chemical list for synthesis courses
9年级化学方程式汇总
9年级化学方程式汇总Chemical equations are a fundamental part of chemistry, allowing us to understand the reactions that occur between different substances. In 9th grade chemistry, students are introduced to a variety of chemical equations that represent different types of reactions. These equations can be classified into several categories, including synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement, and double replacement reactions. Each type of reaction involves different components and results in different products.化学方程式是化学的基本组成部分，使我们能够理解不同物质之间发生的反应。
在九年级化学中，学生会接触到代表不同类型反应的各种化学方程式。
这些方程式可以分为几类，包括合成、分解、燃烧、单替换和双替换反应。
每种类型的反应涉及不同的组分，并导致不同的产物。
Synthesis reactions involve the combination of two or more reactants to form a single product. This type of reaction is commonly seen in nature, such as the formation of water (H2O) from hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2). In a synthesis reaction, the reactants come together to create a new substance with different properties than theindividual reactants. Understanding synthesis reactions is essential for grasping the concept of chemical bonding and the formation of new substances.合成反应涉及两种或更多反应物的结合形成一个产物。
Chemical Engineering and Process (CEP)
Undergraduate Program for Chemical Engineering andProcess of Jiangsu University(2011 and later)I. Brief IntroductionChemical Engineering and Process, a fast developing discipline in 21st century, is based on the studies of basic rules of chemical production processes and fundamental Principles, involving of ralated production processes, researches, designs and optimization in chemical engineering area. It plays a pivotal roles in the sustainable economic development, especially for new materials, biotechnology, new energy resources, environment and so on.II. Program objectivesComprehensive development of physical and moral training to adapt to the contemporary needs of the development of chemical engineering. Basic theory, skills and research methods of chemical engineering will be carried out. After four-year education, the students should have the ability to serve the fundamental industry with modern scientific technology of chemistry and engineering, be able to do scientific research, product and process design, technical administration and so on.III. Research Fields⑴ Chemical Engineering Process⑵ Polymer Material and Chemistry⑶ New Chemical Material and Energy Resources⑷ Fine Chemicals⑸ Chemical Reaction Engineering⑹ Industrial CatalysisIV. Program Duration and Degree⑴The study of Chemical Engineering and Technics program usually lasts 4 years and is composed of five type course, but the length of schooling is flexibly 3-6 years based on the credit system;⑵After studying in this major and having passed all the exams, student will be awarded Bachelor’s degree of Engineering.V. RequirementsAbide by the relevant policies and decrees formulated by the Chinese government, and the rules and regulations of Jiangsu University (JU).Study hard and have good moral character. Respect the teaching staff and Chinese traditions and customs.Develop scientific attitude in research and study and stress the combination of theory and practice. Have a good command of basic theories and systematic knowledge in the field of Communication Engineering.Be in good health condition.VI. Credit and Key Courses⑴ The total credits for the program are no less than 205.5, in which no less than 76.5 credits is for University General Education Courses (Type A Courses), 57 credits for Specialized Core Courses (Type B Courses), no less than 21 credits for Specialized Elective courses (Type C Courses), no less than18credits for Specialized Extension Courses (Type D Courses), and 33credits for Intensive practicum or curriculum project.⑵VII. Curriculum and Credit Distribution⑴Type A Courses(≥76.5 credits, stude nts should select at least 2 credits from the electiveType C Courses(≥21 credits, students should select at least 2 credits from theType D Courses：(≥18 credits, students should select at least 18 credits from the。
研究生化学课程英文翻译
研究生化学课程英文翻译1. IntroductionIn recent years, the field of chemistry has made significant advancements and breakthroughs. As a result, the demand for well-trained graduate students in the field of chemistry has increased. Graduate-level chemistry courses play a crucial role in providing students with a solid foundation in various areas of chemistry. However, it is important to accurately translate these courses into English to cater to the international student community. This document aims to provide English translations for a selection of graduate-level chemistry courses.2. Course 1: Organic ChemistryCourse Description (课程描述)This course focuses on the study of organic compounds, their properties, reactions, and synthesis. The course covers topics such as structure determination, functional group transformations, and spectroscopic analysis. Emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanisms and principles underlying organic reactions.Course Objectives (课程目标)•Understand the fundamental concepts of organic chemistry.•Identify and classify different organic compounds.•Perform organic synthesis and solve related problems.•Analyze and interpret spectroscopic data of organic compounds.Course Outline (课程大纲)1.Introduction to Organic Chemistry2.Bonding, Structure, and Rotation in Organic Molecules3.Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4.Stereochemistry5.Alkyl Halides and Nucleophilic Substitution6.Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides7.Alkenes and Alkynes8.Reaction Mechanisms and Organic Spectroscopy9.Aromatic Compounds10.Carbonyl Compounds11.Amines12.Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives13.Bioorganic Chemistry3. Course 2: Physical ChemistryCourse Description (课程描述)This course covers the principles and theories of physical chemistry, focusing on the application of mathematical and physical principles to chemical systems. Topics include thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, and kinetics. Practical applications of physical chemistry principles in chemical analysis are also explored.Course Objectives (课程目标)•Understand the fundamental principles of physical chemistry.•Apply mathematical and physical methods to solve problems in chemical systems.•Analyze and interpret spectroscopic data.•Understand the theoretical basis of chemical reactions and kinetics.•Apply physical chemistry principles in chemical analysis.Course Outline (课程大纲)1.Introduction to Physical Chemistry2.Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory3.Thermodynamics: The First Law4.Thermodynamics: The Second and Third Laws5.Equilibrium6.Quantum Mechanics7.Spectroscopy8.Molecular Structure and Bonding Theories9.Molecular Symmetry and Group Theory10.Chemical Kinetics11.Statistical Thermodynamics12.Electrochemistry13.Chemical Analysis Techniques4. Course 3: Inorganic ChemistryCourse Description (课程描述)This course provides an in-depth exploration of the principles and theories of inorganic chemistry. Topics covered include the periodic table, coordination compounds, organometallic chemistry, and descriptive inorganic chemistry.Emphasis is placed on understanding the electronic structure and bonding in inorganic compounds.Course Objectives (课程目标)•Understand the fundamental principles of inorganic chemistry.•Identify and classify different types of inorganic compounds.•Analyze the electronic structure and bonding in inorganic compounds.•Understand the reactivity and coordination chemistry of transition metals.•Apply inorganic chemistry principles in various chemical systems.Course Outline (课程大纲)1.Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry2.Atomic Structure and Periodicity3.Bonding Models in Inorganic Chemistry4.Symmetry and Group Theory5.Acid-Base Chemistry6.Coordination Chemistry7.The Crystal Field and Ligand Field Theoriesanometallic Chemistry9.Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry10.Main Group Chemistry11.Transition Metal Chemistry12.Bioinorganic Chemistry5. ConclusionGraduate-level chemistry courses are essential for building a strong foundation in the various sub-disciplines of chemistry. Accurate and effective translations of these courses into English are necessary to facilitate international student participation. The English translations provided for three representative courses - Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Inorganic Chemistry - aim to meet this need. These course descriptions, objectives, and outlines can be utilized to create informative and accessible course materials for international students studying chemistry at the graduate level.**Note:** The above translations are for refer ence purposes only and may require further review and refinement based on specific course curricul um and context.。
化学课程英文名称对照表
化学课程英文名称对照表磁共振实验Magnetic Resonance Experiment磁共振在化学和生命科学中应用Application of Magnetic Resonance inChemistry and Life Science核磁共振波谱学Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy核磁共振新技术及其应用Movdern Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and its Application角动量理论与原子结构Angular Momentum Theory & Atomic Structure聚合物改性原理与流变学The Principle of Modification and Theology of Polymer量子化学Quantum Chemistry量子化学计算方法Quantum Chemistry B谱学原理和应用Principles of Spectroscopes and TheirChemical Applications群论及其在量子化学中的应用Group Theory and Its Application to QuantumChemistry材料化学导论Introduction of Material Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry高等无机化学Advanced Inorganic Chemistry高等有机化学Advanced Organic Chemistry结构化学Structural Chemistry结构化学Structural Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry无机及分析化学Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry无机及分析化学Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry仪器分析Instrumental Analysis仪器分析Instrumental Analysis仪器分析Instrumental Analysis有机化学Organic Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry量子无机化学Quantum Inorganic Chemistry量子有机化学Quantum Organic Chemistry植物生长与发育的化学调整Chemical Adjustment of Plant's Growth分析化学Analysis Chemistry分析化学及实验Analytical Chemistry and Experiment分析化学实验Experiment of Analytical Chemistry计算机基础(C语言) Computer Basis C Language普通物理学General Physics无机化学实验Experiment in Inorganic Chemistry无机化学实验Experiment in Inorganic Chemistry无机化学实验Experiment in Inorganic Chemistry无机化学实验Experiment in inorganic Chemistry物理化学实验Experiment of Physical Chemistry物理化学实验Experiment of Physical Chemistry物理化学实验Experiment of Physical Chemistry物理化学实验Experiment of Physical Chemistry仪器分析实验Experiments of Instrument Analysis有机化学实验Organic Chemistry Experiment有机化学实验Organic Chemistry Experiment有机过渡金属化学Organotransition Metal ChemistryX射线晶体结构分析Crystal Structure Analysis by X-ray电分析化学实验Experiment in Electroanalytical Chemistry分子发光分析Molecular Luminescence Analysis分子发光分析进展Advances in Molecular Luminescence Analysis 高分子材料化学Polymer Chemistry高分子材料研究方法Research Methods of Polymeric Materials高分子合成与分子设计Polymeric Synthesis and Molecular Design 高分子化学实验Experiment of Polymeric Chemistry高分子物理实验Experiment of Polymer Physics化学分离法Chemical Method of Separation化学计量学Chemometrics化学统计力学和应用Statistical Mechanics and Applications in Chemistry化学文献Chemical Document化学文献Scientific Literature in Chemistry化学文献Chemical Literature化学文献Chemical Literature Searching金属有机高聚物Metallic Organic Polymer近代电分析Electroanalytical Chemistry近代分离分析Analytical Separation and Chromatography近代光分析Modern Light Analysis配位化学* Coordination Chemistry配位化学选读Selective Topics on Modern Coordination Chemistry无机材料化学The Chemistry of Inorganic Materials无机材料实验Experiment in Inorganic Materials无机材料物理Polymeric Materials Physics无机合成与研究方法Synthesis and Research Methods for Inorganic Substance无机物研究法Research Methods of Inorganic Substance 无机元素化学Inorganic Elements Chemistry物化专门化实验Physical Chemistry Experiment物化专门化实验Physical Chemistry Experiment物化专门化实验Physical Chemistry Experiment物理有机化学Physical Organic Chemistry仪器分析选读Advanced Instrumentation in Chemistry有机分析Analysis and Structure Determination of Organic Compounds有机分析实验Organic Analytic Experiment有机合成Organic Synthesis有机合成化学Synthetic Organic Chemistry有机合成实验Organic Synthesis Experiment有机化学文献Document of Organic Chemistry专业英语(分析) Scientific English on Analytical Chemistry 专业英语(无机) Specialty English专业英语(有机) Subject English专业英语(物化) Chemistry English生物无机化学Bioinorganic Chemistry生物无机化学Bioinorganic Chemistry材料工程导论Introduction of Materials Engineering 环境分析化学Environmental Analytical Chemistry 界面化学Surface Chemistry应用电化学Applied Electronic chemistry荧光分析法Flueremetry普通化学General Chemistry普通化学实验General Chemistry Experiments。
催化化学书籍
催化化学书籍催化化学是化学领域中极为重要的一个分支，涉及到催化剂的设计、合成和应用等方面。
因此，有很多优秀的书籍涵盖了催化化学的理论和实践知识。
下面我将介绍一些被广泛推崇的催化化学书籍。
1. "催化化学基础"（Fundamentals of Catalysis）- Masakazu Anpo, Yutaka Ono这本书是催化化学领域的经典之作，涵盖了催化剂的种类、反应机制以及催化反应的表征等内容。
此外，该书还探讨了催化剂合成和催化剂的表面结构等相关话题。
对于学习催化化学的学生和研究人员来说，这本书是一个很好的入门指南。
2. "催化剂的设计原理"（Principles of Catalyst Design）- Challa S. S. R. Kumar 这本书系统地介绍了催化剂的设计原理和方法。
作者以反应工程和材料科学为基础，深入探讨了催化剂的制备、表征以及应用等方面。
此外，还介绍了催化剂的表面结构和反应机理的相关概念。
对于催化化学领域的研究人员和工程师来说，这本书是一本非常有价值的参考资料。
3. "现代催化科学：表征和设计"（Modern Catalysis: Surface Science Concepts and Applications）- Vladimir Ponec, Geoffrey C. Bond这本书以催化科学的最新研究进展为基础，讨论了催化剂的表征和设计方法。
书中详细介绍了表面科学的相关概念和技术，并探讨了催化剂表面结构与反应机理的关系。
此外，该书还论述了催化剂的合成和应用等实际问题。
对于从事催化化学研究和工程的科学家和工程师来说，这本书是一本不可或缺的参考书籍。
4. "催化化学原理与实践"（Catalysis: Principles and Practice）- John T. Davies 这本书是一本综合性的催化化学教科书，介绍了催化剂的种类、合成和应用方面的知识。
加州大学戴维斯课程翻译
化学和材料工程专业低年级：5 。
生物化学，化学与材料工程分析（Analysis in Biochemical, Chemical and Materials Engineering）讲述化学工程和材料科学的系统。
微积分（differential and integral calculus）的应用。
量纲分析（Dimensional analysis）。
6 。
生物/化工/材料工程中的计算方法（Computational Methods for Bio/Chemical/Materials Engineers）使用数学软件、编程风格（Programming styles）、数据结构（data structures）、数据列表的操作（working with lists），函数和规则（functions and rules）等编程的方法来在化学、生物化学和材料工程问题。
应用在材料平衡（material balances）、统计、数值方法和生物信息等方面。
简介使用Java进行面向对象的编程。
高年级：荣誉学生的特殊课程（Special Study for Honors Students）仅向化学工程或生化工程荣誉计划（Honors programs）的学生开放，在化学工程和生物工程方面的内容接受单独的指导，在教员的指导下，最终成功通过荣誉项目或文章（honors project or thesis）的形式汇报。
研究生课程（Graduate Courses）281 。
绿化工程：理论与实践（Green Engineering: Theory and Practice）评估包括替代技术、工艺、材料、和与污染、废物、有毒物质使用及持续性相关的化学产品的方法。
内容包括环保法规，循环利用，寿命周期评价（life-cycle assessment），经济分析，环保设计（design for the environment），绿色化学和毒理学。
美国化学会综合项目普通化学教材Chemistry
美国化学会项目-普通化学教材Chemistry一，章本教材，分11个主题章。
Chapter 1. Water：A Natural Wonder水：自然奇迹Chapter 2. Aqueous Solutions and Solubility水溶液与溶解性Chapter 3. Origin of Atoms 原子来源Chapter 4. Structure of Atoms原子构造Chapter 5. Structure of molecules分子子构造Chapter 6. Chemical Reactions化学反映Chapter 7. Chemical Energetics：Enthalpy 化学能：焓Chapter 8. Entropy and Molecular Organization 熵与分子构成Chapter 9. Chemical Equilibrium化学平衡Chapter 10：Reduction and Oxidation：Electrochemistry 氧化与还原：电化学Chapter 11. Reaction Pathways 反映途径二，各章内容Chapter 1. Water：A Natural WonderSection 1.1. Phases of Matter物质相Section 1.2. Atomic Models 原子模型Section 1.3. Molecular Models分子模型Section 1.4. Valence Electrons in Molecular Models：Lewis Structures 分子模型中价电子：路易斯构造Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 1.5. Arranging Electron Pairs in Three Dimensions 三维排列电子对Section 1.6. Polarity of the Water Molecule水分子极性Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 1.7. Why Is Water Liquid at Room Temperature? 室温下水为什么是液体Section 1.8. Further Structural Effects of Hydrogen Bonding in Water水中氢键构造效果Section 1.9. Hydrogen Bonds in Biomolecules生物分子氢键Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 1.10. Phase Changes：Liquid to Gas 相变：液体到气体Section 1.11. Counting Molecules：The Mole 数分子：摩尔Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 1.12. Specific Heat of Water：Keeping the Earth's Temperature Stable 水热：保持大气温度稳定Section 1.13. Outcomes Review复习Section 1.14. EXTENSION -- Liquid Viscosity扩展-液体粘度Chapter 2. Aqueous Solutions and SolubilitySection 2.1. Substances in Solution溶液中物质Section 2.2. Solutions of Polar Molecules in Water极性分子在水中溶液Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 2.3. Characteristics of Solutions of Ionic Compounds in Water离子化合物在水中溶液特点Section 2.4. Formation of Ionic Compounds离子化合物生成Section 2.5. Aqueous Solutions of Ionic Compounds离子化合物水溶液Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 2.6. Precipitation Reactions of Ions in Solution溶液中离子沉淀反映Section 2.7. Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds离子化合物溶度积规则Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 2.8. Concentrations and Moles浓度和摩尔Section 2.9. Mass-Mole-Volume Calculations质量-摩尔-体积计算Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 2.10. Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions溶液反映定量关系Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 2.11. Solutions of Gases in Water气体溶于水溶液Section 2.12. The Acid-Base Reaction of Water with ItselfSection 2.13. Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solutions酸碱在水溶液中Section 2.14. Stoichiometry of Acid-Base Reactions酸碱反映定量关系Section 2.15. Chemical Reactions of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide溶解二氧化碳化学反映Section 2.16. Outcomes Review复习Section 2.17. EXTENSION -- La Chatelier's PrincipleChapter 3. Origin of AtomsSection 3.1. The Nuclear Atom原子核Section 3.2. Spectroscopy and Stellar Composition光谱和恒星成分Section 3.3. Evolution of the Universe：Stars宇宙进化：恒星Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 3.4. Nuclear Reactions核反映Section 3.5. Nuclear Reaction Energies核反映能Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 3.6. Cosmic Elemental Abundance and Nuclear Stability宇宙中元素分布量与核稳定性Section 3.7. Formation of Planets：The Earth行星形成：地球Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 3.8. Outcomes Review复习Section 3.9. EXTENSION：Isotopes：Age of the Universe and a Taste of Honey扩展-宇宙年龄与蜂蜜味道Chapter 4. Structure of AtomsSection 4.1. Periodicity and the Periodic Table周期性与周期表Section 4.2. Light as a Wave光被看作波Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 4.3. Photoelectric Effect：Light as a Particle光电效应：光被看作粒子Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 4.4. Why Atomic Spectra Look the Way They Do：Quantum Model of Atoms原子量子模型Section 4.5. If a Wave Can Be a Particle，Can a Particle Be a Wave?如果波能是粒子，粒子可以是波吗？Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 4.6. The Wave Model of Electrons in Atoms原子中电子波模型Section 4.7. Energies of Electrons in Atoms：Why Atoms Don't Collapse原子中电子能量：为什么原子不坍陷Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 4.8. Multi-electron Atoms：Electron Spin多电子原子：电子自旋Section 4.9. Electron Shells and Periodicity电子壳层和周期性Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 4.10. Wave Equations and Atomic Orbitals波方程与原子轨道Section 4.11. Outcomes Review复习Section 4.12. EXTENSION -- Energies of a Spherical Electron Wave扩展-球面电子波能量Chapter 5. Structure of moleculesSection 5.1. Isomers同分异构体Section 5.2. Lewis Structures and Molecular Models of Isomers路易斯构造与同分异构体分子模型Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 5.3. Sigma molecular orbitals西格马分子轨道Section 5.4. Sigma Molecular Orbitals and Molecular Geometry西格马分子轨道和分子几何形状Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 5.5. Multiple Bonds多重键Section 5.6. Pi Molecular Orbitals派分子轨道Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 5.7. Delocalized pi orbitals离域派分子轨道Section 5.8. Representations of Molecular Geometry描绘分子几何形状Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 5.9. Stereoisomerism立体异构现象Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 5.10. Functional Groups -- Making Life Interesting功能团—使生命有趣Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 5.11. Molecular Recognition分子辨认Section 5.12. Outcomes Review复习Section 5.13. EXTENSION -- Antibonding Orbitals：The Oxygen Story扩展-反键轨道：氧故事Chapter 6. Chemical ReactionsSection 6.1. Classifying Chemical Reactions化学反映分类Section 6.2. Ionic Precipitation Reactions离子沉淀反映Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 6.3. Lewis Acids and Bases：Definition路易斯酸碱：定义Section 6.4. Lewis Acids and Bases：Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reactions路易斯酸碱：Bronsted-Lowry酸碱反映Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 6.5. Predicting Strengths of Lewis/Bronsted-Lowry Bases and Acids测Lewis/Bronsted-Lowry酸碱强度Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 6.6. Lewis Acids and Bases：Metal Ion Complexes路易斯酸碱：金属离子络合物Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 6.7. Lewis Acids and Bases：Electrophiles and Nucleophiles路易斯酸碱：亲电与亲核Section 6.8. Formal Charge形式电荷Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 6.9. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions：Electron Transfer氧化还原反映：电子转移Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 6.10. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Equations氧化还原反映方程式配平Section 6.11. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions of Carbon-containing Molecules含碳分子氧化还原反映Section 6.12. Outcomes Review复习Section 6.13. EXTENSION -- Titration扩展-滴定Chapter 7. Chemical Energetics：EnthalpySection 7.1. Energy and Change能量和变化Section 7.2. Thermal Energy (Heat) and Mechanical Energy (Work)热能（热）和机械能（功）Section 7.3. Thermal Energy (Heat) Transfer热能（热）传递Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 7.4. State Functions and Path Functions状态函数和途径（过程）函数Section 7.5. System and Surroundings体系与环境Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 7.6. Calorimetry and Introduction to Enthalpy热量测定和焓简介Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 7.7. Bond Enthalpies键焓Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 7.8. Standard Enthalpies of Formation原则生成焓Section 7.9. Harnessing Energy in Living Systems生命体系能量运用Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 7.10. Enthalpy Revisited再访焓Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 7.11. What Enthalpy Doesn't Tell Us焓没告诉咱们Section 7.12. Outcomes Review复习Section 7.13 EXTENSION -- Gases：Pressure-Volume Work扩展-气体：压力体积功Chapter 8. Entropy and Molecular OrganizationSection 8.1. Mixing and Osmosis混合与渗入Section 8.2. Probability and Change也许性与变化Section 8.3. Counting Molecular Arrangements in Mixtures计算混合物分子排列Section 8.4. Implications for Mixing and Osmosis in Macroscopic Systems宏观世界里混合与渗入本质Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 8.5. Energy Arrangements Among Molecules分子中能量排布Section 8.6. Entropy熵Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 8.7. Phase Changes and Net Entropy相变与净熵Section 8.8. Gibbs Free Energy吉布斯自由能Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 8.9. Thermodynamics of Rubber橡胶热力学Section 8.10. Colligative Properties of Solutions溶液依数性Section 8.11. Osmotic Pressure Calculations渗入压计算Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 8.12. Thermodynamic Calculations for Chemical Reactions化学反映热力学计算Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 8.13. Why Oil and Water Don't Mix为什么油水不混合？Section 8.14. Ambiphilic Molecules：Micelles and Bilayer Membranes两亲分子：胶束和双分子膜Section 8.15. The Cost of Molecular Organization分子堆积代价Section 8.16. Outcomes Review复习Section 8.17. Osmosis and Cell Membranes渗入压与细胞膜Chapter 9. Chemical EquilibriumSection 9.1. The Nature of Equilibrium平衡本质Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 9.2. Mathematical Expression for the Equilibrium Condition平衡条件数学表达Section 9.3. Acid-Base Reactions and Equilibria酸碱反映和平衡Reflection and projection 反思与延伸ReSection 9.4. Solutions of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs：Buffer Solutions共轭酸碱对溶液：缓冲溶液Section 9.5. Acid-Base Properties of Proteins蛋白质酸碱性质Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 9.6. Solubility Equilibria for Ionic Salts离子盐溶解平衡Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 9.7. Thermodynamics and the Equilibrium Constant热力学与平衡常数Section 9.8. Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant平衡常数与温度关系Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 9.9. Thermodynamics in Living Systems生命体系热力学Section 9.10. Outcomes Review复习Section 9.11. EXTENSION -- Competing Equilibria扩展-平衡竞争Chapter 10：Reduction and Oxidation：ElectrochemistrySection 10.1. Electrolysis 电解Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 10.2. Electric Current from Chemical Reactions化学反映电流Section 10.3. Work From Electrochemical Cells电池做功Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 10.4. Concentration Dependence of Cell Potentials浓度对电池电势影响Section 10.5. Free Energy and Electrochemical Cells：The Nernst Equation自由能和电化学电池：能斯特方程式Section 10.6. Combining Cell Potentials for ReactionsReflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 10.7. Half-Cell Potentials：Reduction Potentials半电池电势：还原电势Section 10.8. Reduction Potentials and the Nernst Equation还原电势和能斯特方程式Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 10.9. Carbon-Containing Reducing Agents：Glucose含碳还原剂：葡萄糖Section 10.10. Coupled Redox Reactions偶联还原反映Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 10.11. Outcomes Review复习Section 10.12. EXTENSION -- Cell Potentials and Non-Redox Equilibria扩展-电池电势与非还原平衡Chapter 11. Reaction PathwaysSection 11.1. Pathways of Change途径变化Section 11.2. Measuring and Expressing Rates of Chemical Change测量和表达化学变化速率Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 11.3. Reaction Rate Laws反映速率定律Section 11.4. Reaction Pathways or Mechanisms反映途径与机理Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 11.5. More Ways to Analyze Rate Data分析速率数据更多方式Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 11.6. Temperature and Reaction Rates温度与反映速率Section 11.7. Light：Another Way to Activate a Reaction光：另一种方式活化反映Reflection and projection 反思与延伸Section 11.8 Outcomes Review复习Section 11.9. EXTENSION -- Enzymatic Catalysis扩展-酶催化美国化学会项目-普通化学教材简介周伟红（吉林大学化学学院，长春 130022，）摘要：W.H.Freeman and Company 出版Chemistry，是美国化学会一种项目。
化学工作者网站
化学工作者看过来，可以在线查找化学结构式！1./cgi-bin/hsrun/Distributed/HahtShop/HAHTShop.htx;start=HS_SearchCenter中，选择Search Structures，然后，就可以分别根据：Product Name 和CAS登录号，还有Molecular Formula进行查找。
在这里查到的化合物基本都有一些参数和它的结构式（Structure Image），然后将图片保存成Gif即可！当然，如果你只知道化合物的结构式，不知道叫什么，可以选择下面的Sub Structure Search ，然后 Step 1 Choose a Drawing tool. I want to Download Kekule (requires download of Kekv214.exe) Step 2 Install the plug-in you downloaded in step 1 Close this browser. Return to the directory where you saved the plug-in and double click on the file name given in step 1. Step 3 Return to this page and click the "Structure Search"button. 安装好软件即可将画好的图片粘贴上即可查找，非常方便，我用它查了一些结构式，给了我一大堆，呵呵，本人化学方面英语不是很好，一个个查看才找到，不过还好是宽带，呵呵：－）2./大家去这儿看看，查询非常简单3.【推荐】【原创】能查几万个化合物的NMR IR谱图的网址 [精华]4.能查几万个化合物的NMR IR谱图的网址 SDBS Integrated Spectral Data BaseSystem for Organic Compounds http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/sdbs/owa/sdbs_sea.cre_frame_sea NIST WebBook /5.美国专利pdf全文下载的好地方 6.免费在线查合成路线/depts/chemistry/courses/toolkits/247/practice/m edialib/data/7.中科院上海有机化学研究所化学专业数据库http://202.127.145.134/tf123456/6543218.中科院上海有机化学研究所数据库（/lccdb/sjk.htm），免费注册使用，现在已经改版，性能提高许多。
有机化学常用网址整理
有机化学常用网址整理http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Carey.html/iupac/nomenclature/On-Line Learning Center"Organic Chemistry" 5th ed. by Francis A. CareyIUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry有机合成：Organic Syntheses(有机合成手册), John Wiley & Sons (免费)/Named Organic Reactions Collection from the University ofOxford (有机合成中的命名反应库) (免费)/thirdyearcomputing/NamedOrganicReac...有机化学资源导航Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide/有机合成文献综述数据库Synthesis Reviews (免费)/srev/srev.htmCAMEO (预测有机化学反应产物的软件)/products/cameo/index.shtmlCarbohydrate Letters (免费,摘要)/Carbohydrate_Letters/Carbohydrate Research (免费,摘要)/locate/carresCurrent Organic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/coc/index.htmlElectronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (有机合成试剂百科全书e-EROS)/eros/European Journal of Organic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/jpages/1434-193X/Methods in Organic Synthesis (MOS,有机合成方法)/is/database/mosabou.htmOrganic Letters (免费,目录)/journals/orlef7/index.htmlOrganometallics (免费,目录)/journals/orgnd7/index.htmlRussian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry (Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya) (免费,摘要) http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/1068-1620Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry (Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii) (免费,摘要) http://www.maik.rssi.ru/journals/orgchem.htmScience of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformation/Solid-Phase Synthesis database (固相有机合成)/chem_db/sps.htmlSynthetic Communications (免费,摘要)/servlet/product/productid/SCCSyntheticPages (合成化学数据库) (免费)/The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (复杂碳水化合物研究中心)/合成材料老化与应用(免费,目录)/default.html金属卡宾络合物催化的烯烃复分解反应(免费)/html/books/O61BG/b1/2002/2.6%20.htm上海化学试剂研究所/英国化学数据服务中心CDS (Chemical Database Service)/cds/cds.html英国皇家化学会碳水化合物研究组织(Carbohydrate Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry)/lap/rsccom/dab/perk002.htm有机反应催化学会(ORCS, Organic Reaction Catalysis Society)/有机合成练习(免费)/中国科学院成都有机化学研究所：催化与环境工程研究发展中心/MainIndex.htm金属有机及元素有机化学：CASREACT - Chemical Reactions Database(CAS的化学反应数据库)/CASFILES/casreact.html日本丰桥大学Jinno实验室的研究数据库(液相色谱、多环芳烃/药物/杀虫剂的紫外谱、物性) (免费)http://chrom.tutms.tut.ac.jp/JINNO/ENGLISH/RESEARCH/research...A New Framework for Porous Chemistry (金属有机骨架) (免费)/alchem/articles/1056983432324.htmlActa Crystallographica Section B (免费,摘要)/b/journalhomepage.htmlActa Crystallographica Section E (免费,摘要)/e/journalhomepage.htmlBibliographic Notebooks for Organometallic Chemistryhttp://www.ensc-lille.fr/recherche/cbco/bnoc.htmlBiological Trace Element Research (生物痕量元素研究杂志) (免费,摘要)/JournalDetail.pasp?issn=0163-4984...Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/locate/jnlabr/jomOrganic Letters (免费,目录)/journals/orlef7/index.htmlOrganometallics (免费,目录)/journals/orgnd7/index.htmlSyntheticPages (合成化学数据库) (免费)/金属卡宾络合物催化的烯烃复分解反应(免费)/html/books/O61BG/b1/2002/2.6%20.htm金属有机参考读物：The Organometallic HyperTextBook by Rob Toreki/organomet/index.html金属有机化学国家重点实验室，中国科学院上海有机所/元素有机化学国家重点实验室（南开大学）/在线网络课程：有机金属反应和均相催化机理(Dermot O'Hare 主讲)/icl/dermot/organomet/药物化学：Fisher Scientific/PubMed: MEDLINE和PREMEDLINE (免费)/PubMed/生物医药:BioMedNet: The World Wide Club for the Biological and Medical Community/AIDSDRUGS (艾滋病药物) (免费)/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.htmlautodock (分子对接软件) (免费)/pub/olson-web/doc/autodock/DIRLINE (卫生与生物医药信息源库) (免费)/HISTLINE (医药史库) (免费)/TOXNET (化合物毒性相关数据库系列) (免费)/日本药典，第14版(免费)http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp14e/index.html小分子生物活性数据库ChemBank (免费)/Ashley Abstracts Database (药物研发、市场文献摘要) (免费)/databases/ashley/search.aspBIOSIS/BIOSIS/ONLINE/DBSS/biosisss.html从检索药物交易信息库PharmaDeals (部分免费)/从ChemWeb检索有机药物用途及别名库Negwer: organic-chemical drugs and their synonyms (部分免费)/negwer/negwersearch.html美国常用药品索引库RxList (免费)/美国国家医学图书馆NLM的免费在线数据库(免费)/hotartcl/chemtech/99/tour/internet.html制药公司目录(Pharmaceutical Companies on Virtual Library: Pharmacy Page) /company.html37℃医学网/AAPS PharmSci (免费,全文)/Abcam Ltd.有关抗体、试剂的销售，抗体的搜索)/Acta Pharmaceutica (免费,摘要)http://public.srce.hr/acphee/Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (免费,摘要)http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/drugdelivAmerican Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (免费,摘要)/servlet/product/productid/ADAAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (AJPE) (免费,全文)/Amgen Inc. (医药)/Anita's web picks (药学与药物化学信息导航)http://wwwcmc.pharm.uu.nl/oyen/webpicks.htmlAnnals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials (免费,全文)/Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (免费,摘要)/Anti-Cancer Drug Design (免费,摘要)/antcan/学习有机化学必须知道的关于国内外有机文献杂志的数据库网址及杂志名称ScienceDirect (SD)网址：/(1) Catalysis Communications （催化通讯）(2) Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical （分子催化A：化学）(3) Tetrahedron (T) （四面体）(4) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry (TA) （四面体：不对称）(5) Tetrahedron Letters (TL) （四面体快报）(6) Applied Catalysis A: General （应用催化A）2． EBSCOhost数据库网址：/(1) Synthetic Communcations （合成通讯）(2) Letters in Organic Chemistry (LOC)(3) Current Organic Synthesis(4) Current Organic Chemistry3. Springer数据库网址：http:// /(1) Molecules （分子）(2) Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly （化学月报）(3) Science in China Series B: Chemistry （中国科学B）(4) Catalysis Letts （催化快报）4. ACS Publications (美国化学会)网址：/(1) Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) （美国化学会志）(2) Organic Letters (OL) （有机快报）(3) The Journal of Organic Chemistry (JOC) （美国有机化学）(4) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (JMC) （美国药物化学）(5) Chemical Reiew （化学评论）5. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) (英国皇家化学会)网址：/Publishing/Journals/Index.asp(1) Green Chemistry （绿色化学）(2) Chemical Communications (CC) （化学通讯）(3) Chemical Society Reviews （化学会评论）(4) Journal of the Chemical Society （化学会志）Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 (1972-2002)Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 (1972-2002)Journal of the Chemical Society B: Physical Organic (1966-1971)Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic (1966-1971)(5) Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry (OBC) （有机生物化学）/publishing/jo ... p?type=CurrentIssue6. Wiley网址：/(1) Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis (ASC) （先进合成催化）(2) Angewandte Chemie International Edition （德国应用化学）(3) Chemistry - A European Journal （欧洲化学）(4) Chinese Journal of Chemistry （中国化学）(5) European Journal of Organic Chemistry （欧洲有机化学）(6) Helvetica Chimica Acta （瑞士化学）(7) Heteroatom Chemistry （杂原子化学）7. Ingent网址：/(1) Journal of Chemical Research (JCR) （化学研究杂志）(2) Canadian Journal of Chemistry （加拿大化学）(3) Current Organic Chemistry(4) Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry(5) Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements （磷、硫、硅和相关元素）(6) Letters in Organic Chemistry8. Taylor & Francis数据库网址：http://www.journalsonline.tandf. ... sp?referrer=default(1) Synthetic Communications(2) Journal of Sulfur Chemistry（硫化学杂志）(3) Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements9. Thieme数据库网址：/(1) Synlett （合成快报）(2) Synthesis （合成）10. 日本化学会网址：(1) Chem. Lett. (CL) （化学快报）http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/cl/_vols(2) Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. http://www.csj.jp/journals/bcsj/index.html11. 澳大利亚化学会（Australian Journal of Chemistry）http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/52.htm12．巴西化学会.br/13．Molecules/molecules/14．韩国化学会http://journal.kcsnet.or.kr/15．印度化学会http://www.niscair.res.in/Scienc ... hin.htm&d=test816．国际有机制备和程序（Organic Preparations and Procedures International，OPPI）/17．有机化学/index.htm有机合成：Organic Syntheses(有机合成手册), John Wiley & Sons (免费)/Named Organic Reactions Collection from the University ofOxford (有机合成中的命名反应库) (免费)/thirdyearcomputing/NamedOrganicReac...有机化学资源导航Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide/有机合成文献综述数据库Synthesis Reviews (免费)/srev/srev.htmCAMEO (预测有机化学反应产物的软件)/products/cameo/index.shtmlCarbohydrate Letters (免费,摘要)/Carbohydrate_Letters/Carbohydrate Research (免费,摘要)/locate/carresCurrent Organic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/coc/index.htmlElectronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (有机合成试剂百科全书e-EROS)/eros/European Journal of Organic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/jpages/1434-193X/Methods in Organic Synthesis (MOS,有机合成方法)/is/database/mosabou.htmOrganic Letters (免费,目录)/journals/orlef7/index.htmlOrganometallics (免费,目录)/journals/orgnd7/index.htmlRussian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry (Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya) (免费,摘要) http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/1068-1620Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry (Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii) (免费,摘要) http://www.maik.rssi.ru/journals/orgchem.htmScience of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformation/Solid-Phase Synthesis database (固相有机合成)/chem_db/sps.htmlSynthetic Communications (免费,摘要)/servlet/product/productid/SCCSyntheticPages (合成化学数据库) (免费)/The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (复杂碳水化合物研究中心)/合成材料老化与应用(免费,目录)/default.html金属卡宾络合物催化的烯烃复分解反应(免费)/html/books/O61BG/b1/2002/2.6%20.htm上海化学试剂研究所/英国化学数据服务中心CDS (Chemical Database Service)/cds/cds.html英国皇家化学会碳水化合物研究组织(Carbohydrate Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry)/lap/rsccom/dab/perk002.htm有机反应催化学会(ORCS, Organic Reaction Catalysis Society)/有机合成练习(免费)/中国科学院成都有机化学研究所：催化与环境工程研究发展中心/MainIndex.htm金属有机及元素有机化学：CASREACT - Chemical Reactions Database(CAS的化学反应数据库)/CASFILES/casreact.html日本丰桥大学Jinno实验室的研究数据库(液相色谱、多环芳烃/药物/杀虫剂的紫外谱、物性) (免费)http://chrom.tutms.tut.ac.jp/JINNO/ENGLISH/RESEARCH/research...A New Framework for Porous Chemistry (金属有机骨架) (免费)/alchem/articles/1056983432324.htmlActa Crystallographica Section B (免费,摘要)/b/journalhomepage.htmlActa Crystallographica Section E (免费,摘要)/e/journalhomepage.htmlBibliographic Notebooks for Organometallic Chemistryhttp://www.ensc-lille.fr/recherche/cbco/bnoc.htmlBiological Trace Element Research (生物痕量元素研究杂志) (免费,摘要)/JournalDetail.pasp?issn=0163-4984...Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/locate/jnlabr/jomOrganic Letters (免费,目录)/journals/orlef7/index.htmlOrganometallics (免费,目录)/journals/orgnd7/index.htmlSyntheticPages (合成化学数据库) (免费)/金属卡宾络合物催化的烯烃复分解反应(免费)/html/books/O61BG/b1/2002/2.6%20.htm金属有机参考读物：The Organometallic HyperTextBook by Rob Toreki/organomet/index.html金属有机化学国家重点实验室，中国科学院上海有机所/元素有机化学国家重点实验室（南开大学）/在线网络课程：有机金属反应和均相催化机理(Dermot O'Hare 主讲)/icl/dermot/organomet/药物化学：Fisher Scientific/PubMed: MEDLINE和PREMEDLINE (免费)/PubMed/生物医药:BioMedNet: The World Wide Club for the Biological and Medical Community/AIDSDRUGS (艾滋病药物) (免费)/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.htmlautodock (分子对接软件) (免费)/pub/olson-web/doc/autodock/DIRLINE (卫生与生物医药信息源库) (免费)/HISTLINE (医药史库) (免费)/TOXNET (化合物毒性相关数据库系列) (免费)/日本药典，第14版(免费)http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp14e/index.html小分子生物活性数据库ChemBank (免费)/Ashley Abstracts Database (药物研发、市场文献摘要) (免费)/databases/ashley/search.aspBIOSIS/BIOSIS/ONLINE/DBSS/biosisss.html从检索药物交易信息库PharmaDeals (部分免费)/从ChemWeb检索有机药物用途及别名库Negwer: organic-chemical drugs and their synonyms (部分免费)/negwer/negwersearch.html美国常用药品索引库RxList (免费)/美国国家医学图书馆NLM的免费在线数据库(免费)/hotartcl/chemtech/99/tour/internet.html制药公司目录(Pharmaceutical Companies on Virtual Library: Pharmacy Page) /company.html37℃医学网/AAPS PharmSci (免费,全文)/Abcam Ltd.有关抗体、试剂的销售，抗体的搜索)/Acta Pharmaceutica (免费,摘要)http://public.srce.hr/acphee/Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (免费,摘要)http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/drugdelivAmerican Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (免费,摘要)/servlet/product/productid/ADAAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (AJPE) (免费,全文)/Amgen Inc. (医药)/Anita's web picks (药学与药物化学信息导航)http://wwwcmc.pharm.uu.nl/oyen/webpicks.htmlAnnals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials (免费,全文)/Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (免费,摘要)/Anti-Cancer Drug Design (免费,摘要)/antcan/生物有机化学：ScienceDirect: 在线访问Elsevier的1100种期刊全文(免费目录) (免费)/生命、环境科学综合性资源TheScientificWorld (sciBASE)/生物医药:BioMedNet: The World Wide Club for the Biological and Medical Community/BIOETHICSLINE (BIOETHICS onLINE) (免费)/BIOME (生命科学资源导航)/browse/Directory of P450-containing Systems(P450酶系目录)http://p450.abc.hu/DIRLINE (卫生与生物医药信息源库) (免费)/百名最佳生物技术网站列表(Top 100 Biotechnology WWW Sites)/top100.asp从ChemWeb检索《化学工程与生物技术文摘》库CEABA (部分免费)/课程材料：MIT生物学超文本教材[url]:8001/esgbio/7001main.html[/url]生物材料网(Biomaterials Network)/生物信息学资源导航，上海生物化学所/bio/index.htm小分子生物活性数据库ChemBank (免费)/英国剑桥医学研究委员会：分子生物学实验室LMB/biology site of the network./生物有机化学：ScienceDirect: 在线访问Elsevier的1100种期刊全文(免费目录) (免费)/生命、环境科学综合性资源TheScientificWorld (sciBASE)/生物医药:BioMedNet: The World Wide Club for the Biological and Medical Community/BIOETHICSLINE (BIOETHICS onLINE) (免费)/BIOME (生命科学资源导航)/browse/Directory of P450-containing Systems(P450酶系目录)http://p450.abc.hu/DIRLINE (卫生与生物医药信息源库) (免费)/百名最佳生物技术网站列表(Top 100 Biotechnology WWW Sites)/top100.asp从ChemWeb检索《化学工程与生物技术文摘》库CEABA (部分免费)/课程材料：MIT生物学超文本教材[url]:8001/esgbio/7001main.html[/url]生物材料网(Biomaterials Network)/生物信息学资源导航，上海生物化学所/bio/index.htm小分子生物活性数据库ChemBank (免费)/英国剑桥医学研究委员会：分子生物学实验室LMB/biology site of the network./。
ChemList (1)
Chemical Compound
Example of Application
Concentration
(Weight %)
Actual(to be filled in by vendor)
Acrylonitrile
0mg
PBBE (Polybrobiphenylether)
0mg
PBB (Polybrobiphenyl)
0mg
Asbestos
0mg
Mercury (Hg) or Mercury compound
Possible use in batteries, LCD display lighting
<2mg
<0.2
0
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
general ban of application
<0.000,5
0
Penthachlorophenol-podessium
<0.000,5
0
Other PCP salts and compounds
<0.000,5
0
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
general ban of application
<0.000,000,0005
0
TCDD (Seveso poison)
<0.000,000,2
0
CFC Halons
in compressed gas packages
<1.0
0
in refrigerants
chemical synthesis 评价
chemical synthesis 评价
"Chemical Synthesis"是一本由美国化学学会（ACS）出版发行的国际化学期刊，主要研究领域包括化学合成、新材料合成、生物有机化学、天然产物合成等。
该期刊发表的文章涉及多个化学学科领域，包括有机化学、无机化学、高分子化学等，具有较高的学术价值和实用性。
在"Chemical Synthesis"期刊上发表文章需要经过严格的同行评审过程，期刊注重推广和传播化学合成领域的最新研究进展和技术成果，为该领域的研究和应用做出了重要贡献。
综上所述，"Chemical Synthesis"是一本具有高质量和科学性的期刊，对于广大学者和科学爱好者来说是一本非常有价值的学术期刊。
催化化学书籍
催化化学书籍有关催化化学的书籍，取决于你的学术水平和兴趣领域。
以下是一些涵盖催化化学不同层次和方面的书籍：1.初学者和本科生：《催化化学导论》（Introduction to Catalysis）by Bruce C. Gates《催化化学基础》（Catalysis: Concepts and Green Applications）by B. Viswanathan《催化科学与工程》（Catalysis Science and Engineering）by J. Wiley and M. Boudart2.研究生和专业领域：《催化导论》（Introduction to Catalysis and Industrial Catalytic Processes）by Robert J. Farrauto, Lucas Dorazio, and C. H. Bartholomew《催化反应工程》（Catalytic Reaction Engineering）by Gilbert F. Froment, Kenneth B. Bischoff, and Juray De Wilde《催化剂设计：理论与实践》（Catalyst Design: Optimal Distribution of Catalyst in Pellets, Reactors, and Membranes）by Hugo de Lasa3.专业研究和参考：《催化化学》（Catalysis by J. H. Espenson）《催化科学与技术》（Catalysis Science and Technology）by James J. Spivey, Stanley M. Misono, and Maria Flytzani-Stephanopoulos《固体催化剂》（Solid Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications）by Pierre H. Dixneuf and H. Olivier-Bourbigou。
Analysis,Synthesis,and Design of Chemical Processes化工过程系统分析与合成chapter17
Pressure may also need to be increased for the reactor,and this requires a pump for liquids or a compressor for gases.Pumps are preferable to compressors. In these temperature and pressure matching sections,the lowest cost utility should always be used. When possible,consider operation between 1 and 10 bar.High pressure increase pumping, compression, and capital costs, while low pressures tend to increase the size and cost of vessels.
2
17.1 Information Needs and Sources
Interactions with other engineers and scientists Reaction Kinetics Data Physical Property Data
(Key words:Team work,interplay,discussions and negotiations )
12
Q3. Are any of the products,byproducts,or impurities hazardous?
Since separation between components is never perfect,small quantities of toxic or hazardous components may be present in product,fuel,or waste streams.Additional purification or subsequent processing(后续加工) of these streams may be required,depending on their end use.
chemlist
Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65 Proposition 65
Chemical
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A-alpha-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetazolamide Acetochlor Acetohydroxamic acid 2-Acetylaminofluorene Acifluorfen Acrylamide Acrylonitrile
The California Safe Cosmetics Act of 2005 requires cosmetic manufacturers to disclose to the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) all products containing chemicals known or suspected to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive toxicity. To assist companies with reporting, CDPH compiled this list of chemicals in consultation with the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. CDPH used lists and reports available from the authoritative scientific bodies cited in California Health and Safety Code Section 111791.5 (see the last page of this list for details). It should be noted that not all listed chemicals will be found in cosmetic products. The “INCI Name” (International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients) is provided for those chemicals that are listed in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary (11th ed.). The CAS number is the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number. Not all listed chemicals will include CAS numbers or INCI names. The “Basis for ID” (basis for identification) cites the authoritative body that listed the chemical. In cases where the chemical was listed under Proposition 65 as well as by other authoritative bodies, only Proposition 65 was noted. Some chemicals listed in this table have alternative names, recognized synonyms, or multiple CAS numbers, which are not necessarily captured on our list. The manufacturer may still be required to report a chemical to CDPH if it has an alternative chemical name or takes a different form in a cosmetic formulation as a chemical recognized by an authoritative body as a chemical known or suspected to cause cancer, and/or developmental toxicity, and/or reproductive toxicity. For some chemicals listed below, examples of synonyms or alternative CAS numbers are provided as guidance. However, this list is not all-inclusive. Note to consumers: Some cosmetic products may not contain any of these chemicals. Also note, the likelihood of a cosmetic product leading to cancer or reproductive harm depends on many factors, including but not limited to the amount and type of exposure to chemicals in the product. The chemicals are listed here because of findings from research on the chemicals and not on cosmetic products.
药物化学 专业英语教材
药物化学专业英语教材English:"Pharmaceutical chemistry is a multidisciplinary field that integrates principles of chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and pharmaceutical science to discover, develop, and analyze drugs. This discipline involves the study of the chemical properties of drugs, their synthesis, and their interactions with biological systems. It encompasses the design and synthesis of new drug compounds, as well as the analysis of existing drugs to improve their efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties. Pharmaceutical chemists play a crucial role in the drug discovery and development process, working collaboratively with other scientists and researchers to identify potential drug targets, design new compounds, and optimize their pharmaceutical properties. They utilize various techniques such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and computational chemistry to characterize drug molecules and understand their mechanisms of action. Additionally, pharmaceutical chemistry encompasses the study of drug formulation and delivery systems, ensuring that drugs are administered effectively and efficiently to patients. Overall, pharmaceutical chemistry serves as the foundation for thepharmaceutical industry, driving innovation and advancements in the development of new medicines to improve human health."中文翻译:"药物化学是一个多学科领域，融合了化学、生物学、药理学和药学的原理，以发现、开发和分析药物。
合成化学参考书目
合成化学参考书目合成化学是一门涉及有机合成化合物的科学，通过结构设计和化学反应，以合成特定的有机分子为目标。
对于学习和研究合成化学的人来说，具备一本综合全面的参考书目是非常重要的。
以下是一些值得推荐的合成化学参考书目。
《现代有机合成方法》（Modern Organic Synthesis）这本书由Michael Hilbert和Barbara Bunz共同撰写，是合成化学领域最受欢迎的参考书之一。
书中详细介绍了各种有机合成反应的基本原理和实际应用，包括典型的碳碳键和碳杂原子键的形成、官能团转化、杂环合成等。
此外，该书还提供了大量的实例和实验操作，帮助读者深入理解合成化学的核心概念和技术。
《合成化学中的策略与方法》（Strategies and Tactics in Organic Synthesis）此书由Thomas Lindberg和Peter Stockman合著，着重强调了合成化学中的策略和方法。
它包含了大量的合成实例和案例研究，其中涵盖了不同类型的化合物合成，包括天然产物、药物和功能性材料等。
该书特点是提供了一系列的合成方案，并通过解析和讨论来帮助读者理解每个步骤的原理和逻辑，使读者能够在实际合成中灵活运用这些方法。
《现代有机合成实践》（Modern Organic Synthesis in the Laboratory）该参考书由Jie Jack Li编写，以实验为主线，侧重于介绍有机合成的实际操作和技巧。
书中列举了大量的实验案例，包括基于金属催化剂的反应、不对称合成、芳香化合物合成等。
此外，该书还提供了合成路线图和详细的实验步骤，使读者能够有机会亲自进行实验，并掌握合成化学中的实践技能。
《编写合成计划》（Writing Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry）这本书的作者是Audrey Miller和Philippa H. Solomon，注重讲解有机化学反应的机理与合成策略的关系。
化学合成仪器核医学
化学合成仪器核医学英文回答：Chemical synthesis is an essential process in the field of nuclear medicine. It involves the creation of radiopharmaceuticals, which are substances that contain radioactive isotopes and are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in nuclear medicine. The synthesis of these radiopharmaceuticals requires specialized instruments that can handle radioactive materials and perform complex chemical reactions.One important instrument used in chemical synthesis for nuclear medicine is the automated synthesis module. This module is designed to perform the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals in a controlled and efficient manner. It consists of various components, such as reactors, pumps, and valves, that are used to mix and heat the reactants, control the flow of fluids, and isolate the radioactive product. The module is programmed with specific reactionprotocols, which are followed step by step to ensure the successful synthesis of the radiopharmaceutical.Another important instrument used in chemical synthesis for nuclear medicine is the radiochemistry synthesizer. This synthesizer is specifically designed for the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals that require radioisotopes with short half-lives. It is equipped with a cyclotron, which is used to produce the radioisotopes, and a synthesis module, which is used to perform the chemical reactions. The synthesizer allows for the rapid production of radiopharmaceuticals, which is crucial for their use in nuclear medicine procedures.In addition to these instruments, there are also various analytical instruments used in chemical synthesis for nuclear medicine. These instruments are used to monitor the progress of the synthesis reactions, determine the purity of the radiopharmaceuticals, and ensure theirquality and safety. Examples of such instruments include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Theseinstruments provide valuable information about the chemical composition and characteristics of the radiopharmaceuticals, allowing for their optimization and quality control.Chemical synthesis in nuclear medicine is a complex and highly specialized field. It requires not only the use of advanced instruments but also the expertise of trained chemists and radiochemists. The successful synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals relies on the precise control of reaction conditions, the efficient handling of radioactive materials, and the accurate analysis of the synthesized products. By utilizing the appropriate instruments and expertise, researchers and clinicians can develop and produce radiopharmaceuticals that are safe, effective, and tailored to the specific needs of patients.中文回答：化学合成是核医学领域中的一个重要过程。
chemical synthesis
亲电取代反应和官能团转化的知识在芳香 族化合物的合成设计中至关重要。
Synthetic planning
It is best to work backwards from the product and to ask what it could have been synthesized from—a process called retro-synthesis. We can illustrate this by designing a synthesis of an aromatic ester.
Functional group transformation
Phenol ether Carboxyl Carboxylic acid Hydroxyl Nitrile Ester Respectively Alcohol
苯酚 醚 羧基的 羧酸 羟基的 腈 酯 分别的 酒精，乙醇，醇类
Functional group transformation
Functional group 官能团 Transformation 转化,转变 Substituent 取代基 Introduce 引入 Aromatic 芳香的,芳香族的 Ring 环 Phobic疏…的，排斥的 Electrophilic 亲电的 Philic亲…的，友好的，吸引的 Substitution 取代(反应) Nitro 硝基 Acyl 酰基
Functional group transformation
Alkyl Convert Secondary Tertiary Primary quaternary Amine Amide Diazonium Halide
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MW (g/mol)1,2 mass (g) or vol (mL) 60.05 102.09 58.08 64.12 41.05 44.07 120.15 100.12 76.52 101.96 375.13 35.05 96.09 53.49 35.05 392.14 482.19 116.98 132.14 76.12 117.15 93.13 136.15 137.14 176.12 244.26 84.15 122.12 103.12 182.22 171.03 227.77 156.18 398.42 384.39 440.50 412.44 85.94 61.83 69.62 159.81 159.81 199.04 157.01 108.97 177.98 171.04 74.12 73.14 73.14 83.13
links to nmr data recorded at UVic and tables for common solvents3
nmr data of common solvents
nmr data of common solvents nmr data of common solvents nmr data of common solvents 1H nmr data of common solvents 13C DEPT
# mmoles
# equivalents
hazards and physical data2 Hygroscopic; corrosive. 17.4M is 99.8% by weight in water; density is 1.049 g/mL Lachrymator; flammable; corrosive. Bp 138 140o; density 1.08 g/mL Highly flammable; irritant to eyes. Bp 56 o; density 0.791 g/mL Highly flammable; irritant to eyes. Bp 56 o; density 0.872 g/mL Toxic; flammable; bp 81-82o; density 0.786 g/mL Toxic; flammable; bp 81o; density 0.844 g/mL Irritant. Bp 202o; density 1.030 g/mL Flammable, toxic. Bp 140o; density 0.975 g/mL Flammable, toxic. Bp 44-46o; density 0.939 g/mL Hygroscopic, inhalation hazard. Irritant Lachrymator; corrosive. 14.5 M is 28.0% by weight in water; density is 0.9 g/mL Irritant. Irritant, hygroscopic. Lachrymator; corrosive. 14.5 M is 28.0% by weight in water; density is 0.9 g/mL Irritant Irriyant. Toxic; irritant Irritant. Irritant. Highly flammable; toxic; density 0.872 g/mL Corrosive, highly toxic. Irritant Severe eye irritant Toxic; irritant. Flammable, toxic, carcinogen; bp 79.1 o; density 0.950 g/mL Toxic Irritant; bp 191o, density 1.010 g/mL Toxic. Mp 47-51o Serious eye irritant. Toxic, irritant. Mp 190-192 ° C Toxic; irritant. Irritant Flammable, water reactive, toxic. Density 0.898 g/mL Toxic. Irritant Highly toxic, corrosive. Bp 58.8o; density 3.119 g/mL Toxic; oxidant Irritant. Mp 49-51o Toxic.; bp 156o; density 1.49 g/mL. Flammable, toxic. Bp 37-40o; density 1.460 g/mL. Harful if swallowed; severe burns Toxic; bp 184o; denisty 1.39 g/mL Flammable,corrosive, irritant. Bp 116-118 o; density 0.810 g/mL. Corrosive, flammable, toxic. Bp 46o; density 0.696 g/mL Corrosive, flammable, toxic. Bp 64-71o; density 0.736 g/mL Flammable, toxic. Bp 91o; density 0.735 g/mL.
chemical name and/or formula acetic acid, CH3COOH acetic anhydride, (CH 3CO)2O acetone, (CH3)2CO acetone-d6, (CH3)2CO acetonitrile, CH3CN acetonitrile-d3, CH3CN acetophenone, C6H5COCH3 e, CH2(COCH3)2 allyl chloride, H2C=CHCH2Cl alumina, Al 2O3 aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, ammonia, aq. NH4OH Al(NO 3)3.9H2O
nmr data of common solvents 1H 13C DEPT
1H 1H 1H 1H 1H
13C 13C 13C 13C 13C
31P 31P 31P 31P
1H 1H
13C 13C
1H 1H 1H 1H
13C 13C 13C 13C
DEPT DEPT
64.06 150.22 76.14 28.01 60.08 12.01 70.91 92.53 156.57 90.55 220.63 80.51 119.38 120.38 92.57
1H
13C
DEPT
ammonium carbonate, (NH 4)2CO3 ammonium chloride, NH 4Cl ammonium hydroxide, aq. NH 4OH ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O ammonium iron(III) sulfate dodecahydrate, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.12H2O ammonium metavanadate, NH 4VO3 ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4 ammonium thiocyanate, NH 4SCN isoamyl nitrite, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2ONO aniline, C6H3NH2 p-anisaldehyde, CH3OC6H4CHO anthranilic acid, 2-(H 2N)C6H4CO2H ascorbic acid, C6H8O6 barium chloride dihydrate, benzene-d6, C6D6 benzoic acid, C6H5COOH benzonitrile, C6H5CN benzophenone, (C6H5)2CO benzyl bromide, C6H5CH2Br benzyltriethylammonium chloride, C 6H5CH2N(Cl)(C2H5)3 2,2'-bipyridine, C10H8N2 bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, Ph 2PCH2CH2PPh2 bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, Ph 2PCH2PPh2 bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane, Ph 2P(CH2)5PPh2 bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, Ph 2P(CH2)3PPh2 borane, 1 M in tetrahydrofuran, BH 3.THF boric acid, H3BO3 boron (III) oxide, B2O3 bromine, Br2 bromine water, Br2 aq. 4-bromoacetophenone, Br(C 6H4)COCH3 bromobenzene, C6H5Br bromoethane, CH3CH2Br N -bromosuccinimide, C4H4BrNO2 4-bromotoluene, CH3(C6H4)Br 1-butanol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH t-butylamine, (CH3)3CNH2 isobutylamine, (CH3)2CHCH2NH2 t-butylisocyanide, (CH3)3CNC n -butyllithium, 1.6M in hexanes, CH 3(CH2)3Li 4-t-butylphenol carbon disulfide, CS2 carbon monoxide, CO gas Celite, SiO2 charcoal (activated), C chlorine, Cl 2 chloroacetone, ClCH 2COCH3 4-chlorobenzoic acid, ClC 6H4COOH 3-chloro-1-butene, CH 3CH(Cl)CH=CH2 chlorodiphenylphosphine, (C 6H5)2PCl 2-chloroethanol, ClCH 2CH2OH chloroform, CHCl 3 chloroform-d, CDCl 3 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, (CH 3)3CCl BaCl 2.2H2O