9篇英文摘要
9篇新英格兰英文摘要(考试要考)
1.绝经后骨质疏松症妇女中Strontium Ranelate对椎体骨折的影响The Effects of Strontium Ranelate on the Risk of Vertebral Fracture in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis背景骨质疏松性结构破坏和骨质脆弱是骨质形成减少而骨质吸收增加的结果。
在一项2期临床试验中，strontium ranelate,一种通过增加骨质形成和减少骨质吸收来解除骨质重塑的口服活性药物，已经显示可降低椎体骨折危险而增加骨矿密度。
方法为了在一项3期临床试验中评估strontium ranelate对预防椎体骨折的疗效，我们将1649例患有骨质疏松症(低骨矿密度)并至少有一个椎体骨折的绝经后妇女随机分成两组，使她们分别接受每天2g口服strontium ranelate 或安慰剂治疗共3年。
我们在研究前和研究期间给两组病人都补充钙质和维生素D。
每年1次进行椎体X线检查，每6个月1次进行骨矿密度测定。
结果 Strontium ranelate组比安慰剂组较少病人发生新的椎体骨折，骨折发生危险下降在治疗的第1年中为49%，在3年研究期间为41%(相对危险为0.59，95%可信区间为0.48～0.73)。
Strontium ranelate使36个月时的腰椎骨矿密度增加14.4%，股骨颈骨矿密度增加8.3%(两项比较均P＜0.001)。
两组之间的严重不良事件发生率没有显著差异。
结论采用strontium ranelate治疗绝经后骨质疏松症可使椎体骨折危险早期出现持久下降。
(N Engl J Med 2004;350:459-68.January 29,2004)王华译The Effects of Strontium Ranelate on the Risk of Vertebral Fracture in Women withPostmenopausal OsteoporosisABSTRACTBackground Osteoporotic structural damage and bone fragility result from reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption.In a phase 2 clinical trial, strontium ranelate, an orally active drug that dissociates bone remodeling by increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption, has been shown to reduce the risk of vertebral fractures and to increase bone mineral density.Methods To evaluate the efficacy of strontium ranelate in preventing vertebral fractures in a phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned1649 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (low bone mineral density) and at least one vertebral fracture to receive 2 g of oral strontium ranelate per day or placebo for three years.We gave calcium and vitamin D supplements to both groups before and during the study. Vertebral radiographs were obtained annually,and measurements of bone mineral density were performed every six months.Results New vertebral fractures occurred in fewer patients in the strontium ranelate group than in the placebo group, with a risk reduction of 49 percent in the first year of treatment and 41 percent during the three-year study period (relative risk, 0.59; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.73). Strontium ranelate increased bone mineral density at month 36 by 14.4percent at the lumbar spine and 8.3 percent at the femoral neck(P<0.001 for both comparisons). There were no significant differences between the groups in the incidence of serious adverse events.Conclusions Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with strontium ranelate leads to early and sustained reductions in the risk of vertebral fractures.2.渗出性缩窄性心包炎Effusive-constrictive PericarditisJaume Sagristà-Sauleda,M.D.,等西班牙巴塞罗那Valld'Hebron大学总医院心脏科，等背景渗出性缩窄性心包炎是一种罕见心包综合征，其特征为伴有由紧张性心包渗出引起的心脏填塞和由脏层心包引起的缩窄。
摘要英文范文
英语论文摘要seems like we need to do some copy plus translation work.the differences in manners and customs between Chinese and western cultures.done. run your spell check please. I didnt pay any attention about spelling and the numbers of words while typing. add some words of your major couses.good luck and best wishes.英文摘要格式主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。
各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是，同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上，即：有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ，有A应有B，以此类推。
如果英文论文提纲较长，需两页纸，则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码，即ii（第一页无需标页码）。
三、摘要1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。
（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,1.5倍行间距。
4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文有标题页和提纲页的英语论文，其正文第一页的规范格式为：论文标题居中，其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm，距正文第一行约1.5cm。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式，即：句末号（句号、问号及感叹号）后应空两格，其他标点符号后则空一格。
英文摘要
如何写摘要？1、摘要写作要点：摘要是对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩并写成语义连贯的短文。
它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不需加入任何主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作要求简明扼要，用词准确。
简单地说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。
写作摘要时应该注意以下几点：①认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。
②摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，或遵守规定的字数限制。
③在写摘要时切忌照搬原文，应该用自己的语言来写。
④摘要应与原文的观点保持一致，并且仍按原文的逻辑顺序排列。
⑤重点反映主要观点，删除细节。
⑥简化从句，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。
⑦检查与修改时，应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。
有两点还应牢记：首先，你写出的摘要内容必须忠实于原文，或者说精确（accurate）。
摘要中所有的内容和信息必须来源于原文，既不可篡改原文内容也不能包括原文未涉及到的内容。
其次，摘要读起来应是一完整连贯的段落。
要取得这一完整连贯，就应该使用一些连接词（link－words），如but，and，however，also等连接要点；同样，也可使用诸如since，though，even if，when，after，before等词。
2、摘要写作实例实例1将下面这篇约500词的原文按要求写成约150词的摘要。
How New York Became America’s Largest City?In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How can the change in its size and importance be explained?To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history, and economics. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America’s most famous city.The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily populated areas in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States, and the product of the land are sent there for export across the sea.Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance.About 1815, when many Americans from the east coast had already moved toward the west, trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, drawn by horses or oxen, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe’s canals. In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In the years that followed, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important, but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country. It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.Exports from New York were greater than imports. Consequently, shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe. Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city. Others stayed in New York for a few weeks, months, or years, and then moved to other parts of the United States. For these great number of new Americans New York had to provide homes, goods, and services. Their labor helped the city become great. (505 words)摘要How New York Became America’s Largest City?New York was once smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, but now it is America’s largest city because of geography, history and economics.New York was located at the seaport where materials were imported to the US and the products of the US were sent abroad across the sea. The city was further developed when the Erie Canal was completed in 1825. This linked Lake Erie to New York via the Hudson River and the cost of transporting goods to those who had settled inland was cut down. In addition, the Great Lakes were soon linked to the Mississippi. Later, railroads tied New York closer to the central states, whose goods were exported via New York. Fewer goods were imported, so cheap passengers were available from Europe. New York became the main port for receiving Europeans, many of whom stayed in the city and helped it become great. (154 words)实例2①试题题目Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 million volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolutecertainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter. (246 words)②原文要点：1) continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors2) avoid talking about death3) talk about death when millions of people die4) become confused and anxious when each time the dead people are very few and the death rates are almost equal5) people's fearfulness6) seem to control nature7) avoid death③参考摘要:People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death. (84 words) 实例3Directions: Describe in about 80 words what the sentry saw and did from the moment when the strips of metal fell from the sky until he got back to his camp. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the passage.The sentry watched a hawk that hovered overhead, looking for some unsuspecting prey to pounce upon. Then he heard the distant, muffled roar of planes, then silence. For the past week he had been told to take note of everything that happened on the hill within his range of vision, and to report anything suspicious. The hill led to an experimental factory, where new and secret weapons were tested. There was a threat of war and the factory would be invaluable to the enemy. So the approaches to it were watched day in, and day out.He shifted his position; he felt that he had been crouching in the heather since the beginning of the time, but only a couple of hours of the day's duty had passed. Suddenly he saw something falling from the sky like snow, only it was not snow. He put out his hand and caught bits of that were drifting near him. They were thin strips of metal to confuse delicate instruments, so that it would not be possible to detect the landing of enemy craft. Next he heard a long, low, continuous roar from the east and saw bundles descending from the sky which looked like umbrellas opening, but which be knew to be parachutes with men hanging from them. He wanted to go at once to give the alarm, but he had to be sure that the parachutes were not his own men out on an exercise. The men were on ground now. One of them pointed in the direction of secret factory and they all began marching toward it. He had no more doubts and set off at once down the hill. He crawled slowly, sometimes on his stomach, sometimes on his side, weaving decided that he had ample cover and started to run. But he had erred, forbullets were soon whistling past him. He drooped flat on the ground. Nobody came to search for him, so he counted up to a hundred and then began crawling again. He moved tortuously and as silently as he could to his camp at the foot of the hill. (355 words)① Points (Saw and Did).1) Put out hands; caught strip metal.2) Saw bundles.3) Waited.4) Saw men on ground.5) One pointed; all marched.6) Went downhill.7) Crawled-stomach, side-to stream.8) Started running.9) Dropped flat (why? –bullets).10) Counted 100; crawled.11) Silently to camp.② Rough Draft （Linking of Points）（写得不好的摘要）When the sentry held out his hand to catch what was falling out of the sky, he found that it was strips of metal. The bundles began coming down. The sentry waited until men appeared on the ground. One of them pointed and the sentry saw them march towards the factory. Crawling on his stomach and on his side, the sentry moved downhill. He began running when he came to a stream, but dropped down when he was shot at. After counting up to a hundred to himself, he began crawling silently again downhill.（94 words）③ Fair Copy （Corrected Draft）（写得比较好的摘要）After catching hold of metal strips falling out of the sky, the sentry saw bundles descending and, after a time, some men appeared on the ground. One of them pointed and they all began marching towards the factory. The sentry crawled downhill on his stomach and on his side. When he came to a stream, he began running but dropped down when the men shot at him. He counted up to a hundred, then silently started crawling again towards his camp.（81 words）。
2019年英文摘要的论文范文
英文摘要的论文范文有了英文摘要便方便了国际间的交流，取长补短，共同进步。
下面准备了几篇英文摘要的论文范文，欢迎欣赏!英文摘要的论文范文一Fortheviolationoflegitimaterightsandinterestsofconsumersava rietyofoffenses,howtoprovideforthecorrespondinglegalrespons ibilitiesandhowthelegalliabilitysystemreflectedthespecialpr otectionofconsumersshouldbe"ConsumerProtectionLaw"keysolved alegalissue.Tosolvethislegalproblem,itisnecessarytofurtherestablishareg ulatedmarketoperatingordertoprotectlegitimateinterestsofcon sumersandimprovingthelegalliabilitysystem.Ontheonehandistoestablishalegalsystemtheconceptofprotection ofconsumers;theotherhand,istoimproveconsumerprotectionlegalliabilitysys tem.对于侵犯消费者合法权益的各种违法行为，如何规定相应的法律责任以及在法律责任制度中如何体现对消费者的特别保护，应是《消费者权益保护法》重点解决好的一个法律问题。
要解决好这一法律性问题，就必须进一步建立起规范的市场经营秩序和完善保护消费者合法权益的法律责任制度。
一方面是建立消费者的法律体系保护观念;另一方面是完善消费者权益保护的法律责任制度。
英文摘要的论文范文二Titaniumore,electedfrommagiteorTitanmagite,iswidelyusedasth erawmaterialintheproductionoftitaniumdioxide.Titaniumqualit yanditsyieldconstraintsisoftenthebottleneckinthetitaniumind ustry.Thus,wecannotblindlyconsumealargeamountofcapitaltomaintaino rimproveitsqualityandyield.Thispapermakesanattempttoexplore sandoptimizethedevelopmentofthetitaniumindustry,throughinsi deandoutsideobservationandassociation.Inthispaper,flotation testsareconductedtoparetheoriginalpulptitaniumorewithPolyac rylamideandthatwithoutontheconcentrategradeyieldoftitaniumc oncentrates.Inthisprocess,theconsumptionofdrugs,therecoveryrateof,equip mentutilization,theamountandcostofpolyacrylamide(PAM)areall consideredtodeterminewhetheritisaptimizationprogramtoaddPol yacrylamidetotheoriginalflotationpulpoftitaniumore.Finally,wereachaconclusionthroughrelevantdata.Intheexperime ntalprocess,inprinciple,wedonotchangetheoriginalflotationprocessandtherelevantparam eters.Keywords:Titaniumore;Flotation;Polyacrylamide;quality;yield 英文摘要的论文范文三【ABSTRACT】Withthedeepeningoftheglobalization,newshasbeeanimportantpar tofinformationmunicationbetweendifferentcountries.WhetherEnglishnewstranslationisaccurateornotmaydirectlyaffe ctthequalityofourmunicationwithothercountries.InEnglishnews reportdiscourse,theuseofmetaphorexpressionsbeemoreandmore.DuetoEnglishnewsandotherstylisticdifferences,aswellastheEng lishandChineselanguages,ethnicdifferencesinideologyinthepro cessofcross-culturalmunication,makethetranslationofEnglishn ews,especiallyEnglishnewstranslationofmetaphorputforwardgreatch allengetotranslators.SohowtotranslatethemetaphorintheEnglis hnewsisthemutualconcernproblemfortranslationtheoristsandpra ctitionerstodiscuss,therefore,thispaperattemptstofromtheperspectiveofNida'sfunctionalequi valencetheorytodiscussthetranslationofmetaphorinEnglishnews .TheapplicationofmetaphorinEnglishnewsmakeseventsmoredistinc tandvivid,andalsomakeiteasierforEnglishreaderstoprehendandu nderstandthenewscontents.However,duetothedifferencesinEnglishandChineselanguages,the useofmetaphorsinEnglishnewsincreasesthedifficultyoftranslat ion.ThisarticleattemptsfromtheperspectiveofNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheorytodiscussthetranslationofmetaphorinEnglish news,inordertomakeChinesereadersbetterunderstandthesameresponsea ndsenseofbeautyandmeaningofmetaphorsinEnglishnewsastheorigi nalreaders.metaphorRhetoricisnotsimpleoftranslationintoChineseinEnglis hnewsfromtheliteraltransformation,althoughsomerhetoricorare totallythesameinformandcontent,whilethisisjustafew.ThereareculturaldifferencesinEnglishandChineselanguages,inf luencedbydifferentcultures.People'swayofthinkingandexpressi onhavedifferencesinevitably.Whenthetranslatorshouldfirstlyc onsciouslypondertheintentionoftheauthor,digthedeepmeaninghiddenbehindthemetaphorrhetoricofbackgroun d.Underthefunctionalequivalencetheoryregardthetranslatorast heguidance,conformtothelanguagehabitsofthetargetlanguagerea ders,makeChinesereaderscanbetterunderstandthetranslationofm etaphorinEnglishnews.KEYWORD：Englishnews;metaphor;functionalequivalencetheory;translation【中文摘要】随着全球化的深入，新闻成为不同国家之间交流的重要部分。
公司商务信函范文模板英文(通用9篇)
公司商务信函范文模板英文(通用9篇) The layout of letterstop part of a business letter日期：Date: 23 December 20xx地址：Mr. James GreenSales managerBBBPLC55-60 Old St, London E6 6HG称谓：Dear Mr. Green (Dear Gentlemen, Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Dear Madam)body part of a business letter标题（可以不要）3. Look at the two endings of business letter below. Notice the useful phrases that are used in these letters.(1)Please let me know if this is convenience.I look forward to hearing from you.Best wishesYours sincerely,(signature)Ms. Gillian JanesPersonnel Nanager(2)Please phone us to confirm the details.Yours faithfully(signature)for Ms. Gillian JonesPersonnel Manager面对客户,同事,上司,信函,报告,电子邮件??很多初入公司的新手会讲英语,但是不知道如何写出简单、得体、有效沟通的商务文件。
此篇文章主要论述了商务英语信函的写作技巧。
写作需要不断革新,适应社会、科技以及商业的发展,从而清晰、准确的写符合时代要求的信函、备忘录、报告、传真以及电子邮件。
这些技巧可以帮助我们增强个人的写作风格,避免写作障碍,消除过时的套话,运用强有力的沟通词语,创建高效的信函、备忘录、报告、传真等。
英文摘要-英文摘要.ppt
• 目前摘要编写中的主要问题有： • 要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法；出现
引文，无独立性与自明性；繁简失当。
• 五、具体注意事项： • 1) 要反映论文的新内容和特别强调的观点，
尤其不要出现在本学科领域已成常识的内容； • 2) 不应对论文内容作解释和评论，尤其不应 作自我评价； • 3) 不要用第一人称，而应采用第三人称。
• （8）文词要纯朴无华，不用多姿多态的文学性描
述手法； 如：“Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam，are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in．”
•
• • • • • • • •
（10）删繁从简； 如用 increase代替 has been found to increase
（11）文摘中涉及他人的工作或研究成果时，尽量列出他 们的名字； （12）文摘词语拼写，用英美拼法都可；但每篇中应保持 一致；
enquire(英)与 inquire(美)， tyre (英)与tire （美） licence (英)与license （美） colour(英)与color （美） ， refrigerator(英) fridge （美） 2nd March, 1996（英）与March 2, 1996（美） （13）题目中尽量少用缩略词，必要时亦需在括号中注明 全称（尽管中文文献题目中常用英文缩略字或汉语拼音缩 略字），特殊字符及希腊字母在题目中尽量不用，或少用。
三．论文摘要书写存在的问题 Problems in Writing
毕业论文英文摘要(9篇)
毕业论文英文摘要（9篇）First and foremost, I would like to give my sinceregratitude to my distinguished andrespectable supervisor, Prof. Qi Yuanfang, for his all-along supports during not only theresearch process, but the whole post-graduate year. He is the one who gives me inspiration ofthe thesis topic, enlightens me empirical method helps me conduct teaching e某periment, andinstructs me analyzing approaches. I have to say that this thesis is born from his insightfulinstructions and warm encouragement.Secondly, I also own my appreciation to Prof, Gongrong who gives me a lot ofinspiration, insightful advice and instructions.Last but not least, I would like to e某tend my thanks to the students participating in thisresearch for their patient corporation.Secondly, I will also e某press my sincere gratitude toother professor and teacherswho had give me constructive suggestion to my thesis and thanks to them forinstructing me to construct my knowledge in English teaching in the past two and a halfyears.Thirdly, I want to thank all my affectionate classmates and friends. During the twoa half years' study and the writing ofthis thesis, they have given me a lot of support andencouragement in their own ways.At last, I will give the deepest gratitude to my family for their regretless supportand love to me.Thanks to my parents and girlfriend bear, giving unlimited love in life, especially the cubs, and when she did not cherish the love, her love, lost her life and perhaps even too late to regret, for there is no chance, when approaching graduation, deeply regret to say to you: "you love let me grow up and know how to love, and I let you scarred, and you have to flee, if there is any chance, if there is the afterlife, I will put you in the palm of care".Thank you for working life in the prevention center colleagues, Dr. Zhang Dehua, Dr. Liu Xiangning, Dr. Mao Jian, Zhao Honghao, Jia Suping, Li Haibao, Sun Pengpeng, Yang Xiaoyan, Huang Dandan, Wang Ruo某in, Yang Ni, Yu Junsong, because you have a wonderful and fulfilling life.论文题目：On the Title of EST and Aesthetic Effect in Its TranslationKey words: EST; title; translation; artistic effects论文题目：On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light of Functional EquivalenceIn our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to e某press the ideas of the original works and realize the goalfor sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.Key words: functional equivalence; advertisement translation; cultural elementsFirst and foremost, I would like to e某press my heartfelt gratitude to mysupervisor, Professor Jia Aiwu. I have benefited tremendously from her criticalthinking and insightful viewpoint. Through his patient instruction,I finally focusedon the object studied in this thesis, and obtained valuable advice on aspects rangingfrom frame work constructing and data collection to elaborated analysis.Secondly, I'm profusely grateful to my respected predecessors and teachers.Moreover, I owe my thanks to my family and friends, who have always supportedme with their generous encouragements and praises.Last but not least, I sincerely thank my fellow classmates. We share joys andan某ieties, which propels us forward together throughout the arduous journey.During the three years of study, Wang Xu, Liu Qianjun, Tan Chengrong, Li Zongquan, Ho, Fan Juan, Kong Fangong, Wang Jian, Ma Minjiang, Wang Xiwen, Huang Youhe, Xu Lili, Mo Jialin, Guo Sanchuan, Li Jianwen, Zhong Zehui, Yang Qifeng, Liu Mengru, Yin Tanwei, Zhang Chun, Liu Ruiheng, Tu Qiliang, Hui, Zhuo Yu, Zhang Chengfeng, Xue Bing, Jiang Shoule Zhang Xiaochao, He Zhuoya, Liang Dongmei, Li Qiang, Liu Hao, Liu Chuanfu, Yu Dongmei, Lai Yurong, Chi Congcong, Cheng Xiaolian, Shi Haiqiang, Wang Shaoguang, and younger brother of care and help, to e某press deep gratitude. Without their help and support, there is no way to finish my Ph. D. Thesis. Friendship between students willlast forever.论文题目：On Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability in Chinese Version of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe from Perspective of FunctionalismAbstract:This thesis is an attempt to apply functionalism to literary translation and prove its feasibility by analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps. Functionalism is a broad term for various theories that approach translation by focusing on the function or functions of te某ts and translations. And the four importantrepresentatives of functionalism are Katharina Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer, Justa Holz-Mnttri and Christiane Nord. This thesis attempts to apply the core rules of Skopostheorie –？to analyze the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe which is caused by cultural gaps, in the hope of gaining a better understanding of literary translation from the perspective of functionalism.ABSTRACTKey words: Anna; Jane Eyre; female doctrine。
英文摘要的写作方法
英文摘要的写作方法论文摘要的时态基本上有两种: 一般现在时、一般过去时。
由于学术论文写作通常采用一般现在时, 摘要也多用一般现在时。
目的、方法、结果及结论部分多用一般现在时, 背景介绍常采用一般过去时。
一般现在时用于描述研究目的和范围、研究内容、结果和结论;一般过去时用于描述论文撰写前作者已做的工作, 也可用于表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容。
语态与人称主张多采用被动语态。
因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者, 避免出现“Ｗｅ”表示式, 而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位, 有利于说明事实。
英文摘要往往采用第三人称的被动语态, 可以避免提及有关执行者, 使行文显得客观。
同时, 被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地, 有利于使用恰当的修辞手段, 扩展名词短语, 扩大句子信息量。
但有时采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练, 表达更英文摘要的翻译英文摘要应直接用英文写, 这样能按英文思维方式更直接、准确地表达原文。
但是, 这对一些作者尚有难度。
在翻译过程中, 要避免按中文字面意义逐字翻译, 应从语篇层次把握原文, 选择恰当的翻译单位。
刘士聪认为, 在翻译过程中, 分析和转换是一个难以截然分开的思维过程, 以主述位作翻译单位, 一方面是注意到了它本身的形式特点, 另一方面也注意到了它在语篇中的衔接功能, 可以把对原文的分析和转换统一起来。
英文摘要的写作根据《ＥＩ》的要求, 一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下4 个方面的问题:1) What you want to do ( 目的);2) How you did it ( 方法); 3) What results did you get and what conclusions can you draw ( 结果和结论); 4) What is original in your paner ( 创新独到之处) 。
在开头交待论文的目的时, 英文摘要的首句不要重复题名或题名的一部分, 同时摘要中要尽量少谈或不谈背景信息。
英文摘要写作须知
英文摘要写作须知An abstract is a concise summary of your work. "A well prepared abstract enables readers to identifythe basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests,and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety" (American NationalStandards Institute, 1979). Abstracts should state the objectives of the project, describe the methodsused, summarize the significant findings and state the implications of the findings (Day, 1988).科技论文文摘应该具备以下几个部分：研究的目的，研究的过程和采用的方法，结果，结论。
文摘是相对独立的。
在数据库里文摘通常和文章本身分开。
因此，一篇文章的文摘是最有机会让读者得到的，很可能也是读者唯一会看的作品。
要写好文摘须注意以下几点：1.完整性：complete in and of itself; that is, it should be able to serve as a stand-alone descriptionwhich provides a complete picture of the resource at the selected level of specificity;2.可读性：comprehensive in its representation of the key concepts or significant content that arepresent in the resource;3.准确性：concise, precise, and accurate in its use of terminology;4.客观性：written in a clear, terse, non-critical style; and5.逻辑性：logically structured in its presentation （见以上4个组成部分）of the selected data andinformation.Shown below is an example of how an abstract is to be structured. The components of awell-written abstract are labeled.Dryland Grain Sorghum Water Use, Light Interception, and Growth Responses to Planting GeometryJ. L. SteinerABSTRACTRationale Crop yields are primarily water-limited under dryland production systems in emiarid regions.Objectives This study was conducted to determine whether the growing season water balance could be manipulated through planting geometry.Methods The effects of row spacing, row direction, and plant population on the water use, light interception, and growth or grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moenchl were investigated at Bushiand, TX, on a Pullmanclay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll)].Results In 1983, which had a dry growing season, narrow-row spacing and higher population increased seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) by 7 and 9cvo, espectively, and shifted the partitioning of ET to the vegetativeperiod. Mediurti population crops yielded 6.2 and 2.3 Mg/ha of dry matter and grain, respectively. Highpopulation resulted in high dry matter (6.1 Mg/ha) and low grain yield (1.6 Mg/ha), whereas low populationresulted in low dry matter (5.4 Mg/ha) and high grain yield (2.3 Mg/ha). Row direction did not affect wateruse or yield. In 1984, dry matter production for a given amount of ET and light interception was higher in thenarrow-row crops. Evapotranspiration was less for a given amount of light interception in the narrow-rowcrops and in the north-south row crops.Conclusion Narrow row planting geometry appears to increase the partitioning of ET to the transpiration component and may improve the efficiency of dryland cropping systems.。
英文摘要-英文摘要.ppt
4.4 人称
• 英文摘要的人称：原来摘要的首句多用第三人称
This paper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被 动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe…， To study…， To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，行文时最好不用第一人称。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
4.3、英文摘要的语态
Voice 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。 一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混 用。
• (1)主动语态：摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态，有助于文字
简洁、表达有力。
• (2)被动语态：以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主
要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。 为强调动作承受者，采用被动语态为好；被动者无关紧要， 也必须用强调的事物做主语。
• 摘要分信息性摘要、指示性摘要。 • 信息性摘要（Information Abstracts）一般包括了
原始文献某些重要内容的梗概，主要由以下三部 分组成： （1）目的：主要说明作者写此文章的目的或本文 主要要解决的问题。 （2）过程及方法：主要说明作者主要工作过程及 所用的方法，也包括众多的边界条件，使用的主 要设备和仪器。 （3）结果：作者在此工作过程最后得到的结果和 结论。
• 通常学位论文、学术论文、技术报告、科技杂志 •
•
或科技期刊的文章及总结报告等科技文献会议录 中的会议论文及各种专题技术报告采用信息性摘 要， 综述、述评及进展报告等介绍性文献采用指示性 摘要。 指示性文摘（Indicated Abstracts）指示性摘 要是指主要叙述论文撰写目的要素,而其它要素从 简从略的摘要.一般只写论文中论述了哪些问题, 而不写研究方法,具体的论点和结果通常也称为简 介
英文摘要翻译
22
随后的是论证句。论证句至少有两句以上, 主要提供 诸如研究方法、 实验、 过程、 调查、 计算、分析、 结果等其它重要信息，这些论证句可以被看作是论文 的主体。 1.The method used in this study is known as… 2.The procedure can be briefly described as… 3.The fundamental features of this theory are as follows… 4.The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in…
The Economic Model Restrained by Market Demands of Labor Forces
“⋯⋯需求约束条件下的⋯⋯模式”等于“ ⋯⋯需求约束下的⋯⋯ 模式”,故“条件”一词未译。
现代机械系统可靠性设计探讨
(Discussion on) The Reliability Design of Modern Mechanical System
2
1.论文摘要的结构、文体要求及要素
一篇论文的摘要在本质上就是一篇浓缩的论
文，它是作者对研究目的、研究过程、研究 方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括。
1.1 摘要的结构 摘要一般分为两类：信息性摘要和指示性摘 要。当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都 要求作者提供信息性摘要。
3
1.1 摘要的结构
1.This paper gives a brief introduction to… 2. This article describes a detailed study of… 3. This paper discusses … 4. This article gives a complete commentary on the… 5. In this paper are presented the results . . .
论文中英文摘要的写作
概述
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘 要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。 国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500 字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100 字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容 上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘 要通常多采用第三人称撰写。 科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可 以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解 它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和 学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
15)This paper strongly emphasizes... 16)This essay represents the proceedings of ... 17)This article not only describes...but also suggests... 18)This paper considers.. 19)This paper provides a method of ... 20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze... 21)This paper offers the latest information regarding... 22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of... 23)This article explores... 24)This paper expresses views on... 25)This paper reflects the state of the art in... 26)This paper explains the procedures for... 27)This paper develops the theory of ... 28)This article reviews the techniques used in...
论文摘要300字范文(热门11篇)
英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础，但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求，实质性的内容不能遗漏。
为此，我国的科技期刊近年来陆续采用结构式摘要，明确写出目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
a、目的（Objective、：简明指出此项工作的目的，研究的范围。
b、方法（Methods、：简要说明研究课题的基本做法，包括对象（分组及每组例数、对照例数或动物只数等）、材料和方法（包括所用药品剂量，重复次数等）。
统计方法特殊者需注明。
c、结果（Results、：简要列出主要结果（需注明单位、、数据、统计学意义（P值、等，并说明其价值和局限性）。
d、结论（Conclusion、：简要说明从该项研究结果取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值、推广前景。
英文摘要应隔行打字，以便修改。
摘要的写作注意事项1、摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论（尤其是自我评价）。
2、不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。
比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》，摘要的\'开头就不要再写：“为了……，对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。
3、结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。
摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。
句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。
摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。
每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文，电报式的写法亦不足取。
摘要不分段。
4、用第三人称。
摘要应包含以下内容：①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作;③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解;④结论或结果的意义。
论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容，但文字必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%。
例如，对于6000字的一篇论文，其摘要一般不超出300字。
论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文(多用英文)摘要。
论文英文摘要要求与格式
Highway.
摘要标题应简明具体确切概括文章的要旨， 中文标题一般不超过20个汉字，必要时可加 副标题。论文的英文标题也要简明朴实，应 避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符代号以 及结构式和公式，力戒冗长累赘。例如美国
• 3 现在完成时：表示某项研究或状态已经完成,强 调其影响与作用,或是这种研究或状态到撰写论文 时还在持续。
语态
科技文章一般都着重客观叙述,极力排除主观 成分,不带感情色彩。因此写英文摘要时,往往采用 第三人称的被动语态。用被动语态可以避免提及 有关的执行者,使行文显得客观。同时,被动语态的 句子在结构上有较大的调节余地,有利于采用恰当 的修辞手段,扩展名词短语,扩大句子的信息量,有 利于突出有关的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容。 但有些表达采用主动语态比被动语态在结构上更 简练,表达更为直接有力,可以突出动词所表达的内 容。
避免陈泛之语，英文标题应简明朴实。中文标
题中常见的一些与内容无关的词语如浅谈、漫谈、 初探、试论等等，有的是作者出于谦虚，有的是作 者为使自己的论文显得有气魄增加点学术性和理论 性色彩，在转换为英语时常常可以略而不译。如 “关于随机系统稳定性的讨论”此处的讨论一词在 英文很难找到确切的对应语，倘若硬将其翻译成 discussion、debate 或argumentation 往往会给人 造成误解，使人觉得该文章可能是关于随机系统是 否存在稳定性的一种讨论或争论。因而英语标题中 完全可以不出现讨论而直接译为On the stability of
英文摘要的写法
七、 语法修辞
•(5) 一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰，可改 用复合词，兼用后置定语 thermal oxidation apparent activation energy → apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation
八、常用句式
（1）研究范围 (to be) carried out； performed； made；conducted； (to be) studied；investigated ； (to be) described deal with； elucidated；given；presented；developed； employed；derived；prepared；synthesized；monitored； determined；measured observed；recorded；examined；characterized； identified；tested；calculated；proposed；used to study； used to establish；evaluated；discussed
(2) 实验要点 （to be） prepared by the reaction of … with … synthesized via reacting obtained via condensation by means of by using by the use of using … as … over a wide range of … over a broad composition range over most of the range of …
八、常用句式
（4）以… to be 后的表语成分表示实验、计算等的结果
英文摘要怎么写 - 副本
17
Here is a six-step process for writing summaries:
1. Select the essential points from each section of the document by underlining and numbering them. 2. Ignore any repetition or lists
是个总结就可以称之为Summary
6 Βιβλιοθήκη bstract abstract = 摘要(学术界/ 论文用) 不可用图表和公司
Summary
summary = 摘要/总结 (general public 用) 可插入图表和公式
独立于正文前
数十到300字左右
正文结尾，或每章节后
5
2.提要（或简介），即英文的Summary ：既然 称之为提要，即包含提炼和要点两个方面。 在科技文献和教科书中，提要强调对研究课 题内容的概括，比如实验内容、目的、研究 的展望等方面的简述。提要对字数的要求比 较灵活，可长可短。既可以图文并茂，也可 以广征博引。既可放在文前，也可以置于文 后。和摘要Abstract 相比，提要 Summary 更 普及常用，不论是在学术界还是日常交流中 都会经常出现
19
Sample 1 When he stopped at a village, the motorist was told that a queen bee must be hidden in his car as there were thousands of bees nearby. On learning his, the man realized that the only way to escape would be to drive away as quickly as possible.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1.文章来源：THE LANCET. V ol. 351. January 17, 1998Department of Surgery, Gastrointestinal Unit, Norfolk and Norwich NHS Trust Hospital, Norwich NR1 3SR, UK (M Rhodes FRCS, L Sussman FRCS, L Cohen FRCS, M P Lewis FRCS)Randomised trial of laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct versus postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for common bile duct stones胆总管腹腔镜探查术与术后内镜逆行胆管造影治疗胆总管结石的随机比较试验Summary摘要Background: The management of stones in the common bile duct in the laparoscopic era is controversial. The three major options are preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP), laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct (LECBD), or postoperative ERCP.（注意时态）背景：在腹腔镜时代，处理胆总管结石是有争议的。
三种主要选择是：术前内镜逆行胆管造影（ERCP），腹腔镜胆总管探查术（LECBD）,或术后内镜逆行胆管造影。
Methods: Between August, 1995, and August, 1997, 471 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were done in our department. In 427 (91%), satisfactorypreoperative cholangiography was obtained. In 80 (17%) of these cases there were stones in the common bile duct. 40 patients were randomised to LECBD and 40 to postoperative ERCP. If LECBD failed, patients had either open exploration of the common bile duct or postoperative ERCP. If one postoperative ERCP failed, the procedure was repeated until the common bile duct was cleared of stones or an endoprosthesis was placed to prevent stone impaction. The primary endpoints were duct-clearance rates, morbidity, operating time, and hospital stay. Analyses were by intention to treat.方法：1995年8月至1997年8月，471患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。
其中427例（91%）获得满意的术前胆管造影结果。
80例（17%）存在胆总管结石。
40名患者随机进行了腹腔镜胆总管探查术，40名患者随机进行了术后内镜逆行胆管造影。
若腹腔镜胆总管探查术失败，患者可行开腹探查胆总管或术后内镜逆行胆管造影。
如一次术后内镜逆行胆管造影不行，可行多次直至清除胆总管结石或者放置内镜置管防止结石嵌顿。
主要检测指标为，胆道清除率、发病率、手术时间和住院时间。
统计学采用意向性分析。
Findings: Age and sex distribution of patients was similar in the randomised groups. Duct clearance after the first intervention was 75% in both groups. By the end of treatment, duct clearance was 100% in the laparoscopic group compared with 93% in the ERCP group. Duration of treatment was a median of 90 min (range 25–310) in the laparoscopic group (including ERCPs for failed LECBD) compared with 105 min (range 60–255) in the postoperative ERCP group (p=0.1, 95% CI for difference -5 to 40). Hospital stay was a median of 1 day (range 1–26) in the laparoscopic groupcompared with 3.5 days (range 1–11) in the ERCP group (p=0.0001, 95% CI 1–2).发现（结果）：随机分组中年龄和性别分配相同。
两组中首次术后胆道清除率达75%。
治疗结束时，腹腔镜组胆道清除率达到100%，ERCP组也达到了93%。
腹腔镜组中位治疗时间（包括腹腔镜胆总管探查术失败后行内镜逆行胆管造影）为90分钟（范围25-310），而术后胆管造影组为105分钟（p=0.1,95%可信区间差异-5至40）。
腹腔镜手术组中位住院时间为1天（范围1-26），胆管造影组为3.5天（p=0.0001，95%可信区间差异1-2）。
Interpretation: LECBD is as effective as ERCP in clearing the common bile duct of stones. There is a non-significant trend to shorter time in the operating theatre and a significantly shorter hospital stay in patients treated by LECBD.解释（结论）：在清除胆总管结石方面，腹腔镜胆总管探查术和内镜逆行胆管造影效果相同。
腹腔镜胆总管探查术，手术时间不明显缩短，但住院时间明显缩短。
（梁平修订）2．文章来源：Lancet 2005; 365: 1718–26Pierre J Guillou, Philip Quirke, Helen Thorpe, Joanne Walker, David G Jayne, Adrian MH Smith, Richard M Heath, Julia M Brown, for the MRC CLASICC trial groupShort-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomisedcontrolled trial常规与腹腔镜手术治疗大肠癌患者的短期疗效（MRC CLASICC试验）：多中心随机对照试验Summary摘要Background: Laparoscopic-assisted surgery for colorectal cancer has been widely adopted without data from large-scale randomised trials to support its use. We compared short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer to predict long-term outcomes.背景：腹腔镜辅助大肠癌手术已经被广泛应用，但缺乏大规模随机试验的数据支持。
我们比较常规与腹腔镜辅助手术治疗大肠癌患者的短期效果以预测其长期的结果。
（注意时态）Methods: Between July, 1996, and July, 2002, we undertook a multicentre, randomised clinical trial in 794 patients with colorectal cancer from 27 UK centres. Patients were allocated to receive laparoscopic-assisted (n=526) or open surgery (n=268). Primary short-term endpoints were positivity rates of circumferential and longi tudinal resection margins, proportion of Dukes‘ C2 tumours, and in-hospital mortality. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial has been assigned the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number ISRCTN74883561.方法：1996年7月至2002年7月，我们在来自英国27个医疗中心的794名大肠癌患者中进行了多中心随机临床实验。
患者或分配实施腹腔镜手术（n=526）或分配实施开放手术（n=268）。
主要短期疗效指标为，周围及纵向切除的阳性率（周围转移及蔓延率）、Dukes C2期肿瘤比例和院内死亡率。
统计学采用意向性分析。