1999年同等学力申请硕士学位外国语全国统一考试试题及答案
1999考研英语(一)真题及答案
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertionabout economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2.Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people eachyear than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3.It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and onthe vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4.This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which new applications arebeing discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5.________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principleinvolves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6.Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7.California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everything elseis expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8.The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have smallchildren and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying ofdigital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and[D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Your math instructor would have been Ahappy to give you a makeupexamination had you gone B and explained C that your parents had been Dill atthe time.12. As the children become financially A independent of Bthe family, the emphasison C family financial security will shift from protection to save Dfor the retirement years.13. Were Athe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is nodoubt that it could B dramatically transform a family -ran Centerprise that stillgets 90% of its Drevenues from newspapers.14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range A of subjects from Bover -fishing tophysical and environment C factors that affect the populations Dof differentspecies.15. Conversation calls for a A willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one Bof listener C , and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses’ by Dboth.16. If two theories are equal to A their ability to account for Ba body of data, thetheory that does soC with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferredD.17.The Committee adopted a resolution requiringA the seven automakers sellingBthe most cars in the state makingC 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-freeDby 1998.18.As long asA poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict withBricherpeople, who in general are lighterC skinD, there’s going to be a constant racialconflict in the world.19.All those left undoneA may sound greatlyBin theory, but even thetruest believerC has great difficulty whenDit comes to specifics.20.Even ifA automakers modify commercially produced cars to run onBalternativefuels C , the cars won’t catch on in a big way whenDdrivers can fill them up at thegas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________ furtherresearch and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number ofimportant practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23.Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ________ thebread-winner’s death.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24.In education there should be a good ________ among the branches ofknowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25.The American dream is most ________ during the periods of productivity andwealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26.Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because of thecrowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent[D] segmental27.People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28.As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked thecleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29.Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from his intention toinvest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31.These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[B] category[C] domain[D] scope32.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in the financialsystem will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33.Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in many animalspecies.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34.The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial and conventioncenter.[A] conjunction[B] network[C] junction[D] link35.Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________ myself ofevery chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36.Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribes37.Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upon theiremployees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung[D] submitted38.The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, whichwas ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39.The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40.Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers to scaledown the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposed[D] enlightenedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42and active. When the work is well done, a 43of accident-free operations is established 44time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46rules or regulations. 47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48. The fewer the injury 49, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at50or at a loss.41.[A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42.[A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43.[A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44.[A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45.[A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46.[A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47.[A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48.[A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49.[A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50.[A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary --the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54.The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved aroundefforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author impliesthat ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57.In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58.We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides,this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take --at the very longest --a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60.The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the Europeanmodel of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62.According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning64.The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhilegoing on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68.The author asserts that scientists ________.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69.It seems that some young scientists ________.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”70.The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by management。
1999至2009年同等学力经济学真题(含2009年答案)
1.为什么说产权明晰化是国有企业的改革方向（P36）？ 2.已知某厂商的生产函数为Y=25/8.L3/8.K5/8 ，假定短期内 K=9 PL=3，PK=10，
试求该厂商的短期成本函数与长期成本函数。
2004 年同等学力人员申请硕士学位
学科综合水平全国统一考试
速调整使市场达到供求均衡
④ 价格粘性，即工资和价格具有粘性，不能迅速调整到市场出清状
A. ①②
B. ①②③
C. ①②④
D. 以上都不对
5. 在分析比较纳税人的税收负担时，经济学家们通常考察以下税率形式
。
① 定额税率
② 名义税率
③ 实际税率
④ 关税税率
⑤ 边际税率
⑥ 平均税率
A. ①②③④
B. ②④⑤⑥
三、论述题：（本大题共 2 小题。每小题 20 分，共 40 分。）
1.试述社会主义市场经济的体制框架。 2.试述金融市场在经济运行中的功能。
2001 年同等学力人员申请硕士学位
学科综合水平全国统一考试
经济学试卷
一、名词解释：（本大题共 5 小题。每小题 4 分，共 20 分。）
1.帕累托最优状态 2.基础货币 3.单一税制和复合税制 4.国家预算 5.偿债率
三 、论述与计算题：（每题 20 分，共 40 分。）
1.试论现代市场经济条件下的经济政策手段选择（P94）。 2.试比较完全垄断市场与完全竞争市场的经济效率。
假定一个经济。
2003 年同等学力人员申请硕士学位
学科综合水平全国统一考试
经济学试卷
1. 在国际收支平衡表中，外国捐赠者对我国组织和个人的捐赠应列入 。
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ________ in traditional media. [A] exist [B] exists [C] existing [D] to exist Part B Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the cbrackets with a pencil. (5 points) 11. Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup A examination had you gone and explained that your parents had been B C D ill at the time. 12. As the children become financially independent of the family, the A B emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection C to save for the retirement years. D 13. Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there A is no doubt that it could dramatically transform a family-ran B C enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers. D 14. Symposium a wide range of subjects from A B over-fishing to physical and environment factors that affect the C populations of different species. D talks will cover
1999年考研英语真题及答案
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)l.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2.Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3.It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4.This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which new applications are being discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5.________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6.Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend ________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7.California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everything else is expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8.The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________ compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11.Your math instructor would have been [A] happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone [B] and explained [C] that your parents had been [D] ill at the time.12.As the children become financially [A] independent of [B] the family, the emphasis on [C] family financial security will shift from protection to save [D] for the retirement years.13.Were [A] the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could [B] dramatically transform a family-ran [C] enterprise that still gets 90% of its [D] revenues from newspapers.14.Symposium talks will cover a wide range [A] of subjects from [B] over-fishing to physical and environment [C] factors that affect the populations [D] of different species.15.Conversation calls for a [A] willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one [B] of listener[C], and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses’ by [D] both.16.If two theories are equal to [A] their ability to account for [B] a body of data, the theory that does so [C] with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred [D].17.The Committee adopted a resolution requiring [A] the seven automakers selling [B] the most cars in the state making [C] 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free [D] by 1998.18.As long as [A] poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with [B] richer people,who in general are lighter [C] skin [D], there’s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.19.All those left undone [A] may sound greatly [B] in theory, but even the trust believer [C] has great difficulty when [D] it comes to specifics.20.Even if [A] automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on [B] alternative fuels [C], the cars won’t catch on in a big way when [D] drivers can fill them up at the gas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23.Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ________ the bread-winner’s death.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24.In education there should be a good ________ among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25.The American dream is most ________ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26.Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[D] segmental27.People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in ________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28.As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29.Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31.These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the ________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[B] category[C] domain[D] scope32.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in the financial system will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33.Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in many animal species.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34.The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial and convention center.[B] network[C] junction[D] link35.Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________ myself of every chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36.Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that ________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribe37.Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung[D] submitted38.The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39.The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40.Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposed[D] enlightenedSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the correspondingletter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies __41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them __42__ and active. When the work is well done, a __43__ of accident-free operations is established __44__ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may __45__ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by __46__ rules or regulations. __47__ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety __48__. The fewer the injury __49__, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at __50__ or at a loss.41.[A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42.[A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43.[A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44.[A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45.[A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46.[A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47.[A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48.[A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49.[A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50.[A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54.The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security willattract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57.In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58.We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make surechildren are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60.The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-education advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62.According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extendedindefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning64.The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbitalmotion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67.The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68.The author asserts that scientists ________.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69.It seems that some young scientists ________.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to “scientific method”70.The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents。
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题含答案解析
1999年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the work is well done, a 3 of accident free operations is established 4 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 , the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss.1.［A］at ［B］in ［C］on ［D］with2.［A］alive ［B］vivid ［C］mobile ［D］diverse3.［A］regulation ［B］climate ［C］circumstance ［D］requirement4.［A］where ［B］how ［C］what ［D］unless5.［A］alter ［B］differ ［C］shift ［D］distinguish6.［A］constituting ［B］aggravating ［C］observing ［D］justifying7.［A］Some ［B］Many ［C］Even ［D］Still8.［A］comes off ［B］turns up ［C］pays off ［D］holds up9.［A］claims ［B］reports ［C］declarations ［D］proclamations10.［A］an advantage ［B］a benefit ［C］an interest ［D］a profitPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might —surprise!—fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it i sn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the hel met, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.11. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?［A］Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.［B］Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.［C］Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.［D］Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.12. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.［A］satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products［B］become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products［C］make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability［D］feel obliged to view customers’safety as their first concern13. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.［A］some injury claims were no longer supported by law［B］helmets were not designed to prevent injuries［C］product labels would eventually be discarded［D］some sports games might lose popularity with athletes14. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be.［A］biased ［B］indifferent ［C］puzzling ［D］objectivePassage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin ofForrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon .com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.15. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.［A］has been striving to expand its market［B］intended to follow a fanciful fashion［C］tried but in vain to control the market［D］has been booming for one year or so16. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that.［A］the technology is popular with many Web users［B］businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions［C］there is a radical change in strategy［D］it is accessible limitedly to established partners17. In the view of Net purists, .［A］there should be no marketing messages in online culture［B］money making should be given priority to on the Web［C］the Web should be able to function as the television set［D］there should be no online commercial information without requests18. We learn from the last paragraph that.［A］pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce［B］interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers［C］leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago［D］setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what iswrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.19. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.［A］far reaching ［B］dubiously oriented［C］self contradictory ［D］radically reformatory20. The belief that education is indispensable to all children.［A］is indicative of a pessimism in disguise［B］came into being along with the arrival of computers［C］is deeply rooted in the minds of computer ed advocates［D］originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries21. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is.［A］dependent upon the starting age of candidates［B］worth trying in various social sections［C］of little practical value［D］attractive to every kind of professional22. According to the author, basic computer skills should be.［A］included as an auxiliary course in school［B］highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications［C］mastered through a life long course［D］equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air”.23. We can learn from the first paragraph that.［A］federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans［B］the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning［C］NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique［D］the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning24. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.［A］the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law［B］the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control［C］it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning［D］it would be against ethical values to clone a human being25. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because.［A］embryo research is just a current development of cloning［B］the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research［C］an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research［D］the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law26. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.［A］some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely［B］a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time［C］privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal［D］the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of th e essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed f or discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team”.27. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.［A］inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments［B］science advances when fruitful researches are conducted［C］scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research［D］unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research28. The author asserts that scientists.［A］shouldn’t replace “scientific method”with imaginative thought［B］shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things［C］should write more concise reports for technical journals［D］should be confident about their research findings29. It seems that some young scientists.［A］have a keen interest in prediction［B］often speculate on the future［C］think highly of creative thinking［D］stick to “scientific method”30. The author implies that the results of scientific research.［A］may not be as profitable as they are expected［B］can be measured in dollars and cents［C］rely on conformity to a standard pattern［D］are mostly underestimated by managementPart ⅢEnglish Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)31）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.32）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 33）During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 34）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.35）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36. Directions:A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at less than 150 words.B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should cover three points:a. effect of the country’s growing huma n population on its wildlife,b. possible reasons for the effect,c. your suggestion for wildlife protection1999年答案及解析Part ⅠCloze Test1. D2. A3. B4. A5. B6. C7. D8.C9. A 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. B 12. C 13.A 14. DPassage 215.A 16.C17.D18.BPassage 319.B20.D21.C22.APassage 423.B24.C25.D26.APassage 527.A28.B29.D30.APart ⅢEnglish Chinese Translation31.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但是现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
1998年同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试真题及答案
1998年同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试真题及答案Paper One 试卷一(90 minutes)Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes, 15 points) （略）Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 for each ) Section ADirections:In each item, choose one word that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. Mark out pour choice on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.16. People of diverse backgrounds now fly to distant places for pleasure, business or education.A) different B)distinctive C) similar D) separate17. The fun of playing the game was a greater incentive than the prize.A) motive B) initiative C)excitement D) entertainment18. Sometimes the messages are conveyed through deliberate, conscious gestures; other times, our bodies talk without our even knowing.A) definite B) intentional C) delicate D) interactive19.Hunters have almost exterminated many of the larger animals while farmers destroyed many smaller animals.A) wounded B)reduced C) killed D) trapped 20. Today black children in South Africa are still reluctant to study subjects from which they were effectively barred for so long.A) anxious B) curious C)opposed D) unwilling21. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird initiatesa set of actions to protect its offspring.A) hastens B) triggers C)devises D) releases22. Panic swept through the swimmers as they caught sight of a huge shark approaching menacingly.A) Tension B) Excitement C)Fear D) Nervousness23. Lighting levels are carefully controlled to fall within an acceptable level for optimal reading convenience.A) ideal B) required C)optional D) standard24. Many observers believe that country will remain in a state ofchaos if it fails to solve its chronic food shortage problem.A) transient B) starving C) severe D) serial25. The exhibition is designed to facilitate further cooperation between Chinese TV industry and overseas TV industries.A) establish B)maximize C) guarantee D) promote Section BDirections: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark out pour choice on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.26. Anyone who can study abroad is fortunate; but, of course, it is not easy to make the_________ from one culture to anotherA) transaction . B) transportation C) transmission D) transition27. We_________ that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don't have definite proof.A) assure B) suspect C) ascertain D) suspend28. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be_________ to tourist spending?A) contributed B)applied C) attributed D) attached29. Not all persons arrested and_________ with a crime are guilty, and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law.A) sentenced B) accused C)persecuted D) charged30. He_________ in court that he had seen the prisoner run out of the bank after it had been robbed.A) justified B) witnessed C)testified D) identified31. If you are a member of a club, you must_________ to the rules of that club.A) conform B) appeal C)refer D) access32. With the constant change of the conditions, the outcome is not always_________.A) favorable B) predictable C) dependable D) reasonable33. Instead of answering the question, the manager_________ his shoulders as if it were not important.A) shrugged B) touched C) raised D) patted34. I am sorry for the_________ tone of your letter, but feel sure that things are not so bad with you as you say.A) apologetic B)threatening C) pessimistic D) grateful 35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily _________.A) diminished B)alleviated C) relaxed D) abolishedPart II Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 30 Points) Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A , B, C and D . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneNuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses. It can't be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us.There are other things like that. For example, radio waves are all around us but we can't sense radioactivity without a radiation detector .But unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things.At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright by killing masses of cell in vital organs. But even the lowest levels can do serious damage. There is no level of radiation that is completely safe. If the radiation does nor hit anything important, the damage may not be significant. This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they arc killed outright. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. But if the few cells arc only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in trouble. They reproduce themselves in a deformed way. They can grow into cancer. Sometimes this does not show up for many years.This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. Serious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred. A person can be irradiated and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. Or a child can be born weak or liable to serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents.Radiation can hurt us. We must know the truth.36. According to the passage, the danger of nuclear power lies in_________.A) nuclear mystery B) radiation detectionC) radiation level D) nuclear radiation37. Radiation can cause serious consequences even at the lowest level _________.A) when it kills few cellsB) if it damages few cellsC) though the damaged cells can repair themselvesD) unless the damaged cells can reproduce themselves38. The word “significant” in paragraph 3 most probably means _________.A) remarkable B)meaningful C)fatal D) harmful39. Radiation can hurt us in the way that it can _________.A) kill large numbers of cells in main organs so as to cause death immediately.B) damage cells which nay grow into cancer years laterC) affect the healthy growth of our offspringD) All of the above.40. Which of the following can be best inferred from the passage?A) The importance of protection from radiation cannot beover-emphasized.B) The mystery about radiation remains unsolved.C) Cancer is mainly caused by radiation.D) Radiation can hurt those who are not aware of its danger. Passage TwoIn some ways, the United States has made spectacular progress. Fires no longer destroy 18,000 buildings as they did in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, or kill half a town of 2,400 people, as they did the same night in Peshtigo, Wisconsin. Other than the Beverly Hill Supper Club fire in Kentucky, in 1977, it has been four decades since more than 100 Americans died in a fire.But even with such successes, the United States still has one of the worst fire death rates in the world. Safety experts say the problem is neither money nor technology, but the indifference of a country that just will not take Fires seriously enough.American fire departments are some of the world's fastest and best equipped. They have to be. The United States has twice Japan's population, and 40 times as man`' Fires. It spends far less on preventing fires than on fighting them. American Fire-safety lessons are aimed almost entirely at children, who die in disproportionately large numbers in fires but who, contrary to popular myth, start very few of them.Experts say the fatal error is an attitude that fires are not really anyone's fault. Thai is not so in other countries, where both public education and the law treat Fires as either a personal failing or a crime. Japan has many wood houses; of the estimated 48 fires in world history that burned more than 10,000 buildings, Japan has had 27. Penalties for by negligence can be as high as life imprisonment.In the United States, most education dollars are spent in elementary schools. But the lessons are aimed at too limited an audience; just 9 percent of all Fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches.The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure. There are smoke detectors in 85 percent of all homes. Some local building codes now require home sprinklers. New heaters and irons shut themselves off if they are tipped.41. The reason why so many Americans die in fires is that _________.A) they took no interest in new technologyB) they did not attach great importance to preventing firesC) they showed indifference to fighting FiresD) they did not spend enough money on fire facilities42. Although the Fire death rate has declined, the United States ________.A) still has the worst fire death rate in the worldB) is still alert to the fire problemC) is still training a large number of safety expertsD) is still confronted with the serious fire problem43. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A) fire safety lessons should be aimed at American adultsB) American children have not received enough education of fire safety lessonC) Japan is better equipped with fire facilities than the Untied StatesD) America's large population accounts for high fire frequency44. In what aspects should the United States learn from Japan?A) Architecture and building material.B) Education and technology.C) Laws and attitude.D) All of the above45. To narrow the gap between the fire death rate in the United States and that in other countries, the author suggests ________.A) developing new technologyB) counting more on laws and social pressureC) placing a fire extinguisher in every familyD) reinforcing the safeness of household appliancesPassage ThreeThere are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Here's one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation(植物) may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75kilometres a year-faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1000kilometre-wide strip of forest running through Canada, the USSR and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing ions of CO2 and further boosting global warming.There arc dozens of other possible. feedback mechanisms'. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the‘albedo’ effect, will do the opposite. The. ‘albedo’ effect is the amount of solar energy reflected by the earth's surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes( 戳) through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is that some of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 per cent of all the world's energy is consumed by a quarter of the world's population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just seven per cent of the global population, is responsible for 22 per cent of global warming.46.”Feedback mechanisms” in paragraph 1 most probably refer to ________.A) how plants and animals adapt to hidden factorsB) how plants and animals interact with the changing climateC) how climate changesD) how climate zones shift47. James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by ________.A) the cutting of many trees.B) desirable environmental changes.C) successful migration of species.D) unsuccessful migration of trees.48. We can learn from the passage that ________.A) some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warmingB) the basic facts of global warming are unknownC) developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuelsD) developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption49. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A) the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumptionB) a third-world citizen adds less than a ton of CO2 yearly to the atmosphereC) the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse gas emissionsD) future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels50. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?A) Material progress and energy consumption.B) Prosperity and cheap fossil fuels.C) Impact of global warming on climate.D) Plants and animals in the changing climate.Passage FourLearning disabilities are very common. They affect perhaps 10 percent of all children. Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.Since about 1970, new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better. Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that theyare caused by many different things. There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability. There is no outward sign of the disorder. So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.In one study, researchers examined the brain of a learning-disabled person, who had died in an accident. They found two unusual things. One involved cells in the left side of the brain, which control language. These cells normally are white. In the learning disabled person, however, these cells were gray. The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been. The nerve cells were mixed together.The study was carried out under the guidance of NormanGeschwind, an early expert on learning disabilities. Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally. Probably, he said, nerve cells there did not connect as they should. So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were crossed.Other researchers did not examine brain tissue. Instead, they measured the brain's electrical activity and made a map of the electrical signals.Frank Duffy experimented with this technique at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. Doctor Duffy found large differences in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems. The differences appeared throughout the brain. Doctor Duffy said his research is evidence that reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain, not just the left side.51. Scientists found that the brain cells of a learning-disabled person differ from those of a normal person in ________.A) structure and functionB) color and functionC) size and arrangementD) color and arrangement .52. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A) Learning disabilities may result from the unknown area of the brain.B) Learning disabilities may result from damage to a wide area of the brain.C) Learning disabilities may result from abnormal organization of brain cells.D) Learning disabilities may result from problems in the left side of the brain.53. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT that ________.A) many factors account for learning disorderB) a learning disabled person shows no outward signsC) reading disabilities are a common problem that affects 10 percent of the populationD) the brain activity of learning disabled children is different from that of normal children54. Doctor Duffy believed that ________.A) he found the exact cause of learning disabilitiesB) the problem of learning disabilities was not limited to the left side of the brainC) the problem of learning disabilities resulted from the left side of the brainD) the problem of learning disabilities did not lie in the left side of the brain55. According to the passage we can conclude that further researches should be made ________.A) to investigate possible influences on brain development and organizationB) to study, how children learn to read and write, and use numbersC) to help learning disabled children to develop their intelligenceD) to explore how the left side of the brain functions in language learningPassage FiveVisual impairment(视觉障碍) carries with it a reduced or restricted ability to travel through one's physical and social environment until adequate orientation and mobility skills have been established. Because observational skills are more limited,self-control within the immediate surroundings is limited. The visually impaired person is less able to anticipate hazardous situations or obstacles to avoid.Orientation refers to the mental map one has of one's surroundings and to the relationship between self and that environment. The mental map is best generated by moving through the environment and piecing together relationships, object by object,in an organized approach. With little or no visual feedback to reinforce this mental map, a visually impaired person must rely on memory for key landmarks and other clues. Landmarks and clues enable visually impaired persons to affirm their position in Space.Mobility, on the other hand, is the ability to travel safely and efficiently from one point to another within one's physical and social environment. Good orientation skills are necessary to good mobility skills. Once visually impaired students learn to travel safely as pedestrians(行人) they also need to learn to use public transportation to become as independent as possible .To meet the expanding needs and demands of the visually impaired person, there is a sequence of instruction that begins during the preschool years and may continue after high school. Many visually impaired children lack adequate concepts regarding time and space or objects and events in their environment. During the early years much attention is focused on the development of some fundamental concepts, such as inside or outside, in front of or behind, fast or slow, movement of traffic, the variety or intersections, elevators or escalators, and so forth. These concepts are essential to safe, efficient travel through familiar and unfamiliar settings, first within buildings, then in residential neighborhoods, and finally in business communities.56. How can we increase the visually impaired person's ability to travel through his physical and social environment?A) By helping him develop adequate orientation and mobility skills.B) By teaching him to learn observational skills.C) By warning him of hazardous situations or obstacles.D) By improving his visual ability.57. The visually impaired person's position in space ________.A) is not determined by memory but by physical landmarks and cluesB) is located in relation to other items in his mental mapC) enables him to construct the mental mapD) reinforces the mental map of his surroundings58. Mobility skills which the visually impaired person is learning refer to the ability ________.A) to travel as a dependent touristB) to travel as a pedestrian and a passengerC) to travel as a pedestrian with a companyD) to travel within the safe physical and social environment59. In the passage, the author insists that ________.A) visually impaired children go to school for survivalB) the needs and demands of visually impaired children expandC) visually impaired children acquire the fundamental concepts for safe mobility .D) preschool children receive the instruction in the concepts of time and space or objects and events60. What is the author mainly talking about in the passage?A) Visual impairment and memory.B) The visually impaired person's physical and social environment.C) Mental development of the visually impaired person.D) Orientation and mobility of the visually impaired person. Passage SixOur bodies are wonderfully skilful at maintaining balance. When the temperature jumps, we sweat to cool down. When our blood pressure falls, our hearts pound to compensate. As it turned out, though, our natural state is not a steady one .Researchers are finding that everything from blood pressure to brain function varies rhythmically with the cycles of sun, moon and seasons. And their insights are yielding new strategies for keeping sway such common killers as heart disease and cancer. Only one doctor in 20 has a good knowledge of the growing field of “chronotherapeutics,” the strategic use of time (chronos) in medicine. But according to a new American Medical Association poll, three out of four are eager to change that “The field is exploding", says Michael Smolensky. “Doctors used to look at us like, ‘What spaceship did you guys get off ?’ Now they’re thirsty to know more."In medical school, most doctors learn that people with chronic conditions should take their medicine at steady rates. “It's a terrible way to treat disease," says Dr. Richard Martin. For example, asthmatics (气喘患者) are most likely to suffer during the night. Yet most patients strive to keep a constant level of medicine in their blood day and night, whether by breathing in on an inhaler (吸入器) four times a day or taking a pill each morning and evening. In recent studies, researchers have found that a large mid-afternoon dose of a bronchodilator(支气管扩张剂) can be as safe as several small doses, and better for preventing nighttime attacks.If the night belongs to asthma, the dawn belongs to high blood pressure and heart disease. Heart attacks are twice as common at 9 a.m. as at 11 p. m.. Part of the reason is that our blood pressure fails predictably at night, then peaks as we start to work for the day. “Doctors know that”, says Dr. Henry Black of Chicago’s Medical Center, “but until now, we haven't been able to do anything about it." Most blood pressure drugs provide 18 to 20 hours of relief. But because they're taken in the morning, they're least effective when most needed. “You take your pill at 7and it's working by 9,”says Dr. William White of the University of Connecticut Health Center, “but by that time yo u've gone through the worst four hours of the day with no protection ,” Bedtime dosing would prevent thatlapse ,but it would also push blood Pressure to dangerously low levelsduring the night.61 . According to the passage, how do human bodies maintain balance?A) They adjust themselves timely in line with their Physical conditions .B) People increase or lower the body temperature by sweating.C) People's hearts pound to compensate when the blood pressure goes up.D) Both B and C.62. Researchers are finding that ________.A). heart disease and cancer are the most common killers of human beingsB) blood pressure and brain function are decided by cycles of sun, moon and seasonsC) the functions of human bodies have much to do with natureD) any change in human bodies goes systematically with changes in the environment63. According to the author, it is best for asthmatics to take their medicines ________.A) at steady ratesB) each morning and eveningC) when the disease occursD) at mid-afternoon64. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A) Doctors know more about chronotherapeutics than before.B) Doctors in the U.S. used to be thirsty the U.S. used to be thirsty to know more about the new medical field.C) The researchers, insights are providing new strategies to prevent common killers .D) The strategic use of time in medicine attracts more attention in the medical circle in the U.S.65. The suggested title for this passage might be ________.A) Medicine is EverythingB) Treatment is EverythingC) Timing is EverythingD) Prevention is EverythingPart IV Cloze Test (15 minutes,10 points)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side on the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with single line through the center.Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style oftheir own.__66__the turn of the century when jazz(爵士乐)was born, America had no prominent__67 __of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was__ 68__, or by whom., but it began to be__69__in the early 1900s. Jazz is America's contribution to__70__music. In contrast to classical music, which__71__ formal European traditions. jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy, __72__ moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz__73__like American, and__74__it does today. The__75__of this music are as interesting as the music__76__ . American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the Jazz__77__. They were brought to the Southern states__ 78__ slaves.They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long__79__. When a Negro died, his friends and relatives__80__a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the__ 81__. On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion.__82__on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their__83__, but the living were glad to be alive. The band played__84__music, improvising (即兴表演) on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes__85__at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of Jazz.66. A) By B) At C)In D) On67. A) music B) song C) melody D) style68. A) discovered B) acted C)invented D) designed69. A) noticed B) found C)listened D) heard70. A) classical B) sacred C)Popular D) light71. A) forms B) follows C) approaches D) introduces72. A) expressing B) explaining C) exposing D) illustrating73. A) appeared B)felt C)seemed D) sounded 74. A) as B) so C)either D) neither75. A) origins B) originals C) discoveries D) resources76. A) concerned B) itself C) available D) oneself77. A) Players B) followers C)fans D) pioneers78. A) for B) as C)with D) by79. A) months B) weeks C)hours D) times80. A) demonstrated B) composed C)hosted D) formed81. A) demonstration B) procession C)body D) march82. A) Even B) Therefore C) Furthermore D) But83. A) number B) members C) body D) relations84. A) sad B) solemn C) happy D) funeral85. A) whistled B) sung C) presented D) showedPaper One 试卷二(60 minutes)Part I Error Detection and Correction (10 minutes, 10 points) Directions:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These ports are labeled A, B, C and D. Identify the pert of the sentence that is incorrect and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down pour correction on the line on the ANSWER SHEET .。
1999年考研英语答案与解析
源圆援 【粤】葬造蚤增藻 除了可以表达“活着的”的含义外，还可 表示“发挥作用”，噪藻藻责 泽贼澡援 葬造蚤增藻 意为“有效的，存 在的”。
缘远援 眼悦演 【定位】考点在第三段。
1999- 4
【解析】技术的进步引发了在线营销策略的转变。过去，在线营销致力于吸引顾客，提高网站的访问量。如今，网络 公司可以开发软件把产品信息直接送到目标客户的电脑屏幕上。故 悦 项为正确选项。
【点睛】淤本文的主题是在线商务，所以即使涉及到网络技术也是为在线商务服务的；至于技术本身，并不是作者 或读者所应该着重关注的。粤 项不正确。
源愿援 【悦】文章倒数第二句谈到，伤害的索赔要求越少说 明工人的安全率越高。换句话说，安全生产是能得 到回报的，悦 项 责葬赠泽 燥枣枣 意为“得到报偿，有收获”。
【点睛】词义辨析题。粤 项 糟燥皂藻泽 燥枣枣 意为“举行，实 现”；月 项 贼怎则灶泽 怎责 意为“找到，发现”；阅 项 澡燥造凿泽 怎责 意为“阻塞，延误”。
参考译文划线点评
外面是一个危险的世界。走出去，你可能会在门口的防滑垫上滑一下而把腿摔断。升炉子点火，你可能把房子烧 掉。幸运的是，如果防滑垫和炉子没有警示字样告诉你有可能出现灾难的话，成功地打一场官司可以弥补你在灾难 中遭受的损失。或者，更确切地说，穴缘员雪在 愿园 年代初期，陪审团开始裁定更多的公司应该对他们的消费者遭受的不幸 负法律责任，自此以后，这种想法就深入人心。
公司感到了威胁，他们的对策是书写越来越长的警告标签，竭力预见到一切可能发生的事故。现在，折叠梯都附 有几英寸长的标签，除了警告你可能发生的其他意外，它还警告你可能会摔下来—— —这种警告真是莫名其妙。而一 个儿童用蝙蝠侠短斗篷上的标签则警告说此玩具“不能令使用者飞起来”。
同等学力申请硕士学位外国语全国统一考试试题及答案
同等学力申请硕士学位外国语全国统一考试试题及答案一、综合能力测试综合能力测试是同等学力申请硕士学位外国语全国统一考试的重要组成部分，考察考生在语言运用、阅读理解、写作等方面的能力。
下面是一套典型的综合能力测试试题及答案供考生参考。
第一节语言运用阅读下面的短文，然后根据短文内容选择最佳答案。
Some animals, such as camels and desert snakes, are incredibly good at surviving in the desert. Their adaptations (适应) 1 them to live in conditions that other creatures couldn't cope with.Camels are known for their humps, which are a store of fat that can be converted into water and energy when food and water are scarce. Their wide, tough feet help them to walk easily on sand, and their long legs allow them to take big steps to avoid sinking.Desert snakes have a special way of moving across the hot desert sand. Unlike most snakes, which push themselves off the ground with their stomach muscles, desert snakes do the opposite. They lift their stomachs off the ground to the point where they almost stand up and then they throw themselves forwards. This way of moving is very quick and allows the snake to spend less time in contact with the burning sand.1. The main topic of the passage is __________.A. adapting to desert conditionsB. the humps of camelsC. the movement of desert snakesD. the features of camels and desert snakes答案：D2. According to the passage, camels can __________.A. store water in their humpsB. convert fat into foodC. walk easily on sandD. take big steps to avoid sinking答案：C3. How do desert snakes move across the hot sand?A. By lifting their stomachs off the ground.B. By pushing themselves off the ground with their stomach muscles.C. By throwing themselves forwards quickly.D. By spending less time in contact with the sand.答案：A二、阅读理解阅读下面的短文，根据短文内容选择最佳答案。
1999年考研英语试题及答案
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同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试历年真题详解及模拟
同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试历年真题详解及模拟1. Such experience helps promote one's 9alertness to other cultures, as well as a better ap-preciation of one's own culture.（）A.preferenceB. adjustmentC.sensitivityD.response2. If you always try to 8find fault with others, it means that you have gained another short-coming. （）A.ignoreB.criticizeC.impressD.follow3. The election will be 9brought forward to June as so many people are on holiday in July.（）A.prolongedB. adaptedC.postponedD.advanced4.As to the question of refreshments, I should think orange juice and potato chips will be 9sufficient.（）A.enoughB.abundantC.satisfyingD.proper5.Watching these kids grow brings me satisfaction that is difficult to 9surpass. （）A. obtainB.exceedC.describeD.forget6.The journal published a series of articles that reviewed the 9prospects for a new era of “genetic medicine”.（）A. backgroundB.explorationC.surveyD.outlook7.If you don't slow down and take a break, you'll be 9burned out very quickly.（）A. distressedB.anxiousC.exhaustedD.upset8. Following our 9merging with Smith Brothers, the new company will, from now on,be known as Smith and Murphy Inc.（）A. cooperationB.meetingC.agreementbination9.Only native-born citizens are 9eligible for the U. S. Presidency.（）A.requiredB.qualifiedC.selectedD.elected10. It was 38 degrees and the air conditioning 9barely cooled the room.（）A.simplyB.quicklyC.hardlyD.strongly11.There are several different 9options for getting Internet access.（）A.choicesB. definitionsC.channelsD.reasons12. Earth has an atmosphere, which protects the surface from harmful 9rays..（）A.mineralsB. substancesC.gasesD.beams13. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her 9hostile atttude toward customers..（）A. unfriendlyB. optimisticC.impatientD.positive14. Since it is late to change my mind now, I am resolved to 9carry out the plan..（）A.reviseB.implementC.reviewD.improve15. Security guards9 dispersed the crowd that had gathered around the Capitol..（）A.arrestedB.stoppedC.scatteredD.watched16. To start the program, 9insert the disk and follow the instructions..（）A. take outB.turn overC.track downD.put in17. The patient's condition has 9deteriorated since last night..（）A.improvedB.returnedC.worsenedD.changed18. I couldn't afford to fly home, and a train ticket was9likewise beyond my means..（）A.alsoB.nonethelessC.furthermoreD.otherwise19. Despite years of searching, scientists have detected no signs of life 9beyond our own so-lar system..（）A.withinB. besidesC.outsideD.except20.I prefer chicken to fish because I am worried about9accidentally swallowing a small bone..（）A.intentionallyB.unexpectedlyC.anxiouslyD.hurriedly21. Now and in the future, we will live as free people, not in fear and never 9at the mercy of any foreign powers.（）A. in the interest ofB. under the control ofC.for the sake ofD. at the cost of22. Public acceptance of rabbit as an economical source of protein depends on how 9aggressively producers market it.（）A. vigorouslyB.effectivelyC.efficientlyD. Rigorously23. Many New England communities do not permit the construction of a“modernist”building, 9lest it alter their overall architectural integrity.（）A. in case thatB. in spite thatC.for fear thatD. in order that24.Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic9representation of what is conceived to be reality.（）A. imaginationB. impressionC. presentationD. Expression25. Television commercials have been under constant scrutiny for the last few years.（）A.pressureB. reflectionC. examinationD.attack26. The mayor has spent a 9handsome amount of time in his last term working to bring down the tax rate.（）A.sufficientB.plentyC. considerableD. Moderate27. His poor performance may be 9attributed to the lack of motivation.（）A. caused byB.focused onC. taken forD. viewed as28. The new cut in interest rate is meant to 9promote domestic investment.（）A.encourageB. obtainC. publicizeD. Advertise29. Conditions for the growth of this plant are 9optimum in early summer.（）A.most acceptableB.most expressiveC. most tavoriteD. most desirable30. She often says her greatest happiness 9consists in helping the disadvantaged children.（）A. is proportionate toB. is composed ofC. lies inD. relies on31. I read the newspaper every day so that I can stay informed about 9current events.（）A. importantB.internationalC. latestD. Cultural32. After seven days in the desert, the explorer was relieved when he 9eventually found wa-ter.（）A.predictablyB.finallyC.luckilyD. Accidentally33.When we gave the children ice cream, they immediately9ceased crying.（）A. startedB. continuedC. resumedD. Stopped34. The science teacher 9demonstrated the process of turning solid gold into liquid.（）A. showedB. elaboratedC. devisedD. Simplified35. John's application for 9admission to graduate studies in the School of Education has been approved.（）A. entranceB. acceptanceC.experienceD. Allowance36. Most college students in the United States 9 live away from home.（）A. apartB. downC.elsewhereD. Along37.The pursuit of maximum profit often drives manufacturers to 9turn out things that can do harm to people's health.（）A.preserveB.promoteC. processD.produce38. Many different parts 9make up an airplane: theengine(s),the wings, the tail, and so on.（）A. composeB. decorateC.constructD. Derive39. You make it sound as if I did it 9on purpose.（）A. carefullyB. unwillinglyC.incrediblyD. deliberately40. He could never have 9forescen that one day his books would sell in millions.（）A. understoodB. explainedC. expectedD. believed。
1999年同等学力人员申请硕士学位日语水平全国统一考试试题及答案.doc
1999年同等学力人员申请硕士学位日语水平全国统一考试试题及答案试卷一一、文字と語彙（一）次の文の下線部の読み方をそれぞれのA・B・C・Dから一つ選んで、解答力－ドに書きなさい。
1．この手紙を受け取ったら、至急返事してください。
AちきゅうBじきゅうCぢきゅうDしきゅう2．昼間は暖かいが、朝タはまだ肌寒い。
AちゅうかんBひるまCひるかんDひるあいだ3．集合時間が近づいてきたのに、まだ出かける支度ができていない。
AしどBしどCしたくDしたく4．彼女の笑顔が素敵です。
AしょうがんBしょうかおCえがおDえかお5．このごろ、大手商社が次々とつぶれている。
AおおてBおおしゅCおうてDおうしゅ6．五十歳ともなると、体力が衰えてくる。
AおととえてくるBおとえてくるCおとろえてくるDおどろえてくる7．金融市場が日増しに拡大されている。
AきんゆしじょうBきんゆうしじょうCきんゆいちばDきんゆういちば8．この小説は自然に対する描写がうまい。
AかきうつしBえがきうつしCひょうしゃDびょうしゃ9．政治的な色彩が濃い。
AいろあいBいろどりCしょくさいDしきさい10．毎日遅刻に呆れている。
AあきねているBあきれているCあきらめているDあきている（二）次の文の下線部にあたる漢字をそれぞれのA・B・C・Dから一つ選んで、解答カードに書きなさい。
11．今日はむいかの水曜日です。
A五日B四日C六日D九日12．今日はめずらしく帰りは早い。
A貴しくB異しくC怪しくD珍しく13．これはまるでかちのない話だ。
A値打ちB値段C価値D値14．昨日かぜを引いてしまった。
A風B邪C邪風D風邪15．家では80歳の両親をやしなわなければならない。
A培わなければならないB養わなければならないC賄わなければならないD失わなければならない16．学生の作文にあかじを入れるのに時間がかかった。
A垢地B赤地C証字D赤字17．きせいラッシュで、電車が混んでいる。
A規制B帰省C規正D既成18．天候のことはかんじょうに入れていなかった。
同等学力人员申请硕士学位 外国语水平全国统一考试 英语试卷一及
同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试英语试卷一及同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试英语试卷一及参考答案解析IntroductionThe national unified Foreign Language Proficiency Examination in English, commonly known as English Test Paper One, is a crucial component for individuals with an equivalent educational background who are seeking to pursue a master's degree. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the examination, covering various sections and offering detailed explanations of the answers.Section One: Listening ComprehensionIn the Listening Comprehension section of the English Test Paper One, candidates are required to listen to a series of recordings, including dialogues, speeches, and interviews. The objective is to assess their ability to understand spoken language in different contexts. This section aims to evaluate candidates' listening skills, including their comprehension of main ideas, specific details, and logical relationships.To excel in this section, candidates should practice active listening techniques, such as focusing on keywords, identifying the speaker's tone, and recognizing the overall purpose of the conversation. Additionally, being familiar with different accents and speech patterns will enhance candidates'listening abilities. It is advisable to engage in regular practice exercises and mock tests to develop proficiency in this area.Section Two: Reading ComprehensionThe Reading Comprehension section assesses candidates' ability to understand written English, including academic essays, newspaper articles, and literary texts. This section primarily tests candidates' comprehension of main ideas, vocabulary, and the ability to draw inferences.To perform well in this section, candidates should employ effective reading strategies, such as skimming and scanning to quickly identify the key points and relevant details. Creating a mental framework and making notes while reading can help in grasping the overall structure of the passage. Additionally, expanding one's vocabulary and improving reading speed will greatly contribute to success in this section.Section Three: TranslationThe Translation section evaluates candidates' translation skills from English to Chinese and from Chinese to English. It assesses their understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions. In this section, candidates are required to translate passages accurately while maintaining the original meaning and style.To excel in translation, candidates should enhance their understanding of sentence structures, idiomatic expressions, and cultural nuances in both English and Chinese. Regular practice in translating various types of texts, including legal documents, scientific articles, and literary works, is essential for developing proficiency. Utilizing online resources, dictionaries, andseeking feedback from experts can also significantly contribute to improvement.Section Four: WritingThe Writing section evaluates candidates' ability to express thoughts and ideas effectively in written English. This section typically includes tasks such as essay writing, letter writing, or report writing. Candidates are assessed based on their organization of ideas, coherence, grammar accuracy, vocabulary usage, and overall writing proficiency.To excel in this section, candidates should practice writing regularly, focusing on enhancing their grammar and vocabulary. Developing a clear and concise writing style, and structuring the essay with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, is essential. Utilizing various writing techniques, such as providing examples, comparing and contrasting, and supporting arguments with evidence, can greatly improve the overall quality of the written response.ConclusionThe English Test Paper One is a crucial examination for individuals with equivalent educational backgrounds who aspire to pursue a master's degree.A comprehensive understanding of each section's requirements, along with consistent practice and dedication, is crucial for success. By honing their listening, reading, translation, and writing skills, candidates can increase their chances of achieving a satisfactory result in this examination, thereby opening doors to further academic pursuits and professional growth.。
1999年考研英语真题答案及解析
33.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 34.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此 意见不一。 35.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的 评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
1999 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析
Part ⅠCloze Test
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8.C 9. A 10. D
Part ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Passage 1
11. B 12. C 13.A 14. D
定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同， 但都遵循某些基本的思想。第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利 还是亏损。
二、试题具体解析 1.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。难度：0.36 本题空格处的介词和 low accident rates 搭配成介词短语，做后置定语修饰 companies。选项中只有 at 和 with 能与 rate 搭配，at a/the rate（of）意为“以…的速度”，如：She can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.（她一分钟能读 100 个单词），但我们不能说“低速度事故的（at low accident rates）公司”，因此排除 at。with 意为“具有，带有”，用来 表示附属于一个物品的某种显著的特点，如：a country with a long history（历史悠久的国家），在短文中意为“事故 发生率低的公司”。 2.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.32 空格处的结构为 keep（动词）them（宾语）2（宾补）and active（宾补），其中 them 指代前面的 safety programs，该 空的形容词应与 active 在语义上一致，并且可以修饰 safety programs（安全计划）。选项中 alive 的常用义为“活着的， 有活力的”，但它与 keep 搭配时意为“使继续有效、存在或进行”，如：The argument was kept alive by the politicians. （政治家们还在继续争论那件事）。放入文中，keep safety programs alive 从语法和意思上均符合文意。整个句子的大 意为：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力实施它们，并且不断使之发挥作用并保持活力。 3.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：上下文逻辑语义 + 名词词义辨析。难度：0.08 解此题，首先要理解空格后的短语 accident free operations 意为“无事故操作”，free 此处意为“无…的，免…的”， 如：a nuclear weapon free zone（无核武器区）；其次要理解条件从句 When the work is well done 的含义，根据上文， 可知它指的是：当公司能够很好地制定安全计划并贯彻实施时。考生还需注意这里条件从句实际上也反应出它和主 句之间是因果关系，即：由于公司能够很好地…，无事故操作的“什么”就可以建立起来了。根据逻辑判断，建立 规章（regulation）和要求（requirement）都不是可能的结果。其它两个选项中，climate 可以表示“气氛，氛围”，如： a climate of unrest （不安的气氛），它在文中意为“建立一个无事故操作的工作氛围”。干扰项是 circumstance，它也 可以表示“环境”，但一般用复数，如：The circumstances forced me to accept.（环境迫使我不得不同意）；当它做单 数时，含义是“一个情况，一个特定事件”，如：Your arrival was a fortunate circumstance.（你的到来是的一件幸事）。 4.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词。难度：0.38 空格前后部分是两个结构完整的句子：a climate of accident free operations is established（一个无事故操作的工作氛围 被建立起来）和 time lost is kept at a minimum（工伤损失的时间保持在最低的限度），这时空格处填入的词只有两种 可能：一是连词，来表明两者之间的逻辑关系；一是关系代词或关系副词，把后面句子变成前面句子的从句。选项 中惟一的连词是 unless，但它表达的含义“除非…否则…”放入文中显然不符合逻辑。那么接下来可以肯定空格连 接的是一个从句。所在句子可简化为 a climate is established4time is kept at a minimum，显然后面的从句只可能修饰先 行词 climate，从结构上看这是个定语从句，空格处需要一个关系副词，因此排除关系代词 what，关系副词 how 也排 除，因为 how 不能引导定语从句（详解见下面知识点补充）；只有 where 可以使句子结构合理，它相当于 in which， 在句中代替 in the climate，引导定语从句。从句的完整结构是 time is kept at a minimum in the climate（工伤损失的时 间在这种氛围里会被保持在最低的限度）。 知识点补充：关系副词 when，where 和 why 可以引导定语从句，并在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。它们的意 思相当于“介词+which 结构”，其中 when=at/in/on/during which，where=in/at which，why=for which。关系副词 how 不能引导定语从句，像 This is the way how he behaves 这样的句子是错误的。如果要用 how，句子中就不能有先行词， 如：This is how he behaves. 5.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨析。难度：0.53 本题首先考核动词与介词 in 的搭配。四个选项中，alter 和 distinguish 不能和 in 搭配，首先应该排除；shift in 表示“在… 里移动，变换位置”，如：He shifted impatiently in his seat（他不耐烦地在椅子里动来动去），显然这个含义不符合文 意需要；differ 能与 in 搭配，意为“在…方面不同”，如：My brother and I differ in many ways.（我和我兄弟在许多方
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析
1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, man y companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are l imiting the ri sk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private in tranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages d irectly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fade s. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and thos e arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are l egally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional trainin g is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explai ned during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by bodycell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was st ill “up in the air.”63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing the ir cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific me t hod” asubstitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended r esearch conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the sci entist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68. The author asserts that scientists ________.[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists ________.[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] st ick to “scientific method”70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by managementSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners a lways know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequentl y fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Section V Writing1999年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)Part B (5 points)11. [D] were12. [D] saving13. [C] family-run14. [C] environmental15. [B] that16. [A] in17. [C] to make18. [D] skinned19. [B] great20. [D] unless Part C (10 points)21.[A]22.[D]23.[C]24.[B]25.[A]26.[C]27.[A]28.[B]29.[D]30.[C]31.[C]32.[B]33.[D]34.[C]35.[C]36.[B]37.[A]38.[B]39.[D]40.[B]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)41.[D]42.[A]43.[B]44.[A]45.[B]46.[C]47.[D]48.[C]49.[A]50.[D]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)51.[B]52.[C]53.[A]54.[D]55.[A]56.[C]57.[D]58.[B]59.[B]60.[D]61.[C]62.[A]63.[B]64.[C]65.[D]66.[A]67.[A]68.[B]69.[D]70.[A]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
1999年同等学力英语真题及参考答案
1999年同等学力英语真题及参考答案1999年同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试及答案Paper One 试卷一(90 minutes)Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes, 15 points) （略）Part II Vocabulary (15 minutes, 15 points)Section ADirections: In this section there are fifteen sentences , each with one word or phrase underlined . Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.I6. Courageous people think quickly and act without hesitation.A. complaintB. considerationC. delayD. Anxiety17. I've only recently explored Shakespeare with profit and pleasure.A. followedB. evaluatedC. actedD. studied18. Hardly a week goes by without some advance in technology that would have seemed incredible 50 yeas ago.A. hard to inventB. hard to understandC. hard to imagineD. hard to believe19. You have to pay a (n) premium for express delivery.A. extra chargeB. extra priceC. extra tipD. extra bonus20. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily put up for a month or a year for a single day.A. arrangeB. manageC. lastD. stay21. The salesman approached the house cautiously when he saw the vicious dog at the door.A. carefullyB. deliberatelyC. nervouslyD. bravely22. A new technological process may be employed to ~ this abundant supply directly.A. produceB. reserveC. exploitD. search23. An international treaty signed several years ago bans trade in plants and animal of endangered species.A. forbidsB. eliminatesC. promotesD. protects24. It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change you life.A. calmB. upsetC. steadyD. severe25. When faced with doubts from some advisers on the attempted invasion, Kennedy ignored them.A. failed to understandB. put up withC. stood up forD. refused to considerSection BDirections: In this section, there are ten incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.26. Don't _______while I'm talking. You can ask what you want later.A. cut outB. cut inC. cut offD. cut down27. He misled management by giving it the idea that the older and more experienced men were not an _______ but a liability.A. assistanceB. advantageC. assetD. award28. In 400 A.D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that span upwards and fell back to earth as ______ceased.A. rotationB. suspensionC. emissionD. motivation29. As a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who ______ it.A. innovateB. inhabitC. integrateD. inherit30. Children in the United States are exposed to many influences _______those of their families.A. rather thanB. better thanC. more thanD. other than31. The fact that the earth's surface heats _______provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature regions.A. unsteadilyB. unevenlyC. infrequentlyD. irregularly32. You may never experience an earthquake or a volcanic eruption in your life, but you will _____changes in the land.A. adaptB. adoptC. witnessD. define33. It is understood that the filming of Legends is almost complete and the film is not _______ to be delayed.A. easyB. availableC. greatD. likely34. The first step before making any decision toA. interactB. integrateC. interveneD. intensify35. The television station is supported byA. donationsB. advertisementsC. pensionsD. accountsPart III Reading Comprehension (45minutes, 30 points)Directions: There are six passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneLateral thinking (迂回思维), first described by Edward de Bone in 1967, is just a few years older than Edward's son. You might imagine that Caspar was raised to be an adventurous thinker, but the de Bone was so famous, Caspar's parents worried that any time he would say something bright at school, his teachers mightsnap, "Where do you get that idea from?""We had to be careful and not overdo it." Edward admits. Now Caspar is at Oxford-which once looked unlikely because he is also slightly dyslexic (诵读困难). In fact, when he was applying to Oxford, none of his school teachers thought he had a chance. "So then we did several thinking sessions," his father says, "using my techniques and, when he went up for the exam, he did extremely well." Soon after, Edward de Bone decided to write his latest book, "Teach Your Child How to Think," in which he transforms the thinking skills he developed for brain-storming businessmen into informal exercises for parents and children to share.Thinking is traditionally regarded as something executed in a logical sequence, and everybody knows that children aren't very logical. So isn't it an uphill battle, trying to teach them to think? "You know," Edward de Bone says, "if you examine people's thinking, it is quite unusual to find faults of logic. But the faults of perception are huge! Often we think ineffectively because we take too limited a view.""Teach Your Child How to Think" offers lessons in perception improvement, of clearly seeing the implications of something you are saying and exploring the alternatives.36. What is TRUE about Caspar?A. He first described lateral thinking.B. He is often scolded by his teacher.C. He is Edward's son.D. He is an adventurous thinker.37. Caspar succeeded in applying to Oxford because ________.A. he used in the exam the techniques provided by his fatherB. he read the book "Teach Your Child How to think" beforethe examC. he was careful and often overworkedD. all of his school teachers thought he had a chance38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Edward _________.A. was prompted to study lateral thinking because his son was slightly dyslexicB. once taught businessmen how to think before he wrote for parents and childrenC. was likely to improve children's logic with his bookD. gave a description of lateral thinking several years after his son was born39. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements expresses Edward de Bone's view?A. We often think ineffectively because we take too limited a view.B. Thinking is traditionally regarded as something executed in a logical sequence.C. Everybody knows that children aren't very logical.D. h is an uphill battle trying to teach children to think.40. Lateral thinking refers to the following EXCEPT _______.A. seeing the implications of what you are sayingB. exploring the alternatives for what you are sayingC. improving one's logic in thinkingD. improving one's perception in thinkingPassage TwoFor millions of years before die appearance of die electric light, shift work, all-night cable TV and die Internet, earth's creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hour rhythms. Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle. Simply, our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake duringthe day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. (Contrary to popular belief, humans don’t need less sleep as they age.)But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hour per night, a marked drop from the ninehours they averaged in 1910. What's worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that's not nearly enough.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zone or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. “Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep,” Jones says.Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns. My motto (座右铭) is 'Sleep defensively'," says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines -- l/ire going to bed and getting up at the same time every day -- are important. Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Eisner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few life style changes—avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath—yield better sleep.41. What is TRUE of human sleep?A. On average, people in the U. S. today sleep less per night than they used to.B. For most people, less than six hoers of sleep on a typical work night is enough,C. Most people need less sleep when they grow older.D. Most people need seven and a half hems of sleep every night42. For our bodies to function properly, we should _______.A. adjust our activities to the new inventionsB. be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocksC. sleep for at least eight hours per nightD. believe that we need less sleep as we age43. According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by _______.A. improper sleep patternsB. chronic fatigue syndromeC. other diseasesD. pre-bedtime exercises44. Which of the following measures can help you sleep better?A. Having late meals.B. Traveling between time zonesC. Staying up late.D. Taking a hot bath.45. "Sleep defensively" means that ~-A. people should sacrifice other things to getting enough sleep if necessaryB. people should give up going to bed and getting up at the same time every day.C. people should go to a doctor and have their problemsdiagnosedD. people should exercise immediately before going to bed every nightPassage ThreeThe media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People's Park that were occurring on campus. Same of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people's lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on "live action" such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed byvideo coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury (陪审团) was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, "Can we all get along?" By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding (展开) on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.46. The best title for the passage is _________.A. The1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the i992 Los Angeles RiotsB. How Media Cover EventsC. The 1992 Los Angeles RiotsD. The Impact of Media on Current Events47. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that _________.A. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national mediacoverageB. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake gavethe viewers the impression of totaldisasterC. electronic media can extend one's contact with the worldD. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities bywatching television48. The term "electronic city" in Paragraph 2 refers toA. BerkeleyC. Los AngelesB. EarthD. San Francisco49. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out becauseA. video coverage from helicopters had made people angryB. video coverage had provided powerful feedbackC. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney KingD. people can make their own judgements50. It can be inferred from the passage thatA. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole weekB. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on FridayC. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad resultsD. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of thejuryPassage FourAt the Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997, it became abundantlyclearhow complex it has become to work out internationalagreements relating to the environmentbecause of economic concerns unique to each country. It is no longer enough to try to forbidcertain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances. The global challenges of theinterlink between the environment and development increasing bring us to the core of the economic life of states. During the late 1980s we were able, through international agreements, to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer. These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and, more important, because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the economies of states.Although the threat of global warming has been known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem, we also know that the effects of measures, especially harsh measures taken in some countries, would be nullified (抵消) if other countries do not control their emissions. Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO, in the atmosphere, this path is not feasible for several reasons. Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy. Important and populous (人口众多的) low –or medium-income countries are not yet willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. In addition, the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.We must, however, find a solution to the threat of global warming early in the 21st century.Such a commitment would require a degree of shared vision and common responsibilities new to humanity. Success ties in the force of imaginations, in imagining what would happen if we fail to act. Although many living in cold regions would welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer, few would cheer the arrival of the subsequent tropical diseases, especially where there had been none.51. The main purpose of this passage is to ________.A. analyze the problem of global warmingB. argue against making deep cuts in emissionsC. convince people that global warming is a real threatD. criticize some countries for refusing to cot down emissions harmful to the ozone layer52. The reason why it is difficult to get rid of the threat of global warming is that ________.A. not all the countries are willing to make deep cuts in emissionsB. many people welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summerC. the leaders of many countries are not fully aware of the gravity of the problemD. world technology is not able to solve the problem53. In the passage the author implies that _______.A. the world has recently become aware of the threat of global warmingB. the problem of global warming has largely been solvedC. it is always difficult to work out international agreements to cut down emission harmful to the ozone layerD. it is no longer easy to reach international agreements relating to the environment54. According to the author, it is impossible at present to cut 60%of carbon dioxide emissionsglobally because __________.A. some people are irresponsibleB. it would cause a collapse of the world economyC. it is only a goal to be reached in the futureD. some people are lacking in imagination55. What should all countries do to help solve the problem of global warming?A. They should hold another world conference on climate change.B. They should provide advanced technology.C. They should replace all the harmful substances.D. They should willingly undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.Passage FiveThe word science is heard so often in modem times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyoneshould understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses (假设) and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they areproved or discredited (使不相信). The exacts status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purpose- for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic (抱歉) about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.56. To define science we may simply call it ________.A. the study of unrelated fieldsB. classified knowledgeC. the study of unrelated subjectsD. an attempt to explain natural phenomena57. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope, ________.A. is not always as pure as we supposeB. necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cellC. may lead to antiscientific, "impure" resultsD. necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of the cell58. A scientist interested in adding to our general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach _______.A. pure scienceB. environmental scienceC. applied scienceD. agricultural science59. Which of the following statements does the author imply?A. In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fictionB. Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.C. Scientists engaged in the theoretical research should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.D. Today few people have any nation of the meaning of science.60. The best title for the passage isA. Hypotheses and TheoriesB. On Distinguishing Fact from FictionC. The Nature of Science and ScientistsD. Biology and the Scientific AgePassage SixWith the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most controversial issue across theUnited States today is the death penalty. Many argue that it is an effective deterrent (威慑) to murder, while others maintain there is no convincing evidence that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.The principal argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty, basically, is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment, that it is the mark of a brutal society, and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary evil. Throughout recorded history there have always been those extreme individuals in every society who were capable of terribly violent crimes such as murder. But some are more extreme than others.For example, it is one thing to take the life of another in a fit of blind rage, but quite another to coldly plot and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus, murder, like all other crimes, is a matter of relative degree. While it could be argued with some conviction that the criminal in the first instance should be merely isolated from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to debate. But the overwhelming majority of citizens believe that the death penalty protects them. Their belief is reinforced by evidence which shows that the death penalty deters murder. For example, from 1954 to1963, when the death penalty was consistently imposed in California, the murder rateremained between three and four murders for each 100 000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been imposed only once, and the murder rate has risen to 10.4 murders for each 100 000 population. The sharp climb in the state's murder rate, which began when executions stopped, is no coincidence. It is convincing evidence that the death penalty does deter many murderers. If the bill reestablishing the death penalty is vetoed, innocent people will be murdered--some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect. This is literally a life or death matter. The lives of thousands of innocent people must be protected.61. The principal purpose of this passage is to ________.A. speak for the majorityB. initiate a vetoC. criticize the governmentD. argue for the value of the death penalty62. The passage attempts to establish a relationship between ______.A. the murder rate and the imposition of the death penaltyB. the effects of execution and the effects of isolationC. the importance of equal rights and that of the death penaltyD. executions and murders63. The author's response to those who urge the death penalty for alllikely be ______.A. negativeB. friendlyC. supportiveD. hostile64. In the passage the author is primarily concerned with ________.A. analyzing a problem objectivelyB. settling s disputeC. supporting a positionD. describing an event65. It can be inferred that the author thinks thatA. the death penalty is the most controversial issue in the United States todayB. the second type murderers (in Paragraph 4) should be sentenced to deathC. the veto of the bill reestablishing the death penalty is of little importanceD. the value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not to be debatedPart IV Cloze (15 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In this part, there is a passage with twenty blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.What's your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? Thefirst time you 66 thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom 67 events muchearlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four68 retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been 69 bypsychologists for this "childhood amnesia" (儿童失忆症). Oneargues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature 70 about the age of two. But the most popular theory 71 that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot72 childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or 73—one event follows 74 as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental 75 for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don't find any that fits the 76 . It's like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new 77 forchildhood amnesia. She argues that there simply 78 any early childhood memories to recall.According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use 79 spoken description of their personalexperiences in order to turn their own short-term, quickly 80 impressions of them into long-term memories. In other 81 , children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about 82 --Mother talking about the afternoon 83 looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this 84 reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form 85 memories of their personalexperiences.66. A. listened B. felt C. touched D. heard67. A. involve B. interpret C. recall D. resolve68. A. largely B. rarely C. merely D. really69. A. canceled B. figured C. proposed D. witnessed70. A. until B. once C. after D. since71. A. magnifies B. intervenes C. contains D. maintains72. A. reflect B. attain C. access D. refer。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题1999年
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题1999年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：5.00)1.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ______ just a round the comer was untrue.（分数：0.50）A.would beB.to beC.wasD.being √解析：[试题分析] 本题测试对于非谓语动词用法的掌握。
[详细解答] 本句中的that引导的是一个宾语从句，而从句中已经有了谓语was untrue。
因此可在动名词前面加上一个名词来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语，故选项[D]为正确答案。
2.Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ______ people each year than automobile accidents.（分数：0.50）A.seven more timesB.seven times more √C.over seven timesD.seven times解析：[试题分析] 本题测试比较级前修饰词语的用法。
[详细解答] 由than一词可知，此句为省略的比较从句。
而带程度状语的比较级中程度状语要放在比较级前面。
因此，选项[B]为正确答案。
3.It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ______ place in our over-changing world.（分数：0.50）A.taking √B.to takeC.takeD.taken解析：[试题分析] 本题测试非谓语动词的用法。
同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试历年真题及详解
同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试历年真题及详解同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试历年真题及详解（2006~2012）2006年同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试试题及详解Paper One 试卷一(90 minutes)Part Ⅰ Dialogue Communication (10 minutes,10 points)Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1. A: Do you do exercise every day?B: _____A. No, it depends on what kind of exercise.B. No, I go to health club most of the time.C. Yes, usually every other day.D. Yes, rain or shine.【答案】D查看答案【解析】对话里A问B“你每天都锻炼吗？”，回答要针对是否每天锻炼作出肯定或否定回答，选项D“是的，不管刮风下雨”，与问题相关且回答前后一致，因此正确答案为D项。
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1999年同等学历人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试试题1-15听力（略）16. Courageous people think quickly and act without hesitation. (C)A. complaintB. considerationC. delayD. anxiety17. I‟ve only recently explored Shakespeare with profit and pleasure. (D)A. followedB. evaluatedC. actedD. studied18. Hardly a week goes by without some advance in technology that would haveseemed incredible 50 years ago. (D)A. hard to inventB. hard to understandC. hard to imagineD. hard to believe19. You have to pay a (n) premium for express delivery. (A)A. extra chargeB. extra priceC. extra tipD. extra bonus20. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily put up for amonth or a year as for a single day. (D)A. arrangeB. manageC. lastD. stay21. The salesman approached the house cautiously when he saw the vicious dog atthe door. (A)A. carefullyB. deliberatelyC. nervouslyD. bravely22. A new technological process may be employed to tap this abundant supplydirectly. (C)A. produceB. reserveC. exploitD. search23. An international treaty signed several years ago bans trade in plants and animalsof endangered species. (A)A. forbidsB. eliminatesC. promotesD. protects24. It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life. (A)A. calmB. upsetC. steadyD. severe25. When faced with doubts from some advisers on the attempted invasion, Kennedyignored them. (D)A. failed to understandB. put up withC. stood up forD. refused to consider26. Don‟t ______ while I‟m talking. You can say what you want later. (B)A. cut outB. cut inC. cut offD. cut down27. He misled management by giving it the idea that the older and more experiencedmen were not an ______ but a liability. (C)A. assistanceB. advantageC. assetD. award28. In 400 A. D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that span upwards andfell back to earth as ______ ceased. (A)A. rotation .B. suspensionC. emissionD. motivation29. As a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around youand the people who ______ it. (B)A. innovateB. inhabitC. integrateD. inherit30. Children in the United States are exposed to many influences ______ those oftheir families. (D)A. rather thanB. better thanC. more thanD. other than31. The fact tha t the earth‟s surface heats ______ provides a convenient way to divideit into temperature regions. (B)A. unsteadilyB. unevenlyC. infrequentlyD. irregularly32. You may never experience an earthquake or a volcanic eruption in your life, butyou will _____ changes in the land. (C)A. adaptB. adoptC. witnessD. define33. It is understood that the filming of Legends is almost complete and the film is not______ to be delayed. (D)A. easyB. availableC. greatD. likely34. The first step before making any decision to ______ was to determine exactlywho did the killing. (C)A. interactB. integrateC. interveneD. intensify35. The television station is supported by ______ from foundations and other sources.(A)A. donationsB. advertisementsC. pensionsD. accountsPassage OneLateral thinking (迂回思维) first described by Edward de Bone in 1967, is just a few years older than Edward‟s son. You might imagine that Caspar was raised to be an adventurous thinker, but the de Bone was so famous, …Caspar‟s parents worried that any time he would say somethi ng bright at school, his teachers might snap, “Where do you get that idea from?”“We had to be careful and not overdo it,” Edward admits. Now Caspar is at Oxford―which once looked unlikely because he is also slightly dyslexic (诵读困难). In fact, when he was applying to Oxford, none of his school teachers thought he had a chance. “So then we did several thinking sessions,” his father says, “using my techniques and, when he went up for the exam, he did extremely well.” Soon after, Edward de Bone decided to write his latest book, “Teach Your Child How to Think,” in which he transforms the thinking skills he developed for brain-storming businessmen into informal exercises for parents and children to share.Thinking is traditionally regarded as something executed in a logical sequence, and everybody knows that children aren‟t very logical. So isn‟t it an uphill battle, trying to teach them to think? “You know,” Edward de Bone says, if you examine people‟s thinking, it is quite unusual to find faults of logic. But the faults of perception are huge! often we think ineffectively because we take too limited a view.”“Teach Your Child How to Think” offers lessons in perception improvement, of clearly seeing the implications of something you are saying and of exploring the alternatives.36. What is TRUE about Caspar?A. He first described lateral thinking.B. He is often scolded by his teacher.C. He is Edward‟s son.D. He is an adventurous thinker.37. Caspar succeeded in applying to Oxford because _____.A. he used in the exam the techniques provided by his fatherB. he read the book “Teach Your Child How to think” before the examC. he was careful and often overworkedD. all of his school teachers thought he had a chance38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Edward _____.A. was prompted to study lateral thinking because his son was slightly dyslexicB. once taught businessmen how to think before he wrote for parents and childrenC. was likely to improve children‟s logic with his bookD. gave a description of lateral thinking several years after his son was born39. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements expresses Edwardde Bone‟s view?A. We often think ineffectively because we take too limited a view.B. Thinking is traditionally regarded as something executed in a logical sequence.C. Everybody knows that children aren‟t very logical.D. It is an uphill battle trying to teach children to think.40. Lateral thinking refers to the following EXCEPT ______.A. seeing the implications of what you are sayingB. exploring the alternatives for what you are sayingC. improving one‟s logic in thinkingD. improving one‟s perception in thinkingKey: C, A, B, A, CPassage TwoFor millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work, all-night cable TV and the Internet, earth‟s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hour rhythms. Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle. Simply, our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. (Contrary to popular belief, humans don‟t need less sleep as they age.)But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. What‟s worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that‟s not nearly enough.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zones or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. “Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep,” Jones says.Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns. “My motto (座右铭) is …Sleep defensively‟,” says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines ― like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day ― are i mportant. Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Elsner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle change ─ avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath ─ yield better sleep.41. What is TRUE of human sleep?A. On average, people in the U. S. today sleep less per night than they used to.B. For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough.C. Most people need less sleep when they grow older.D. Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.42. For our bodies to function properly, we should ______.A. adjust our activities to the new inventionsB. be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocksC. sleep for at least eight hours per nightD. believe that we need less sleep as we age43. According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by _____.A. improper sleep patternsB. chronic fatigue syndromeC. other diseasesD. pre-bedtime exercises44. Which of the following measures can help you sleep better?A. Having late meals.B. Traveling between time zones.C. Staying up late.D. Taking a hot bath.45. “Sleep defensively” means that people should ______.A. sacrifice other things to getting enough sleep if necessaryB. give up going to bed and getting up at the same time every dayC. go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosedD. exercise immediately before going to bed every nightKey: A, C, A, D, APassage ThreeThe media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1996s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People‟s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic me dia are having a greater impact on the people‟s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 Sa n Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury (陪审团) was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Las Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The televisionshowed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding (展开) on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.46. The best title for the passage is ______.A. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles RiotsB. How Media Cover EventsC. The 1992 Los Angeles RiotsD. The Impact of Media on Current Events47. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that _____.A. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were givennational media coverageB. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake gave the viewers theimpression of total disasterC. electronic media can extend one‟s contact with the worldD. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception ofrealities by watching television48. The term “electronic city” in Paragraph 2 refers to _______A. BerkeleyB. EarthC. Los AngelesD. San Francisco49. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because _____.A. video coverage from helicopters had made people angryB. video coverage had provided powerful feedbackC. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney KingD. people can make their own judgements50. It can he inferred from the passage that _____.A. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole weekB. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on FridayC. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad resultsD. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree withthe verdict of the juryKey: D, A, B, C, CPassage FourAt the Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997, it became abundantly clear how complex it has became to work out international agreements relating to the environment because of economic concerns unique to each country. It is no longer enough to try to forbid certain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances. The global challenges of the interlink between the environment and development increasingly bring us to the core of the economic life of states. During the late 1980s we were able, through international agreements, to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer. These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and, more important, because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the economies of states.Although the threat of global warming has been known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem, we also know that the effects of measures, especially harsh measures taken in some countries,would be nullified (抵消) if other countries do not control their emissions. Whereasthe UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of m, in the atmosphere, this path is not feasible for several reasons. Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown ofthe world economy. Important and populous (人口众多的) low- or medium-incomecountries are not yet willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. In addition, the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.We must, however, find a solution to the threat of global warming early in the 21st century. Such a commitment would require a degree of shared vision and common responsibilities new to humanity. Success lies in the force of imaginations, in imagining what would happen if we fail to act. Although many living in cold regions would welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer, few would cheer the arrival of the subsequent tropical diseases, especially where there had been none.51. The main purpose of this passage is to ______.A. analyze the problem of global warmingB. argue against making deep cuts in emissionsC. convince people that global warming is a real threatD. criticize some countries for refusing to cut down emissions harmful to theozone layer52. The reason why it is difficult to get rid of the threat of global warming is that______.A. not all the countries are willing to make deep cuts in emissionsB. many people welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summerC. the leaders of many countries are not fully aware of the gravity of the problemD. world technology is not able to solve the problem53. In the passage the author implies that ______.A. the world has recently became aware of the threat of global warmingB. the problem of global warming has largely been solvedC. it is always difficult to work out international agreements to cut downemissions harmful to the ozone layerD. it is no longer easy to reach international agreements relating to theenvironment54. According to the author, it is impossible at present to cut 60% of carbon dioxideemissions globally because _____.A. some people are irresponsibleB. it would cause a collapse of the world economyC. it is only a goal to be reached in the futureD. some people are lacking in imagination55. What should all countries do to help solve the problem of global warming?A. They should hold another world conference on climate change.B. They should provide advanced technology.C. They should replace all the harmful substances.D. They should willingly undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. Key: A, A, D, B, DPassage FiveThe word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and provedexplanations. For example, hypotheses (假设) and theories are attempts to explainnatural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment andobserve until they are proved or discredited (使不相信). The exact status of anyexplanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes ─ for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this ease knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded. people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had. to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic (抱歉) about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.56. To define science we may simply call it ______.A. the study of unrelated fieldsB. classified knowledgeC. the study of unrelated subjectsD. an attempt to explain natural phenomena57. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope, ______.A. is not always as pure as we supposeB. necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cellC. may lead to antiscientific, “impure” resultsD. necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of the cell58. A scientist interested in adding to our general knowledge about oxygen wouldprobably call his approach ______.A. pure scienceB. environmental scienceC. applied scienceD. agricultural science59. Which of the following statements does the author imply?A. In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.B. Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of purescience.C. Scientists engaged in theoretical research should not be blamed for ignoringthe practical side of their discoveries.D. Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.60. The best title for the passage is ______.A. Hypotheses and TheoriesB. On Distinguishing Fact from FictionC. The Nature of Science and ScientistsD. Biology and the Scientific Age Key: B, D, A, C, CPassage SixWith the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most controversial issue across the United States today is the death penalty. Many argue that it is an effectivedeterrent (威慑) to murder, while others maintain there is no convincing evidence thatthe death penalty reduces the number of murders.The principal argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty, basically, is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment, that it is the mark of a brutal society, and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary evil. Throughout recorded history there have always been those extreme individuals in every society who were capable of terribly violent crimes such as murder. But some are more extreme than others.For example, it is one thing to take the life of another in a fit of blind rage, but quite another to coldly plot and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus, murder, like all other crimes, is a matter of relative degree. While it could be argued with some conviction that the criminal in the first instance should be merely isolated from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to debate. But the overwhelming majority of citizens believe that the death penalty protects them. Their belief is reinforced by evidence which shows that the death penalty deters murder. For example, from 1954 to 1963, when the death penalty was consistently imposed in California, the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100,000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been imposed only once, and the murder rate has risen to 10.4 murders for each 100,000 population. The sharp climb in the state‟s murder rate, which began when executions stopped, is nocoincidence (巧合). It is convincing evidence that the death penalty does deter many murderers. If the bill reestablishing the death penalty is vetoed (否决) innocent peoplewill be murdered-some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect. This is literally a life or death matter. The lives of thousands of innocent people must be protected.61. The principal purse of this passage is to ______.A. speak for the majorityB. initiate a vetoC. criticize the governmentD. argue for the value of the death penalty62. The passage attempts to establish a relationship between ______.A. the murder rate and the imposition of the death penaltyB. the effects of execution and the effects of isolationC. the importance of equal rights and that of the death penaltyD. executions and murders63 The author‟s response to those who urge the death penalty for all degrees ofmurder would most likely be _____.A. negativeB. friendlyC. supportiveD. hostile64. In the passage the author is primarily concerned with ______.A. analyzing a problem objectivelyB. settling a disputeC. supporting a positionD. describing an event65. It can be inferred that the author thinks that ______.A. the death penalty is the most controversial issue in the United States todayB. the second type murderers (in Paragraph 4) should be sentenced to deathC. the veto of the bill reestablishing the death penalty is of little importanceD. the value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not to be debated Key: D, A, A, C, BWhat‟s your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you 66 thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom 67 events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four 68 retain any specific, personal experiences.A variety of explanations have been 69 by psychologists for this “childhood amnesia” (儿童失忆症). One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature 70 about the age of two. But the most popular theory 71 that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot 72 childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or 73 ─ one event follows 74 as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental 75 for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don‟t find any that fits the 76 . It‟s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new 77 for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply 78 any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use 79 spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, quickly 80 impressions of them into long-term memories. In other 81 , children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about 82 ─ Mother talking about the afternoon 83 looking for seashells at the beech or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this 84 reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form 85 memories of their personal experiences.66. A. listened B. felt C. touched D. heard67. A. involve B. interpret C. recall D. resolve68. A. largely B. rarelyC. merely D. really69. A. canceled B. figured C. proposed D. witnessed70. A. until B. once C. after D. since71. A. magnifies B. intervenes C. contains D. maintains72. A. reflect B. attain C. access D. refer73. A. narratives B. forecasts C. regulations D. descriptions74. A. the rest B. another C. the other D. others75. A. outputs B. dreams C. flashes D. files76. A. footstep B. pattern C. frameD. landscape77. A. emphasis B. arrangement C. explanation D. factor78. A. aren‟t B. weren‟t C. isn‟t D. wasn‟t79. A. anyone else B. anyone else‟s C. some else D. someone else‟s80. A. forgotten B. remembered C. forgetting D. remembering81. A. senses B. cases C. words D. means82. A. him B. theirs C. it D. them83. A. used B. chosen C. taken D. spent84. A. habitual B. verbal C. prettyD. mutual85. A. permanent B. conscious C. subordinate D. spiritualKey: D, C, B, C, A, D, A, A, B, D, B, C, A, D, B, C, D, D, B, AError Detection and Correction1. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their livest h a t a r eA B Cmain focus of social psychology.DKey: C is2. It is very hard to believe that when Lincoln was born, communications were al i t t l e f a s t e rA B Cthan in the days of Julius Caesar.DKey: C little3. Although we had been present at roughly the same time, Mr. Brown saw thes i t u a t i o n q u i t eA Bdifferent from the way I saw it.C DKey: C differently4. Some of these studies have shown that although some people have trouble to falla s l e e p,A Bothers have an equally difficult time waking up.C DKey: B falling asleep5. Never before I have seen anyone who has the skill John has when he repairs cars.A B C DKey: A have I。