中国矿业大学2004年博士英语
博士英语翻译真题.doc
Patterns of trade and travel may encourage enthusiasms for language nguages other than English may become important regional business languages.Already the number of learners of Chinese as a second important language is on the increase.贸易和旅游的模式可能鼓励语言学习的热情。
除英语之外的语言可能成为重要的区域商务语言。
作为第二重要语言的中国学习者的数量已经增加。
Snowden's leaks of highly classified matrial have resulted in numberous news stories about U.S. surveillance activities at home and abroad and have caused debate about the legality of those activities and the privacy implications for average Americans.斯诺登泄露的高度机密的材料已经导致了许多关于美国在国内和国外的监视活动的新闻报道，引发了关于这些监测活动的合法性和对美国普通民众的隐私影响的辩论。
In addition to the dry period, people have never regarded water as a valuable natural resource. It is true that water is not a rare thing in the world. If it does not rain, the farmers will complain, but in the city with reliable water supply system, few people feel water shortage. We take it for granted that water is no more valuable than air. However, in part because of the increase in population, partly because of the terrible waste, water supply has become a big challenge in many parts of the world. This is a serious problem that can not be ignored. If we do not reduce blood cells, reduce waste, mankind will face disaster in the near future.除了干旱时期，人们从不把水看成宝贵的自然资源。
中国矿业大学考博英语真题2015年
中国矿业大学考博英语真题2015年Part ⅠReading ComprehensionDirections: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by four questions or statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneThe purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people. According to American law, if someone is accused of a crime, he or she is considered innocent until the court proves that the person is guilty. In other words, it is the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is guilty. It is not the responsibility of the person to prove that he or she is innocent.In order to arrest a person, the police have to be reasonably sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station to "book" him. "Booking" means that the name of the person and the charges against him are formally listed at the police station.The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or released. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away—for example, because he owns a house and has a family—he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail. At this time, too, the judge will appoint a court layer to defend the suspect if he can't afford one.The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district attorney's office presents a case against the suspect. This is called a hearing. The attorney may present evidence as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the judge decides that there is sufficient evidence to call for a trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court to formally plead guilty or not guilty.At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from both attorneys and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free. However, if he is convicted, the judge sets a date for the defendant to appear in court again for sentencing. At this time, the judge tells the convicted person what his punishment will be. The judgemay sentence him to prison, order him to pay a fine, or place him on probation.The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the rights of the people. These individual rights are the basis, or foundation, of the American government.1. What is the main idea of the passage? ______A.The American court system requires that a suspect prove that he or she is innocent.B.The US court system is designed to protect the rights of the people.C.Under the American court system, judge decides if a suspect is innocent or guilty.D.The US court system is designed to help the police present a case against the suspect.答案：B[解答] 本文的第一段第一句话“The purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people.”就点明了文章的主旨，即美国法院系统的作用是保护人民的权利，因此选择B。
武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠReading Comprehension (30%)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain.Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic—as with typing, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typist's fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy.However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails.Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment whenshort of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.1．According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving ______.A．increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB．causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC．demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD．is based on the ability to recite the time2．The author believes that ______.A．the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB．the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC．the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoningD．the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced3．When a typist gets tired, ______.A．she has to try hard to raise her automatic B．she can type only automaticallyC．she cannot think about what she is doing D．she can seldom type automatically4．Examining bottles of wine is hard work because ______.A．the bottles must be held upside down B．it is difficult to see the particles of dirtC．it requires high level of automatic D．most bottles are all right5．According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is ______.A．the subject's knowledge of grammarB．the amount of sleep the subject has hadC．the level of arousal of the subjectD．the extent to which the subject has been taught to reasonQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-mom to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods.This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called arostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”.The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war;these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit, vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sothehy's in London and New Y ork are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number.The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for.The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other.It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold.Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices.If such a “knock-out” comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.6．A candle used to burn at auction sales ______.A．because they took place at night B．as a signal for the crowd to gatherC．to keep the auctioneer warm D．to limit the time when offers could be made 7．An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers ______.A．the current market values of the goods B．details of the goods to be soldC．the order in which goods must be sold D．free admission to the auction sale8．The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because ______.A．he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB．he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC．he wants to keep certain people waitingD．he wants to reduce the number of buyers9．An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because ______.A．then he earns more himselfB．the dealers are pleasedC．the auction-rooms become world famousD．it keeps the customers interested10．A “knock out” is arranged ______.A．to keep the price in the auction room lowB．to allow one dealer only to make a profitC．to increase the auctioneer's profitD．to help the auctioneerQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them.The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique.However there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu's view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development, they do not determine it.The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon (季风) from reaching Central Asia.at all.Secondarily, air and moisture from other directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry, continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat different than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier.With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population.The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciations (冰蚀) had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibetan, the remaining native fauna and flora (动植物) multiplied.Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present.The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys, with fewer than ten food crops.Tibetan “tea” is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold, and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great.These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous ( 一妻多夫制)societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and “froze” the cultures which came there.Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age.His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enough for survival.In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved (insofar as it has been) by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.11．What are the “unusual traits or situations” referred to in the first sentence?A．Patterns of animal and plant growth.B．Food and food preparation patterns of the upland Tibetans.C．Social and familial organization of typical Tibetan society.D．All of the above.12．The purpose of the passage is to ______.A．analyze the possible causal links between Tibetan ecology and societyB．describe the social organization of typical Tibetan villagesC．describe Tibetan fauna and floraD．analyze the mysteries of the sudden appearance of the Himalayas13．The author's knowledge of Tibet is probably ______.A．based on firsthand experience B．the result of lifelong studiesC．derived from books only D．limited to geological history14．According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?A．All regions have different soils and thus, different cultures.B．Some regions with similar climates will have similar cultures.C．Cultures in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical.D．The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause the people to have similar views to one another.15．The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they ______.A．are originally found in continental climatesB．are the only life forms in Tibet, which is as big as a continentC．have been found in other parts of the Asian continentD．are found in land mass that used to be a separate continentQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court's ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of morelawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies.“We're talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program, only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different.” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they'll take their case to voters.“We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box.” says University of California regent Ward Cannerly, who helped win voter approval of California's Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday's ruling had no practical impact in the state.“It may be time for us to...let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions.” Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, cation Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bush's stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions”. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so.“Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate.” says Arthur Colema n, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites.And some educators doubt that with Monday′s ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies.While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, many say they don't expect significant changes.16．What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ______.A．no admission policies based on race should be implementedB．minority applicants should be given favorable considerationsC．different standards for admitting minority students should be set upD．selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory polic ies 17．Connerly insists that the Court's ruling should ______.A．win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effectB．be contested by the Michigan voters with an opinion pollC．be applied in some states before it is extended to other statesD．produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted18．What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?A．Neutrality.B．Objection.C．Approval.D．Indifference.19．Which of the following is TRUE about affirmative action according to the text?A．A vast majority of people support it.B．The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy.C．The minority students are more likely to welcome it.D．The Court's decision will certainly change people's attitude to it.20．It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to ______.A．ensure race-neutral programs are set up in college and universitiesB．adapt the Supreme Court's ruling to college situationsC．formulate the right policies for college admissionsD．discourage the practice of racial discrimination in college admissionsPart ⅡEnglish-Chinese T ranslation (25%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Computers are permeating almost every aspect of our lives, including many areas previously untouched by technology.(1)But unlike such other pervasive technologies as electricity, television and the motor car, computers are on the whole less reliable and less predictable in their behavior. This is because they are discrete state digital electronic devices that are prone to totaland catastrophic puter systems, when they are “down”, are completely down, unlike electromechanical devices, which may be only partially down and are thus partially usable.Computers enable enormous quantities of information to be stored, retrieved, and transmitted at great speed on a scale not possible before.(2)This is all very well, but it has serious implications for data security and personal privacy because computers are inherently insecure. The recent activities of hackers and data thieves in the United States, Germany, and Britain have shown how all-too-easy it still is to break into even the most-sophisticated financial and military systems. The list of scares perpetrated by the new breed of hi-tech criminals, ranging from fraud in airline-ticket reservations to the reprogramming of the chips inside mobile phones, is growing puter systems are often incredibly complex-so complex, in fact, that they are not always understood even by their creators (although few are willing to admit it). This often makes them completely unmanageable.Unmanageable complexity can result in massive foul-ups or spectacular budget “runaways”.For example, Jeffrey Rothfeder in Business Week reports that Bank of America in 1988 had to abandon a $20 million computer system after spending five years and a further $60 million trying to make it work. Allstate Insurance saw the cost of its new system rise from $8 million to a staggering $100 million and estimated completion was delayed from 1987 to 1903．Moreover, the problem seems to be getting worse: in 1988 the American Arbitration. Association took on 190 computer disputes, most of which involved defective systems.The claims totaled $200 million—up from only $31 million in 1984．(3)Complexity can also result in disaster: no computer is 100 percent guaranteed because it is virtually impossible to anticipate all sorts of critical applications, such as saving lives, flying air craft, running nuclear power stations, transferring vast sums of money, and controlling missile systems—sometimes with tragic consequences.For example, between 1982and 1987, some twenty-two servicemen died in five separate crashes of the United States Air Force's sophisticated Blackhawk helicopter before the problem was traced to its computer-based “fly-by-wire” system. At least two people died after receiving overdoses of radiation emitted by the computerized. There are 25 X-ray machines, and there are many other examples of fatal computer-based foul-ups.Popular areas for less life-threatening computer malfunctions include telephone billing and telephone switching software, bank statements and bank-teller machines, electronic funds-transfersystems, and motor-vehicle license data bases.Although computers have often taken the “blame”on these occasions, the ultimate cause of failure in most cases is, in fact, human error.Every new technology creates new problems—as well as new benefits—for society, and computers are no exception. (4)But digital computers have rendered society especially vulnerable to hardware and software malfunctions.Sometimes industrial robots go crazy, while heart pacemakers and automatic garage door openers are rendered useless by electromagnetic radiation or “electronic smog” emitted from point-of-sale terminals, personal computers, and video games.Automated teller machines (A TMs) and pumps at gas stations are closed down because of unforeseen software snafus.The cost of all this downtime is huge.(5)For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year. Revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $900 million per year. In 1989, a British Computer Society committee reported that much software was now so complex that current skills in safety assessment were inadequate and that therefore the safety of people could not be guaranteed.Part ⅢChinese-English T ranslation (25%)Directions: Translate the following short paragraph into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1．一位负责扶贫工作的官员说，到2004年底，尽管大多数贫困人口将解决温饱问题，然而还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府资助。
2004年全国优秀博士学位论文名单
分子、团簇和凝聚体系中相互作用的计算研究
袁岚峰
朱清时
中国科学技术大学
系列含氮氧配体的功能配(聚)合物的水热合成、结构、性质和机理研究
张献明
陈小明
中山大学
叶立德环丙烷化和环氧化反应的立体化学控制
叶松
戴立信
中国科学院上海有机化学研究所
新型含氮、硫、氧配体及其超分子化合物的源自计合成赵颖隽洪茂椿
中国科学院福建物质结构研究所
程敏
唐天同
西安交通大学
低维结构铁电材料光电性能和铁电薄膜红外焦平面列阵器件物理研究
于剑
汤定元
中科院上海技术物理研究所
信息与通信工程
接入系统中复用技术若干问题的研究
秦晓懿
曾烈光
清华大学
分布式检测、跟踪及异类传感器数据关联与引导研究
王国宏
毛士艺
北京航空航天大学
控制科学与工程
参数化时频信号表示研究
邹红星
李衍达
2004年全国优秀博士学位论文名单
学科门类名称
一级学科名称
论文题目
作者姓名
导师姓名
学位授予单位名称
哲学
哲学
王龙溪与中晚明阳明学的展开
彭高翔
陈来
北京大学
哲学对话的新平台－－科学语用学的元理论研究
殷杰
郭贵春
山西大学
经济学
理论经济学
企业家的企业理论
杨其静
杨瑞龙
中国人民大学
工资、就业的议价对经济效率的影响
陆铭
徐东日
金柄珉
延边大学
历史学
历史学
二十世纪古文献新证研究
冯胜君
吴振武
吉林大学
抗战前后中英关于西藏问题交涉之研究（1935－1947）
中国矿业大学
个人简介：邓喀中，教授、博导，国家重点（培育）学科“ 大地测量学与测量工程” 首席带头人。
主要从事开采沉陷及防护、岩土工程、3S技术、工程测量等研究。
现为中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院教授委员会主任、空间信息系主任，开采损害及防护研究所所长，国际矿山测量协会委员、中国煤炭学会矿山测量专业委员会副主任委员、中国煤炭学会开采损害技术鉴定委员会副主任委员、最高人民法院开采损害技术鉴定专家、江苏省测绘学会理事。
主持和完成国家自然科学基金重点项目等国家、省部级和横向项目100余项，出版专著教材5部，在国内外主要学术刊物上发表论文100余篇，其中EI、ISTP收录20多篇，获省部级科技进步一等奖等省部级奖6项，局级科技进步奖10多项。
建立的采动岩体动态力学模型，首次将岩层与地表移动、采动岩体破裂高度、离层裂缝计算融为一体，专家们认为该成果具有创造性，达到国际领先水平；提出的重复采动下沉系数和采动过程中地表任意点移动变形计算理论和方法已编入新版《三下》采煤规程；开展了已采区上方兴建大型工业厂房、高速公路的研究，建立了老采空区上方地基稳定性评价方法和地基加固处理方法，为充分利用老采空区上方进行建筑提供了理论基础。
个人简介：高井祥，男，1960 年4月出生，博士，教授，博士生导师。
1982 年中国矿业大学矿山测量专业本科毕业，19 99年获工学博士学位。
江苏省优秀青年骨干教师，江苏省“ 333 跨世纪学术、技术带头人培养工程”培养对象，“国家百千万人才工程”煤炭行业专业技术拔尖人才、学校后备学科带头人。
2004年被评为中国矿业大学第一届教学名师。
200 6年荣获“全国煤炭教育系统先进工作者”称号。
2007年被评为全国优秀教师。
目前任国际矿山测量协会(ISM) 第一委员会委员、中国卫星全球定位系统（GPS ）协会理事及教育与发展专业委员会副主任委员、中国测绘学会测绘教育工作委员会委员、中国煤炭教育协会常务理事兼副秘书长、徐州市青年科协理事长。
中国矿业大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
中国矿业大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part One Cloze1．however【解析】此处表示转折，因此用however“不过；然而”。
2．to【解析】动词refer与to搭配，表示“论及，谈到，提及，指的是”，符合题意。
3．perform【解析】此处的意思是执行一系列的任务，应该用动词perform“履行，执行，表演，演出”。
4．in【解析】in use表示“在使用中”，符合题意。
5．used【解析】此处表示被使用，应该用动词use的过去分词形式。
6．aspects【解析】此处的意思是几乎可预见的所有方面。
应该用名词aspect“方面；情况，状况”。
7．of【解析】此处的意思是现代化的台式机，应该用介词of。
8．worth of【解析】“金额+worth+of+某物”表示价值多少的某物。
9．only【解析】“not only…but also”是固定搭配，意思是“不仅……而且……”。
10．management【解析】此处的意思是小型企业所需要的自动化管理，因此应该用名词management。
Part Two Reading ComprehensionPassage One1．D【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。
这可从文中的“The over development...to the near destruction of our cities.”推知。
2．D【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。
这可从文中第二段的内容推知，即能源危机是我们目前需要面对的问题，为了解决这个问题，“long range planning is essential”。
3．B【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有B项为正确答案。
这可从文中的“There is a strong demand for…to devote themselves wholeheartedly”推知，即“Lack of devotion”正确。
(完整word版)博士英语课文翻译Unit4
Unit41.The crisis of global poverty has，at long last, been accorded a high priority on the international agenda。
This propitious development has sparked a flurry of discussion and research concerning the means for eradicating this debilitating condition from human life。
Yet as renewed pledges for action pour in from governments，as long-held theories and conventional approaches fail to quell long-held prejudices，conflicts，and exploitation, a feeling of rudderlessness looms over the global enterprise of poverty eradication. At the same time, a palpable optimism emerges from the attention and momentum generated by the search for solutions to this worldwide challenge。
2.The mechanisms of poverty eradication have long been defined in primarily material terms. Indeed，the central pillar of the international community's poverty alleviation efforts has been the transfer of financial resources。
中国矿业大学考博英语真题常见虚拟词及其解析
中国矿业大学考博英语真题常见虚拟词及其解析虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式，用来表示假设，或用来表示命令、建议以及说话人的主观愿望，有时也可以使语气缓和、委婉。
虚拟语气作为一重点语法，在各类考试中占有相当大的分值，所以理解该语法，不管对于考试，还是在日常应用中都有相当大的作用，本节将就考试重点作详细讲解。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
一、虚拟语气的用法常用于条件句中，表示与现在、将来、过去相反的假设，表示与现在、将来、过去相反假设时,主句与从句谓语动词的变化形式，现以动词do为例说明。
主句从句现在would/should/could/might+do be→were/do→did 将来would/should/could/might+do were to+do/should+do(只能用should)过去would/should/could/have done had done注：有些语法书中在“与将来相反假设”的条件从句中也有do→did，这样就和“与现在相反假设”的主句、从句完全相似，其主要区别在于各自的时间状语上，另外如果在“与将来相反假设”的条件从句中出现should+do，那么主句中就避免使用should+do，可以用would/could/might+do。
例句：If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in2006s World Cup tournament，you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.(选自2007年Text1)分析：该句是复合句。
译文：假如你去调查2006年世界杯上每位足球运动员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个值得注意的现象。
中国矿业大学(北京)博士入学英语完型12-11
矿大（北京）博士完型填空精选练习12/11Part I Clone(15 points)Directions: Decide which of the choices given would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.(QQ群矿大北京2016考博370230165)A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide--the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that __1__ does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less __2__ then, however, were the new, positive __3__ that work against the digital divide. Seriously, there are reasons to be __4__.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential __5__ there are. More and more __6__, afraid their countries will be left __7__, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will __8__ rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for __9__ world poverty that we've ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has __10__ potential.To __11__ advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices __12__ respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an __13__ of their sovereignty might well study the history of __14__ (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure-__15__ roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.1. A) divide B) information C) world D) lecture2. A) obscure B) visible C) invisible D) indistinct3. A) forces B) obstacles C) events D) surprises4. A) negative B) optimistic C) pleasant D) disappointed5. A) users B) producers C) customers D) citizens6. A) enterprises B) governments C) officials D) customers7. A) away B) for C) aside D) behind8. A) decrease B) narrow C) neglect D) low9. A) containing B) preventing C) keeping D) combating10. A) enormous B) countless C) numerical D) big11. A) bring B) keep C) hold D) take12. A) at B) with C) of D) for13. A) offence B) investment C) invasion D) insult14. A) construction B) facility C) infrastructure D) institution15. A) concerning B) concluding C) according D) including参考答案：1.A 由文中第一行的digital divide得出答案。
10中国矿业大学博士研究生发表文章要求
01级、02级、03级博士研究生发表学术论文要求博士研究生在毕业答辩前必须达到以下条件之一，方可参加学位论文答辩：1、以中国矿业大学的名义在国内、外公开发行的学术刊物上发表论文三篇，本人为第一作者。
其中必须有二篇在核心期刊上。
2、以中国矿业大学的名义发表一篇被三大检索系统（SCI、EI、ISTP）收入的学术论文，本人为第一作者；3、获省（部）级一或二等奖一项，本人为第一、二、三获奖人之一者；4、获学校科研成果一等奖一项，本人为第一、二获奖人之一者；5、在全国“挑战杯”课外科技作品竞赛等全国范围内举办的其它大型课外科技学术竞赛中获一、二等奖一项。
6、以下几种情况之一，可等同为核心期刊上发表论文一篇。
✧获省（部）级三等奖以上奖一项，本人为获奖人之一。
✧获学校科研成果一、二等奖一项，本人为获奖人之一。
✧在全国“挑战杯”课外科技作品竞赛等全国范围内举办的其它大型课外科技学术竞赛中获奖一项。
2004级、2005级博士研究生发表学术论文要求博士研究生在学期间发表学术论文须满足以下条件之一：1、以中国矿业大学的名义本人为第一作者，在国内外公开发行的学术刊物上发表论文三篇。
其中必须有二篇在核心期刊上。
2、以中国矿业大学的名义本人为第一作者发表的论文中有一篇被SCI、EI、ISTP收录。
3、获省部级及以上科研成果奖，本人为获奖人之一（有获奖证书）。
4、获厅局级科技成果奖，本人名次为：一等奖前三，二等奖前二，三等奖为第一。
5、参加省级以上（含省级）课外科技作品竞赛，获一、二等奖，本人为获奖人之一。
2006级博士研究生发表学术论文要求2006级博士研究生在学期间发表学术论文须满足以下条件之一：1、以中国矿业大学的名义本人为第一作者，在国内外公开发行的学术刊物上发表论文三篇。
其中必须有二篇在核心期刊上。
2、以中国矿业大学的名义本人为第一作者发表的论文中有一篇被SCI、EI、ISTP、CSSCI收录。
3、获省部级及以上科技成果奖，本人为获奖人之一（有获奖证书）。
中国社科院研究生院博士英语真题2004年
中国社科院研究生院真题2004年(总分135, 考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ VocbularySection ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1.She actually preferred a more gregarious urban life style and the cultural attractions in a warmer clime.A tranquilB sociableC inactiveD undisturbed2.Some of the plan's provisions have already aroused opposition, most notably from Pope John Paul Ⅱ.A clausesB interpretationsC interrelationsD depreciations3.Nothing is less sensible than the advice of the Duke of Cambridge who is to be reported to have said: "Any change, at any time, for any reason is to be deplored."A emulatedB ridiculedC complicatedD lamented4.Most of the 33 newly discovered planets' giant gas bags swing so erratically that they create havoc on any smaller, nearby,life-friendly planets.A destructionB benefitsC chaosD violence5.Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for topflight staff, travel, and television commercials.A dubiouslyB potentlyC profuselyD candidly6.In fact, a number of recent developments suggest that new media may actually be the salvation of old media; that online newspapers, Webzines, and e-books could preserve and extend the best aspects of the print culture while augmenting it with their various technological advantages.A limitingB maintainingC distinguishingD increasing7.Every modern government, liberal or otherwise, has a specific position in the field of ideas; its stability is vulnerable to critics in proportion to their ability and persuasiveness.A futileB susceptibleC feasibleD flexible8.Parties are therefore free to strive for a settlement without jeopardizing their chances for or in a trial if mediation is unsuccessful.A assuringB increasingC endangeringD destroying9.They make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs.A sustainB yieldC endureD expose10.It disgusted him when atheists attacked religion: he thought they were vulgar.A insultingB base-mindedC roughD viciousSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.11.From the time of the Greeks to the Great War, medicine's job was simple: to struggle with ______ diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain.A immortalB immuneC lethalD toxic12.This is a market in which enterprising businesses ______ for the demands of teenagers and older youths in all their rock mania and pop-art forms.A caterB entitleC appealD subject13.It must guide public opinion, after presenting ______ both sides of every issue and pointing out to readers what measures seem to promise the greater good for the greater number.A inquisitivelyB inconceivablyC appallinglyD impartially14.Brushing removes larger particles, but dentists suggest brushing the back of the tongue as well, where food residues and bacteria ______.A flourishB collaborateC embarkD congregate15.American literary historians are perhaps ______ to viewing their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness.A proneB legibleC incompatibleD prior16.To many people, a husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family - they need children to enrich the circle, to ______ family character and to gather the redemptive influence of offspring.A repressB intimidateC validateD confine17.The 1982 Oil and Gas Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation. And ______ the Corporation's statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compete in this supply.A defersB curtailsC triggersD sparks18.These people actively try to ______ what they believe to be bad English and assiduously cultivate what they hope to be good English.A suppressB regressC enhanceD revive19.It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all ______ to the flow of ideas shall be removed.A propheciesB transactionsC argumentsD hindrances20.As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or ______, our attention from the real issues at hand.A retainingB sustainingC distractingD obscuringPart Ⅱ GrammarSection ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.21.(Relying on) these convenient metaphors, politicians and military commanders do not see, or do not want to see, what these metaphors (hide): the reality of pain and death, the long-term health effects (for the injury), the psychological (effect on veterans), the environmental effects, not to mention the moral aspects of war.A Relying onB hideC for the injuryD effect on veterans22.Categories, we found, (must) be seen (in) their conceptual context, against the background of larger cognitive models, and it is obvious that these models will, (to) some point, have to include (sequencing) in time.A mustB inC toD sequencing23.We (are obliged) to grow up in skepticism, requiring proofs for every assertion about nature, (but) there is no way out (except) to move ahead and plug away, hoping for comprehension in the future (but) living in a condition of intellectual instability for long time.A are obligedB butC exceptD but24.But (as) a historian. Graves should be aware that James Clerk Maxwell's brilliant insight about electromagnetism--the guess that visible light is only one small slice of the spectrum of (electromagnetic) energy, a guess that forms the basis (for) electronics technology—(is) an intuitive leap into the unknown.A asB electromagneticC forD is25.I suggest transforming our social system from a (bureaucratically management industrialism) in which maximal production and consumption are ends in (themselves) (in the Soviet Union as well as in the capitalist countries) into a humanist industrialism (in which) man and full development of his potentialities those of love and of reason (are the aims) of all social arrangements.A bureaucratically management industrialismB themselvesC in whichD are the aims26.Perhaps all societies (are significantly more advanced) than our own have achieved an effective personal immortality and lose the motivation for interstellar gallivanting, which (may), (for all we know), (be) a typical urge only of adolescent civilizations.A are significantly more advancedB mayC for all we knowD be27.(In an effort to) produce the largest, fastest, most luxurious ship afloat, the British built the Titanic. It was so superior to (anythingon) (the seas) that it (was dubbed) "unsinkable."A In an effort toB anythingonC the seasD was dubbed28.Her own interests as a mother (brought into) play by her (concern over) the education and welfare of her children, the city (in which) they lived, (and such) municipal facilities as playgrounds, schools and parks.A brought intoB concern overC in whichD and such29.The concern (has been) that the embryo bank (might be) exploited (by unscrupulous), or that conception might precede birth by nine or even ninety years, (rather than) by nine months.A has beenB might beC by unscrupulousD rather than30.Within the arid regions (in which) their culture developed, the Bedouin camel- breeding tribes have maintained a distinctivepattern and a dominant position (over) other societies and settlements through virtue of their ability to exploit grazing ranges.A in whichB overC settlementsD throughSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.31.Rather than doing this via auction or through private art dealers they can give them to the government, which buys them at an agreed price ______ themA after having, independently valuedB after having, independently valuableC by having, independently valuelessD by having, independently value32.So if you are in a tea room somewhere and there is a group of high-spirited women wearing red hats and purple dresses, you will know ______ are merely taking advantage of one of the most effective and inexpensive antidotes for aging acceptance laced with. humor.A weB youC theyD the red hats and purple dresses33.Imagine the psychological impact upon a foe of encountering squads' of seemingly invincible warriors ______ armor and ______ superhuman capabilities.A protecting with, endowing byB protecting by, endowing withC protected with, endowed byD protected by, endowed with34.______ how the immature brain prevents seizure-induced cell injury or death could lead to new methods to reduce or prevent seizure damage in adults.A To understandB To be understoodC Having been understoodD Understanding35.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ______ in the public today.A existsB existC existingD existed36.He said the most unusual aspect of the Mexican trial was that the 12 teenagers were not given any drugs to suppress their immune systems, ______ would normally destroy any cells from other animals.A at whichB whichC to whichD as37.Because it takes longer to install and involves some tinkering to get it to work just right, it's best for more experienced users. But, oh, what joy! ______ a detailed log of every ad it annihilates, ______ it makes a satisfying 'thunk' when it nabs one.A Not only Killer keeps, but alsoB Not only does Killer keep, /C Only Killer keeps, andD Only if Killer keeps, /38.And while we ______ have a great deal of trouble adjusting to a climate that gets 2 degrees centigrade warmer over the next century, an ice age by mid-century--be unimaginably devastating.A might, couldB could, mightC would, mightD might, would39.The most versatile ______ embryonic stem cells, which ______ found in the embryo at the earliest stage of development and can grow into any part of the body.A are, areB is, isC are, isD is, are40.______ there is a logical connection between all the things that happen in that immensely connected body of salted water that covers 71 percent of the surface of the earth.A I dawn upon it thatB It dawns upon me thatC I dawn upon this thatD This dawns upon me thatPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1In the preceding chapter, economic welfare was taken broadly to consist of that group of satisfactions and dissatisfactions which can be brought into relation with a money measure. We have now to observe that this relation is not a direct one, but is mediated through desires and aversions. That is to say, the money that a person is prepared to offer for a thing measures directly, not the satisfaction he will get from the thing, but-the intensity of his desire for it. This distinction, obvious when stated, has been somewhat obscured for English-speaking students by the employment of the term utility - which naturally carries an association with satisfaction - to represent intensity of desire. Thus, when one thing is desired by a person more keenly than another, it is said to possess a greater utility to that person. Several writers have endeavored to get rid of the confusion which this use of words generates by substituting "utility" in the above sense for some other term, such as "desirability". The term "desiredness" seems, however, to be preferable, because, since it cannot be taken to have any ethical implication, it is less ambiguous. I shall myself employ that term. Generally speaking, everybody prefers present pleasures or satisfactions of given magnitude to future pleasures or satisfactions of equal magnitude, even when the latter are perfectly certain to occur. But this preference for present pleasures does not - the idea isself-contradictory - imply that a present pleasure of given magnitude is any greater than a future pleasure of the same magnitude. It implies only that our telescopic faculty is defective, and that we, therefore, see future pleasures, as it were, on a diminished scale. That this is the right explanation is proved by the fact that exactly the same diminution is experienced when, apart from our tendency to forget ungratifying incidents, we contemplate the past.Our analysis also suggests that economic welfare could be increased by some rightly chosen degree of differentiation in favor of saving. Nobody, of course, holds that the State should force its citizens to act as though so much objective wealth now and in the future were of exactly equal importance. In view of the uncertainty of productive developments, to say nothing of the mortality of nations and eventually of the human race itself, this would not, even in the extremest theory, be sound policy. But there is wide agreement that the State should protect the interests of the future in some degree against the effects of our irrational discounting and of our preference for ourselves over our descendants. The whole movement for "conservation" in the United States is based on this conviction.It is the clear duty of Government, which is the trustee for unborn generations as well as for its present citizens, to watch over, and, if need be, by legislative enactment, to defend, the exhaustible naturalresources of the country from rash and reckless spoliation.Plainly, if we assume adequate competence on the part of governments, there is a valid case for some artificial encouragement to investment, particularly to investments the return from which will only begin to appear after the lapse of many years. It must, however, be remembered that, so long as people are left free to decide for themselves how much work they will do, interference, by fiscal or any other means , with the way they employ the resources that their work yields to them may react to diminish the aggregate amount of this work and so of those resources. Comprehension Questions:41.What does, according to the author, economic welfare consist of?A a general sense of contentment with any individual being partof a groupB a basic duality or dichotomy between the amount of pleasuresthat one individual can experience and discontentmentC the act of measuring the amount of gratifications and dissatisfactions with a measure of valueD the relentless idea that people have to forfeit in expiationfor their pleasures42.In the opening paragraph, why does the author prefer to use theterm "desiredness"?A Because it seems more catchy and refers to a specific semanticfielB Because nobody else has ever used the word before, ittherefore exemplifies the author's original and unique ideaC Because it helps native English speakers to grasp the conceptual idea expressed in this passagD Because it clears any misunderstanding relating to the distinction made in the first paragrap43.In the second paragraph, why is the word "greater" in italics?A Because the pleasure a person can experience in the present will always be regarded as the most importanB Because the author is insisting on the falsity and inner opposition of the statemenC Because the extent or impact of the satisfaction felt by an individual is paramounD Because the author is using the superlative as a general term of approva44.In the third paragraph, which of the following is closer to the truth?A The author rejects the idea the aid distributed by the government should benefit the less fortunate individualB Any given government is answerable for preserving and protecting the economic interests of new generationC Mankind is intrinsically doomed and will be extinct in the near future regardless of the actions taken by any governmenD People have opposing views over state intervention in the field of socio-economic polic45.In the fourth paragraph, the author makes it clear that ______.A the government which is in charge of powers such as the makingof laws must conduct the current affairs of the country but alsothink ahead and prepare the nation of tomorrowB the nationals of any country are accountable for socialchoices they makeC the source of supply and wealth of any country can and willbe consumed entirely if proper steps are not takenD the people of any given country have a natural tendency touse unreservedly and unwisely their own resourcesPassage 2There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that' we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induces us to lay particular stress upon the study of cultures that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their Study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common toall mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only.Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view; relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?Comprehension Questions:46.Which of the following statements is true: Our social behavior is______.A more based on learned reactions than natural tendencyB more inherently determined than early impressedC more spontaneous than inbornD more based on inherent than constitutional behavior47.Why is social behavior difficult to change?A One's behavior is inborn so that nothing can be done about iB One's behavior is instinctive so that he/she can't act differentlC One's behavior is taught from childhood so that it is fixed as normal in his/her childhooD If one never changes his/her geographical dwelling, his/her social behavior can never be change48.In order to answer the question: "which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics?" we have to emphasize on the study of ______.A human behaviorB human organsC culturesD environment49.The three points of view that indicate the relations of individuals are ______.A relations characterised by natural development; relationsthat are culturally determined; socially accepted behaviour amongthe groupB relations to natural and unnatural world; relations among people; conditioned relationsC relations to organic and inorganic outer world; relations among human behavior; objectively conditioned relationsD relations to living environment; relations among members ofthe same social group; subjectively conditioned relations50.From the definitions of the three points of view, according to the passage, we can infer that ______.A conditioned relations are acquiredB relations to the organic and inorganic outer world are instinctiveC relations among members of the same social group are learnedD all of the abovePassage 3Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of these -justice - is appropriate to the narrower definition of government as the power to punish. It is punishment, which is administered with justice, and a government, which is successful in balancing aversive consequences, is said to "maximize justice." Our practical support of such a government is probably not due to any such principle,however, but rather to the fact that a just government, in comparison with other governments, is more likely to reinforce the behavior of supporting it.Another principle commonly appealed to a freedom. That government is said to be best which governs least. The freedom, which is, maximized by a good government is not, however, the freedom, which is at issue in a science of behavior. Under a government, which controls through positive reinforcement the citizen feels free, though he is no less controlled. Freedom from government is freedom from aversive consequences. We choose a form of government, which maximizes freedom for a very simple reason: aversive events are aversive. A government, which makes the least use of its power to punish, is most likely to reinforce our behavior in supporting it. Another principle currently in fashion is security. Security against aversive governmental control raises the same issue as freedom. So does security from wants, which means security from aversive events which are not specifically arranged by the governing agency - from hunger, cold, or hardship in general, particularly in illness or old age. A government increases security by arranging an environment in which many common aversive consequences do not occur, in which positive Consequences are easily achieved, and in which extreme states of deprivation are avoided. Such a government naturally reinforces the behavior of supporting it.The "right" of a ruler was an ancient device for explaining his power to rule. "Human rights" such as justice, freedom and security are devices for explaining the counter-control exercised by the governed. A man has his rights in the sense that the governing agency is restricted in its power to control him. He asserts these rights along with other citizens when he resists control. "Human rights" are ways of representing certain effects of governing practices - effects which are in general positively reinforcing and which we therefore call good. To "justify" a government in such terms is simply an indirect way of pointing to the effect of the government in reinforcing the behavior of the supporting group.It is commonly believed that justice, freedom, security, and so on refer to certain more remote' consequences in terms of which a form of government may be evaluated. We shall return to this point in section VI, where we shall see that an additional principle is needed to explain why these principles are chosen as a basis for evaluation.Comprehension Questions:51.It is generally admitted that a government rules in order to see______.A the results of its proposed doctrineB how powerful it is when it exercises its powerC how it is to enhance the demeanor of sanctionD both A and C52.A government is said to "maximize justice" when it ______.A exercises its power of punishment strictlyB thrives on stabilizing loathing upshotC adopts its doctrine successfullyD supervises justice smoothly53.According to the author, a good government ought to allow its citizens to exercise their rights to free speech and free movement so that ______.A people live a life of anarchyB people live in a Utopian worldC loathing outcome is avoidedD people are less controlled54.A government is likely to reinforce and maximize freedom of those who look favorably at it and who actively support such government ______.A when it provides social insurance for peopleB when it protects its citizens from hunger, cold and hardshipC when it sets up pension and public health serviceD all of the above55.The purpose of the so-called 'human rights 'concept, which is guaranteed and reinforced by government, is based upon the beliefthat ______.A citizens pledge for itB government can exercise its power to control positivelyC any government's powers would be exercised under citizens' supervisionD people should rule directly without any interference from government agenciesPassage 4Finding something new to say about America's love affair with the death penalty is not easy. The subject not only arouses intense emotions, it has produced an ocean of comment from lawyers, judges, politicians, campaigners, statisticians, social scientists and quite a few demagogues. Nevertheless, Franklin Zimring, one of America's leading criminologists, has managed to rise above this cacophony to write a thought-provoking and genuinely original book, The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment', which deserves to become a classic.Mr. Zimring tackles head-on the most puzzling question of all- why are Americans so determined to keep the death penalty when nearly all other developed democracies have given it up, and now view it as barbaric? In the past two decades, attitudes in America and Europe have diverged so much that any dialogue on the subject has been replaced by blank incomprehension, and America's retention of capital punishment has become a significant diplomatic irritant. For European governments the abolition of capital punishment is a human-rights priority, and theyhave expended valuable political capital in trying to achieve it. American governments, Republican and Democratic, insist that the death penalty has nothing to do with human-rights, and deeply resent European efforts to make its abolition an international norm.The difference between European and American attitudes, says Mr. Zimring, is not the breadth of support for the death penalty, but its depth. At the time of the death penalty's abolition in each developed country, a majority similar to America's, currently 65%, wanted to keep it, according to opinion polls. But when European political elites turned against it after the Second World War, electorates acquiesced. Today most Europeans probably would not want it back.The death penalty is a far more contentious issue in America, says Mr. Zimring, because the debate about it draws on a cherished American political tradition which does not exist anywhere else: vigilante justice. Many death-penalty supporters see executions not as acts of a distant or unreliable government, or even as a crime-control measure, but as an instrument of local, community justice, a form of vengeance on behalf of the victims' relatives.In a startling analysis, Mr. Zimring shows that most executions are performed in a few states in the south and south-west where the lynching of African-Americans, other forms of mob violence and six-shooter justice were most endemic at the end of the 19th and first half of the 20 centuries. Opinion-poll support for the death penalty may be fairly uniform across America, and 38 states have the death penalty on their books, but many states hardly ever execute anyone. The vast bulk of executions take place only where the values of the lynch mob have endured, he says.Many people will find this linkage distasteful. But Mr. Zimring marshals a powerful case for it, and sceptics will have to reply to his evidence, not just brush the argument aside. Americans' distrust of overweening government power is as deeply rooted a tradition as vigilante justice, Mr. Zimring concedes. However, when it comes to the death penalty, this distrust is manifest not in an abolitionist movement, as in other countries, but in the maze of legal-appeals procedures which mean that most murderers condemned to death spend years, even decades, on death row. More death-row inmates are likely to die of old age than by execution. Neither supporters nor opponents of the death penalty are happy with this odd result.What Americans really want is an error-free death penalty, but this can never be guaranteed, as the recent spate of death-row exonerations has shown. Moreover, Mr. Zimring argues that Americans' ambivalence about capital punishment can never be resolved. Sooner or later, one of these competing traditions - a regard for careful legal processes to second-guess and constrain government actions, or the desire for vengeance - will have to give way. That will not happen easily. Both date back to the country's founding.Mr. Zimring believes, on scanty evidence, that Americans will eventually abandon vigilante values, and abolish the death penalty. But he admits that this will be a messy, bitter affair. And he could well be wrong. His analysis might equally point to another, less palatable outcome: a sweeping aside of legal constraints, and a more rapid pace of executions.Comprehension Questions:56.What is the main purpose of this article?A to discuss capital punishment in America。
04年河海博士英语试卷
河海大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)PartⅡV ocabulary (10%)Part A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.21. The report sets out strict inspection procedures to ensure that recommendations are properly implemented.A. made up ofB. carried outC. put into operationD. charged with22. The head of the navy heaped scornon both the methods and motives of the conspirators.A. admirationB. passionC. contemptD. offense23. One of the most provocativeideas of modern physics was initiated by the British theorist P.Dirao.A. stimulatingB. popularC. enduringD. powerful24. The story of Peter Pan is so fascinatingthat all the children like it.A. interestingB. adventurousC. entrancingD. extraordinary25. The young girl showed wonderful facilityfor learning languages.A. likingB. imaginationC. delightD. aptitude26. In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species that prevailin the forests.A. dominateB. reproduceC. rebuildD. invade27. Although the work needs to be done more exhaustively, efforts have been made to collect the songs and ballads of the American Revolution.A. preciselyB. selectivelyC. franticallyD. thoroughly28. There are still some outdated prejudices lurkingin the minds of individuals.A. existingB. hidingC. remainingD. emerging29. In buying a suit, a difference often cents in price is negligible.A. negligentB. negotiableC. insignificantD. consequential30. Modern nursing practices not only hastenthe recovery of the sick but also promote better health through preventive medicine.A. permitB. accelerateC. determineD. accompanyPart B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.31. She considered herself always in the right, and anybody s suggestion.A. skimpedB. sent downC. sneered atD. submitted to32. He was present in his role of school manager, church warden and donor.A. dedicatedB. tripleC. providentialD. religious33. Since you are so weak, you should take every precaution against catching cold.A. criticalB. comparableC. distinctD. conceivable34. An explanation of an earthquake is a description of the chain of that produces it.A. causalityB. marginC. persistenceD. purpose35. Mr. Li is the present of the presidential chair of the company.A. transactionB. prescriptionC. professorD. incumbent36. Agreement made by the President with other countries the approval of the Senate.A. is subjected toB. is subject toC. draws outD. substitute for37. The economy is showing signs of .A. haltingB. overflowingC. outbreakingD. faltering38. Their experiments show that the strain of wheat grows more quickly and is resistant to disease.A. newly plantedB. newly cultivatedC. hybridD. imported39. In that country the coins are so that one has to carry great quantities to make a single purchase.A. diminishedB. debasedC. degradedD. defaced40. Richard Cramer was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his on the effects of war on individuals in the Middle East.A. commentaryB. communicationC. assertionD. declarationPartⅢUse of English (15%)Part A (10%)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to 41and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of 42the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to 43employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions 44which many of us can work for ourselves, 45for an employer?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people s work has taken the 46of jobs. The industrial age may now be 47to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. 48, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment as its history shows, has not meant 49freedom.Employment became widespread 50the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them 51the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living 52themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from the people s homes.53, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, 54, many people s work lost all connection 55their home lives and the places in which they lived.56, employment put women 57a disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out to58employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife.All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to 59some effort and resources away from the 60goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.41. A. be blamedB. have been blamedC. blameD. blaming42. A. sharingB. makingC. takingD. looking43. A. makeB. treatC. findD. get44. A. onB. atC. toD. in45. A. thereforeB. rather thanC. asD. other than46. A. sizeB. shapeC. formD. format47. A. takingB. makingC. comingD. becoming48. A. ButB. AndC. ThereforeD. For49. A. economicalB. economicC. economyD. economics50. A. duringB. sinceC. beforeD. when51. A. forB. ofC. toD. until52. A. forB. ofC. withD. to53. A. So thatB. After thatC. LaterD. So54. A. actuallyB. naturallyC. correctlyD. eventually55. A. toB. withC. forD. of56. A. MeanwhileB. Generally speakingC. ThereforeD. Actually57. A. intoB. inC. onD. at58. A. payingB. paidC. payD. being paid59. A. makeB. takeC. switchD. get60. A. possibleB. impossibleC. practicalD. impracticalPart B (5%)Directions: Each of the following sentences has 4 underlined parts marked A, B, C, and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and correct it. Then transfer your answers onto the ANSWER SHEET.61. WereAthe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it couldBdramatically transform a family ranCenterprise that still gets 90% of itsDrevenues from newspapers.62. Conversation calls for aAwillingness to alternate the role of speaker with oneBof listenerC, and calls for occasional digestive pauses byDboth.63. As long asApoor people, who in general are colored, are in conflictBwith richer people, who in general are lighterC skinD, there s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.64. All those left undoneAmay sound greatlyBin theory, but even the truest believerC has great difficulty whenDit comes to specifics.65. Even ifAautomakers modify commercially produced cars to run onBalternative fuelsC, the cars won t catch on in a big way whenDdrivers can fill them up at the gas station.PartⅣReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D, and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do: what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk, a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.66. The best title for the passage could be .A. Work, Labor and PlayB. Ways Leading to HappinessC. The Most Desirable Job in the WorldD. The Necessity of Leisure67. If a person wishes to be happy,.A. he must have something to doB. he must realize the essential difference between work and laborC. he must feel free first of allD. he must do something valuable to society68. A man is a laborer if .A. what he likes to do is not recognized by societyB. he has to make a living or supporting his familyC. he cannot get paid for what he doesD. he is forced to do what he doesn t enjoy69. According to the passage, what is society s attitude toward the game we play?A. Society regards play as another kind of labor.B. Society doesn t care what we play at all.C. Society forbids us to play any game.D. Society cares for private games very much.70. Which of the following kinds of person is a worker?A. A teacher who enjoys working with students.B. A white collar employee who is well paid.C. A man who doesn t mix work with play.D. A man who has good appetite and enjoys good health.71. What does the laborer think of leisure?A. He thinks he has no time for it since he has to support his family.B. He wishes to have as little leisure as possible.C. He hopes to have more leisure to play.D. He thinks it more important than health and family.Passage 2Every living thing has an inner biological clock that controls behavior. The clock works all the time even when there are no outside signs to mark the passing of time. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insect when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away. And it tells animals when to eat, sleep and wake. It controls body temperature, the release of some hormones and even dreams. These natural daily events are circadian rhythms.Man has known about them for thousands of years. But the first scientific observation of circadian rhythms was not made until 1729. In that year French astronomer, Jean Jacquesd “Ortous de Mairan”, noted that one of his plants opened its leaves at the same time every morning, and closed them at the same time every night. The plant did this even when he kept it in a dark place all the time. Later scientists wondered about circadian rhythms in humans. They learned that man s biological clock actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25 hours instead of the 24 hours on a man made clock. About four years ago an American doctor, Eliot Weitzman, established a laboratory to study how our biological clock works. The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world. They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. Dr. Weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorders caused by aging and mental illness. The laboratory is in the Monteflore Hospital in New York City. It has two living areas with three small rooms in each. The windows are covered, so no sunlight or moonlight comes in. There are no radios or television receivers. There is a control room between the living areas. It contains computers, one way cameras and other electronic devices for observing the person in the living area. The instruments measure heartbeat, body temperature, hormones in the blood, other substances in the urine and brain waves during sleep. A doctor or medical technician is on duty in the control room 24 hours a day during an experiment. They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches, so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is. In the first four years of research, Dr. Weitzman and his assistant have observed 16 men between the ages of 21 and 80. The men remained in the laboratory for as long as six months. Last month, a science reporter for The New York Times newspaper, Dava Sobol, became the first woman to take part in the experiment. She entered the laboratory on June 13th and stayed for 25 days. Miss Sobol wrote reports about the experiment during that time, which were published in the newspaper.72. The biological clock is believed to play an essential role in .A. the regulation of body temperatureB. the secretion of hormonesC. animal reproductionD. many aspects of plant and animal physiology73. In his observation, the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening and closing cycles .A. even when it was kept in a murky place all dayB. even if it was placed in the moonlightC. even when he was observing it from a dark placeD. even during the night time74. The sentence “They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.” (Paragraph 2, Line 9) probably means .A. They can lead their daily lives according to their biological clocks, without referring to a man made clockB. They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to themC. They can live by regulating their own circadian rhythmsD. They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life75. In the experiment conducted by Mr. Weitzman, the doctor who is on duty does not work the same time each day .A. in order to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different timesB. so as not to be recognized by the peopleC. so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is when he starts workD. so as to leave the people s circadian rhythms in disorder76. What is Mr. Weitzman s ultimate purpose of establishing a laboratory?A. He wanted to have his experiment report published in the newspapers.B. People are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.C. He wanted to find a way to treat people s diseases.D. He could gain some reputation for the first scientific observation of circadian.77. Miss Sobol left the laboratory .A. on June 13thB. on June 25thC. at the end of JuneD. on July 7thPassage 3There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Here s one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1,000 kilometer wide strip of forest running through Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing tons of CO2and further boosting global warming.There are dozens of other possible “feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the “albedo” effect is the amount of solar energy reflecte d by the earth s surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is thatsome of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 per cent of all the world s energy is consumed by a quarter of the world s population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just seven per cent of the global population, is responsible for 22 per cent of global warming.78. “Feedback mechanisms” in paragraph 1 most probably refer to .A. how plants and animals adapt to hidden factorsB. how plants and animals interact with the changing climateC. how climate changesD. how climate zones shift79. We can learn from the passage that .A. some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warmingB. the basic facts of global warming are unknownC. developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuelsD. developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption80. The word “emission” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .A. admissionB. entranceC. ejectionD. agitation81. James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by .A. the cutting of many treesB. desirable environmental changesC. successful migration of speciesD. unsuccessful migration of trees82. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumptionB. a third world citizen adds less than a ton of CO2yearly to the atmosphereC. the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse gas emissionsD. future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels83. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?A. Impact of global warming on climateB. Prosperity and cheap fossil fuelsC. Material progress and energy consumptionD. Plants and animals in the changing climatePassage 4Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines: the Bug Eyed Monster, embodying every trait and feature that most people find repulsive, is about to grab, and presumably ravish, a sweet, blonde, curvaceous, scantily clad Earth girl. This is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. In contrast to this unwarranted stereotype, science fiction rarely emphasizes sex, and when it does, it is more discreet than other contemporary fiction. Instead, the basic interest of science fiction lies in the relation between man and his technology and between man and the universe. Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to claim that science fiction is a major literary genre at this time, the aspects of humanlife that it considers make it well worth reading and studying for no other literary form does quite the same things.The question is: what is science fiction? And the answer must be, unfortunately, that there have been few attempts to consider this question at any length or with much seriousness；it may well be that science fiction will resist any comprehensive definition of its characteristics. To say this, however, does not mean that there are no ways of defining it nor that various facets of its totality cannot be clarified. To begin, the following definition should be helpful: science fiction is a literary sub genre which postulates a change (for human beings) from conditions as we know them and follows the implications of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition will necessarily be modified and expanded, and probably changed, in the course of this exploration, it covers much of the basic groundwork and provides a point of departure.The first point that science fiction is a literary sub genre is a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or ignored in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is either a short story or a novel. There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capek s RUR (Rossum s Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known；the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly larger. To say that science fiction is a sub genre of prose fiction is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in general that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.Everything that can be said about prose fiction, in general applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, whether short story or novel, must have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting, character, language, and theme. And like any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with interpreting man s nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular combination of narrator, story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel.84. Science fiction is called a literary sub genre because .A. it is not important enough to be a literary genreB. it cannot be made into a dramatic presentationC. it shares characteristics with other types of prose fictionD. to call it a “genre” would subject it to literary jargon85. Which of the following does not usually contribute to the theme in a piece of science fiction?A. narratorB. settingC. characterD. rhyme86. The view of science fiction encouraged by pulp magazines, while wrong, is nevertheless .A. popularB. derangedC. elegantD. fashionable87. An appropriate title for this passage would be .A. On the Inaccuracies of Pulp MagazinesB. Toward a Definition of Science FictionC. A Type of Prose FictionD. Beyond the Bug Eyed Monster88. The author s definition suggests that all science fiction deals with .A. the same topics addressed by novels and short storiesB. the unfamiliar or unusualC. Karel Capek s well known postulateD. the conflict between science and fiction89. One implication of the final sentence in the passage is that .A. the reader should turn next to commentaries on general fictionB. there is no reason for any reader not to like science fictionC. there are reasons for enjoying science fictionD. those who can read and analyze fiction can also do so with science fictionPassage 5“Refrigerator production in China jumped from 1.4 million units in 1985 to 10. 6 million in 1998,”according to David Fridley, a researcher in the Department of Energy s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.The Global Environmental Facility, through the United Nations Development Program, has decided to fund $9.3 million of the $40 million program to help the government of China transform its market for refrigerators. The refrigerator project began in 1989 when the EPA signed an agreement with the government of China to assist in the elimination of CFCs from refrigerators. Berkeley Lab has been involved in the project since 1995 through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, developing the market transformation program based on the success of the first phase of the project, which involved designing and testing CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) free, energy efficient refrigerators. Fridley says that beyond his technical supervisory role, the Laboratory will be involved in training and working with the State Bureau of Technical Supervision as the new efficiency standards are developed.“Market transformation,”Fridley explains, “is the process of shifting consumer demand for a product, in this case to a more energy efficient, environmentally favorable product through voluntary, market based means such as technical assistance and training for manufacturers, consumer education, and financial incentives to manufacture and sell the more efficient produce.”“Collectively, we developed a technical training program for Chinese refrigerator manufactures interested in developing CFC free, efficient refrigerators; a financial incentive program to motivate manufacturers to build the most efficient refrigerator possible; and a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies that acquire refrigerators in bulk,” Fridley says.In 1998, the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate Protection Award by the EPA. “It is not widely known in the United States, but China has had an energy efficiency policy in place since the early 1980s,” says Mark Levine, Environmental Energy Technologies Division director and an a dvisor to the Chinese government on energy efficiency. “The government of China is committed to using energy more efficiently, and this has allowed the economy to grow at nearly twice the rate of energy consumption.”“The Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. We at Berkeley Lab are grateful to have the chance to work with the people and government of China on this project, as well as on our other refrigerator production projects in energy data analysis, appliance efficiency standards, and technical advice on cogeneration plants,” adds Levine.90. The main idea of this passage is .A. about refrigerator production in ChinaB. about the energy efficient refrigerator project in China aided by the UNC. about the American aid to the Chinese government in environmental protectionD. about the tremendous increase of China s refrigerator production91. From what the two American researchers said we can conclude that .A. the American experts working in the refrigerator project are disappointed China s refrigerator productionB. the American researchers are particularly worried about China s over emission of CFC into the airC. the American researchers in refrigerator technology enjoy their opportunity to work in ChinaD. the American experts sees China as the best place to increase their export of refrigerator technology92. According to Fridley, “Market transformation” means .A. giving a practical guide to the consumers needs as which products are betterB. strengthening the training of designers and manufacturers and educate the consumers to distinguish right products from the fake onesC. producing high quality products that can reach the international standards for environmental protectionD. trying to meet the demand of the consumers by improving the quality of products comprehensively93. The following statements about Berkeley Lab are true EXCEPT .A. It began a project with the government of China in 1989 to assist in the development of CFC free, efficient refrigeratorsB. It provided technical assistance and training for Chinese refrigerator manufacturersC. It helped to develop a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agenciesD. It cooperated with the government of China on several refrigerator projects94. The pronoun “it” in the sentence “It is not widely known in the United States” (paragraph 5) may refer to .A. an International Climate Protection AwardB. the EPA, that is, the U. S. Environmental Protection AgencyC. the refrigerator project mentioned in the passageD. the mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies95. The reason why the Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project is important to China s further development is that .A. the project will have a direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissionsB. the Chinese government is eager to improve its people s living conditionsC. the Chinese government is determined to protect the environment from being destroyed by industrial pollutionD. the Chinese government is eager to up to date the production of its electronic industry PartⅤTranslation (20 %)Part A (10%)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate it into Chinese, Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Virtue and intelligence belong to human beings as individuals freely associating with other individuals in small groups. So do sin and stupidity. But the subhuman mindlessness to which the demagogue makes his appeal, the moral imbecility on which he relies when he goads his victims。
2004地大(北京)考博英语真题
2004PRAT 1.lmagine that you are on a train to Shanghai.In the seats in front of you there are two foreigners, and you can hear their conversation. One of them is telling the other about his job.He says what he does,not what he is or what field (profession or occupation)he is in.On your paper you see a list of the names of people in 60 different occupations or professions.As you listen,decide what the speaker is.Then find the correct word on the list and write the nunber beside it in the proper blank on your answer sheet.For instance,suppose you hear this:(Speaker P)“Well,I don’t enjoy lecturing very much,especially to younger students,but I do love my research.I’d be so happy if I could spend every day in the lab with my graduate students and postdocs.However,that’s just not the way university departments operate.”You decide that the speaker must be a professor,so you find “a professor”on your list.You see that the number beside it is 61;you then write the number 61; in the blank beside p on your answer sheet.By the way,in reality there is no P and no 61,and“a professor”is not one of the choices on your list. This is just a theoretical example.You will now have three minutes to read the list.[SILENCE]All right,now let’s begin![15 points]1 an accountant 会计31 a librarian2 an actor 32 a mathematician 数学家3 an airline pilot民航驾驶员33 a mechanic机修工（技工）4 an architect建筑师34 a mechanical engineer机械工程师5 an astronomer 天文学家35 a military officer6 a biologist 36 a novelist小说作家7 a chef 烹调师37 a nurse8 a civil engineer土木工程师（建筑）38 a paleontologist古生物作家9 a concert pianist高级钢琴演奏师39 a press photographer新闻摄影师10 a construction worker 40 a plumber管道维修工（水暖工）11 a corporate executive企业执行总裁41 a poet诗人12 a dentist牙医42 a police detective侦探（刑警）13 a dietician营养师43 a police patrolman普通警察（巡警）14 a diplomat外交官44 a pop singer流行歌手15 an electrician电工45 a postman邮递员16 a fashion designer时装设计师46 a private businessman私营企业家（个体商人）17 a film critic电影评论家47 a private detective私人侦探18 a film director 电影导演48 a psychiatrist心理医生19 a flight attendant飞机乘务员49 a psychologist心理学家20 a florist花店老板50 a publisher出版商21 a geologist 51 a radio announcer电台播音员22 a geopgysicist 52 a schoolteacher(primary)23 a graphic designer图形设计员53 a schoolteacher(secondary)24 a hairdresser发型设计师54 a software engineer25 a hardware engineer硬件工程师55 a store clerk/shop assistant26 a hotel manager 56 a surgeon 外科医生27 a journalist 57 a tax official税务员28 a judge法官58 a travel agent 旅行社职员29 a lab technician 59 a university student30 a lawyer 60 a vet 宠物医生（兽医）PART 2. Each question in this part consists of one or more sentences in which four words or phrases are underlined. The four underlined parts are marked A.B.C or D. Decide which one of the four parts is not good English. Then write the letter found under that part in the proper space on your answer sheet.If the four underlined parts are all good English and there is no error in the sentence, then write E in the space on your answer sheet. REMEMBER! You always have FIVE possible choices: A,B,C,D or E (=no error)1 Wang Weiping has struggled hardly to improve his spoken French in Beijing, but IA Bdoubt that he will make much progress till he actually goes to France.C D2 I usually don’t talk very much to the other passengers on planes and trains, butAon my last flight to New York the person sitting next to me turned out to be anB Cold friend of my brother’s.D3 Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland but only the fourth or fifth largest in United Kingdom.London has eight times the population of Glasgow.4 According to the informations from the survey, the climate in this area hasAchanged markedly in the last five millennia. Today the area has abundant rainfall,B Cwhereas 5000 years ago it was quite arid.D5 Professor Zhao received his doctorate in geochemistry from Cambridge University in 1987.He has teached on this campus ever since.6 Chinese scientists. Who suffer from liver disease, used to have problems when they asked forA Bofficial permission to do research in foreign countries. These health mattersCare no longer such a concern now that the government has relaxed its attitude.D7 Our organization is currently taking part in an U.N.project to assess thelikelihood of major earthquakes in areas with nuclear power facilities.8 Could I possibly see you for about half an hour this afternoon? I havea crucial decision to make that will determine the direction of my career for the next ten years,and your advices are always very helpful.9 Fossils of this sort are seldom discovered in East China Sea. It was thereforea great surprise when dozens of them turned up in the same small area.10 I can’t understand why John is being so stubborn. He is usually quite cooperative.Maybe one of us should have a talk with him to find out why he is so opposing to theidea of changing the method we use to analyse rock samples.11 Tomorrow is a day off for me, so I mustn’t get up early. I can stay in bed as long as I like. Noone will object if I sleep until noon.12 If anyone should phone while I’m out, please tell them that I’ll be back in the office by two o’clock.A BIf they leave their phone number, I’ll call them as soon as I get back. Encourage them to leavea message, would you?13 Everyone knows that Ann is a great talker, but it’s high time she finds a better jobinstead of always complaining about the incompetence of her boss. No doubt the man is a fool, but talking won’t change anything.14 There’s been a lot of tragedy in her family. All three of her brothers got killed before they weretwenty years old. Two were died in traffic accidents and the third was shotwhile he was out hunting one day.15 Look at all those dark clouds in the sky! We’d better to take an umbrella when we go out. Youwouldn’t want to get caught in a sudden downpour, would you?16 Did you recognize that woman was sitting next to John at the opening ceremony? It was JoanAllen, a well-known actress he got to know while they both were students in Los Angelesin the early 1970s.D17 I am used to practicing taijiquan outdoors in the morning. but I am reluctant to do so whileA BI’m in Chicago. There aren’t any parks near the hotel, and it would feel rather odd to performCtaijiquan on an ordinary city street.D18 Production of wheat in China has fallen down considerably since the peak harvest in 1998.A BThis country will soon become the world’s biggest importer of wheatCas well as of several other grains.D19 Shanghai is only one of several great cities near the mouth of the Yangzi River. Hangzhou, forA Binstance, is an ancent city of four million inhabitants in the southwest of Shanghai, just twoC Dhours away by train.20 Wang Weiping has become very wealthy in recent years. One sign of hs prosperity is that heA Bnow has five cars, three of which he scarcely ever uses them.C DPART 3.Read the two articles below carefully and completely. (Notice that the paragraphs are numbered.) Then answer the questions that follow. In each case write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.You are not allowed to use a dictionary. However, we have provided a short list of difficult words with their definitions to help you read the two texts. Read the vocabulary list before you begin the article.VOCABULARY FOR THE FIRST ARTICLEBehind the wheel: siting at the steering wheel, the mechanism for controlling the direction in which a car is movinga cellphone or cell phone: the American term for a mobile phoneto commission something:to order something to be prepared or madea drain on X:something that reduces the total amount of X avaiable for other purposes erratically:unpredictably, in a strangely unpredictable wayto herd animals:to cause a group of animals to stay together as a group and move in the same directiona mobile phone: the thing that Americans call a “cellphone”a pub :a barto reimburse somebody for something: to repay somebody the money he has spent on something to skyrocket:to rise very high quickly[1]Last October ,Scottish police stopped a man who they said was driving erratically on a busy street in the town of Haddington. The driver, the owner of hour local pubs, was not drunk. He wassimultaneously using two mobile phones while driving. one to talk to a colleague and the other to look up a phone number, according to local media reports.[2]In Europe, where cellphone use reaches more than 95 percent of the adult population in some countries, trying to control when people use their phones may be as effective as herding cats. But safety concerns have already prompted more than 40 countries around the world to restrct or ban mobile phone calling while on the road. Britain is the most recent, but there are also restrictions in France, Germany, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary, among others.[3]Even when drivers are using only one cellphone, speaking on the phone while driving is more dangerous than being drunk behind the wheel, according to research commissioned by the British insurer Direct Line in 2002. Reaction times of drivers talking on hand-held mobile phones are, on average, 30 percent slower than those of drunk drivers and nearly 50 percent slower than normal drivers, according to the insurance company. For example, drivers using cellphones were less able to maintain a constant speed and found it more diffcult to keep a safe distance from the car in front. On average it took hand-held mobile phone users half a second longer to react than normal, and a third of a second longer to react than when they were drunk, the study said.[4]Sending messages by cellphone shile driving is an additional hazard. A recent study by the phone company Telstra shows that one in five motorists in Australia take their eyes off the road to send text messages while driving. But using a cellphone while driving doesn’t necessarily mean you will be arrested. The British ban, effective December 1 and carrying a 30 fine that can be increased to a maximum of f1,000, or $1,800, applies only to people who are physically touching their mobile phones while driving. As a result, sales of wireless headsets have skyrocketed in Britain, said Neale Anderson, an analyst at London-based Ovum, a technology consultancy. One Danish maker of wireless headsets has tripled its sales in Britain since the ban wen into effect, he said.[5]Sales of wireless headsets are likely to increase elsewhere as well. Germany, which also bans the use of hand-held mobile phones in cars, on April 1 increased its fines to 40euros, or $48, from 30 euros and extended its hands-free requirement to bicycle riders, But a Swedish study last year concluded that talking on a mobile phone while behind the wheel was just as dangerous when using hands-free eauipment as when holding the phone in your hand.[6]The Swedish National Road Administration tested 48 people in driving simulations, dividing them into two groups: one witl and one without hands-free mobile phone devices. The test revealed almost no difference in reaction time between the two groups:“Our inquiry clearly shows that it is the conversation itself and its drain on the driver’s attention that poses a danger for road users and not the type of equipment used, i.e. hand-held or hands-free units,”the group said in a statement. Therefore, the agency conclueded, “there is no scientific basis for requiring hands-free usage of mobile phones.”Using any kind of mobile phone in the car remains legal in Sweden, but if it can be proved that someone’s talking on a cellphone while driving caused an accident, the agency recommends that the person be held legally responsible for careless driving.[7]Regardless of whether it is unsafe or illegal, the reality is that many people are contiuning to use their phones in the car. Another survey this year showed that one of every 10drivers is still usinghand-held mobile phones despite the British ban, said Emma Holyer, a spokeseoman for Direct Line. When an accident occurs in Britain, insurance companies will not reimburse a driver for damage to his or her own car if the accident was caused by talking on a cell phone. “Of course, people are not inclined to tell us，”Holyer said.1 The Scottish man referred to in paragraph 1A had had too much alcohot to drinkB was trying to call a pubC was driving as if he were drunkD was arrested for drunken driving2 In paragraph 2, the author doubts that the authorities in EuropeA will be able to limit the number of people who use cellphoneB will succeed in banning mobile phone callingC are seriously worried about what happens when drivers use cellphonesD will be able to keep people from using cellphones while they drive3 According to the research mentioned in paragraph 3A when drunk drivers use cellphones the results are alarmingB drivers using cellphones react almost as slowly as drunk driversC drivers using cellphones react even more slowly than do drivers who are drunkD cellphone use slows down the reaction time of drivers less than drinking alcohol does4 The British ban on cellphone use by driversA will probably fail because the fines are so lowB allows the drivers to carry on cellphone conversations but not to touch the devicesC imposes fines of as much as 1,000 pounds for merely speaking into a cellphoneD has caused the sales of wireless headsets to decline in Britain but not in Germany5 The Swedish research mentioned in the article indicates that the distinction between hand-heldand hands-free cellphones isA largely irrelevant for road safetyB of vital importance in the struggle against traffic accidentsC of some importance, though exactly how much is still the unclerD most important for European legal systems, not for road safety campaigns6 The phrase “regardless of”in paragraph7 could be replaced withA despiteB even thoughC howeverD no matterVOCABULARY FOR THE SECOND ARTICLEan archeologist: a scholar who looks for material evidence of ancient civilizationsbonding: the formation of emotional linksto butcher an animal: to kill an animal and cut it up so it can be eatencurled up: with the body in a position resembling the letter CCyprus: a large island in the eastern Mediterranean Seato descend on something: to attack something by jumping from a higher positionto domesticate an animal: to accustom an animal to living with or near human beingsto excavate something: to dig something out of the earth in which it is buriedfeline(adj):pertaining to catsa feline:a catto mummify something/someone: to preserve a body after death by treating it with special chemicals and wrapping it tightly in long strips of cloth. This technique is associated with ancent Egypt.to nibble something: to eat in small mouthfulsto pamper something: to make something feel extremely comfortable, especially by giving it everything it wantsto revere something: to respect something deeplya skeleton:a complete set of bonessleek:smootha snapshot: a photograhph taken quickly, using only a camera[1]If it can truly be said that people train cats, rather than the other way around, then human-feline bonding apparently had its start at least 9,500 years ago-about 5,000 years earlier than previously thought. French archaeologists. excavating a grave in Cyprus, have found the remains of a person, some buried offerings and the curled-up skeleton of a cat . Everything about the grave, dated at about 7500 B.C. suggested to the discoverers that the cat probably had as favored a place in the life of the departed person as that of the typical modern house cat. If the interpretation is valid, and other experts think it is, then cat domestication probably began with farmers in the Middle East. When the farmers first settled into villages and stored their harvests of domesticated grain, mice and rats came to nibble the grain and wild cats descended on the mice, settling into a life that benefited them and their human hosts.[2]In the journal Science published Friday, the French archaeologists report that the grave in Cyprus is likely to represent“early evidence for the taming of cats.”This demonstrates, they said, that a close relationship between people and cats developed at least 5,000 years before the Egyptian elite were known to pamper cats as palace pets, revered goddesses and sleek objects of art.[3]Egyptian art and mummified cats, begnning before 2000 B.C.,had been the earliest clear evidence of cats in human culture though scholars had suspected a deeper history. Stone or clay figurines of cats found in Syria, Turkey and Israel encouraged speculation on a link between cat domestication and the origins of agriculture in the region, even before 7500 B.C. The island of Cyprus is a short distance from the mainland.[4]The human and feline skeletons in the Cyprus grave, lying less than 45 centimeters apart, were buried at the same depth and in the same sediment, and were similarly preserved. They were presumably buried at the same time, the archaeologists said, and the cat may have been killed so it could accompany its owner into the afterworld. The feline belonged to the species known as Felis silvestris, a type of wild cat, and was larger than today’s house cat. “The burial of a complete cat without any signs of butchering reminds us of human burials and emphasizes the animal as an individual，”the archaeologists wrote in Science.“The joint burial could also imply a strong association between two individuals, a human and a cat.”The presence of tools. polished stones andjewelry in the grave. the archaeologists said. suggested that the buried person had a special social status. and that the close human-faline relationship“was not restricted to the material benefit of humans but also involved spiritual links.”[5]Melinda Zeder of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, who is not connected with the French group’s work, praised the findings. “This is solid evidence,”she said in an interview, “that cats held a special place in the lives and afterlives of residents of this site.” She added that the Cyprus grave offered” a wonderful snapshot of the time when humans were entering into relationships with animals” as domesticated pets. Other research has shown that sheep, goats and pigs were domesticated in the Middle East more than 10,000 years ago, and that dogs, as man’s best friend, have an even longer history, dating back some 13,000 years. In Israel, archaeologists have uncovered evidence of many intentional burials of pet dogs with humans at even earlier sites. Archaeologists said that no evidence of wild cats had been found on Cyprus, and that tamed animals were probably introduced from the mainland.7 The domestication of cats seems to be linked withA the rise of agriculture in the eastrrn Mediterranean worldB the elaboration of beliefs about life after deathC the artistic appeal of wild felinesD the worshhip of cats by certain ancient peoples8 The cat in the grave excavated on the island of CyprusA was clearly intended as food for the person in the graveB nay have been treated as a pet, not simply as a work animalC was probably worshiped as a sort of minor godD was biologically identical with a modern-day house cat9 In paragraph 5, Melinda Zeder uses the word “snapshot” toA suggest a certain kind of insight gained from the contents of the graveB explain the type of photography used by French archeologistsC praise the quality of the photos from the graveD suggest how quickly wild cats were tamed by early Middle Eastern farmers10 Researchers now believe thatA cats were domesticated before dogs wereB dogs were domesticated after sheep, pigs and goats wereC most domestications occurred in a brief span of 3,000 yearsD dogs were domesticated well before cats werePART 4. The sentences below contain one or more blanks. In each blank you must wrte ONE appropriate word. There may be several appropriate choices, but you must write only one. Your choice must be logical, grammatically correct and properly spelled. In other words, it must be acceptable real English. Any answer in good English is correct.Put one and only one word in each blank. If you put more than one word in a blank ,your answer is automatically wrong. Putting nothing in a blank also counts as an error.[50 points]1. Ann is honest person, John whom no one trusts.2. A bike is less expensive than a car.3. John is very strong. He can 150 kilos as if it were nothing.4. The teacher quickly the meaning of the two odd idioms in the passage thatthe students were having understanding.5. The bridge was in the terrible flood last week, and now it’s not safecars to use .6. It’s such a lovely day. we go for a walk after lunch?7. He in his essay as soon as he’d finished writing it.8. John is out of breath. He’s obviously been .9. Good tapes make easier to learn a new language.10. Here is good news: Ann is !Her baby is due in early November.11. This hotel guests 40 yuan each time they use the fax machine in the businesscentre. That seems pretty unreasonable, if you me. It only cost 5 yuan at the last hotel we in.12. The party is to begin at 2 o’clock sharp. Don’t be late!13. John was the only person who a suit to the meeting. Everyone had onordinary street clothes. I went in jeans, for instance.14. Our company is thinking of buying this piece of land, but first we need to find out who it.15. Would you be in seeing a film with me this evening?16. I had a lot of at the party, which was truly delightful. I’m very that Iwent to it. As a matter of fact I didn’t go. I was in a bad mood yesterday afternoon and it wasn’t 6:30 that I finally decided to attend.17. This important article is in Russian, but I know can read Russian. Atthe moment I’m to find someone on the web who can help me with it. You don’t to know somebody who is proficient in Russian, do you?18. If I Wang Weiping’s phone number, I would call him. I need to get hold of himright away. I if there is any other way I can contact him.19. The test was a good deal harder than they’d .20. How do you fly to Tokyo? Once a week?21. He tried to avoid her question. You could see that he was by it. Hisface turned red and stammered when he spoke.22.We have invited Professor Aikens to a lecture on development in Asiasince 1990. Aikens is an on the banking systems of China, India and aof other Asian countries. the professor is an excellent public speaker, the lecture is likely to be very stimulating.23.My wife asked me to buy a of bread on the way home from work today. There arelots of kinds of bread to choose from at the bakery, but I don’t have much money on me, so I’ll have to buy whichever kind is .24. That letter will never John if you don’t write his address on the envelope .25. In order to attend the conference in Paris this August first need to for a new passport.My old one last year. Then I’ll have to get a visa from the French in Beijing. I’m told that the process at least a mouth in most cases.。
中国矿业大学(北京)考博英语题型分析
2015中国矿业大学（北京）考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、中国矿业大学（北京）考博英语题型Part1:词汇，15题15分Part2:完型填空,20题10分。
Part3:阅读理解，五篇20题40分。
Part4:翻译短文，英译汉10分，汉译英10分。
Part5:写作，15分。
三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
中国矿业大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2010年
中国矿业大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2010年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part One Cloze (总题数：1，分数：10.00)More than 600 million girls live in poverty in the developing world. Many of them are 1 in school and are not given the same opportunities 2 boys. New programs are aimed 3 helping girls and their families succeed. The unequal treatment of 4 is a big problem in many parts of the globe. But a new campaign hopes to show that girls can be the solution 5 ending poverty, disease and other global issues. It's called the "girl effect". According to the girl effect theory, one girl can make a positive change in the world, as 6 as she's given a chance to succeed. An extra year of secondary school can boost a girl's earnings 7 as much as 25%. If the 600 million girls in the developing world who live in poverty increased their earnings, 8 could lift the world economy. Studies show that women are 9 likely than men to spend their paychecks 10 their families. With women working, children are more likely to stay in school, be better fed and be healthier.（分数：10.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：discriminated）解析：[解析] discriminate意为“歧视”，这里用做被动语态，表示某人收到歧视。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国矿业大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：20
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国矿业大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that such students often have little good to say about their school experience. In one study of 400 adults who had achieved distinction in all areas of life, researchers found that three-fifths of these individuals either did badly in school or were unhappy in school. Few MacArthur Prize fellows, winners of the MacArthur Award for creative accomplishment, had good things to say about their pre-collegiate schooling if they had not been placed in advanced programs. Anecdotal (名人轶事)reports support this. Pablo Picasso, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Oliver Gold smith, and William Butler Yeats all disliked school. So did Winston Churchill, who almost failed out of Harrow, an elite British school. About Oliver Goldsmith, one of his teachers remarked, “Never was so dull a boy.” Often these children realize that they know more than their teachers, and their teachers often feel that these children are arrogant, inattentive, or unmotivated.Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. Maybe we can account for Picasso in this way. But most fared poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school unchallenging and consequently lost interest. Yeats described the lack of fit between his mind and school: “Because I had found it difficult to attend to anything less interesting than my own thoughts, I was difficult to teach.” As noted earlier, gifted children of al l kinds tend to be strong-willed nonconformists. Nonconformity and stubbornness (and Yeats’s level of arrogance and self-absorption) are likely to lead to Conflicts with teachers.When highly gifted students in any domain talk about what was important to the development of their abilities, they are far more likely to mention their families than their schools or teachers. A writing prodigy (神童)studied by David Feldman and Lynn Goldsmith was taught far more about writing by his journalist father than his English teacher. High-IQ children, in Australia studied by Miraca Gross had much more positive feelings about their families than their schools. About half of the mathematicians studied by Benjamin Bloom had little good to say about school. They all did well in school and took honors classes when available, and some skipped grades.1.The main point the author is making about schools is that（）.2.The author quotes the remarks of one of Oliver Goldsmith's teachers（）.3.Pablo Picasso is listed among the many gifted children who（）.4.Many gifted people attributed their success（）.5.The root cause of many gifted students having bad memories of their school years is that （）. 问题1选项A.they should satisfy the needs of students from different family backgroundsB.they are often incapable of catering to the needs of talented studentsC.they should organize their classes according to the students’ abilityD.they should enroll as many gifted students as possible问题2选项A.to provide support for his argumentB.to illustrate the strong will of some gifted childrenC.to explain how dull students can also be successfulD.to show how poor Oliver's performance was at school问题3选项A.paid no attention to their teachers in classB.contradicted their teachers much too oftenC.could not cope with their studies at school successfullyD.behaved arrogantly and stubbornly in the presence of their teachers问题4选项A.mainly to parental help and their education at homeB.both to school instruction and to their parents’ coachingC.more to their parents’ encouragement than to school trainingD.less to their systematic education than to their talent问题5选项A.their nonconformity brought them a lot of troubleB.they were seldom praised by their teachersC.school courses failed to inspire or motivate themD.teachers were usually far stricter than their parents【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.观点态度题。