Chapter 4 Herman Melville
HermanMelville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔
His major works
Novels Typee《泰比》(1846) Ommo 《欧穆》(1847) Mardi《玛地》(1849) Redburn《雷德本》(1849) White Jacket《白外衣》(1850) Moby Dick or The Whale《白鲸》《莫比•狄克》(1851) Pierre《皮埃尔》(1852) Israel Potter《伊斯雷尔•波特》(1855) The Confidence-Man《骗子的化妆表演》(1857) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(1924)
Early life
In 1819, Melville was born in New York City. Both his parents came from well-to-do families.
When he was 11, his father, a businessman, suffered heavy financial losses (亏损) and soon died from worry and illness.
He dropped out of school when he was 15. Family circumstances was worse he had to seek job.
He worked as a store clerk, a bank messenger and a teacher.
In 1842, Melville jumped off ship in the Marquesas Islands. There, he for a month was the captive of cannibal tribe（食人族）.
Inห้องสมุดไป่ตู้1843, he served as seaman on the man-of-war United States.
赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
Herman Melville
赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
（1819-1891）
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔（1819-1891）
地位 19世纪美国最伟大的小说家、散文家和诗人之一，
与纳撒尼尔·霍桑齐名，梅尔维尔身前没有引起应 有的重视，在20世纪二十年代声名鹊起，被普遍 认为是美国文学的巅峰人物之一。 英国作家毛姆 认为他的《白鲸》是世界十大文学名著之一，其 文学史地位更在马克·吐温等人之上。梅尔维尔也 被誉为美国的“莎士比小说家之一， 也是美国象征主义文学大师。他不仅是小说 家, 而且还是一位卓越的哲学家和诗人, 他以极 其敏锐的目光关注着自己生活的时代及其社会 变迁。一生潦倒不得意，他的作品在当时大多 也不受欢迎，其代表作品《白鲸》就像任何一 部真正的艺术作品一样， 散发着象征与寓言的 意味。这些象征手法贯穿小说始终，从而揭示 出梅尔维尔的人与自然观：人类应该观察探索 自然， 人类若狂妄地反抗自然， 就会导致毁 灭。
作品分类
纵观麦尔维尔的创作实践，他的作品可以分成三 大类：第一类是他早期的和一些不太知名的小说。 这些作品大都是依据某些史实和作者本人的海上 经历而创作的，其中也包括寓言性很强的《玛 迪》。第二类是《白鲸》，这是作者的登峰造极 之作。第三类是他的后期作品。这一时期的作品 比他的早期作品略为知名一些，其中有不少堪称 大手笔的短篇和诗作，如他的《贝尼托·塞莱诺》、 《书记员巴特尔比》、《比利·巴德》和诗集《克 拉莱尔》、《战事集》等就是这一时期的典型之 作。
Herman Melville——Moby Dick《白鲸》
Meeting Hawthorne in the summer of 1850 Influenced by his black vision, he revised Moby 1）Life Dick and dedicated it to Hawthorne. will never rest he gets hold of a definite He was“He a novelist, anuntil essayist, a short story belief. It is strange how he persists… He can writer and a poet. He was called as‖Master of neither believe, nor be comfortable in his Philosophical His sea experiences and disbelief; Allegory‖ and he is too honest and courageous not to try to do one or the other… adventures He has a very furnished him with Three things which deserve mentioned: high and noble nature.” abundant material
Man cannot influence and overcome nature at its source. Once he attempts to seek power over nature, he is doomed. The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a transcendentalist folly. Melville never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: his attitude of ―Everlasting Nay‖ . The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaninglessness were expressed in Melville‘s works.
赫尔曼.梅尔菲尔 介绍
• There seems, also, to be a background of gloom in his nature, making itself felt even in the midst of his sunshine: and now and then his speculations and rhapsodies have a tinge almost of insanity.
• All the stories are told in the first person, and there is a fascination and mystery in the narrator's personality that much enhances the interest of the tale. But Melville's imagination has a tendency to wildness and metaphysical extravagance; and when he trusted to it alone, he becomes difficult and sometimes repulsive.
• Melville is less well known as a poet and did not publish poetry until later in life. After the Civil War, he published Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War, which did not sell well; of the Harper & Bros. printing of 1200 copies, only 525 had been sold ten years later. Again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's epic length verse-narrative Clarel, was also quite obscure, even in his own time.
Herman Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔简介
第三页，共9页。
In 1839, Melville decided to become a seaman, first signed on to a merchant ship that was going from Boston to liver-pool, England, and then in 1841 signed on for a long whaling cruise to the South Seas. During this harsh voyage, he met another young man. Later they ventured into a valley on the island of Nukahiva. Finally they escaped, and Melville signed as a seaman on a naval
第二页，共9页。
Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819. He was a descendent of English and Dutch colonial families. His father, once a successful dry-goods. Melville‘s education began when he was five years old, and then he read widely. When he was 12 years old, his farther died because of bankruptcy . Since Melville was no longer attending school, he had to face the hard time of his family. In order to get rid of poverty, he began to work on merchant ship. Sailing broadened his vision. Then he became a successful writer. Withdrawn from literary circles, back in New York, being a clerk in a customhouse. His death went unnoticed by the public in 1891.
美国文学HermanMelville.pdf
Herman Melville麦尔维尔(1819—1891)Herman Melville1. Three important things in his life:* Going out to seaHis experiences and adventures on the sea furnished him with abundant material for his fiction writings, especially his masterpiece Moby Dick2) His marriageIn the history of American literature there were two authors had similar marriages. Melville and Scott Fitzgerald, both married above them and had to do hackwork（纯粹为糊口而写的东西，庸俗作品）for the money they needed to keep their wives in their extravagant style.3)His friendship with HawthorneDuring the summer of 1890 Melville and Hawthorne met and became good friends.They shared similar ideas and opinions on most kinds of fields.Especially against the background of Transcendental optimism, Melville agrees with Hawthorne’s Blackness --- the evil at the core of life. “Evil in life and the human soul help make life and man better”“To scale great heights, we must come out of the lowest depths. The way to heaven is through hell. We need fiery baptism in the fierce flame of our bosoms.”凤凰涅槃浴火重生• The original design of Moby Dick was just a text on the whale fishery.When Melville met Hawthorne, he had completed one third of Moby Dick. Without Hawthorne, Melville would have just written it about whaling hunting.With the influence of Hawthorne, Melville rewrote it into a world classic with a mixture of:游记、航海故事、寓言、捕鲸传说、有关鲸鱼与捕鲸业的百科全书、美国史诗、莎士比亚式的悲剧、抒情散文长诗、塞万提斯式的浪漫体小In Token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.2. Melville’s Major Works1) Novels(1)Polynsie Trilogy “波里尼西亚三部曲” from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islandsTypee 1846«泰皮»Omoo 1847«欧穆»Mardi1849«玛地»(2) Redburn 1849 «雷得本» an account of his voyage to England(3) White Jacket 1850 «白外衣»his life on a United States man-of-war军舰(4) Pierre《皮埃尔》 (1852):A darkly allegorical exploration of the nature of evil, which is psychologically complex and elaborate.(5) Israel Potter《伊斯雷尔·波特》 (1855):A historical romance(6) The Confidence Man《骗子的化装表演》(1857):Satirizes the selfishness and commercialism of Melville’s time.(7) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(1891)A novella about a young sailor, personifying innocence, doomed by the malevolent hatred of a ship’s officer, personifying evil.2) Short storiesThe Piazza Tales《广场故事》(1856):Contains some of Melville’s finest shorter works(1) Bartleby, the Scrivener书记员巴特尔比The story of Bartlebyis simply about a manlosing his will to live.Subtitled, "A Story of Wall Street”, it is set in the business world of 19th-century New York.Bartleby, a scrivener was good at the copying part of his job, but when asked to proofread aloud one day he simply replied, "I prefer not to." From that moment forward, he used the phrase "I prefer not to" for every task requested of him, eventually "preferring not to" do any work whatsoever.Bartleby chose to rebel and become an anti-hero. It is intended to show the reader a dark side in all of us when the meaning of our existence is allowed to be challenged."Bartleby, the Scrivener" reflects Melville's own pessimism at the time. (2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托·塞莱诺》The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799.Earlier critics regarded Benito Cereno as a tale that primarily explores human depravity .It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.3) Poetry:(1) Battle-Pieces and the Aspects of War《战事集》(1866)(2) Clarel 《克拉瑞尔》 (1876)Melville’s Masterpiece Moby-Dick«白鲸»，«莫比•狄克»an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy, religion, the whaling industrya Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates in an indifferent and hostile world.Moby-Dick---“the world’s greatest sea novel”, compound of search, pursuit, conflict, and catastrophe.1. PlotThe novel’s plot is built on one conflict---Ahab vs. the WhaleIt is essentially the story of Ahab and his quest to defeat Moby Dick, for this white whale took Ahab’s leg.• Ishmael伊什梅尔, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Peqoud裴廓德号.The captain is Ahab亚哈, the man with one leg.•• Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off Ahab’s leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him.• The ship makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy.• Eventually, the whale appears, and the Peqoud begins its doomed fight with it.• On the third day, the whale carries the Peqoud along with it to its doom.• All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael,who survives to tell the tale.2. Characters• Ishmael伊什梅尔/以实玛利• The narrator of the story• Name: the first son of Abraham (from The Bible) symbol of orphans, exiles,wanderers and social outcasts,etc.starts out feeling badhopes to find an ideal lifecomes to see the folly of Ahab seeking to conquer naturefeels the significance of love and companionshiplearns to accept,an attitude which ensures his survival2) Ahab 亚哈• Name: Ahab, King of Israel (from The Bible， a tyrant) symbol of evil • The tyrannical captain of the PequodAhab has the qualities of a tragic hero – a great heart and a fatal flaw.•Melville portrayed Ahab an Emersonian self-reliant individual.But he is too much of self-reliance.For him, the only law is his own will;To him the world exists for his sake;He may do what he wills:lives may be sacrificedand nature may havebeen vanquished.His too much self-reliance leads to death—physical, spiritual, emotional, at the expense of all else.His tragedy stems from his extreme individualism or solipsism(唯我论). Moby Dick– a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism3. Symbols in Moby Dick1) The ship – Pequod and the voyage2) Moby Dick3) Ahab4) Queequeg’s Coffin1) The Pequod and the voyage(1) a symbol of doom 必遭毁灭的命运named after a Native American tribe in Massachusettsdid not long survive the arrival of white men (extincted)is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones(2) the Pequod -the ship of the American soul象征执著探寻自然界秘密的美国精神the voyage - search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience/象征探索与发现的心灵历程2) Moby DickThe white whale is capable of many interpretations.For he is a mixture of evil and goodness:“paradoxically benign (kind and gentle) and malevolent (malicious and wicked),nourishing (providing sth good) and destructive,”“massive, brutal, monolithic(massive), but at the same time protean(changeable), erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.”various symbolic meanings to different peopeto the pequod’s crew--一只时而平静安详,时而恐怖暴虐的海怪a concept onto which they can displace their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobsto Ahab---A symbol of evil邪恶与恐怖、难以征服而又必须予以摧毁的仇敌a manifestation of all that is wrong with the worldTo IshmaelMoby-dick is the embodiment of the mysterious nature or universea metaphor for the human relationship with God: God is unkown and cannot be pinned down(force)Paradoxical whiteness: Death and corruption Purity and innocenceA symbol of evilA symbol of goodnessA symbol of both白鲸既代表高洁安宁,也代表恐怖死亡,它是宇宙间一切对立矛盾的结合4).Queequeg’s Coffin• Queequeg’s coffin alternately symbolizes life and death.• Queequeg has it built when he is seriously ill, but when he recovers, it becomes a chest to hold his belongings and an emblem of his will to live.• He perpetuates the knowledge tattooed on his body by carving it onto the coffin’s lid.• The coffin further comes to symbolize life when it replaces the Pequod’s life buoy.• When the Pequod sinks, the coffin becomes Ishmael’s buoy(浮标), saving not only his life but the life of the narrative that he will pass on.4. Themes of Moby Dick1) Melville's bleak view (negative attitude): the sense of futility and。
Herman-Melville-(1819----1891)PPT课件
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• Chief works
Redburn (1849)
A romantic and harrowing description of Melville’s voyage to Liverpool in 1839 as cabin boyfor sea.
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Melville’s style
His writing is consciously literary. His rich rhythmical prose and poetic power show his high craftsmanship. He made many references to former authors in their works, the Bible and Shakespeare in particular. In Moby Dick, for example, there are many allusions to classical myths. Therefore, Moby Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic, a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in indifferent and even hostile world. The literary quality of Melville’s style makes him extremely difficult to understand.
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• Moby-Dick (1851)
Melville’s masterpiece, which is regarded as the first American prose epic and one of the world classics. It gives a detailed account of the operation of the whaling industry and illustrates the tragedy of man fighting against the overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile world. The novel can be interpreted in the following perspectives.
Herman_Melville_作家及作品介绍
5.Artistic features
1) Language features Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American epic. Although it is presented in the form of a novel, at times it seems like a prose poem. It is difficult to read because much of the talk in the novel is sailors talk and much of the language is purposely old-fashioned and Elizabethan.
1.The story
Eventually the whale appears, the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day, the whale overturns a boat; on the second it swamps another. Ehen the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge 使插入 a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whale ship get drowned, except one, Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.
realism
4. Symbolism and allegory 5. Artistic features: 1) Language style; 2) writing style 6. The excerpt
Herman_Melville.ppt2
麦尔维尔的小说作品还有《皮埃尔》 (1852)和《伊斯雷尔· 波特》 (1855)。他 的短篇小说和散文有《代笔者巴特贝》 (1853)、《迷惘的岛屿》(1854)、《 班尼托· 西兰诺》 (1855)等，后来集成《广场故事》于1856年出版。1857年 出版的长篇小说《骗子的化装表演》 。他去世前所写的一部长篇小说是《毕 利· 伯德》 (1924)，在他死后30多年才出版。麦尔维尔晚年转而写诗。1866年 他自费印行第1部诗集《战事集》 。1876年又自费出版以宗教为题材的18000 行长诗《克拉瑞尔》 ，1888年和1891年自费出版诗集《约韩· 玛尔和其他水 手》和诗集《梯摩里昂》 ，各印25册。
航海生涯 麦尔维尔作品 1837年，18岁的麦尔维尔怀着满腔的忿懑和对社会的抵触，逃 上了一艘帆船，开始了他的航海生涯。第一次的航海只是激起了他更 强烈的愿望，1839年，到一艘往返于美国纽约和英国利物浦之间的轮 船上当服务员，开始了5年海上生活。其间曾在几艘捕鲸船和邮轮上 当过渔叉手和普通水手，足迹踏遍四大洋，还曾流落到塔希提岛和马 克萨斯岛上，在有食人风气的土著部落中生活过一个时期，并作为水 兵在美国号战舰上服过役。从1841年起，他开始登上捕鲸船做水手了 。在随后的3年间，麦尔维尔随着捕鲸船到了世界上的很多地方，大 大开阔了眼界。不仅如此，他还和捕鲸船上的其他伙伴一起，同捕鲸 船上的专制行为做了一定的斗争，并且还曾因暴动等原因被监禁。后 来，麦尔维尔加入了美国军舰“美国号”，在舰上服役，直到1844年 他在波士顿上岸，结束自己的航海生涯。这些经历为日后他的创作提 供了丰富的素材。
Education
He died soon afterward, leaving his family penniless, when Herman was 12. Although Maria had well-off kin, they were concerned with protecting their own inheritances and taking advantage of investment opportunities rather than settling their mother's estate so Maria's family would be more secure. Herman's younger brother, Thomas Melville, eventually became a governor of Sailors Snug Harbor.
约翰梅尔维尔美国文学的重要代表人物
约翰梅尔维尔美国文学的重要代表人物约翰梅尔维尔（Herman Melville）是19世纪美国文学中的一位重要代表人物。
他以其深邃的思想、独特的写作风格和对人性和社会问题的探索而闻名。
本文将从梅尔维尔的生平、主要作品以及他的文学贡献三个方面来探讨约翰梅尔维尔在美国文学中的重要代表性。
一、生平简介约翰梅尔维尔于1819年8月1日出生在美国纽约市。
他出生于一个富裕家庭，父亲是一名成功的进口商。
然而，他的父亲在他还很小的时候便破产了，这对他和他的家庭带来了巨大的影响。
梅尔维尔在年轻时就开始工作来帮助家庭，并尝试了多种职业，包括教师、办公室职员和船员等。
二、主要作品2.1 《白鲸记》约翰梅尔维尔最著名的作品是《白鲸记》（Moby-Dick）。
这部小说是一部关于捕鲸船长亚哈的故事，展现了人性的复杂性、对自然界的探索以及存在主义的思考。
梅尔维尔通过深入刻画亚哈和他的追随者们的精神状态和动机，将读者带入一个充满矛盾和全景的世界。
《白鲸记》被誉为世界文学史上最伟大的作品之一，对后世的文学界产生了深远的影响。
2.2 《巴图比亚士》《巴图比亚士》（Bartleby, the Scrivener）是梅尔维尔的另一部重要作品。
这部短篇小说讲述了一位办公室职员巴图比亚士的故事，他对任何事情都回答“我不愿意”。
通过描述这位与众不同的角色以及他与其他人的关系，梅尔维尔探索了社会中的个人意志和官僚主义的冲突。
2.3 《红字》梅尔维尔的作品《红字》（The Scarlet Letter）是美国文学中的经典之作。
该小说讲述了一位被社会谴责的女性海蕾特的故事。
梅尔维尔通过揭示社会道德观念和个人自由意志之间的冲突，对美国新英格兰殖民地时期的社会结构进行了深入的探索。
三、文学贡献约翰梅尔维尔对美国文学做出了重要的贡献。
他的作品以其精湛的写作技巧、丰富的象征主义和对人性和社会问题的深度思考而受到广泛赞誉。
梅尔维尔对美国文学的影响不仅体现在他的作品本身，还体现在对后续作家的启发和影响上。
美国文学Herman Melville
Themes
Quest (of truth, knowledge, of identity, etc.) The limits of knowledge; alienation Fate Exploitation Religion
Symbols:
The whaling journey—quest of experience, knowledge and truth Pequod—1) symbol of doom and death; 2) symbol of American society or human world White or whiteness: 1) symbol of threat; 2) to some people, esp. to Ahab, symbol of evil; 3) symbol of death or corruption; 4) symbol of mystery (or mysterious, unnatural power)
Major works
Typee(1846) 《泰皮》(描写了他在马克萨斯岛上的食人部落泰
比人中的惊险经历，揭示了资本主义文明给当地土著人的淳 朴生活带来的破坏，因此受到教会的谴责)
Mardi(1849) 《玛地》 Omoo(1847) 《欧穆》 Each of these books drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.
Symbolically, it is concerned with the hunt for absolute truth, and self-discovery.
Herman Melville
Herman Melville (1819-1891):代表作：Moby-Dick. Billy Budd. Typee. Omoo. Mardi. Redburn. White Jacket. Pierre. Bartleby, the Scrivener. Benito Cereno. The Confidence-Man. Pequod.Herman Melville is best-known as the author of his mighty book, Moby-Dick, which is one of the world’s greatest masterpieces. Like Hawthorne, Melville is a master of allegory and symbolism. (隐喻和象征大师)Typee. Omoo. Mardi, which drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands; Redburn is a semi-autobiographical novel, concerning the sufferings of a genteel youth among brutal sailors; in White Jacket Melville relates his life on a United States man-of-war. Of all these sea adventure stories, Moby-Dick proves to be the best. By writing such a book Melville reached the most flourishing stage of his literary creativity.“B artleby, the Scrivener” is a short story strikingly symbolizing the loneliness and anonymity and passivity of little men in big cities. The Confidence-Man, in which the author uses the Confidence-man in successive guises to explore the paradoxes of belief and the optimisms and hypocrisies of American life.However, the purpose of Melville’s fictional tales, exotic or philosophical, is to penetrate as deeply as possible into the metaphysical, theological, moral, psychological and social truths of human existence.Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic (美国第一部散文体史诗). It is difficult to read because much of the talk in the novel is sailor’s talk and much of the language is purposely old-fashioned and Elizabethan. But Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure, considering that Melville is a great symbolist. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.The white whale, Moby-Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab, however, the white whale represents only evil. (白鲸象征着自然，复杂，深不可测，也很美丽。
herman melville的白鲸课件英文
4 Themes and Motifs
● Examination of major themes such as obsession, fate, and the nature of evil ● Exploration of motifs such as the sea, whaling, and the quest for knowledge
● Historical and cultural context of the 19th century America ● Influence of Romanticism and Transcendentalism on Melville's writing ● Publication history and initial reception of Moby-Dick（《白鲸》）
9 Conclusion
● Summary of key points covered in the course ● Encouraging further exploration of Herman Melville's works and themes in American
literature
3 Plot Summary and Analysis
● Synopsis of the novel's plot, characters, and themes ● Exploration of the symbolism of the white whale ● Analysis of Captain Ahab's character and his pursuit of vengeance
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赫尔曼狄克的作品集
赫尔曼狄克的作品集《赫尔曼狄克的作品集》赫尔曼·狄克（Herman Melville，1819年8月1日-1891年9月28日）是19世纪美国一位杰出的作家，以其深刻的文学作品而闻名于世。
他的文学生涯跨足小说、散文和诗歌，但最为人熟知的是他的小说作品，其中一些被认为是美国文学的巅峰之作。
本文将深入探讨赫尔曼·狄克的作品集，旨在呈现他独特的文学风格、丰富的创作主题以及对人性和社会的深刻洞察。
**1.《白鲸》（Moby-Dick）**《白鲸》是狄克的代表作之一，也是他最著名的作品之一。
小说以庞大的白鲸为中心，通过船长艾哈布的追捕之旅，探讨了人类对自然的力量的无知和对命运的挑战。
作品不仅在当时引起轰动，而且在后来成为美国文学的经典之一，对后来的文学和文化产生了深远的影响。
**2.《巴扎尔岛》（Typee）**《巴扎尔岛》是狄克的首部小说，讲述了他在南太平洋的探险经历。
小说通过主人公汤姆的眼睛，展现了大洋彼岸神秘而诱人的岛屿生活。
作品以其对异域文化的描绘和对探险精神的讴歌而备受赞誉。
**3.《红衣主教》（Mardi）**《红衣主教》是狄克的一部冒险小说，讲述了一群人在南太平洋寻找神秘乌托邦之旅。
小说在探讨人类对理想社会的追求的同时，通过独特的叙事结构和象征主义手法，展现了狄克对文学形式的探索和创新。
**4.《白天鹅》（The Confidence-Man）**《白天鹅》是一部具有象征主义特征的小说，通过一系列独立的故事线展现了社会中的各种欺诈和欺骗。
作品通过讽刺和对人性的深刻洞察，反映了当时社会的道德困境和人类的复杂性。
**5.《皮皮船长》（Billy Budd, Sailor）**《皮皮船长》是狄克的一部未完的小说，讲述了一位纯洁无瑕的水手在海军中的遭遇。
小说通过对正义与邪恶、个体与集体之间关系的思考，反映了狄克对人性善恶的深刻探讨。
**6.散文和诗歌**除了小说，赫尔曼·狄克还以其深邃的散文和抒情诗歌而闻名。
the confidence-man故事
the confidence-man故事《The Confidence-Man》是美国作家Herman Melville所写的一部小说，首次出版于1857年。
这部小说是一个寓言般的故事，通过描述一群不同背景的人们在船上相遇并进行一系列欺骗、伪装和心理游戏，讨论了人性的复杂性和社会中的欺诈行为。
故事发生在19世纪中叶，在一艘名为“法国”的轮船上。
轮船在一条往上升的河流中航行，载着一群各种各样的人们。
这些人物有商人、牧师、律师、军人、船员、船长等，他们各自都有自己的目的和秘密。
小说的核心人物是一个名叫“信心人”的陌生男子，他在整个故事中以不同的形象和身份出现。
这个人物会变装成不同的角色，比如医生、商人、残疾人，然后通过与乘客们的交谈和行动来欺骗他们。
他像一个演员一样改变自己的表情和语气，让人很难分辨出他的真实意图。
故事的主题之一是关于信任和欺诈的互动。
小说中的人物们在一个相对封闭的船上相聚，他们不断尝试着揭示对方真实的身份和意图。
然而，由于每个人都在试图隐瞒自己的真实面目，他们很难确定对方的真实意图。
每个人都在试验对方的信任，并在一系列的心理游戏中试图突破对方的防线。
《The Confidence-Man》也涉及到了社会和人类的复杂性。
小说中的人物们来自不同的社会阶层和经历，代表了各种各样的价值观和思维方式。
小说试图探讨人性的多样性和社会中的欺诈行为对个体和社会的影响。
小说的结尾是开放的，没有给读者一个明确的答案。
读者左思右想，可能无法确定谁是信心人的真正身份，以及他的行动和欺诈是否有意义。
这部小说引发了许多关于欺诈和人性本质的讨论和解读。
总之，《The Confidence-Man》是一部揭示人性复杂性和社会中欺诈行为的小说。
通过描述一群人们在船上的相遇和互动，小说引发了对信任和欺诈的思考。
它向读者展示了人类的多样性和社会中的复杂性，同时也提醒人们对于欺诈行为的警惕。
这部小说成为了激发读者思考的一部作品，对于人性和社会行为有着深刻而持久的影响。
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High Romantics ---Herman Melville
V. Herman Melville
His life: P73 New York, 1819 middle-class family background father -- bankrupt -- mad, died in 1832 dropped out of school; went to work – 1839, seaman – whaling
V. Herman Melville
His Literary Career: Typee (1846); Omoo (1847); Mardi (1849); Redburn (1849); White Jacket (1850) Moby Dick (1851)
V. Herman Melville
V. Herman Melville
c. “ship”: It represents society or world, because there is a wild range of characters aboard. d. “voyage”: It is a symbol for search and discovery, search for truth of experience.
V. Herman Melville
a.
Symbols in the story: “the white whale”: The mystery of the universe, or nature for Melville. For it is complex, unknowable and dangerous. For Ahab, it only represents evil, because it is cruel, brutal, malicious power of nature.
V. Herman Melville
Ahab: He is also a victim of Solipsism. His tragedy comes mainly from extreme individualism and selfish will. Question: Is Ahab a hero or a villain?hab is both hero and villain. “Grand, ungodly, god-like man”, “stricken, blasted” as he is, he still has his humanity. His objective is incredible，but he has ， sins through willfulness because of hatred for Moby Dick. Eventually, inevitable disaster, whale kills Ahab, and the “Pequod” is smashed. But he is not an entirely unsympathetic character. .
Moby Dick
1. It’s plot: P74 2. It’s character: Ahab: portrait of an Emersonian Selfreliant individual. Too much a self-reliant individual to be a good human being. He stands alone on his own one leg. For him, the only law is his own will. To him, the world exists for his sake. His selfhood makes him care nothing about others lives.
V. Herman Melville
It’s theme: It deals with continuous conflicts between good and evil, and also nature’s indifference to human beings.
V. Herman Melville
For one thing, it is difficult not to admire his determination, his dedication to a course. We admire him, for doing so, and for his brave plan into the very death of life’s perplexity and contradiction. He is a tragic hero of bright stature.
V. Herman Melville
b. “Ahab”: He is the best symbol of the good that is destroyed by evil. He is destroyed by a strong desire to root out evil. Ahab’s rebellious struggle is against the mysterious, overwhelming vastness of universe, which is awesome, sometimes merciless. He becomes evil himself.