;(2)taking adultery as a statutory reason for divorce;(3)in the compensation for damages arisen from divorce,adultery should be considered as a statutory reason in the lawsuit of compensation for damages in divorce and change the“no-fault party”term into“victim”. Furthermore,the compensation for damages shall be n ot only applied to divorce by lawsuit bu t also to registry divorce and the scale of compensation for damages should include property and spiritual damages.ChapterⅣis a prospect of the future research on the responsibility of conjugal chastity.Though the thesis is a tentative study on the responsibility of conjugal chastity,the target of it is clear,i.e.,all the efforts made in this thesis is trying to perfect the marital legislation and a spur t o induce mo r e better ideas br ought up by academia.外文参考文献译文：夫妻忠实义务研究克里马奇沃尔顿中心琥珀酰亚胺信托基金会，扎克雷，利物浦，英国婚姻是男女双方以永久共同生活为目的，依法自愿缔结的具有权利义务内容的结合。

物联网毕业论文外文文献翻译.doc

Internet of Things1 .the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass，radio frequency identification technology，global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light，heat, electricity，mechanics, chemistry, biology， the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes，identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application，known as the third wave of the world’s information industry development following the computer，the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications，Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore，the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things，and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of ’’material”Where the ’’objects” to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1.Receiver have the appropriate information;2.Have a data transmission path;3.Have a certain storage capabilities;4.To have the CPU;5.To have the operating system;6.Have specialized applications;7.Have a data transmitter;8.Follow the communication protocol of Things;9.World Network，a unique number that can be identified.3."Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors，mobile terminals, industrial systems，floor control system，the family of Intelligentfacilities，video surveillance systems，and external can "(Enabled)，such as RFID，a variety of assets (the Assets)，personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal” intelligent objects or animals n or” smart dust ’’(the Mote)，through a variety of wireless and/or cable over long distances and/or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M)，application integration (the Grand Integration)，and based on cloud computing，SaaS operation mode，in internal network (intranet)，private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe，controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring，retrospective positioning，alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control，security，remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades，statistical reporting， decision support，the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions，’’Everything，” ’’efficient，energy saving, security environmental protection/"’ possession，control，Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009，the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing，China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix，given the EU’s definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects” of identity, physical attributes，virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks . Internet of Things Internet and media，the Internet and business Internet one，constitute the future of the Internet.5.changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of thesame name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China” Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries，to write the •’Government Work Report’1 Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States，European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China' his coverage of the times，has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6.BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards，on the basis of the computer Internet，the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet ’’Internet of things” (referred to as the Internet of Things)，which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research，the establishment of applicable sensor network. 1999, held in the United States，mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States，"Technology Review” propo sed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people’s lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS)，the International Telecommunication Union released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ”，citing the concept of the” Int ernet of things "• The report pointed out that the ubiquitous ’’Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)，sensortechnology, nanotechnology，intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things，a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities，human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise，largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However，the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence，the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications，so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology，involving almost all aspects of IT，innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features，that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features，the network system should have automated，self-feedback and intelligent control featuresJanuary 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States，held with U.S. business leaders a "round table’’，as one of the only two representatives，IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that H the wisdom of the Earth” this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24，2009 news，IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet” strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life，and even analysts believe that IBM’s vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy，and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically，is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid，railways，bridges，tunnels, highways, buildings， water supply systems dams，oil and gas pipelines and other objects，and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of ’’wisdom” in the implementation of the infrastructure，strong，not only in the short term to stimulate the economy，promote employment，and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM n Smarter Planet” strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years，a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore’s Law accurately call it a n15-year cycle Law' Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol，1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers，1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the ”information superhighway” strategy. 1990s，the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion，construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure，to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the H Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "informa tion superhighway”，the same they revive the economy，a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world.H Internet of Things prospects are very bright，it will dramatically change our current way of life.’’ Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physicalobjects associated with each other "exchange' without the need for human intervention. The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session，held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar H Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0n，the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change，and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years，the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market，the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity，perception，processing and information transfer，four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors，smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the ’’Internet of Things in 2020” report，an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics，retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015，2015 〜In 2020，the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things，RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion，this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market，including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts，the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is morethan 3.8 billion yuan，the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems，MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensor is the small size，large-scale mass production cost reduction，mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7.PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world’s ’’Internet of Things' In this network, the goods (products) to each other ’’exchange”，without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation，is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise，the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID，It is able to let items "speak” a technique. In the "Internet of Things” con cept，RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system，to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent” management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense，identification technology andpervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications，breaking the conventional thinking before，human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand，airports，roads，buildings，while on the other hand，the data center，PC，broadband. In the era of the ’’Internet of Things’’，reinforced concrete，cable with the chip，broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. H Internet of Things” makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom” to improve resource utilization and productivity levels，and improve the relationship between man and nature.8.Agency1，institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: ’’objects of the IPCC n)，the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010，preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance，coordination，consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations，to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation，resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products，and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale，co-development.9.ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life，and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies toassist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale，broad participation，management, technical，and material properties，etc. other features，the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design and research and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID，sensors，embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general，to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1)identified the object attributes，properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label，the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2)the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes，and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3)the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed，such as home computers or mobile phones，may also be centralized，such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10.key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1)RFID;(2)sensor network;(3)The M2M;(4)integration of the two.11 .TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand，can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently，the United States，the European Union are all invested heavilyin-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things，Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID，sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him，the use of the Internet of Things technology，Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the data collection，transmission，processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi，bus，various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, ’’the bus services through’’ will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management，e-logistics n，will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition，the popularization of the n Internet of Things” for the number of animals，plants and machinery，sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things，in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags，which will greatly promote the production of IT components，while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles，if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static，but in the state of the movement，we must maintain the items in the state of motion，and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world ofbusiness of the Internet of Things，compared with the business of interpersonal communication，will reach 30 to 1，so the ’’Internet of Things’1 is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second，sensor network field in the world，China is the standard one of the dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; F ourth, China’s wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world’s first the three major economies，with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding，which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry， it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology，or RFID technology，or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology，GPS, video recognition，infrared，laser，scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things，but not all of Things.Second，the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things，all of the interconnections，all shared Internet platform.In fact，the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network，Internet，WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of theInternet to the matter; LAN，professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional，LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation，smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real，many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymeric integrated innovation，pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent，automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket，and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors，to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection，government，public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care，personal health，floriculture，water monitoring，food traceability，enemydetection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot somet hing; clothes will ’’tell” washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field，for example, a logistics company，application of Things truck，when loading overweight，the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining，the severity of。

物联网中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译Internet of Things1.the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes, identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the third wave of the world's information industry development following the computer, the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications, Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore, the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things, and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of "material"Where the "objects" to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1. Receiver have the appropriate information;2. Have a data transmission path;3. Have a certain storage capabilities;4. To have the CPU;5．To have the operating system;6. Have specialized applications;7. Have a data transmitter;8. Follow the communication protocol of Things;9. World Network, a unique number that can be identified.3. "Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors, mobile terminals, industrial systems, floor control system, the family of Intelligentfacilities, video surveillance systems, and external can "(Enabled), such as RFID, a variety of assets (the Assets), personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal" intelligent objects or animals "or" smart dust "(the Mote), through a variety of wireless and / or cable over long distances and / or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M), application integration (the Grand Integration), and based on cloud computing, SaaS operation mode, in internal network (intranet), private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe, controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring, retrospective positioning, alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control, security, remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades, statistical reporting, decision support, the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions, "Everything," "efficient, energy saving, security environmental protection, "" possession, control, Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009, the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing, China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix, given the EU's definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects" of identity, physical attributes, virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks .Internet of Things Internet and media, the Internet and business Internet one, constitute the future of the Internet.5．changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of the same name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China" Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries, to write the "Government Work Report" Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States, European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China", his coverage of the times, has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6．BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards, on the basis of the computer Internet, the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet "Internet of things" (referred to as the Internet of Things) , which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research, the establishment of applicable sensor network.1999, held in the United States, mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States, "Technology Review" proposed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people's lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS), the International TelecommunicationUnion released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ", citing the concept of the" Internet of things ". The report pointed out that the ubiquitous "Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor technology, nanotechnology, intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things, a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities, human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise, largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However, the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence, the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications, so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology, involving almost all aspects of IT, innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features, that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features, the network system should have automated, self-feedback and intelligent control features January 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States, held with U.S. business leaders a "round table", as one of the only two representatives, IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that "the wisdom of the Earth" this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24, 2009 news, IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet"strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life, and even analysts believe that IBM's vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy, and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically, is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water supply systems dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects, and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of "wisdom" in the implementation of the infrastructure, strong, not only in the short term to stimulate the economy, promote employment, and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM "Smarter Planet" strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years, a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore's Law accurately call it a "15-year cycle Law". Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol, 1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers, 1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the "information superhighway" strategy. 1990s, the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion, construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure, to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the "Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "information superhighway", the same they revive the economy, a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world."Internet of Things prospects are very bright, it will dramatically change our current way of life." Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physical objects associated with each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention.The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session, held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar "Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0", the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change, and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years, the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market, the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity, perception, processing and information transfer, four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors, smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the "Internet of Things in 2020" report, an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics, retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015, 2015 ~ In 2020, the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things, RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion, this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market, including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts, the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is more than 3.8 billion yuan, the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensoris the small size, large-scale mass production cost reduction, mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7．PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world's "Internet of Things". In this network, the goods (products) to each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation, is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise, the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID, It is able to let items "speak" a technique. In the "Internet of Things" concept, RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system, to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent" management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense, identification technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications, breaking the conventional thinking before, human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand, airports, roads, buildings, while on the other hand, the data center, PC, broadband. In theera of the "Internet of Things", reinforced concrete, cable with the chip, broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. "Internet of Things" makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom" to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve the relationship between man and nature. 8．Agency1, institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: "objects of the IPCC"), the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010, preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance, coordination, consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations, to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation, resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products, and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale , co-development.9．ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life, and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies to assist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale, broad participation, management, technical, and material properties, etc. other features, the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design andresearch and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID, sensors, embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general, to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1) identified the object attributes, properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label, the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2) the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes, and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3) the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed, such as home computers or mobile phones, may also be centralized, such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10．key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1) RFID;(2) sensor network;(3) The M2M;(4) integration of the two.11.TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand, can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently, the United States, the European Union are all invested heavily in-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things, Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID, sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him, the use of the Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the datacollection, transmission, processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi, bus, various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, "the bus services through" will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management, e-logistics ", will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition, the popularization of the "Internet of Things" for the number of animals, plants and machinery, sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things, in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags, which will greatly promote the production of IT components, while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles, if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static, but in the state of the movement , we must maintain the items in the state of motion, and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world of business of the Internet of Things, compared with the business of interpersonal communication, will reach 30 to 1, so the "Internet of Things" is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second, sensor network field in the world, China is the standard one ofthe dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; Fourth, China's wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world's first the three major economies, with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding, which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry, it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology, or RFID technology, or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology, GPS, video recognition, infrared, laser, scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things, but not all of Things.Second, the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things, all of the interconnections, all shared Internet platform.In fact, the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network, Internet, WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of the Internet to the matter; LAN, professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional, LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation, smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real, many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymericintegrated innovation, pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent, automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket, and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors, to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection, government, public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care, personal health, floriculture, water monitoring, food traceability, enemy detection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot something; clothes will "tell" washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field, for example, a logistics company, application of Things truck, when loading overweight, the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining , the severity of goods with how to tell you; when handling staff unloading a cargo packaging may be shouting "throw you hurt me", or "My dear, you do not get too barbaric, you can?"; when the driver and others gossip, trucks will pretend boss's voice roaring "stupid, the grid!Internet of things to make full use of a new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among, specifically, is embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water systems, dams, oil and gas pipelines, etc.kinds of objects, and then "Internet of Things" with the existing Internet to integrate and realize the integration of human society and the physical system, which in this integrated network, there is the ability to super-powerful central computer cluster, integrated network staff implementation of real-time management and control of the machinery, equipment and infrastructure, on this basis, the human can be more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to achieve the status of the "wisdom", to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve human the relationship between the natural.。

办公空间设计外文文献翻译

办公空间设计外文文献翻译文献出处：Marquardt. Environmental satisfaction with open-plan office design and layout. Institute for Research in Construction, 2015:267-284.原文Environmental satisfaction with open-plan office design and layoutMarquardtAbstractPurpose - understand the physical environment of open office for office employees' satisfaction with the environment of psychological quality present situation, and discusses how to construct the humanized office physical environment.Methods - compiled by the office physical environmental satisfaction questionnaire and environmental psychology quality questionnaire, physical environment satisfaction including 13 elements such as lighting, sound, office facilities, office environment induces four dimensions: psychological quality comfort feeling, sense of belonging, a sense of security, privacy, and field.Results - employees for the physical environment in middle rdi level of overall satisfaction. To sound, office number, greening, office setting for colleagues communication convenient degree of satisfaction is low, and the tables and chairs of comfort, safety facilities, office facilities satisfaction is higher. The overall environment of the staff psychological quality in middle rids level; including comfort, sense of belonging and the feeling of privacy and field level is low, high security level. Physical environmental satisfaction and environmental psychological quality.Conclusions - weissman theoretical hypothesis, from the Angle of environmental psychology design humanized office physical environment.Keywords: environmental psychology; Office space; Open feelingIntroductionWith the development of the society, the progress of science and technology, market competition is intense, sharp development of high-rise office building, officeis more and more become the center of the modern life, office space environment quality had a great influence on consumer sentiment and mood. Humanity, life of office space allows employees to adjust their own physical and mental balance, to experience the fun of life at work; Office space with the characteristic of enterprise can make employees proud and confident, conducive to good interpersonal and communication; Information exchange office space can produce has new creative team for the enterprise. In the era of knowledge to create wealth, whether it is a wise business leader, or as an interior designer should be aware of the importance of office space design. And at present the design of office space, but I did not get the attention they deserve most of the traditional office environment lack of human physiological and psychological need to consider.From the perspective of the environmental psychology, the ideal working environment should be both function and social area, at the same time in the meet the needs of work and to take into account personnel multiple psychological demand within the office environment. T o meet all this we must understand the environment psychology and interior design office.The definition of open-plan officesAs the '50 s movement of interpersonal relationships, more open communication between employees and supervisors encouraged. Workflow (workflow) principle, namely the workstation arrangement to ensure the paperwork or products for mobile, promote vigorously reform office space. Industrial production and the rapid development of science and technology, social competition is increasingly fierce, make each enterprise at home and abroad to pursue flexible office layout, they hope to have the advanced office equipment installation time in office space, or may be adjusted at any time according to the change of the enterprise. At the same time the rapid development of the urban high-rise also create conditions for the realization of the open-plan offices. In this context, open-plan offices also arises at the historic moment. Open-plan offices (open plan office), also known as TingYuanShi office this concept originated in Germany schneier brothers and their Quiekborner consultancy team (sundstrom, 1986), the late '50 s and Germany took the lead.Chicago in theUnited States, in 1967, held the first global forum of the open-plan offices, since this office arrangement was popular in the world.Whether high-rise office buildings or function in a wide range of comprehensive building, or remodeling an old house renovation, open-plan offices can be applied, meanwhile, meet all kinds of function that currently known and possible future.Open-plan offices often give active, fully, efficient and free of visual impression. Research indicated that, everyone's work efficiency can be multiplied in the group, open office to improve the production efficiency in the present is most appropriate. Open-plan offices abandoned the conservative way of workingand the construction pattern make the staff at the same time of have a large number of convenient communications, noise interference. Experts according to the survey, mistakes and errors in the accounting personnel to work for the typist are largely affected by typewriter and computer noise. Its sound and smell, the lack of privacy problem is particularly serious, be open office is of vital importance to the environmental impact factors.Literature ReviewPeter Crouch (Crouch et al., 1989, asked to work in the office of 56 managers find out which factors can promote the task operation, what factors will hinder task operation. The results show that the suitable space, light and other factors are important factors in promoting, and are often interfere with room structure such as conversation overheard the same office others to interfere with the task.Sir Alex Ferguson (Fergnson) in 1986, the study results show that job satisfaction has obvious associated with the physical environment of work. The role of physical environment on the job satisfaction is mainly hygiene factors. When the staff of the physical environment of the workplace is not satisfied, such as temperature, humidity, noise, security, their job satisfaction is greatly reduced. When the hygiene factors are met in the physical environment, although can't guarantee they will be satisfied, but at least they won't produce dissatisfaction. From this point of view, inappropriate workplace, can lead to not satisfied. Appropriate workplace, though not enough to lead to a high level of job satisfaction, but at least they won't produce.Walker hart, popular science, (V ollker Hartkopf), led the team in the Future of office design (Designing the office of the Future) book, think about the Future of office building, inaddition to high technology products to the building, should also be stressed to create a good physical and psychological environment, organization form, in order to improve the employee's work speed, comprehension, communication ability and creation ability. The existent environment design influence on job satisfaction to prove: the work environment and job performance are very complex variables, only a small positive correlation between them (Riggio, 2000).In general, on the job satisfaction, despite the physical environment less important than job security, wages and friendly colleagues, but employees do physical condition, as an important factor of job satisfaction (Crouch Nimran, 1989).A very influential in industrial psychology and management theory, points out that although a satisfactory working environment does not substantially increase the job satisfaction, but lower than the standard environment will certainly result in dissatisfied (Herzberg, 1966; Herzberg, Mausner Snyder man, 1959).Weisman (release) that if employees have higher satisfaction to office environment, seem to be able to produce high comfort and belonging. At the same time, he also suggests that employees work in a pleasant quality office environment, its value will significantly increase, and produce less turnover rate. For this phenomenon, has yet to be further discussed in theory.The realization of the sense of open spaceIn terms of building environment psychology, the current study of architectural space to pursue close feeling open and two kinds of thoughts. These two trends is the unity of opposites, their common goal is to pursue the most suitable for user's architectural space environment. For most of the design and use of office space, the pursuit of open the design thought of feelingis objective and reasonable. The so-called open feeling is gained by the people through visual space feeling, namely, visual volume feeling of the space. The scale of the open feeling is starting from scratch, of every space to a certain size, maximum reach a certain scale, and open feeling is just a relative concept scale.Color and material quality affects not only feel comfortable or not, at the same time also to open play a role. In addition to changes in temperature in the middle of the color effect, but also has the weight, far and near (backward, approximation), expansion effect. On the texture, generally rough surface and Detailing composition has close to feeling; and fine surface, fine composition has backward effect. Low intensity of illumination are appropriate, intensity of illumination, of course, will affect the open feeling, but the intensity of illumination is strong, not only visual discomfort, and me tope light can produce close to move instead, accordingly will narrow opening. The location and form will affect the space effect of lamps and lanterns, wall lamp, dome light generally has the sense of opening wider to the outside, and desk lamp, lamp, droplight has shrinkage depression. In addition, the room of the flat form can also affect the effect of open, usually rectangular room window open at the edge of the short edge me tope than open in long wall, its open to a few bigger. As long as good at all and to use the physical stimulation and psychological reaction, can obtain both open and beautiful and comfortable office space.The optimization of open office environmentGood office space physical environment is the foundation of the people to work, the office environment should respect people physiological and psychological needs make the office staff realizes casual and comfortable in the busy work every day.Overall satisfaction with the physical environment is affect the environment of psychological quality in the comfort of the office staff, the sense of belonging, privacy and field are the main factors. Through to the construction of human physical office environment, therefore, to improve the staff's comfortableness, sense of belonging and the feeling of illicit close sex and area, and thus improve the psychological quality, environment, in turn, improve the quality of office of employees, from the overall improve office employees job satisfaction will be the main direction of the future office environment construction.Need a good delighting environment of office space, the unity of the modern office space is often integrated with low illumination lighting and matches the high intensity of illumination of local lighting, in the form of combination of direct andindirect illumination. Using the unity of the low illumination lighting in public area, in individual areas, the use of the high intensity of illumination local lighting. Floodlight reasonable decorate can make the space bright and open, and local lighting will increase to a certain area of concentration.A means of color is to create the environment atmosphere. In the indoor environment atmosphere, highlight the emotional appeal cannot leave the color design. Because we live for a long time in the world of a color, accumulated a lot of visual experience, once the perceptual experience and foreign color stimulation occurred some echo, the sort of emotions will lead the person's psychology. In general, the office color configuration of large space on the whole is harmonious and unified, the choice of the color is relatively sedate, elegant; Independent office or small area between the color changes can have big different, varyfrom person to person. Office space color of avoid by all means colorful, imbalance of color can aggravate the fatigue.Office space household to design not only can enhance employees' comfort, can increase recognition of the enterprise even more psychological sense of belonging, thus reducing staff turnover, at the same time, it also a kind of embodiment of office culture progress. Inside in the office, all the space utilization, filing cabinets, lockers, file cases in place of the space, add partition put objects on wall, use the stairs space data, the office space set up talks and exchanges with tea or coffee, around the office is ready to install complete freedom of network and telephone jack seat, at the same time also can increase the staff on the autonomy of office environment, set up in the office can flexible combination of office furniture, sofa, furniture, partition, table free optional combination and so on.译文开放式办公空间设计与布局的环境满意度Marquardt摘要目的——了解开放式办公室员工对所在办公室的物理环境满意度与环境心理品质现状,并探讨如何构建人性化办公室物理环境。

有机化学英文文献翻译

有机化学英文文献翻译对称八溴代酞菁的合成及其特征K.R. Venugopala Reddy a,*, J. Keshavayya ba Department of Studies in Industrial Chemistry, Kuvempu University,Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta - 577 451Shimoga District,Karnataka, Indiab Department of Studies in Chemistry, Kuvempu University,Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta - 577 451Shimoga District,Karnataka, IndiaReceived 5 November 2001; received in revised form 14 December 2001;accepted 18 January 2002* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-08282-56225; fax: +91-08282-37255.E-mail address: university@sancharnet.in (K.R. Venugopala Reddy).摘要现在已经提出一条既方便又简单合成对称1,3,8,10,15,17,22,24-溴代金属—Cu，Co，Ni，Zn酞菁颜料的路线。

金属酞菁是由相应的八氨基取代酞菁合成的。

合成的化合物经过元素分析、电子光谱、红外光谱、磁性测试、粉末X射线衍射实验和热重研究来评估其热稳性、结晶度、结构完整性和纯度。

经过讨论和分析发现取代基对于电子光谱的影响及轨道对磁矩的贡献远远超过了电子场强的影响。

关键词：酞菁八取代合成热度电子的颜料和染料1.引言酞菁在近几年引起广泛的关注不仅是因为酞菁的结构同一些能够维持生命的重要分子如叶绿素、血红素相似，而且它具有显著的上色功能。

Asymmetric properties of ion transport in a charged conical nanopore(PET表面电荷密度的文章)

Asymmetric properties of ion transport in a charged conical nanoporeQi Liu,1Yugang Wang,1,2,*Wei Guo,2Hang Ji,1,3Jianming Xue,2and Qi Ouyang1,3,†1Center for Microﬂuidic and Nanotechnology,School of Physics,Peking University,Beijing100871,People’s Republic of China 2State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology,Peking University,Beijing100871,People’s Republic of China 3State Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Physics,Peking University,Beijing100871,People’s Republic of China ͑Received31October2006;revised manuscript received23March2007;published7May2007͒Recently,the experimentally observed asymmetric properties of ion transport in charged conical nanopores͑CCNs͒that resemble those in biological ion channels have attracted a lot of attention in theoretical studies innanotechnology research.In this paper,we report several tactics to study this effect by directly solving thePoisson-Nernst-Planck͑PNP͒equations.The result shows that PNP equations can indeed quantitatively de-scribe the properties of these nanopores.Based on our numerical solutions,we contribute the rectiﬁcationeffect to ion-enrichment and ion-depletion.A detailed study of length dependence of current indicates that arelatively long length is indispensable for the CCNs to have rectiﬁcation effect.We suggest that PNP equationsand the calculation method could be further used to study other shapes of nanopores.DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.75.051201PACS number͑s͒:66.10.Ϫx,73.63.Ϫb,87.16.Uv,02.60.ϪxI.INTRODUCTIONFor the reasons that a synthetic charged conical nanopore ͓1–3͔in a polyethylene terephthalate͑PET͒membrane ex-hibits asymmetric properties of ion transport that resemble those in biological ion channels͓4͔,such as current rectiﬁ-cation͓1,2,5–7͔and ionic selectivity͓8,9͔,and its potential applications for the detection of biomolecules,such as pro-tein͓10͔and DNA͓11,12͔,there is extensive research on exploring the basic physical properties of CCNs both in ex-periment͓1–3,5,6,8,9͔and theory͓5,8,9,13–17͔.A full un-derstanding of these asymmetric phenomena can not only beneﬁt the future studies on biological ion channels,but also promote nanotechnological applications.Several models have been proposed to explain this effect͓14–17͔but most of them aimed at a qualitative explanation rather than a quantitativeﬁt with experimental data,and some of them are based on several unclear assumptions.Thus,the unsubstan-tiated assumptions in these models may overshadow the true understanding of the mechanism of the asymmetric character ͑see Siwy’s recent review͓18͔for an overview of these mod-els͒.In this work,we aim at providing a quantitative model to explain the current rectiﬁcation effect in CCNs,and give more insight into ion transport properties in pores with na-nometer size.Our model is based on Poisson-Nernst-Planck͑PNP͒theory of electrodiffusion,in which the mobile ions are rep-resented as a continuous charge density.This theory has been applied to study membrane electrochemistry͓19͔,ion trans-port in nanoﬂuidic channels͓20–22͔and the Gramicidin A channel͓23,24͔.Corry et al.͓25͔showed that this continuum theory still works well when the dimension of the nanopore is more than about1nm.Therefore,solving PNP equations directly should be a prospective way to understand all the ion transport properties of conical nanopores.While PNP equa-tions had been directly solved under different conditions ͓20–24͔,we found that in the case of CCNs in PET mem-brane,the equations become numerically pathological and are hard to converge.Cervera et al.͓16,17͔,in fact,had systematically studied the rectiﬁcation effect of conical nan-opore with PNP equations and get good results.However,in order to solve these equations,they neglected the inﬂuence of both reservoirs connected to the nanopore and used sev-eral assumptions to simplify the three dimension equations to one dimension.In comparison,we developed some tactics to solve PNP equations directly in the case of three dimensions, and also the reservoirs are taken into consideration.Based on our results,we get some deﬁnite results about the asymmet-ric properties of conical nanopore in addition to explaining the rectiﬁcation effect.Our model does not include any free parameters;all are taken from experimental data,including surface charge den-sity͑␴͒,the size of the nanopore,ion concentration of KCl ͑n0͒,and diffusion coefﬁcients.The diffusion coefﬁcients taken from a bulk solution of inﬁnite dilution may induce some errors to our calculated result.Although they only slightly decrease with the increase of concentration,they are probably affected by the restricted geometries͓18͔.Never-theless,how they decrease with restricted size has not been fully understood,so we assume that in a dimension of sev-eral nanometers the diffusion coefﬁcients approximately keep constant as in bulk solution.Our calculated result of current versus voltage bias shows a good agreement with experimental data,indicating that such an approximation might be valid to nanopores with such a dimension.The analysis of the model shows that the rectiﬁcation effect is mainly due to ion enrichment and depletion,and that a rela-tively long length is indispensable for the conical pore to have rectiﬁcation effect.This study indicates that PNP equa-tions are essentially applicable in nanopores with such a di-mension,and can quantitatively explain the mechanism of asymmetric properties of those kinds of charged conical na-nopores.II.THEORY AND MODELWe suppose ion transport in nanoﬂuidic channel is gov-erned by Poisson-Nernst-Planck͑PNP͒equations,which*Electronic address:ygwang@†Electronic address:qi@PHYSICAL REVIEW E75,051201͑2007͒combines Poisson equation that electrostatic potential͑␾͒should obey,and Nernst-Planck equation that governs the ion ﬂux͑J±͒:١2␾=−e⑀⑀0͑n+−n−͒,͑1͒J i=−D iͩ١n i+ien i kT١␾ͪ,i=+,−,͑2͒where e is the electron charge,⑀0is the permittivity of vacuum,⑀is the dielectric constant of water,n i is the con-centration of ion species i͑K+or Cl−͒,k is Boltzmann con-stant,and T is the temperature of the solution.Together withthe steady state continuity constraintٌ·J i=0,Eq.͑2͒be-comes١·ͩ١n++en+kT١␾ͪ=0,͑3͒١·ͩ١n−−en−kT١␾ͪ=0.͑4͒As K+and Cl−are the only ions in our model,we use,re-spectively,“ϩ”and“Ϫ”to represent the K+and Cl−ions in the whole paper.A more accurate model should include both electrophore-sis and electroosmosis into consideration.However,the cur-rent due to electroosmosis͑I EOF͒is often much less than that due to electrophoresis͑I EFF͒.Only when the diameter of the pore is about the same size of Debye length does the elec-troosmosis come into important.Daiguji et al.showed that I EOF/I EFF is less than10%in the cylinder nanochannel that they considered͓20͔.For the conical nanopore,since only a short length at the tip end has the size comparable to Debye length,the electroosmosis is much less important than elec-trophoresis.Our2D numerical calculation also shows that the calculated current that takes electroosmosis into consid-eration is only several percent larger than that without elec-troosmosis.Therefore,neglecting electroosmosis would be a reasonable approximation.Directly solving the full three-dimensional PNP equations is a formidable task in our system.Because the nanopore is axial symmetric,cylinder coordinate system is optimal for our calculating.Thus,the three-dimensional domain is sim-pliﬁed to a two-dimensional domain.Figure1shows the do-main and cylinder coordinates for the calculation,where the conical nanopore is in contact with two reservoirs.It is nec-essary to take the reservoirs into consideration to avoid the uncertainty of the boundary conditions at the pore mouths ͓20,24͔.Weﬁnd when the sizes of the reservoirs͑w and h͒are large enough͑typically more than200nm͒,the calcu-lated result is almost independent of their size.So we can arbitrarily set the value of w and h as long as they are larger than200nm and r b.The boundary conditions at the nanop-ore wall are١Ќ␾=−␴/⑀0⑀,J iЌ=0;the ends of reservoirs:␾=␾b͑b=left or right͒,representing the applied voltage on the electrodes n i=n0,where n0represents the concentration of KCl bulk solution;at the axis and other walls:١Ќ␾=0,J iЌ=0.In the above statement,Ќdenotes the wall-normal component.After solving the coupled Eqs.͑1͒,͑3͒,and͑4͒, the current of each ion can be calculated by integratingﬂux in any cross section of the nanoporeI i=2␲e͵rJ i dr,i=+,−.͑5͒The dielectric constant of KCl solution⑀is80͓20,21,23͔. The diffusion coefﬁcient of K+and Cl−,D+and D−are 1.96ϫ10−9and2.03ϫ10−9m2/s,respectively͓20,21͔.The surface charge density is approximately−0.24C/m2͑ϳ1.5 e/nm2͓͒7,26͔.PUTATIONAL METHODWe useﬁnite element method to solve above PNP equa-tions.These coupled partial differential equations are notori-ously difﬁcult in numerical calculation;it is almost impos-sible to converge when solving it directly with the parameters that taken in experiments.For one thing,the length of the nanopore͑ϳ1␮m͒is thousands of times larger than the diameter of the pore tip͑ϳ5nm͒.For another,the high surface charge density leads to sharp potential gradient near the surface.Only with lower surface charge density ͓20,21͔and a small range of voltage bias does the direct ﬁnite element method converge and get the right answer.In order to solve this problem,we need to develop some new tactics.One tactic is to provide good initial values for␾,n+, and n−,and decompose the equations to two parts.To fulﬁll this goal,weﬁrst solve the equations without the applied voltage,and take the solution as␾0,n+0,n−0.Under such static circumstance,since current equals zero,the solution for Eqs.͑3͒and͑4͒becomes n+0=n0exp͑−e␾0/kT͒,and n−0 =n0exp͑e␾0/kT͒,which in fact stand for the Boltzmann dis-tribution.Substitute them into Eq.͑1͒,it becomes١␾0=2n0e⑀⑀0sinhͩe␾0kTͪ.͑6͒In this case,the coupled three equations become one.Al-though it is still nonlinear,it nevertheless is many times easier to solve.When applying voltage bias,we decompose ␾,n+,and n−,with␾=␾0+␾1,n+=n+0+n+1,and n−=n−0+n−1, together with the decomposition of the boundary conditions.hFIG.1.Schematic view of a conical nanopore that connects two reservoirs͑not to scale͒and the cylinder coordinates for solving the PNP equations.“ϩ”stands for the K+ion and“Ϫ”stands for the Cl−ion.The arrow indicates the positive direction that we deﬁne in the whole paper.LIU et al.PHYSICAL REVIEW E75,051201͑2007͒It is easy to deduce that␾1,n+1,and n−1obey the following equations:١2␾1=−e⑀⑀0͑n+1−n−1͒,͑7͒١·ͩ١n+1+e kT͓n+1͑١␾0+١␾1͒+n+0١␾1͔ͪ=0,͑8͒١·ͩ١n−1−e kT͓n−1͑١␾0+١␾1͒+n−0١␾1͔ͪ=0.͑9͒The corresponding boundary conditions at the end of the reservoirs are␾1=␾b1͑b=left or right͒,n i1=0;at all other walls١Ќ␾1=0,J iЌ=0.Thus,the difﬁculty for convergence brought by the surface charge in the conical nanopore only inﬂuences the boundary condition of Eq.͑6͒,which is much easier to solve.By doing so,weﬁnd that the remaining Eqs.͑7͒–͑9͒are relatively easier to converge.Furthermore,usingthe solution under small voltage bias as the initial value oflarger voltage bias will speed up the calculation and bringconvergence.In some situations,such as high surface charge densitywith lower solution concentration,the problem becomes ex-tremely pathologic,causing divergence of the numericalsolver.Under such circumstances,more tactics to lead theprogram convergence are applied.We notice in Eqs.͑8͒and ͑9͒that the nonlinearity comes from the term n±1ٌ␾1.If we get rid of this term,the equations become linear,which canquickly converge to the solution.This term,however,is notnecessarily small.A new tactic for solving this problem is tomultiply a coefﬁcient in the nonlinear term,then graduallyincrease its value from zero to one.In this process,we al-ways use the former solution as the later initial value.Forexample,solve the equations with␦=0,and use its solutions as the initial value with␦=0.2,and so forth until␦=1.With all these tactics,the complete PNP equations arenumerically solvable.We also calibrate the calculation sys-tem with existing results,following the same steps as re-ported by Daigui et al.͓20͔.First,when the radii of r t and r bare much larger than the Debye length,the surface of thepore can be regarded as an isolated surface with charge den-sity␴.Based on the Grahame equation͓27͔,the theoretical values of surface potentials under three different concen-trated solutions n0=1,0.1,0.01M are−57.3,−111.6,−170.5mV.In comparison,the results from our numerical calculations are−57.4,−111,−170mV,with a good agree-ment with the theoretical values.Secondly,for a cylinder channel͑r t=r b͒without surface charge,the current density can be calculated by Eq.͑7͒in Ref.͓20͔.For the concentra-tion solution n0=0.01M,L=1.01␮m,and potential bias ⌬␾=1V,the above equation gives j K+=7.22ϫ104A/m2 and j Cl−=7.48ϫ104A/m2,while our calculated results with the PNP equations give j K+=7.13ϫ104A/m2and j Cl−=7.38ϫ104A/m2,indicating the validity of our calculation method.In computer simulation withﬁnite element method,themesh cells are split dynamically until the estimated uncer-tainty in the solution is less than a certain error tolerance which guarantees convergence of the solution.In our simu-lation,error tolerance is1ϫ10−3.͑Weﬁnd that if we seterror tolerance to a smaller value1ϫ10−4,the numericalresult is almost the same as before,while the time for com-puting increase substantially.Therefore,we think that an er-ror tolerance of1ϫ10−3is a good trade off between preci-sion and the time for computing.͒Typically,the number ofmesh cells is about100000,and CPU time is about one hourwith a2.8GHz CPU.IV.CURRENT RECTIFICATION EFFECT Figure2shows the current rectiﬁcation effect;the calcu-lated results are in a good agreement with experimental data.Slightly adjusting parameters would further improve theagreement,but this might be meaningless because of the un-certainties in taking parameters.For example,the exactshape of the pore may not be ideal conical,the estimatedradius of the tip͑r t͒which is based on r t=LI/␲␬r b U͓9͔may introduce a slight error,the diffusion coefﬁcients might de-crease slightly because of the restricted size,and they canalso decrease with high concentration.Nevertheless,thegood agreement between experiment and theory clearly dem-onstrates that PNP equations can essentially be used to studythe ion transport properties in a nanopore with such a dimen-sion.The powerful PNP equations and our calculatingmethod could be further used in studying other nanoporeswith different geometries and parameters.It also might behelpful in further devising nanoﬂuidic channels.To clarify the inﬂuence of surface charge on the rectiﬁca-tion effect,we set surface charge density␴=0,and the simu-lation result shows a linear I-V relationship.That is to say, the cone shape alone cannot result in such an asymmetric effect;the surface charge is essential to induce the rectiﬁca-tion effect͓1,5,9͔.We contribute the rectiﬁcation effect to ion-enrichmentand ion-depletion effects,which are observed in charged cyl-inder nanochannels both in experiment͓28͔and theory͓20͔.Pu et al.reported that ions͑both negative and positive͒areU(V)I(nA)FIG.2.The calculated current vs voltage bias under different concentrations n0=3,1,0.5M.Boxes͑ᮀ͒,circles͑᭺͒,and tri-angles͑᭝͒are the corresponding experimental data for n0 =3,1,0.5M,respectively,which are obtained from Fig.1͑a͒in Ref.͓11͔.Parameters:r t=3nm,r b=220nm,L=12␮m.ASYMMETRIC PROPERTIES OF ION TRANSPORT IN A…PHYSICAL REVIEW E75,051201͑2007͒enriched at the cathode end region and depleted at the anode end region in a charged nanochannel ͓28͔.Daiguji et al.stud-ied nanoﬂuidic channels and also demonstrated this effect ͓20͔.Herein,these enrichment and depletion effects are de-formed due to the speciﬁc shape of the conical pore.Figure 3shows the distribution of K +and Cl −along the pore axis when the applied voltage is positive ͓Fig.3͑a ͔͒and negative ͓Fig.3͑b ͔͒.While the anode is placed at the base end of the pore ͑U Ͼ0͒,ions deplete almost in the whole nanopore,and enrich slightly only at the tip end within a short length,as shown in Fig.3͑a ͒.Thus the conductivity of the pore sub-stantially decreases because of the decrease of the ion den-sity in the pore.The more the voltage bias,the greater the depletion effect,contributing to lower conductivity.In con-trast,while the anode is placed at the tip end ͑U Ͻ0͒,ions greatly enrich at most part of the nanopore,and deplete only at the tip end within a short length,as shown in Fig.3͑b ͒.Thus the conductivity increases as the increase of the voltage pared with the results of a cylinder channel ͓20,28͔,we continually decrease the cone angle of the nan-opore.As a result,the ion-enrichment and ion-depletion re-gion shifts from the mid of the pore toward its base end.When the nanopore becomes cylindrical shape,this region reaches the “base end,”which is consistent with the calcula-tion of Ref.͓20͔and the experiment result ͓28͔.As an illus-tration,Fig.4shows the case under negative voltage bias.The difference between Daiguji’s result and ours in the case of cylindrical shape is that the enrichment and depletion ef-fect in our case are much stronger because of high surfacecharge.We therefore conclude that the speciﬁc shape of the conical pore induces strong ion enrichment and ion depletion in the middle of the pore,resulting in the diodelike I -V curve of CCNs.The ion enrichment and ion depletion effect can be under-stood in a more intuitive way ͓15͔.Its mechanism can be compared with nanoﬂuidic diode ͓21͔.In that case,the sur-face charge densities at the right and left halves have the same absolute value but of different signs.Thus the concen-tration of K +is high at the negative charged end and low at the positive charged end;the distribution of Cl −is opposite.The conductivity of the channel is high when the applied voltage forces both ions ﬂux from higher concentration to lower concentration,while the opposite voltage bias causes the depletion of both ions in the mid region of nanochannel ͑see Fig.1in Ref.͓21͔͒.Realizing this fact,we ﬁnd that the conical nanopore may be regarded as a deformation of the nanoﬂuidic diode.Although it only has one kind of charge on its inner surface,the particular shape of cone helps the for-mation of asymmetric ion distribution along the axis,which produces the same effect as in nanoﬂuidic diode.In this case,K +is high on the tip region and low at the base,while Cl −is low at the tip region and relatively high at the base ͑see Fig.1͒.Comparing with nanoﬂuidic diode,therefore,the voltage bias in the base-to-tip direction causes the depletion of both ions in the nanopore,which corresponds to the low conduc-tivity.Likewise,the voltage bias in the direction of tip-to-base will induce ion enrichment and high conductivity.In contrast,a conical nanopore without surface charge does not have an initial ion distribution as nanoﬂuidic diode,so it has no ion-depletion and ion-enrichment effect.As a conse-quence,current is linearly depended on voltage bias as we mentioned before.We also ﬁnd that the proﬁle of electric potential along the axis under zero voltage bias is similar to a rachet ͓Fig.5͑a ͔͓͒1͔,which might be evidence that the rachet model gives a qualitative explanation of rectiﬁcation effect in a charged conical nanopore ͓1,9,18͔.The depth of the potential well,however,is much less than the one that is calculated from theZ(nm)n (M )n (M )FIG.3.͑a ͒Ion distribution along the axis ͑r =0͒of the nanopore under positive voltage bias ͑U Ͼ0͒.Notice that the concentration for both ions are almost identical along the axis that we can not differentiate the two lines for each ion ͓because of the screen effect,see Fig.5͑b ͔͒.Both cation and anion deplete in the mid of the pore,and enrich slightly at the tip.͑b ͒Ion distribution along the axis of the nanopore under negative voltage bias.Both cation and anion enrich in the middle of the pore,and deplete slightly at the tip.The parameters are r t =5nm,r b =500nm,n 0=1M.In order to see clearly what happens in the tip of the pore,we just truncate the tip end with a length L Ј=2␮m.This means that we ﬁx r t and the angle ␪͓tan ␪=͑r b −r t ͒/L ͔.z(nm)n (M )FIG.4.The inﬂuence of the cone angle on ion enrichment and depletion effect.We only show the concentration of K +ion since the concentration of Cl −is almost the same as that of K +ion in our case.The applied voltage is −0.2V;parameters:n 0=1M,r t =5nm,and L Ј=1␮m.LIU et al.PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75,051201͑2007͒screened electrostatic ͑Debye ͒potential ͓3,8,9͔.We remind the reader that only when e ␾/kT Ӷ1does Eq.͑6͒become linear and give the Debye potential.In the case of a typical conical nanopore,however,␾͑ϳ100mV ͒near the surface is often larger than kT /e ͑ϳ26mV ͒.Therefore,substituting sinh ͑e ␾/kT ͒with e ␾/kT will underestimate the screening of ions in solution.Figure 5͑b ͒shows the radial ion distribution of K +and Cl −near the tip of the nanopore.It clearly shows a large increase of positive ion concentration near the negative charged surface,which stands for the formation of electric double layer.The calculated Debye length is 0.31nm,ap-proximately equal to the thickness of the electric double layer.V .DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONBased on the explanation of the rectiﬁcation effect in a nanopore,we argue that a relatively long length of the pore is indispensable for the CCNs to have notable asymmetric properties of ion transport.It is the cooperation of the small diameter of the tip,which is comparable to the thickness of the double electric layer,and the relatively long cone-shape body of the charged nanopore that contribute to the ion en-richment and ion depletion,resulting in current rectiﬁcation.If the length of the conical nanopore is too short,the current rectiﬁcation will be very weak since the mechanism for ion enrichment and depletion is weakened.A detailed study of length dependence veriﬁes this argument.As shown in Fig.6,the asymmetry in the I -V curve decreases as the length of the conical pore decreases;it becomes almost linear when L Ј=100nm.Therefore we predict that a conical pore with the length comparable to its tip diameter cannot have an appreciable rectiﬁcation effect.Furthermore,the exact shape of the tip end within several nanometers may have no appar-ent inﬂuence on current rectiﬁcation.In experimental reality,the shape at the tip mouth may not be conical because of mutual interaction of stopping medium and etchant at the last several minutes of the etching process ͓2͔.Yet the good agreement between experiment and theory in this paper might be the evidence for our argument.As the length L Јthat we take into account increases,the current under a certain voltage bias gradually becomes inde-pendent of it.Figure 6indicates that a length L Јϳ1␮m at the tip end is representative of the whole nanopore.This can be understood by the fact that the electric resistance mainly comes from the tip region,and the pore diameter is compa-rable to Debye length only in this region.Therefore,in order to reduce the amount of calculation,it is reasonable to just take a relatively shorter length of nanopore near the tip end,for example,L Јജ1␮m,into consideration.Notice that this length is still much larger than the pore diameter.The observation of ion enrichment and ion depletion may be instructive for future devising complex nanoﬂuidic de-vices.It gives us a direct view of the ion distribution in the charged nanochannel under a voltage bias.In a double coni-cal pore,for instance,ions will be enriched in one half and depleted in the other.Furthermore,the cone shape is not necessary for a nanopore to have such asymmetric transport properties.Based on the ion-enrichment and ion-depletion effects discussed above,we think that a nanopore with the same sign charge on its surface is possible to exhibit rectiﬁ-cation effect if one end of the pore is larger than the other,and the diameter of the small end is comparable to Debye length.For example,the pore in Fig.7͑a ͒can also exhibit such rectiﬁcation effect ͓Fig.7͑b ͔͒.This phenomenon has been observed in the experiment with a similar pore on the material of Si 3N 4/Si,when the surface of the nanopore is charged ͓29͔.Since this kind of nanopore has been exten-sively studied in serving as single-molecule sensing devices ͓29–33͔,detailed information of ion transport properties by directly solving PNP equations can offer useful information for such studies.r(nm)n (M )Z(nm)U (V )FIG.5.͑a ͒Proﬁle of the electric potential along the axis ͑r =0͒calculated from our model ͑full line ͒and from the Debye po-tential ͓dashed line,Eq.͑7͒in Ref.͓10͔͔.͑b ͒The radial ion distri-bution near the tip end shows the existence of electric double layer with thickness of Debye length 0.31nm.In these two ﬁgures,the applied voltage is zero;parameters:n 0=0.01M,r t =5nm,r b =1␮m,and L Ј=2␮m.U(V)I (n A )FIG.6.The calculated current vs voltage bias under different length,L Ј=100,200,500nm,1,4,12␮m with parameters r b =220nm,r t =3nm,and n 0=1M.x(nm)y (n m )U(V)I (n A )FIG.7.͑a ͒A kind of nanopore that has rectiﬁcation effect other than a cone-shaped one.The diameter of the pore tip is 10nm;surface charge density is taken as −0.24C/nm 2.͑b ͒The calculated I -V curve by solving PNP equations.ASYMMETRIC PROPERTIES OF ION TRANSPORT IN A …PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75,051201͑2007͒In conclusion,we developed some tactics to solve PNP equations directly in a system of CCNs.Based on the results of numerical calculation,we have a clear understanding of the asymmetric properties of ion transport in a nanopore or nanochannel.The particular shape of the conical pore de-forms the ion-enrichment and ion-depletion effect that were founded in cylinder channels,causing the ion to be greatly enriched or depleted in the middle of the pore.Consequently, the conductivity of the pore is adjusted by the applied volt-age.The good agreement between theory and experiment demonstrates that PNP equations are a good model to study ion transport in nanopores with a dimension of nm.Our cal-culation method could be further used in other shape pores with other parameters,and to devise new nanoﬂuidic chan-nels.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank R.Xu,C.Luo,and C.Xiong for helpful discus-sions and suggestions,and thank R.Neumann and B.Schiedt for their kind cooperation.Financial support from NSFC ͑Grant No.10634010͒and MOE͑Grant No.306018͒aregratefully acknowledged.Q.L.thanks the Chun-Tsung Foun-dation of Peking University for support.͓1͔Z.Siwy,Y.Gu,H.A.Sponhr,A.Wolf-Reber,R.Spohr,P.Apel,and Y.E.Korchyev,Europhys.Lett.60,349͑2002͒.͓2͔P.Yu.Apel,Yu.E.Korchev,Z.Siwy,R.Spohr,and M.Yoshida,Nucl.Instrum.Methods Phys.Res.B184,337͑2001͒.͓3͔Z.Siwy and A.Fulinski,Phys.Rev.Lett.89,198103͑2002͒.͓4͔Y.Jiang,A.Lee,J.Chen,M.Cadene,B.T.Chait,and R.MacKinnon,Nature͑London͒417,523͑2002͒.͓5͔Z.Siwy,E.Heins,C.C.Harrell,P.Kohli,and C.R.Martin,J.Am.Chem.Soc.126,10850͑2004͒.͓6͔Z.Siwy,M.R.Powell,E.Kalman,R.D.Astumian,and R.S.Eisenberg,Nano Lett.6,473͑2006͒.͓7͔Z.Siwy,M.R.Powell,A.Petrov,E.Kalman,C.Trautmann, and R.S.Eisenberg,Nano Lett.6,1729͑2006͒.͓8͔Z.Siwy,I.D.Kosinska,A.Fulinski,and C.R.Martin,Phys.Rev.Lett.94,048102͑2005͒.͓9͔Z.Siwy and A.Fulinski,Am.J.Phys.72,567͑2004͒.͓10͔Z.Siwy,L.Troﬁn,P.Kohli,L.A.Baker,C.Trautmann,and C.R.Martin,J.Am.Chem.Soc.127,5000͑2005͒.͓11͔B.Schiedt,K.Healy,A.P.Morrison,R.Neumann,and Z.Siwy,Nucl.Instrum.Methods Phys.Res.B236,109͑2005͒.͓12͔A.Mara,Z.Siwy,C.Trautmann,J.Wan,and F.Kamme,Nano Lett.4,497͑2004͒.͓13͔E.A.Heins,Z.S.Siwy,L.A.Baker,and C.R.Martin,Nano Lett.5,1905͑2005͒.͓14͔I.D.Kosinska and A.Fulinski,Phys.Rev.E72,011201͑2005͒.͓15͔D.Woermann,Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.5,1853͑2003͒.͓16͔J.Cervera,B.Schiedt,and P.Ramirez,Europhys.Lett.71,35͑2005͒.͓17͔J.Cervera,B.Schiedt,R.Neumann,S.Mage,and P.Ramirez, J.Chem.Phys.124,104706͑2006͒.͓18͔Z.Siwy,Adv.Funct.Mater.16,735͑2006͒.͓19͔R.S.Eisenberg,J.Membr.Biol.171,1͑1999͒.͓20͔H.Daiguji,P.Yang,and A.Majumdar,Nano Lett.4,137͑2004͒.͓21͔H.Daiguji,Y.Oka,and K.Shirono,Nano Lett.5,2274͑2005͒.͓22͔C.Gardner,W.Nonner,and R.S.Eisenberg,put.Elec-tron.3,25͑2004͒.͓23͔M.G.Kurnikova,R.D.Coalson,P.Graf,and A.Nitzan,Bio-phys.J.76,642͑1999͒.͓24͔A.E.Cardenas,R.D.Coalson,and M.G.Kurnikova,Bio-phys.J.79,80͑2000͒.͓25͔B.Corry,S.Kuyucak,and S.H.Chung,Chem.Phys.Lett.320,35͑2000͒.͓26͔R.Mackinnon,FEBS Lett.555,62͑2003͒.͓27͔D.C.Grahame,J.Chem.Phys.21,1054͑1953͒.͓28͔Q.Pu,J.Yun,H.Temkin,and S.Liu,Nano Lett.4,1099͑2004͒.͓29͔P.Chen,T.Mitsui,D.B.Farmer,J.Golovchenko,R.G.Gor-don,and D.Branton,Nano Lett.4,1333͑2004͒.͓30͔J.Li,D.Stein,C.McMullan,D.Branton,M.J.Aziz,and J.A.Golovchenko,Nature͑London͒412,166͑2001͒.͓31͔J.Li,M.Gershow, D.Stein, E.Brandin,and J. A.Golovchenko,Nat.Mater.2,611͑2003͒.͓32͔P.Chen,J.Gu,E.Brandin,Y.Kim,Q.Wang,and D.Branton, Nano Lett.4,2293͑2004͒.͓33͔D.Fologea,M.Gershow,B.Ledden,D.S.McNabb,J.A.Golovchenko,and J.Li,Nano Lett.5,1905͑2005͒.LIU et al.PHYSICAL REVIEW E75,051201͑2007͒。

physical review letters模板 -回复

physical review letters模板-回复"[physical review letters模板]，以中括号内的内容为主题，写一篇1500-2000字文章，一步一步回答"Title: Understanding the Quantum Tunneling Phenomenon: A Physical Review LettersAbstract:In this paper, we delve into the intriguing concept of Quantum Tunneling, a fundamental phenomenon in quantum mechanics. We explore the theoretical background, experimental evidence, and potential applications of quantum tunneling. By utilizing the format of Physical Review Letters, we present a comprehensive analysis of this captivating topic.1. IntroductionQuantum tunneling refers to the remarkable ability of particles to pass through energy barriers that classical physics would deem impassable. This phenomenon is a direct consequence of the wave-particle duality intrinsic to quantum mechanics. The aim of this article is to unravel the underlying principles behind quantum tunneling and shed light on its profound implications for variousfields of science.2. Theoretical BackgroundTo understand quantum tunneling, we need to first comprehend the Schrödinger equation, which describes the behavior of quantum systems. This equation reveals that particles possess wave-like properties, allowing them to exist in a superposition of states. Furthermore, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that the more precisely we know a particle's position, the less certain we are about its momentum.3. Barrier PenetrationThe concept of tunneling emerges when particles encounter an energy barrier. According to classical physics, particles with insufficient energy to overcome the barrier should be completely reflected. However, in quantum mechanics, particles possess wave functions that extend beyond the classical boundaries. Consequently, there is a finite probability for them to penetrate the barrier and appear on the other side.4. Experimental EvidenceExperimental verification of quantum tunneling has been achievedin a variety of areas. For instance, the scanning tunneling microscope has allowed scientists to observe the tunneling of electrons between a conducting tip and a surface, enabling atom manipulation with atomic precision. Additionally, experiments involving tunneling of cold atoms through Bose-Einstein condensates have provided direct evidence of quantum tunneling phenomena.5. ApplicationsQuantum tunneling has numerous applications across diverse scientific disciplines. In the field of electronics, the phenomenon is utilized in the creation of tunneling diodes and transistors, enabling faster and more efficient electronic devices. Tunneling is also pivotal in nuclear fusion, where particles need to overcome the Coulomb barrier to initiate fusion reactions. Moreover, quantum tunneling plays a crucial role in the functioning of enzymes in biological systems.6. Quantum Tunneling in AstrophysicsQuantum tunneling also influences astrophysical phenomena. For instance, nuclear reactions within stars rely on tunneling to overcome the barriers inherent in fusion processes. Additionally,tunneling is vital in explaining the phenomenon of stellar nucleosynthesis, where the synthesis of heavier elements occurs through fusion reactions.7. ConclusionQuantum tunneling is a captivating aspect of quantum mechanics, challenging classical notions of energy barriers. Through a thorough examination of its theoretical foundations, experimental observations, and diverse applications, we have explored the fundamental concepts of quantum tunneling. This phenomenon has revolutionized various scientific realms, from electronics to astrophysics, and continues to be an area of active research and exploration.。

physical review letters 格式-概述说明以及解释

physical review letters 格式-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分的内容可以是对文章主题的简要介绍和背景概述。

下面是一个示例：在物理领域中，研究人员经常需要发表自己的研究成果以与同行们分享，并获得其他研究人员的评论和反馈。

Physical Review Letters (物理评论快报) 是一个优秀的学术期刊，它涵盖了各种物理学领域的高质量研究成果。

本文将按照Physical Review Letters的格式，撰写一篇关于某个特定主题的长文。

本文旨在介绍Physical Review Letters (PRL)的格式要求，并为读者提供一份完整的模板。

在本文中，我们将首先概述文章的结构和主要部分，然后详细介绍每个部分应包含的内容。

通过编写这篇文章，读者将了解到如何正确编写PRL格式的文章，包括引言的撰写方式、正文的组织结构以及结论的总结要点和展望未来等。

我们希望本文能为研究人员提供一份有用的参考，使他们能够更好地撰写和发表自己的研究成果，进一步推动物理学领域的发展和进步。

接下来，我们将深入探讨每个部分的具体要求和撰写技巧，让读者能够有条理地展示自己的研究成果，并有效地与其他学术界人士交流和讨论。

希望读者在阅读完本文之后，能够对Physical Review Letters的格式要求有更清晰的理解，并能够根据这些要求成功撰写出一篇高质量的学术论文。

1.2文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以按照以下方式编写：1.2 文章结构本文将按照以下结构进行论述：第一部分为引言，主要包括概述、文章结构和目的。

在概述中，我们将介绍物理评论快报（Physical Review Letters）这一重要学术期刊的背景和意义。

文章结构部分将详细说明本文的组织顺序和各个章节的内容。

最后，在目的部分，我们将明确本文的研究目标和意义。

第二部分为正文，主要包括第一个要点和第二个要点。

在第一个要点中，我们将探讨某一特定领域的研究问题，并结合相关实验和理论研究进行分析和讨论。

Physical Review Letters 103 127201 (2009)

Exchange Bias Driven by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction and Ferroelectric Polarization at G-Type Antiferromagnetic Perovskite InterfacesShuai Dong,1,2,3Kunihiko Yamauchi,4Seiji Yunoki,5,6Rong Yu,1,2Shuhua Liang,1,2Adriana Moreo,1,2J.-M.Liu,3,7Silvia Picozzi,4and Elbio Dagotto1,21Department of Physics and Astronomy,University of Tennessee,Knoxville,Tennessee37996,USA 2Materials Science and Technology Division,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge,Tennessee32831,USA 3Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures,Nanjing University,Nanjing210093,China4Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia(CNR-INFM),CASTI Regional Laboratory,67100L’Aquila,Italy5Computational Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory,RIKEN,Wako,Saitama351-0198,Japan6CREST,Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST),Kawaguchi,Saitama332-0012,Japan7International Center for Materials Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang110016,China(Received15August2009;published14September2009)Exchange bias is usually rationalized invoking spin pinning effects caused by uncompensatedantiferromagnetic interfaces.However,for compensated antiferromagnets other extrinsic factors,suchas interface roughness or spin canting,have to be considered to produce a small uncompensation.As analternative,here we propose two(related)possible mechanisms,driven by the intrinsic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and ferroelectric polarization,for the explanation of exchange bias effects inperovskites with compensated G-type antiferromagnetism.One of the mechanisms is only active whena multiferroic material is involved and it is controllable by electricﬁelds.DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.127201PACS numbers:,75.10.Hk,75.30.Et,75.80.+qIntroduction.—The exchange bias(EB)effect,charac-terized by a shift of the magnetic hysteresis loops away from the center of symmetry at zero magneticﬁeld,is widely reported to exist in magnetic systems where there is an interface between antiferromagnetic(AFM)and fer-romagnetic(FM)(or ferrimagnetic)materials[1]. Theoretically,the EB is understood as induced by spin pinning effects at the FM/AFM interface.An uncompen-sated AFM interface is usually invoked to illustrate how the pinning may work.These uncompensated AFM spins at the interface are expected to pin the nearest-neighbor (NN)FM spins via the exchange coupling,giving rise to a preferred direction for the FM moments.However,despite its physical appeal,this simple picture is not enough to fully understand several real EB cases in a variety of magnetic systems.This approach usually predicts an EB larger than measured,and also fails to answer why there is EB in some fully compensated AFM interfaces[2]. Precisely for the subtle case of compensated AFM in-terfaces,extrinsic factors are also often considered,such as interface roughness[3].Spin canting near the interface can also contribute to the EB[4].Other models have also been proposed,such as frozen interfacial and domain pinning. Most of these models still need a small‘‘frozen’’uncom-pensation of the AFM moments near the interface,thus remaining under much debate[2].Recently,remarkable improvements in oxide thin-ﬁlm techniques have allowed for the growth and characteriza-tion of complex oxide heterostructures with(near)atomic precision,opening an avenue for the fabrication of multi-functional devices using strongly correlated electronic ma-terials[5].In this context,EB has been observed in BiFeO3(BFO)based heterostructures[6].More interestingly,theEB in multiferroic heterostructures is widely believed to be controllable by electricﬁelds.In addition,the EB has alsobeen observed in SrRuO3=SrMnO3(SRO/SMO)superlat-tices[7].Considering that both BFO and SMO are well-known compensated G-type AFM materials(all NN spinsare antiparallel)and that the interfaces are very smooth,theorigin of the EB in these heterostructures remains a puzzle.The purely magnetic interactions framework stemmingfrom traditional metallic magnetism appears incomplete to deal with the complex physics unveiled in these strongly correlated electronic systems,and to address the practical matter of how to control the EB by electricﬁelds when a multiferroic material is involved.Therefore,new mecha-nisms that emphasize the many simultaneously active de-grees of freedom in correlated electron systems are needed to better understand these interesting effects.The model.—Here,we propose two(related)mecha-nisms for EB generation in interfaces involving FM/G-AFM perovskites.In these mechanisms,the G-AFM interface can be fully compensated,namely,the tiny uncompensation caused by various uncertain factors is no longer essential(although it can still exist).Therefore, our proposed mechanism is conceptually different from ideas based on tiny frozen uncompensated AFM moments [6,7].Instead,the interactions between spins and lattice distortions become the key intrinsic driving force for the mechanisms presented below.Let us start with the spin-spin interaction in perovskites, with a HamiltonianH¼Xh ij i½J i;j~S iÁ~S jþ~D i;jÁð~S iÂ~S jÞ ;(1)where J i;j is the standard superexchange(SE)coupling between NN spins;i and j are site indices,and~S are spin vectors.For several large-spin transition metal cations in perovskites,such as Mn3þand Fe3þ,adopting the widely used classical approximation is reasonable.In the follow-ing,the normalization j~S j¼1will be used(the actual magnitude S of the spins can be absorbed in a redeﬁnition of couplings).The second term is the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya(DM)interaction,which arises from the spin-orbit coupling[8,9].Since j~D j is much smaller(by2or3orders of magnitude)than J[9],the DM interaction is often neglected.Originally,the DM interaction was introduced to explain the presence of weak ferromagnetism in AFM materials because the DM term can produce a small spin-canting.Recently,the DM interaction has also been high-lighted as the origin of aﬁnite ferroelectric(FE)polariza-tion(~P)in multiferroic materials with spiral spin order [10].In perovskites,the DM interaction is determined by the oxygen octahedron ually,the A-site cations in perovskites are too small to maintain a stable cubic lattice. Then,the oxygen octahedra surrounding the B-site cations will tilt for a closer packing[11].The tilting can be characterized by the Glazer notation:e.g.aÀbÀcþwhere the three letters denote the rotation angle amplitudes about the[100],[010],and[001]axes,respectively;the positive(negative)superscript indicates that the rotations of two neighboring octahedra,along the tilting axis,are in the same(opposite)direction[12].For instance,in the orthorhombic lattices(e.g.bulk LaMnO3at low tem-perature(T)),the tilting aÀaÀbþreceives the name ‘‘GdFeO3-type distortion’’and it corresponds to rotations around the[110](dominant)and[001](subdominant)axes of the cubic unit cell[13].For the M-O-M bond(M:B-site metal and O:oxygen),this octahedral tilting moves the oxygen anion perpendicularly away from the midpoint between NN metal cations,as shown in Fig.1(a).Since the tilting rotation is collective,the NN oxygens in the same direction(O1and O2in M-O1-M-O2-M)should move in opposite directions,namely,the NN displacements are staggered.DM-driven EB.—From symmetry argumentations,the ~Di;jvector should be perpendicular to the M i-O-M j bond [9],as shown in Fig.1(a).Thus,the~D vectors between NN bonds along the same direction are also staggered,namely~Di;iþ1¼À~D iþ1;iþ2.To simplify the discussion,let usconsider the case where the rotations of NN octahedra along the[100]and[010]axes are in opposite directions, namely aÀbÀcÃ(Ãcan beþ,À,or0).For simplicity,all spins in the AFM and FM side are assumed to be collinear.However,because of the different easy magnetic axes or planes for different materials,in general the NN spins are noncollinear at the FM/G-AFM interface[Fig.1(b)].There are two vectors that are stag-gered:(1)the AFM interface spins~S AFMigiven byðÀ1Þi~S A, and(2)the~D ij vectors across the interface given by ðÀ1Þi~D,where i denotes the site(or bond)sequence at the(001)bining these two staggered com-ponents~D ij and~S AFMi,it is straightforward to obtain a uniform DM effect at the interface:H interfaceDM¼Xh ij i~DijÁð~S FM iÂ~S AFMjÞ¼À~h DÁXi~S FMi;(2)where~S FM denotes the spin at the FM side and i and j only sums over the interface.~h D is the effective magneticﬁeld that points into the direction~DÂ~S A[Figs.1(b)and1(c)]. Note that~h D is uniform and independent of the FM spins’direction.The combination of~D i;j and~S AFMj,namely~h D, can beﬁxed by theﬁeld-cooling process and then assumed to remain frozen at low T during the hysteresis loop measurement[14].Thus,this provides a biasﬁeld caused by the DM interaction which can produce a EB at inter-faces of FM/G-AFM perovskites.FE-driven EB.—In the previous discussion,the second term(DM interaction)of Eq.(1)was proposed as the microscopic origin of EB in generic FM/G-AFM oxide heterostructures.However,theﬁrst term(SE)can also contribute to the EB if multiferroic materials are involved in the heterostructure.In ferroelectric(FE)materials,spon-taneous relative displacements between cations and anions induce an electric polarization.Consider the oxygen posi-tions at the interface shown in Fig.2(a):in addition to the previously mentioned staggered displacements,that donot FIG.1(color online).(a)The(mutually perpendicular)rela-tionship between the M i-O-M j bond,oxygen displacement,and ~Di;jvector.(b)Sketch of the interface between FM and G-AFM perovskites,including the oxygen octahedral tilting.The stag-gered directions of the~D ij vectors at the interface are marked as in-and out-arrows,while the uniform~h D vectors are also shown near the oxygens.(c)The uniform~h D should be perpendicular to ~S AFM and~D.induce a ﬁnite ~P,in some multiferroic materials their FE properties can be assumed to be caused by additional displacements of NN oxygens that should all be along the same direction to avoid a global cancellation.Therefore,the bond-angles at the interface can become asymmetric by the simultaneous consideration of these two displacement modes.Since the SE coupling magnitude is dependent on the bond-angle [13],these modulated bond-angles induce an interfacial SE coupling J that is also staggered,with values that are denoted here as J L and J S .Once again,as with the DM-driven EB,two staggered effects (alternating SE couplings at the interface,and alternating spin orientations on the AFM side of the inter-face)compensate each other.By this procedure,it is straightforward to obtain an additional uniform effective ﬁeld at the interfaceH interface SE ¼X h ij iJ i;j ~S FM i Á~S AFM j ¼À~h J ÁX i~SFMi :(3)Here,~hJ ¼À J ~S A is the effective magnetic ﬁeld,where J ¼ðJ L ÀJ S Þ=2.When an electric ﬁeld is applied paral-lel to the interface to change the uniform polarization ~P,the ~hJ will change simultaneously,namely,it is an electric-ﬁeld-controllable EB which is potentially important to design multiferroics devices.Both ~hJ and ~h D may have components parallel to the measuring ﬁeld,although they are perpendicular to each other.Experimentally,by varying the electric-ﬁeld direc-tion,estimations for the components of ~hJ and ~h D can be obtained separately,since ~hD is almost independent of the FE ~P,in a ﬁrst-order approximation [10].Discussion.—The basic physical picture related to the proposed DM-and FE-driven EB appears clear,but there are several practical issues that should be addressed.First,in the derivations above,both mechanisms are independent of the details of the FM spins.Therefore,both mechanisms should be valid for a variety of FM materials such as perovskites [7]or metallic alloys [6].The only condition needed is that the oxygen octahedra of the interfacial AFM cations must be complete;i.e.,oxygen must bridge the two materials at the interface.Also,our model should be robust against other tiltingmodes.For a general a b c Ãmode,the NN ~Dij ’s at the interface are not uniform as long as and are not bothsimultaneously zero.If this is the case,a net ~hD is still induced,with direction and value varying with the mode.For the tilting mode which only rotates along the [001]axis (the a 0a 0c þmode in the perfect tetragonal lattice),the DMcontribution at the (001)interface is zero.In this case,~hJ will also be zero since the bond-angles are uniform.However,there is evidence that many perovskite ﬁlms are not perfectly tetragonal [15].In addition,since the DM coupling is very weak (par-ticularly in nearly tetragonal thin ﬁlms),it is necessary to check whether the EB that it generates is compatible inmagnitude with the experimental EBs.Considering ~hD to be only effective at the interface while the external mag-netic ﬁeld is applied on all FM spins,the maximum EB(when the measuring ﬁeld is collinear with ~hD )can be estimated as:h EB %j ~h D j =d ¼H interface DM=ðdm Þ,where d is the FM material thickness in unit cells,and m is the magnetic moment of the FM cation.In a ﬁrst-order ap-proximation,j ~Di;j j is proportional to the oxygen displace-ment X O :H interface DM % X O,with the DM coefﬁcient roughly estimated as 1meV = A[10].A tiny distortion of the M 1-O -M 2bond across the interface,as small as a 1bend [16],can result in H interface DM%0:0175meV if the lattice constant is 4A˚,indeed very weak compared with J which is usually larger than 10meV for perovskites.Assuming typical values d ¼10and m ¼3Bohr magne-tons,the DM-driven EB is 100Oe which is of the same order of magnitude as the experimentally measured EBs in perovskite heterostructures [7].For perovskite heterostructures involving multiferroics,both ~hD and ~h J should be considered.The estimated j ~h J j vs the FE oxygen displacement (X FE ,which is proportional tothe in-plane projection of ~P)and parametric with X O are shown in Fig.2(b).When both X O and X FE are small,j ~hJ j behaves approximately as JX O X FE ( %3:7–4:0).Thus,j ~hJ j =j ~h D j is estimated to be JX FE = ,which may be larger than 1in BFO.It is also important to analyze if the DM-and FE-driven EB mechanisms are robust against roughness,which often is appreciable at interfaces,although recent experimental progress in thin-ﬁlms substantially reduces this extrinsic effect.Since there are several uncertain factors controlling the interfacial roughness,it is difﬁcult to reach robust conclusions from the theoretical perspective.For this rea-son a simpliﬁed analysis will be given here,by assuming that the FM and AFM cations can be mixed near the interface but they not diffuse into inner regions,as shown in Fig.3.If the G-AFM spin order is stable enoughandFIG.2(color online).(a)FE-polarization-driven asymmetric bond angles and modulated normal SE at the interface.A switchof the FE polarization will also switch ~hJ .(b)The estimated j ~h J j as a function of X FE for different values of X O (from 0to 0.03A˚).The lattice constant is assumed to be 4A˚and J i;j is in propor-tional to cos 4ð i;j Þwhere is the bond angle [13].All displace-ments (in units of A˚)are assumed to be coplanar for simplicity.there are no crystal defects at the interface,the ~Dvectors across the interface alway change simultaneously with the corresponding spins in the G-AFM side following the roughness.In other words,the roughness geometry wouldnot change the combination of ~Dij and G-AFM spin vec-tors at the interface.Even though the AFM spins can be canted at the roughened regions,this may decrease but willnot cancel the global ~hD ,as long as there are no separated 180 magnetic domains or ferroelastic walls.Similarly,it can be shown that the FE-driven mechanism will not be canceled by roughness either.Therefore,both the DM-and FE-driven mechanisms for EB should in principle work,even in the presence of weak interface roughness.Note also that the DM-and FE-driven EB are anisotropic (related to the crystal direction).Ideally,if the measuringﬁeld is applied perpendicular to ~hD (if no multiferroics are involved),there would be no EB.A possible example is the case of LaMnO 3=SMO superlattices,in which no EB has been observed using an in-plane measuring ﬁeld sinceall spins are almost in-plane collinear (thus ~h D is out-of-plane)[17].Finally,we remark that we have tested our argumenta-tions using numerical techniques on a heterostructure [15],and a robust EB in the hysteresis loop was obtained by considering our two mechanisms.In the simulation,spin-canting effects (that can originate from exchange couplings at the interface or magnetic ﬁeld reorientation)are in-cluded,but they are not found to affect our results qualitatively.Conclusions.—Here it was proposed that both the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and the standard super-exchange (the latter active only when multiferroic materi-als that can be controlled by electric ﬁelds are involved)could induce the exchange bias phenomenon at FM/G-AFM perovskite oxides interfaces,even when the antifer-romagnetic spins are compensated.The common precon-dition for the existence of these two mechanisms is the presence of oxygen octahedral tiltings at the interface.Our model highlights the interactions between magnetism and lattice distortions,and proposes mechanisms to understand the exchange bias in FM/G-AFM oxides heterostructures.We thank R.Ramesh,P.Yu,L.W.Martin,and M.Huijben for providing experimental results before publica-tion and fruitful discussions.We also thank C.Ederer,J.-S.Zhou,O.Chmaissem,S.Okamoto,and J.Nogue´s for helpful discussions.Work supported by the NSF (DMR-0706020)and the Division of Materials Science and Engineering,U.S.DOE,under contract with UT-Battelle,LLC.K.Y .and S.P.were supported by the European Research Council under the EU 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement No.203523.S.Y .was supported by CREST-JST.S.D.and J.M.L.were supported by the 973Projects of China (2006CB921802,2009CB623303)NSFC (50832002).[1]J.Nogue´s and I.K.Schuller,J.Magn.Magn.Mater.192,203(1999);A.E.Berkowitz and K.Takano,ibid.200,552(1999);J.Nogue´s et al.,Phys.Rep.422,65(2005).[2]M.Kiwi,J.Magn.Magn.Mater.234,584(2001).[3] A.Malozemoff,Phys.Rev.B 35,3679(1987);T.Schulthess and W.Butler,Phys.Rev.Lett.81,4516(1998).[4]N.C.Koon,Phys.Rev.Lett.78,4865(1997).[5] E.Dagotto,Science 318,1076(2007).[6]Y .-H.Chu et al.,Nature Mater.7,478(2008);L.W.Martinet al.,Nano Lett.8,2050(2008);H.Be´a et al.,Appl.Phys.Lett.89,242114(2006);J.Dho et al.,Adv.Mater.18,1445(2006);H.Be´a et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.100,017204(2008);M.G.Blamire,IEEE Trans.Magn.44,1946(2008);M.Huijben et al.(unpublished).[7]P.Padhan and W.Prellier,Phys.Rev.B 72,104416(2005);Appl.Phys.Lett.88,263114(2006);Y .Choi et al.Appl.Phys.Lett.91,022503(2007).[8]I.Dzyaloshinskii,J.Phys.Chem.Solids 4,241(1958).[9]T.Moriya,Phys.Rev.120,91(1960).[10]I.A.Sergienko and E.Dagotto,Phys.Rev.B 73,094434(2006).[11]P.M.Woodward,Acta Crystallogr.Sect.B 53,32(1997);53,44(1997).[12] A.M.Glazer,Acta Crystallogr.Sect.B 28,3384(1972).[13]J.-S.Zhou and J.B.Goodenough,Phys.Rev.B 77,132104(2008).[14]Because of anisotropies,the AFM spins are assumed to bealmost unaffected during the measuring process.The possible tiny canting following the measuring ﬁeld will not affect our mechanisms.Also,due to the energy bar-riers between the lattice distortion directions,~Di;j can also be assumed to be frozen at low T .[15]See EPAPS Document No.E-PRLTAO-103-014939forsupplementary material.For more information on EPAPS,see /pubservs/epaps.html.[16]The bond angles are different along different axes.Hereonly the bond along the [001]axis contributes to the EB.[17] A.Bhattacharya et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.100,257203(2008).FIG.3(color online).Sketch of atomic-scale interface rough-ness.Only the ideal G-AFM spin order is shown by arrows.Thealternation of the ~Dij vectors across the interface are shown as in-and out-arrows.In addition,in the roughened case,the D vectors of the (100)and (010)bonds (open/full squares)will also be active for the EB.。

参考文献,中英文翻译

参考文献[1] 段汉明.城市详细规划设计[M].北京：科学出版社，2006．[2] 王受之.当代商业住宅区的规划与设计.中国建筑工业出版社.2001[3] 吴良镛.人居环境科学导论.中国建筑工业出版社.2001[4] 扬·盖尔.交往与空间EM3.北京：建筑工业出版社，2002[5] 王薇薇.居住区交往空间环境设计初探 EJ3.江苏建筑，2007,6(1)：17— 18[6] 赵庆华.浅谈居住区的户外交往空间EJ3.山西建筑，2002，28 (6)：12— 13[7] 陈向东.创造良好的居住环境一居住区归属感的探索EM3.北京：时代建筑出版社，1998[8] 张程.浅析居住区邻里交往空间设计的要点EJ3.山西建筑，2006，32(9)：21—22[9] 夏更寿.园林建筑小品的应用研究[J].安徽农业科学，2004，32(4)：640— 642[10] 陈易.自然之韵——生态居住社区设计[M].上海：同济大学出版社，2003．[11] 黄越、刘建德．“市场与经济”主导“形式与空间”[J].建筑学报，2005(10)：56—57．[12] 王彦军.走向新社区——城市居住社区整体营造理论与方法.南京：东南大学出版社，2003[13] 邓述平、王伸谷.居住区规划设计资料集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社，1996[14] 黄一如.现代居住环境的探索和实践.北京:中国国建筑工业出版社，2002[15] 王华.居住社区中的“邻里交往”与“空间环境”分析[J].建筑知识，2004(3):13—1 5．[16] 城市居住区规划设计规范 (GB50180--93)[17] GB50220-95.城市道路交通规划设计规范[S]外文资料Planning and Design of Association Space of residential AreaXiaLiangdongAbstract: The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents．The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimu—late good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony．Keywords:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality0 forewordAs the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space.At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue.How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development experience and try to contact the living room area of need, level of functionality for aReview.A residential area of exchanges between the need for spaceExchanges between the residential areas to create space for the process, in a sense, is in the course of exchanges between the people and the natural world and define the space environment between the development process.1.1 exchanges create a space to meet the spiritual and cultural needs of residents.Jan • Gaelic i n the "contacts and space," a book, the residents will live within the community of contacts divided into three categories: ① necessity of activities (such as school, work, etc.), the participants did not have much choice, subject to very little Material and environmental impact; ②spontaneous activities (such as walking, wait-and-see stop, etc.), greatly dependent on the quality of material and the space environment: ③social activities (such as children's games, chatting and people-to-people contacts between the passive January 1 simple See, hear, etc.), also, to a certain extent, the impact of material and the space environment. Therefore, the exchanges between the residential area of the space will create a direct impact on the residents of the contacts. As people's living standards gradually improved, the residents of the spiritual and cultural needs arising from the exchanges with the requirements will be getting higher and higher.Create a space of 120 contacts is the need to maintain traditional family ties Traditional historical neighborhoods and the living units Daza Yuan on the shape of an objective to maintain and develop the neighbourhood family. As the market economy and the development of new residential development and construction, and many residents to move to multi-storey high-rise residential, the link between households and households reduce, and even people are not familiar with the portal. At the same one floor, did not know each other very common phenomenon, the traditional relations in the neighbourhood gradually indifferent. Carry forward the traditional virtues, to promote family residential, Healthy demonstration projects in the country has long been proposed for residential"High-quality, new life", which "new life", including guidance on the new concept of living, to guide the new consumer awareness, a new form of exchanges, to form a new management model, and so on five aspects. According to this standard, the exchanges create a space it is very important.Create a space of 130 contacts is the need to build a harmonious society Residential area is to build a harmonious society space unit, a harmonious society is an important part. A residential area of a harmonious society can be harmonious.Harmonious residential areas should be a moderate consumption of economic, social management, diversification and harmonious relations between the neighbours, living environment, and with the humanistic spirit and the rich local cultural characteristics of the geographical space. From the hardware side, there should be a scientific and rational planning, good construction quality, improve infrastructure, the complete establishment of contacts, good landscape. From the software side, there should be quality property management, and improve the community-based organizations, the rich cultural atmosphere, good morality. Therefore, the exchanges between the space as an integral part of residential areas, create a far-reaching significance, and China recently and residential real estate will be put on the "build a harmonious family residential district," the objective is consistent.2 residential district-level exchanges between the space ofThe living space planning and construction in accordance with people at different times, different locations, different activities in different levels of privacy, can be divided into private space, semi-private room, semi-public space, public space, the formation of four space-related fields. The level and the field of space will help create a sense of belonging among the residents and enhance the interaction and pro-neighborhood and. People from the private space into the public space, is a gradual process. In this process, after all the residents of different levels of outdoor space, making contacts to become a necessity.2.1 residential building space to create exchangesDwellers in privacy is assured and meet under the premise of hope neighbourhood close, harmonious and to mutual exchanges and contacts. Therefore, the need to have exchanges between the space settings, and create a way as follows:2.11 expand the staircase depthStaircase is home residents in the buffer space, but also public housing tenants upstairs room at the break. The platform is too small to affect the length of stay of residents, not conducive to the exchanges between the residents. Expand the staircase depth, increase platform space, will increase their contacts, exchanges of opportunity.2.12 set up home gardensGarden is home residents into the indoor space for the transition, here, achieved a semi-private room for the transition to private space, residents here can support grass flowers, reception guests. Nanjing-day Hong Villa-home platform into the home in the Garden set up a grill door, both outdoor green landscape will be conducted to the interior of the extension, for two people through the grille gate to create anopportunity for exchange.2.13 expand the unit foyer areaUnit in the entrance foyer area and configure the appropriate expansion of some facilities such as rest stool, reading Baolan, a resident contacts, rest places, and units of the immediate household contacts. Conditional foyer can also do a lobby for households in this exchange, chat.2.14 bottom overheadResidential Design for the elevated bottom of open space and ensure the smooth flow of green space on the ground. Supported by flowers, Zuodeng facilities as residents of rest, such as chat room, and in connection with outdoor landscape, easy to create a good atmosphere for exchanges. Even rainy day also will not be affected, adding unlimited life for fun.2.15 set-Gallery- Gallery of traditional Chinese architecture is a form of construction, is a form can be effective in promoting exchanges between the people of the fun of space incentives, are widely used in modern residential design, such as the Osmanthus Hangzhou City District, Guangzhou Zhuyun Villa And so on. Gallery-factor here is traffic, and the exchange of places, played a role in the integration of the adjacent space, people can chat here, the sun, and so on.2.16 exchanges of high-rise buildingThe rising high-rise building in the physical environment restrictions on the freedom of the people exchanges, to reduce contact between the residents, the elderly rest, the lack of children's play space. Therefore, the high-rise building in the interval to set up a number of similar exchanges in the Chamber of good will to solve these problems. In this way, for the elderly in the rest of the space, to provide children with a playground, and the promotion of social interaction among residents.2.17 Roof GardenOn the platform set up in the roof garden, an increase of green space, was restored to the construction of the ground. People in this walk, fitness, chat, natural contact, an increase of exchanges between the residents of places to create a multi-level exchanges between the space.220 yards, a delegation of the association space"To achieve effective settlements between the groups and the exchanges have recognized the need for clear and appropriate areas of the border and logo." China's traditional courtyard space is part of building space, the area is a strong sense of spaceand border patterns, the neighbourhood is to increase exchanges and contacts between the effective means. Beijing Da Zayuan the old mode of living, residents of harmonious relations in harmony, a human face. Renowned architect Wu Liangyong design of the Beijing-ju infants alley, inheritance and development of this form of living.Shanqiang residential use of the wrong column, platform height difference, changes in residential space, residential settings between Lianlang, plants of the tube, creating a "siege without closure, without dredging through" the group space and formed a semi-private, semi-public The field of space. In the courtyard between the layout Zuodeng, the elderly here Xiejiao, Cuxitanxin, no longer feel lonely: reserve some space, children play in the home, mothers can be seen here in the kitchen, children no longer worried about the safety of: Members of mutual Reference , And mutual exchanges, and exchanges are deep-seated. Not only enhance the feelings and prevent the formation of a collective consciousness, to effectively prevent the destruction and crime, security, have been protected.So that more people can enjoy the environmental landscape comfort, more and more developers are good attention to the landscape of the building. Pichu in the group in a space, as a delegation of the public landscape. However, they often re-design of "visual effect" light "social effect." Although the construction of a large number of hardware shops, flower beds, shrubs planted Joe, it lacks some residents to promote exchanges between the rest of the shelters, chairs, and affected the exchanges between the extension of the neighbourhood. Therefore, the delegation landscape in the strengthening of public infrastructure construction, and create a space for exchanges, will promote exchanges between the residents of outreach.2.3 exchanges between the public spaces to create spaceBy the semi-public space to public space, people exchanges between the exchanges from the neighbourhood to the public exchanges, contacts between the characteristics of exchanges between the decision to create a space for the different practices.2.3.1 open space for public relationsResidential area of central green space is often the area of public venues, as shared by the entire population, is the residential area of the "living room." Here, residents of various gatherings, community activities, fitness. Open space should be designed, without borders and at the same time, various groups in the residential area green space to the center of the road, should be easily accessible, guide the people into public space, to participate in contacts and exchanges.2.3-2 and landscape combine PiecesResidential area of landscape and people's exchanges with the interaction between people in the landscape before the stop watch, the exchanges have the desire, with the landscape, more full of vigor. Therefore, public exchanges between the space and landscape Pieces should be combined, such as sculpture on the square, around the fountain Waterscape layout Zuodeng, people appreciate the side of sculpture, fountain, while exchanges and reduce the distance between people. At the same time should play a guiding role in the landscape, emphasizing participation, attractive to flow through the landscape, gathering popularity.3 exchanges between the living room area of the building featuresDifferent groups of people because of their age, occupation, cultural background of different exchanges of the functions of space have different needs. According to the characteristics of different populations and demand for space contacts between the different functions of the building, creating a different theme of space, will help attract people from outside, spontaneous interaction.3.1 exchanges between the functions of space and building occupants should be suited to the age structureChildren naturally active, have a strong sense of curiosity, games and more activities for climbing, jumping, leisure, such as Xishua. Therefore, the venue should be set up in the slides, swings, Leisure Pool, bunkers and other facilities, taking into account the needs of adults to care for children, some blocks in the surrounding layout stool. On the one hand, children in the game was physical and mental exercise, on the other hand, care for the children of people have been exchanges.Young people like sports. Therefore, in order to increase the sports facilities, planning to basketball courts, tennis courts and other sports space. However, it should be far from some residential, so as to avoid interference on the daily life of residents. Like the elderly in the early morning fitness, such as doing Qigong, a tai chi, like the rest of the time playing chess, play cards, chat, Yangniao such activities. Therefore, to make space in the small square, booths, equipped with Taiwan, tables, chairs and other facilities.3.2 exchanges between the space to take into account the function of building barrier-free facilities layoutExchanges between the living room area is a complex environment, including roads, green space, Pieces, facilities and other environmental factors. Exchanges between the functions of building space in addition to meet the normal use, should give fullconsideration to the disabled, the elderly vulnerable groups, such as the use of a barrier-free design. Barrier-free environment of space means exchanges with no obstruction and dangerous. If the import unit designed around 1.5 m x 1.5m above the level of space for wheelchair users stay; unit foyer reserved space for wheelchairs and Childs vehicles to facilitate wheelchair and Childs vehicles stored: in public relations to the road space On both sides, who set up blind road trip on the trail for the blind walking: the sidewalk in the end, a height difference of the junction, a height difference of public platform set up the ramp for wheelchair users access; elderly morning exercises in the square, as far as possible Be flat no height difference, the use of anti-skid surfacing materials: children playing in the park, the use of soft mats and safety warning signs in different exchanges of space, by setting up the Pieces and personalized theme sculpture, to enhance space And the recognition of sexual orientation, and so on.4 ConclusionIn residential areas of planning and construction, we must be people-centered, according to create a functional level and living space area contacts at all levels, from the psychological and physical needs of starting, through the space environment to create, create a positive, healthy exchanges between the atmosphere, Residential area into a harmonious family homes. Meanwhile, the exchanges between the living room area of thinking and innovation, and developers need to continue to carry out exploration.References[1] Yang • Gaelic. Exchanges and space [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.[2] Wang. Living in the community, "the neighbourhood exchanges" and "space" of [J], building knowledge, 2004 (3) :13-1 5.[3] Nielan Health, Song Kun. Create a pleasant living space - LJ. Architectural Journal, 1997 (11) :29-31中文翻译居住区交往空间规划与设计夏良东【摘要】居住区交往空间是居民进行沟通与交流的户内、户外空间：文章从交往空间营造的必要性、层次性、功能性加以综述，旨在通过交往空间的营造，创造出积极、健康的交往氛围，促进居民交往，使居住区成为亲情和谐的家园。

Physical Review E 论文审稿的详细过程

Physical Review E 论文审稿的详细过程（1）散步我有一个习惯：散步。

边走边想问题，既锻炼身体，又能解决一些问题。

2008年3月份，我在强攻一个密度泛函中的难题。

原来的理论只适用于线性简单高聚物链。

有没有一种可能，将其推广为适用于复杂链？这是很难的问题，涉及的计算似乎不可能简化。

想得累了，就习惯性的去走走。

边走边想。

思维和步伐是一致的。

想得越跳跃，走得也会越快。

突然图论中的有向图的概念，进入我的思维。

似乎有可能通过有向图解决这个难题。

我不由自主地加快步伐。

继续想这个问题。

等到有了成熟想法的时候，我差不多已经快小跑起来了。

然后我立刻反转回学校，连夜推导自己的想法。

发现完全可行。

那一晚，我兴奋未眠。

（2）Physical Review周二跟曹老师汇报自己的东西。

他虽不甚理解我的想法，却表示完全支持，鼓励我整理出来，投Physical Review Letters。

（PRL）这里有必要介绍下PR系列。

Physical Review 是公认的物理学界的顶级期刊。

n多诺贝尔获奖论文来自PR系列。

无数科研人，梦寐以求的就是在PR，尤其是PRL上搞一篇论文。

其审稿之严格，完全可以作为现代论文评审制度的一个典范。

PR后来分为PRL，PRA,PRB,PRC，PRD。

20世纪90年代，又分出了PRE。

其中以PRL 最为权威。

它只接收最前沿，最原创，最重要的论文。

看一个学校的科研能力，只要看它每年登载在PRL上的论文数量即可。

中科院每年约15篇，北大每年约2篇。

而我们学校，至今为止，没有一篇。

（3）PRL 审稿论文是2008年6月投到PRL的。

一周后顺利送审。

曹老师和我异常高兴，因为我已经创造了一个记录了。

这是分子模拟组第一篇投PRL并顺利送审的论文。

2个月后等来审稿意见：完全不适合在PRL 上发表。

两个Refree赞同我的论文，但指出了一个致命的缺点－－－没有原创的物理概念或性质，只是纯数值的算法。

这一点，我是早预感到了的。

physical review a审稿流程

【内容提要】本文将从什么是Physical Review A（简称PRA）、PRA审稿的主要目的和流程、PRA审稿的具体步骤以及作者需要关注的重点几个方面对PRA审稿流程进行全面解析。

文章将详细介绍PRA的审稿流程，帮助作者更好地理解PRA的审稿要求和标准，以便顺利通过PRA的审稿。

【正文】一、什么是Physical Review A（PRA）？Physical Review A（PRA）是美国物理学会出版的物理学专业学术期刊之一，涵盖了原子、分子和光物理学的研究。

PRA旨在出版高质量的原创研究成果，以促进物理学领域的学术交流和科学进步。

PRA审稿的主要目的是确保提交的研究成果具有学术价值和科学意义，同时保证文章的可读性和合理性。

二、PRA审稿的主要目的和流程PRA审稿的主要目的是确保所提交的稿件符合PRA的出版标准和学术要求，具有原创性和创新性，并且能够为物理学领域的研究和发展做出贡献。

PRA审稿流程一般包括以下几个步骤：首先是作者提交投稿，编辑初审，外部专家评审，修改和再投，最终决定是否接受发表。

在整个审稿过程中，PRA编辑和审稿专家将对稿件进行严格评审，确保文章内容的准确性和可靠性，同时也会对文章的结构和语言进行审核，以保证文章的完整性和流畅性。

三、PRA审稿的具体步骤1. 作者提交投稿：作者在PRA全球信息湾注册账号并上传文章，填写基本信息和投稿要求。

2. 编辑初审：PRA编辑会对提交的稿件进行初步审核，检查文章是否符合PRA的出版范围和学术要求。

如果文章符合要求，编辑将安排外部专家进行评审；如果不符合，编辑会拒绝投稿或者要求作者修改后再提交。

3. 外部专家评审：PRA编辑会邀请相关领域的专家进行匿名评审，评估文章的学术水准和质量。

评审专家会根据文章的创新性、学术价值、逻辑性和表达方式来进行评审，并提出修改意见和建议。

4. 修改和再投：作者根据评审意见对文章进行修改，并在规定时间内重新提交。

physical review e 模板

很高兴能为您撰写一篇关于"physical review e 模板"的文章。

在开始撰写之前，我会先对这个主题进行全面评估，然后按照深度和广度的要求为您呈现一篇有价值的文章。

让我们来了解一下"physical review e 模板"是什么。

"physical review e"是美国物理学会出版的一本以物理学为主题的学术期刊，涉及到多个物理学领域的研究成果。

"physical review e 模板"指的是在撰写针对该期刊的论文时所需遵循的格式和要求。

在文章中，我将从简到繁地介绍"physical review e 模板"的相关内容。

我会解释"physical review e"期刊的背景和出版范围，接着我会详细讲解"physical review e 模板"的要求，包括格式、标准、引用规范等内容。

随后，我将结合实际案例，介绍如何根据"physical review e 模板"的要求来撰写高质量的论文。

我会对"physical review e 模板"的实际应用进行讨论和总结，以便您能更全面、深入地理解这一主题。

在文章的结尾部分，我会共享我个人对于"physical review e 模板"的观点和理解。

我会阐述对于这一模板的认识，以及对于它在学术研究中的重要性和价值的看法。

根据您的要求，我将以普通文本的形式写作，遵循知识文章格式，并使用序号标注来呈现全面的内容。

整篇文章将会超过3000字，以确保涵盖了主题的广度和深度。

在文章的编写过程中，我会多次提及"physical review e 模板"，以保持主题的一致性和连贯性。

我会尽全力撰写一篇高质量、深度和广度兼具的文章，希望能够为您提供有价值的内容。

奥本海默的physical review materials影响因子-定义说明解析

奥本海默的physical review materials影响因子-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述:Physical Review Materials是一本重要的学术期刊，它涵盖了材料科学中的广泛研究领域。

作为Physical Review系列期刊之一，它提供了一个平台，让科学家能够分享他们的研究成果并与同行进行交流。

影响因子是衡量一个学术期刊影响力的重要指标之一，它反映了文章被引用的频率和影响力的大小。

影响因子的定义和意义:影响因子是根据一定时间内被引用的文章数目来衡量一个期刊的影响力。

这一指标可以帮助学者们评估一个期刊在学术界的重要性和研究成果的影响程度。

较高的影响因子意味着该期刊的文章更容易被其他研究者引用，进而扩大文章的影响力和可见度。

奥本海默对Physical Review Materials影响因子的贡献:作为物理学家和材料科学家领域的重要研究者，奥本海默在Physical Review Materials上发表了许多具有影响力的研究文章。

他的研究涉及材料性质、合成方法、器件设计等方面，为该领域的发展做出了重要贡献。

奥本海默的研究不仅在学术界获得高度的认可和引用，也对该期刊的影响因子产生了积极的影响。

通过他的研究成果，奥本海默为Physical Review Materials增加了高质量的文章和引用数量，提高了该期刊的影响因子。

总结:本文将探讨奥本海默在Physical Review Materials影响因子方面的贡献。

通过对Physical Review Materials的介绍、影响因子的定义和意义以及奥本海默的研究的分析，我们将深入理解奥本海默在该领域的影响力和对学术界的贡献。

同时，我们也将认识到影响因子对于学术界的重要性，以及奥本海默的研究对学术界的深远影响。

1.2文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以按照以下方式编写：在本文中，我们将按照以下结构展开对奥本海默的Physical Review Materials影响因子的研究和讨论。

physical review materials 分区影响因子

physical review materials 分区影响因子physical review materials 分区影响因子，到底应该如何实现。

叔本华曾经说过，普通人只想到如何度过时间，有才能的人设法利用时间。

这句话语虽然很短，但令我浮想联翩。

既然如此，了解清楚physical review materials 分区影响因子到底是一种怎么样的存在，是解决一切问题的关键。

要想清楚，physical review materials 分区影响因子，到底是一种怎么样的存在。

既然如此，一般来说，我认为，黑格尔在不经意间这样说过，只有永远躺在泥坑里的人，才不会再掉进坑里。

这句话语虽然很短，但令我浮想联翩。

现在，解决physical review materials 分区影响因子的问题，是非常非常重要的。

所以，physical review materials 分区影响因子，发生了会如何，不发生又会如何。

我们一般认为，抓住了问题的关键，其他一切则会迎刃而解。

既然如此，既然如何，我们都知道，只要有意义，那么就必须慎重考虑。

现在，解决physical review materials 分区影响因子的问题，是非常非常重要的。

所以，了解清楚physical review materials 分区影响因子到底是一种怎么样的存在，是解决一切问题的关键。

physical review materials 分区影响因子的发生，到底需要如何做到，不physical review materials 分区影响因子的发生，又会如何产生。

黑塞曾经说过，有勇气承担命运这才是英雄好汉。

这句话语虽然很短，但令我浮想联翩。

在这种困难的抉择下，本人思来想去，寝食难安。

一般来讲，我们都必须务必慎重的考虑考虑。

本人也是经过了深思熟虑，在每个日日夜夜思考这个问题。

了解清楚physical review materials 分区影响因子到底是一种怎么样的存在，是解决一切问题的关键。

美国物理学会电子期刊使用指南

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2010-4-9 JY Library of Henan Normal University
APS (American Physical Society)
APS（美国物理学会）成立于1899年5月，世界上最具声望的物理学专业学会之一 APS出版的所有物理评论系列期刊分别是各专业领域最受尊重、被引用次数最多的科技期刊之一，在全球物理学界及相关学科领域的研究者中具有极高的声望 APS是少数能提供全部回溯文献的资料库之一，数据最早回溯到1893年
2010-4-9 JY
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APS期刊品质
N o. 1 期刊名称 Physical Review A: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and materials Physics Physical Review C: Nuclear Physics Physical Review D: Particles, Fields, Gravitation, and Cosmology Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics 期刊名称(中文) 《物理学评论A辑：原子、分子和光学物理学》《物理学评论B辑：凝聚态物质与材料物理学》《物理学评论C辑：核物理学》影响因子 2007 2.893 各领域的排名情况原子、分子物理学期刊引用量排名第二所有物理学期刊引用量排名第二核物理学引用量排名第一所有物理学期刊引用量排名第六数学物理学和等离子流动物理学引用量排名第一所有物理学引用量排名第一物理学影响因子排名前列

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在这个命名游戏中的相关数量是这个系统中的词汇量 Nw（t），它对应于代理所拥有的所有记忆，不同词汇的总量 Nd（t），和互动成功的平均率 S（t），图一显示出了在低维模型中这三个量随时间演化的过程，并与平均场模型作了比较。在初始状态中，所有的库存都是空的，短时间内库存为空的每一说话者必须为物体创造一个名称，因而一些不同的词汇就被发明了。在这个初始阶段，成功率是等于两个代理再次同时选择统一名称的几率。这一几率是与 t /E 成比例的，其中 E 是可能的互动对数。N（N−1）/2 对应于平均场案例，Nd 对应于有限维数。根据数据显示，N 随 S（t）的增长而成倍增长。然而，随着时间的推移，其最终的收敛速度变得缓慢。曲线 Nw（t）和 Nd（t）显示出在所有的案例中都有着短时间的快速增长，一个时间最大值 tmax 和一个一致状态的衰退，在这个状态中，个代理分享着同一个词汇达到 tconv。短时间的制度对应于代理创造大量的不同词汇。一个 N 周期后，每一个代理扮演一次，O（N）个不同词汇就被发明了（事实上，经典为 N/2）：在这个系统中不同的词汇总量增长并且达到一个最大值 N，由于这些互动代理者积累了他们所发明或者其他代理所发明的词汇。在平均场中，每一个代理可以与所有代理发生互动，所以他们可以学习大量的不同词汇。事实上每一个代理的词汇记忆的最大值为 NaMF，ａMF=0.5 ［9］，所以总记忆达到峰值~N1.5，包含着被许多代理所分享的大量词汇 tmax~NΒ MF,。进而，在这个学习阶段中，词汇没有被淘汰的（S（t）非常小），所以不同词汇的总量出现一个很长的稳定状态。词汇的冗余量达到一个极大的水平，从而开始产生了成功的互动，然后词汇量的衰减非常快，以一个极大的速度收敛于一致状态，相反的在有限维数中词汇只能在本地传播，并且每一个代理只能接触到有限的词汇，总的记忆缩减为 N，时间的最大值 tmax 达到一个词汇量的最大值，在这个系统中用 Nad，a1=a2=1。没有水平的稳定状态出现于不同词汇量的总数曲线中，因为代理群体的粗化很快开始清除词汇。 d 进一步达成共识的规定时间tconv随着Nβ （ β 1=3,d=1;β 2=2,d=2;β MF=1.5）增长。我们将看到上述行为是如何从一个更细化的数据性和分析性的动力学演化分析中所显现出来的。
4
FIG. 3._Color online_ Typical evolution of a one-dimensionalsystem _N=1000_. Black corresponds to interfaces _sites with morethan one word_. The other colors identify different single state clusters.The vertical axis represents the time _1000_N sequentialsteps_; the one-dimensional snapshots are reported on the horizontal
பைடு நூலகம்
戏中，在这个游戏中，一群代理商被看做是复杂的自洽系统，自我组织而作为一个简单的局部相互作用的结果。对研究语言游戏的物理学家们，他们的兴趣源于他们可以很容易地为相互作用的代理商制订出非平衡统计力学模型。在每个时间步长中，代理商通过与邻居的互动更新它的状态（在某一套的可能状态中）一个有趣的问题是可能性所有代理朝着一个共同的状态收敛，这个状态没有出现外在的全球协调和纯粹的本地交互规则。在这种快速通信，我们关注所谓的命名游戏，来形容公约的出现和一群体按谈判规则相互之间互动的利弊,并且研究在低微晶格上代理的置入是如何影响一致性的出现的，这是一个粗化过程达成的。原始模型的灵感来自于一个著名的被称作说话首脑的人工智能实验。在这个实验中，被植入的软件代理通过数码照相机观测物体而拓展了他们的词汇，他们给这些物体任意选这名字，并且与其他代理共同协商这些物体的名字。最近，有一个被赋予简化互动规则的最小版的命名游戏，它重新产生了一个实验现象学，并且服从于分析治疗。在这个模型中，N 个个体观察同一个物体，试图把这个个体的名字传达给另一个个体，相同的代理人有着任意的内部库存。在这个库存中他们储存了一个不限数量的不同名字或者观点。在最初时，所有的个体库存都是空的，没有与生俱来的术语。在每一个时间步长，动力学由人已被选出个体的成对互动构成。每一个代理可以作为一个说话者或者听者参加这一互动。在讨论中，说话者将可能的名字传达给听者，如果这个说话者不知道这个物体的名字（库存为空）他就创造一个名字传给听者，在他知道更多同义词时（储存在库存中）他就任意的选择其中一个。听者的举动是有着决定性的：如果他掌握了说话人给出的术语，那么这个互动就是成功的，而且双方都坚持这个名字是正确的而且在他们库存中删除了其他术语；否则，新的名字将会被听者的库存所包括而没有任何的删除。平均场案例研究发现：由于不同的代理最初发明了不同的名字并且传播了它们，这个系统最初就积累了大量的可能的事物名称，然而有趣的是，丰富的各种名字都有着渐进吸收的状态最终导致所有代理都是用同一个名字。虽然这一模型都趋向于所有代理有着共同状态和观点，它与其他一般的研究过的观点构成模型的不同之处是很有趣的。例如：相对于每一个代理都只有两个可能状态的投票模型，而对于这一模型，每一个代理都有着潜在的无限数量的离散状态。进而，在他们的记忆中可以积累不同的可能的物体名称在其达成一致之前。最后，在投票模型中，每一个动力学步骤都有着其确定的随机性，每一个代理都确定性的采纳一个临近者的观点。文中我们研究低维晶格中的命名游戏模型：当代理处于低微晶格中时，他只能与二维中最近的邻居进行互动。数据性和分析性的调查凸显了与平均场案例的重要不同之处，特别在需要在规定时间内达成共识的案例中。我们展示了动力学是如何对应于共享同一个名字的代理群体的粗化。这个由代理组成的群体有着超过一个的可能名字。
在这些假设下，一个近似表达式用以表示两个邻近的族被Cm交界分割的平稳几率可以被下面的方法计算出来。在一个由N个点和最初被分成的两族A和B组成的一维直线上，选择唯一一个C0交界的可能性为1/N，互动规则规定唯一一个可能的产物是C1交界。因而在一个简单的时间步长里C0交界变成C1交界线的可能性是 P0,1=1/N.否则它仍为C0。从C1这个接触面演化成一个C0或C2接触面的可能性分别是 P1，0=3/2N,P1,2=1/2N.这个过程很容易推广到m值更高的情况。这个数值暗示我们可以简化我们的工作，只研究m值小于或等于3的情形。在这种近似下，决定马氏链平稳几率的问题由图4可以看出，并且由跃迁矩阵所定义，在这个矩阵中，基为 {C0 ,C1 ,C2 ,C3}，并且来自于C3和C4的1/2N的贡献已经被忽略了（见图4）。这个平稳几率矢量P={P0 ,P1 ,P2 ,P3}是由P(t+1)-P(t)=1所计算出来的。
2
FIG. 1._Color online_ Time evolution in mean-field and finitedimensions of the total number of words _or total used memory_ forthe number of different words in the system, and for the averagesuccess rate. N=1024, average over 1000 realizations. The inset inthe top graph shows the very slow convergence in finite dimensions.
分数：
数学模型选读实验报告
实验八
文献翻译
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 73, 015102（R）（2006）语言游戏中的拓扑诱导变粗 Andrea Baronchelli,1 Luca Dall’Asta,2 Alain Barrat,2 and Vittorio Loreto1 1Dipartimento di Fisica, Università “La Sapienza” and SMC-INFM, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy2Laboratoire de Physique Thé orique, UMR du CNRS 8627, Bâ timent 210, Universitéde Paris-Sud, 91405 OrsayCedex, France （Received 23 September 2005; published 18 January 2006）源于当地的“微观”互动规则，在最近推出的一个符号动力学模型即所谓的命名游戏框架中，我们研究多大数量的群体能够达成一个全球性的共识。我们特别比较了嵌入在平均场的情况下低维晶格的相互作用代理的衔接机制。我们强调，在低维中，通过需要代理较少的认知努力的粗化过程，关于平均场的情况下共识达成，但需要较长时间才能完成。在一维，边界的动态映射到一个被截断的马氏过程，从中我们分析计算了扩散系数。更普遍的是，我们表明，在 ð⩽4 维（上临界尺寸）中，收敛过程需要每个代理人的记忆缩为 N 并且持续时间为 N 1 +2
FIG. 2._Color online_ Scaling of the time at which the numberof words is maximal, and of the time needed to obtain convergence,in one and two dimensions.
1
/d
），而在平均场规模中对于数量为 N 的代理人，其数据为记忆和事件都缩为 N3/2。我们给出分析和数据支持这幅画。
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.015102PACS number_s_: 89.75.Fb, 05.40.Jc, 05.65._b, 89.65.Ef

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参考文献,中英文翻译

Physical Review E 论文审稿的详细过程

physical review a审稿流程

physical review e 模板

奥本海默的physical review materials影响因子-定义说明解析

physical review materials 分区 影响因子

美国物理学会电子期刊使用指南

physical review materials 分区影响因子