语用学

比喻metaphor表达类expressives表述句constatives不可分离性non-detachability不可取消性non-cancellability不确定性indeterminacy承诺类commissives代码模式code model等级含意scalar implicatures地点指示space deixis调节性规则regulative rules动态语用学dynamic pragmatics断言类assertives对方修正other-repair二元关系dyadic relation发展语用学developmental pragmatics反讽/反语irony方式准则manner maxim非规约性non-conventionality讽刺sarcasm符号sign符号关系学syntactics符号学semiotics负面礼貌策略negative politeness strategy 负面面子negative face负向转移negative transfer概念意义conceptual meaning功能语言学functional linguistics共知common knowledge构成性规则constitutive rules 关联/关联性relevance关联理论relevance theory关系准则relevant maxim规定语法prescriptive grammar规约含意conventional implicature规约性conventionality规则rule含混ambivalence含意implicature合适条件felicity condition后指用法cataphoric use互补性complementarity互动语用学interactive pragmatics互明mutual manifestness互知mutual knowledge互指co-referential话轮turn-taking话语utterance话语分析discourse analysis话语意义utterance meaning话语指示discourse deixis缓叙meiosis会话分析conversation analysis会话含意conversational implicature会话结构conversational structure会话修正conversational repair会话原则conversational principle或然性probability记号symbol间接言语行为indirect speech act交际目的communicative goal/purpose交际能力communicative competence交际意图communicative intention交际用意communicative force交际原则communicative principle近指proximal terms经济原则principle of economy旧信息old information句法学syntax句子意义sentence meaning可接收性acceptability可取消性cancellability可推导性calculability可行性feasibility客观环境physical situation夸张hyperbole跨文化语用学cross-cultural pragmatics离格deviance礼貌politeness礼貌策略politeness strategy礼貌原则politeness principle连贯coherence两可性ambiguity量准则quantity maxim临床语用学clinical pragmatics笼统性generality论言有所为How to do things with words逻辑语义学logical semantics蒙塔古语法Montague grammar面子face1明示-推理过程ostensive-inferential process 明说explicature命题行为propositional act模糊限制语hedges模糊性fuzziness内嵌施为句embedded performatives恰当性appropriateness前提presupposition前提触发语presupposition triggers前指用法anaphoric use人称指示person deixis人类文化方法论ethnomethodology认知效果cognitive effect认知语用学cognitive pragmatics认知语用学cognitive pragmatics认知原则cognitive principle弱陈meiosis三元关系triadic relation社会语用学societal pragmatics社交语用学social pragmatics社交-语用学socio-pragmatics社交指示social deixis施为动词performative verb施为假设performative hypothesis施为句performatives施为用意illocutionary force时间指示time deixis实用主义pragmatism顺应理论adaptation theory说话人意义speaker meaning 随意言谈loose talk特殊含意particularized conversational implicature同义反复句tautology投射规则projection rule推理努力processing effort威胁面子的行为face threatening acts委婉语understatement未知信息unknown information衔接机制cohesive device显性施为句explicit performatives新格赖斯会话含意理论neo-Gricean theory ofconversational implicature新格赖斯语用学neo-Gricean pragmatics新信息new information信息意图informative intention信息照应information bridging形式语用学formal pragmatics修辞学rhetoric宣告类declarations选择限制selectional restriction言语交际verbal communication言语情景speech situation言语行为speech act言语行为理论speech act theory一般会话含意generalized conversational implicature已知信息known information以言成事perlocutionary act以言行事illocutionary act以言行事目的/施为目的illocutionary goal以言指事locutionary act意思sense意图intention意向性intentionality隐含结论implicated conclusion隐含前提implicated premise隐性施为句implicit performatives隐喻metaphor语法性grammaticality语际语interlanguage语际语用学interlanguage pragmatics语境暗含contextual implication语境化contextualization语境假设contextual assumptions语境效果contextual effect语境意义contextual meaning语境因素contextual factor语句sentence语句意义sentence meaning语言学转向linguistic turn语言语境linguistic context语言语用学linguistic pragmatics语义前提semantic presupposition语义学semantics语用代码pragmatic code语用含糊pragmatic vagueness语用含意pragmatic force语用类属pragmatic category语用能力pragmatic competence语用歧义pragmatic ambiguity语用迁移pragmatic transfer2语用前提pragmatic presupposition语用推理pragmatic inference语用行为pragmatic act语用学pragmatics语用移情pragmatic empathy语用语言学pragmalinguistics语用原则pragmatic principle寓意言谈metaphorical talk元交际行为metacommunicative behaviour 元指用法meta-phoric use原意或刻意言谈literal talk原则principle远指distal terms约略性approximation蕴涵entailment哲学语用学philosophical pragmatics正面礼貌positive politeness正面面子positive face正向转移positive transfer指称reference指令类directives指示词语deictic expressions指示语deixis, indexicals质准则quality maxim中介语/语际语interlanguage主题topic字面用意literal force自我修正self-repairadaptability顺应性（1.2.2）affective mutuality情感共享（4.5.3）agreement maxim一致准则（2.2.1）anaphora前照应（6.1.1）anaphoric use前照应用法（6.1.1）approbation maxim赞誉准则（3.2.4）appropriate conditions合适条件（3.2.4）assertives断言类（以言行事）（3.2.3）behabitives表态类以言行事（3.2.1）calculability（含意的）可推导性（4.4.2）calendric time units历法时间单位（6.1.3）cancellability（含意的）可取消性（4.4.2）change-of-state verbs状态变化动词（6.2.4）code model代码（交际）模式（2.1.1）cognitive environment认知环境（5.2）cognitive mutuality认知共享（4.5.3）cognitive pragmatics认知语用学（1.5）collaborative performatives协作性施为句（3.2.1)commissives承诺类（以言行事）（3.2.1)common knowledge共知（5.2）communicative competence交际能力（7.1）communicative intention交际意图（1.3.2）communicative language ability语言交际能力（7.1）constatives表述句（3.2.1)context语境（1.1)context of situation情景语境（5）contextual assumptions语境假设（1.5.4）contextual correlates语境相关因素（5.1.1)contextual effects语境效果（1.5.4）contextual features语境特征（5.1.1）contextual implication语境暗含（1.5.4）contextual meaning语境意义（1.2.3)contrastive markers对比性标记语（6.4.1)contrastive pragmatics对比语用研究（1.5.2）conventional implicature常规含意（4.4.1）conventionalization规约化（1.3.2）conversation analysis/CA会话分析（1.2.2）conversational implicature会话含意（4.4.1）conversation structure会话结构（1.2.2）cooperative principle/CP合作原则（2.1.2）co-text上下文（5.1.1）cross-cultural communication跨文化交际（8.1）cross-cultural pragmatics跨文化语用学（1.2.2）culture-loaded words富含文化内涵词语（8.2.1）declarations宣告类（以言行事）（3.2.3）decoding解码（2.1.1）defeasibility（含意的）可废除性（6.2.5）deictic center指示中心（6.1.1）deictic expression指示语（1.1）deictic use指示用法（6.1.1）deictics指示语（1.1）deixis指示语（1.1）developmental pragmatics发展语用学（1.6）directives指令类（以言行事）（3.2.3）disambiguation消除歧义（5.4）discourse deixis话语指示（6.1.1）discourse markers话语标记语（1.2.4)discourse meaning语篇意义（1.2.4）discourse operator话语操作语（6.4）3discourse particles话语小品词（6.4）dynamic pragmatics动态语用学（4.6）elaborative markers阐发性标记语emphathetic deixis移情指示encoding编码encyclopaedic information百科信息entailment蕴涵equivalent effect等值效果/等效essential condition（实施言语行为的）基本条件ethnography（of communication）（交际中的）人类文化学exercitives行使类（以言行事）explicature明说explicit performatives显性施为句expositives阐述类（以言行事）expressives表情类（以言行事）extended speech act theory扩充的言语行为理论face面子face theory面子理论face threatening acts/FTA威胁面子的行为factive verbs叙实性动词felicity conditions合适条件filler填充语gambits话语策略语general pragmaticsgeneralized implicature一般会话含意generosity maxim慷慨准则gestural use手势用法grammatical competence语法能力group performatives群体性施为句guiding culture主文化hearing meaning听话人意义hedge模糊限制语illocutionary competence施为能力illocutionary force施为用意implicated conclusion暗含结论implicated premise暗含前提implicative verbs含蓄性动词implicature暗含/含意implicit performatives隐性施为句indeterminacy（含意的）不确定性indirect speech act间接言语行为inference推理inferential markers推导性标记语语用学重要术语英汉对照解释1、Adjacency pair: 相邻对 A sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g., question-answer.2、Background entailment: 背景蕴涵Any logical consequence of an utterance.3、Commissive: 承诺句A speech act in which the speaker commits himself or herself to some future action, e.g. a promise.4、Content conditions: 内容条件In order to count as a particular type of speech act, an utterance must contain certain features, e.g. a promise must be about a future event.5、Conversational implicature: 会话含义An additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain cooperative principle, e.g.if someone says “The President is a mouse”, something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.6、Declaration: 宣告句A speech act that brings about a change by beinguttered, e.g. a judge pronouncing a sentence.-7、Deixis: 指示“Pointing” via language, using a deictic expression,e.g. “this”, “here”.8、Directive: 指令句A speech act used to get someone else to do something,e.g. an order.9、Discourse analysis: 话语分析The study of language use with referenceto the social and psychological factors that influence communication.10、Dispreferred: 不期待The structurally unexpected next utterance as aresponse, e.g. an invitation is normally followed by an acceptance, so a refusal is dispreferred.411、Entailment: 蕴涵Something that logically follows from what is asserted.12、Expressive: 表达句A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings or attitudes, e.g. an apology.13、Face: 面子A person’s public self-image.14、Felicity conditions: 恰当条件 The appropriate conditions for a speech act to be recognized as intended.15、Generalized conversational implicature: 一般性会话含义An additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge. 16、Honorific: 敬语 Expression which marks that the addressee is of higher status.17、Illocutionary force: 言外之力The communicative force of an utterance.18、Insertion sequence: 插入系列 A two part sequence that comes between the first and second parts of another sequence in conversation.19、Manner Maxim: 方式准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker is to be clear, brief, and orderly.20、Maxim: 准则One of the four sub-principles of the cooperative principle.21、Particularized conversational implicature: 特殊会话含义An additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge.22、Performative verb: 行事动词A verb that explicitly names the speech act, e.g. the verb “promise” in the utterance “I promise to be there”.23、Perlocutionary act: 以言成事 The effect of an utterance used to perform a speech act.24、Person deixis: 人称指示Forms used to point ot people, e.g. “me”, “you”.25、Pragmatics: 语用学 The study of speaker meaning as distinct from word or sentence meaning. 26、Preferred: 期待的 The structurally expected next utterance used ina response.27、Preparatory conditions: 准备条件Specific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to cont as a particular speech act.28、Presupposition: 前提Something the speaker assumes to be the case.29、Projection problem: 映射问题The problem of the presupposition of a simple structure not surviving when part of a more complex structure.30、Quality maxim: 质量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be truthful.31、Quantity maxim: 数量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be neither more nor less informative than is necessary.32、Reference: 照应An act by which a speaker uses a word, or words, to enable a listener to identify someone or something.33、R elation maxim: 相关准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be relevant.34、Representative: 阐述句A speech act in which the speaker states what is believed or known, e.g. an assertion.35、Sincerity conditions: 诚意条件Requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count as a particular speech act.36、Social deixis: 社会指示Forms used to indicate relative social status.37、Speech act: 言语行为An action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate.38、Textual function: 篇章功能The use of language in the creation of well-formed text.39、Turn-taking: 轮换The change of speaker during conversation5。