02Market_and_Budget_constraints
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销售培训之目标解释销售英文版
Emphasizing benefits
Handling objections
Anticipating objections
《销售培训之目标解释销售 英文版》
2023-10-29
contents
目录
• Part 1: Introduction • Part 2: Preparing for the sale • Part 3: The sales process
contents
目录
• Part 4: Skills and techniques • Part 5: Real-life scenarios • Part 6: Conclusion and summary
03
04
Be prepared to negotiate and compromize to reach a mutually beneficial agreement.
05
Handling a difficult customer
01
02
03
04
Listen carefully to the customer's concerns and try to understand their perspective.
04
Part 4: Skills and techniques
Effective communication
Communication skills Language skills Conversational skills
Cloze+test+for+College+English+Test+Band+4
The results of the cloze test can reflect students' English proficiency level and their ability to understand and analyze English texts
Steps and techniques for solving cloze tests
Context test points
Understanding context
Test takers need to understand the context of the message and use it to predict the meaning of the missing words
04
Complete fill in the blank simulation questions and answers
Simulated questions and analysis
It is used to test students' reading comprehension ability, vocabulary knowledge, grammar knowledge, and analytical ability, as well as their language skills and thinking ability
The characteristics of cloze test include a variety of blank types, such as noun, verb, objective, proposal, etc., and the diversity level of the test can be adjusted by changing the number and diversity of the blanks
02_Budget__ Constraint
约束向内转动，减少了消费者的消费选 择(typically will) ，从而使消费者的境 况变差
Value Taxes （ Ad Valorem Sales Taxes） 从价销售税
即针对一种商品的价值而不是数量征税
5%的从价税会使所有商品的价格从p增
加到(1+0.05)p = 1.05p 单位商品征收t单位从价税会使所有的价 格从p增加到(1+t)p. What happens if a uniform sales tax is applied uniformly to all commodities?
Chapter Two
Budget Constraint 预算约束
Where are We in the Course?
微观经济学的三大组织部分之一：
消费者行为、生产理论、市场理论 消费者理论主要由三部分组成： 预算约束 、偏好和选择理论
Consumption Choice Sets
消费者所能负担的消费产品的集合叫消
x2 新的消费可行选择 原有的和新的预 算约束 是平行的( 有相同的斜率). 原有预算集 x1
How do the budget set and budget constraint change as income m x2 decreases?
原有预算集 x1
How do the budget set and budget constraint change as income m x2 decreases?
p1 m x2 = x1 p2 p2
增加1单位的x1
必须减少p1/p2个单位的
x2 .
Budget Constraints
方案销售部英语
IntroductionThe Department of Solution Sales is a vital component of our organization, dedicated to providing comprehensive and innovative solutions to meet the diverse needs of our clients. Our team of skilled professionals is committed to understanding our clients' challenges, tailoring our services to their specific requirements, and delivering exceptional value through our robust solutions. Below is an outline of our department's core functions, strategies, and goals.Core Functions1. Market Research and Analysis: Our department conducts in-depth market research to identify trends, customer needs, and competitive landscapes. This information is crucial in shaping our sales strategies and ensuring that our solutions remain relevant and competitive.2. Solution Design: Based on the insights gathered from market research, our team collaborates with various departments to design comprehensive solutions that integrate technology, services, and expertise. These solutions are designed to address specific pain points and enhance our clients' operations.3. Sales Strategy Development: We develop tailored sales strategies that align with our clients' business objectives. These strategies include identifying target markets, defining sales channels, and establishing pricing models that maximize profitability.4. Client Engagement: Our sales representatives engage with clients through various channels, including face-to-face meetings, phone calls, and digital platforms. The goal is to build strong relationships, understand client needs, and present our solutions effectively.5. Negotiation and Closure: Our team is adept at negotiating deals and closing sales. We focus on understanding the client's budget constraints, timelines, and technical requirements to ensure a smooth and successful transaction.6. Post-Sale Support: After a sale is closed, our department provides post-sale support to ensure client satisfaction. This includes assisting with implementation, training, and ongoing technical support to ensure the solution meets the client's expectations.Strategies1. Customer-Centric Approach: We prioritize the needs of our clients above all else. By understanding their challenges and providing tailored solutions, we aim to become their trusted partner in achieving their business goals.2. Continuous Learning and Adaptation: The technology landscape is constantly evolving, and we are committed to staying ahead of the curve. Our team undergoes regular training and development to ensure we are equipped with the latest knowledge and skills.3. Collaboration: We believe in collaboration across departments and with our clients. By working together, we can create more effective and innovative solutions.4. Data-Driven Decision Making: We use data analytics to inform our sales strategies and improve our solutions. This approach helps us identify opportunities for growth and optimize our sales processes.5. Technology Utilization: We leverage cutting-edge technology to enhance our sales efforts, from CRM systems to virtual sales platforms, ensuring we can reach and engage with clients efficiently.Goals1. Achieve Sales Targets: Our primary goal is to meet and exceed our sales targets by providing exceptional solutions and services to our clients.2. Client Retention and Satisfaction: We aim to maintain high levels of client satisfaction and retention through our dedicated customer support and ongoing commitment to excellence.3. Expand Market Presence: We strive to expand our market presence by identifying new opportunities and entering new markets with our innovative solutions.4. Enhance Brand Reputation: By delivering high-quality solutions and exceptional service, we aim to enhance our brand reputation as a leader in the industry.5. Invest in Team Development: We are committed to investing in the development of our team, ensuring they have the skills and resources needed to succeed in their roles.The Department of Solution Sales is a dynamic and forward-thinking team, always ready to embrace challenges and seize opportunities. By focusing on our core functions, strategies, and goals, we are confident in our ability to deliver outstanding results and contribute to the continued growth and success of our organization.。
纹理物体缺陷的视觉检测算法研究--优秀毕业论文
摘 要
在竞争激烈的工业自动化生产过程中，机器视觉对产品质量的把关起着举足 轻重的作用，机器视觉在缺陷检测技术方面的应用也逐渐普遍起来。与常规的检 测技术相比，自动化的视觉检测系统更加经济、快捷、高效与 安全。纹理物体在 工业生产中广泛存在，像用于半导体装配和封装底板和发光二极管，现代 化电子 系统中的印制电路板，以及纺织行业中的布匹和织物等都可认为是含有纹理特征 的物体。本论文主要致力于纹理物体的缺陷检测技术研究，为纹理物体的自动化 检测提供高效而可靠的检测算法。 纹理是描述图像内容的重要特征，纹理分析也已经被成功的应用与纹理分割 和纹理分类当中。本研究提出了一种基于纹理分析技术和参考比较方式的缺陷检 测算法。这种算法能容忍物体变形引起的图像配准误差，对纹理的影响也具有鲁 棒性。本算法旨在为检测出的缺陷区域提供丰富而重要的物理意义，如缺陷区域 的大小、形状、亮度对比度及空间分布等。同时，在参考图像可行的情况下，本 算法可用于同质纹理物体和非同质纹理物体的检测，对非纹理物体 的检测也可取 得不错的效果。 在整个检测过程中，我们采用了可调控金字塔的纹理分析和重构技术。与传 统的小波纹理分析技术不同，我们在小波域中加入处理物体变形和纹理影响的容 忍度控制算法，来实现容忍物体变形和对纹理影响鲁棒的目的。最后可调控金字 塔的重构保证了缺陷区域物理意义恢复的准确性。实验阶段，我们检测了一系列 具有实际应用价值的图像。实验结果表明 本文提出的纹理物体缺陷检测算法具有 高效性和易于实现性。 关键字: 缺陷检测；纹理；物体变形；可调控金字塔；重构
Keywords: defect detection, texture, object distortion, steerable pyramid, reconstruction
II
MaxDEA
Detailed Contents
Chapter 1: Main Features of MaxDEA ..................................................8
1.1 Main Features ............................................................................................... 8 1.2 Models in MaxDEA...................................................................................... 9 1.3 What’s NEW ............................................................................................... 12 1.4 Compare MaxDEA Editions ..................................................................... 17
3.1 Import Data ................................................................................................ 19 3.2 Define Data ................................................................................................. 24 3.3 Set and Run Model..................................................................................... 25 3.4 Export Results ............................................................................................ 77
Stata 网站上的 SEM 和 GSEM 选项 constraints() — 指定约束的描述说明
Title sem and gsem option constraints()—Specifying constraintsDescription Syntax Remarks and examples Also seeDescriptionConstraints refer to constraints to be imposed on the estimated parameters of a model.These constraints usually come in one of three forms:1.Constraints that a parameter such as a path coefficient or variance is equal to afixed value suchas1.2.Constraints that two or more parameters are equal.3.Constraints that two or more parameters are related by a linear equation.It is usually easier to specify constraints with sem’s and gsem’s path notation;see[SEM]sem and gsem path notation.sem’s and gsem’s constraints()option provides an alternative way of specifying constraints.Syntaxsem...,...constraints(##...)...gsem...,...constraints(##...)...where#are constraint numbers.Constraints are defined by the constraint command;see[R]con-straint.Remarks and examples Remarks are presented under the following headings:Use with semUse with gsemAlso see[R]constraint.Use with semThere is only one case where constraints()might be easier to use with sem instead of specifying constraints in the path notation.You wish to specify that two or more parameters are related and then decide you would like tofix the value at which they are related.For example,if you wanted to specify that parameters are equal,you could type.sem...(y1<-x@c1)(y2<-x@c1)(y3<-x@c1)...Using the path notation,you can specify more general relationships,too,such as.sem...(y1<-x@c1)(y2<-x@(2*c1))(y3<-x@(3*c1+1))...12sem and gsem option constraints()—Specifying constraintsSay you now decide you want tofix c1at ing the path notation,you modify what you previously typed:.sem...(y1<-x@1)(y2<-x@2)(y3<-x@4)...Alternatively,you could do the following:.constraint1_b[y2:x]=2*_b[y1:x].constraint2_b[y3:x]=3*_b[y1:x]+1.sem...,...constraints(12).constraint3_b[y1:x]=1.sem..,...constraints(123)Use with gsemGamma regression can produce exponential regression estimates if you constrain the log of the scale parameter to0.Parameters associated with particular generalized linear families,such as scalar parameters,cutpoints,and the like,cannot be constrained using the@notation in paths.You must use Stata’s constraints.Say we wish tofit the model y<-x1with exponential regression.We admit that we do not remember the name under which gsem stores the scalar parameter,sofirst we type.gsem(y<-x1,gamma),noestimateFrom the output,we quickly discover that the log of the scale parameter is stored as b[/y:logs].With that information,to obtain the constrained results,we type.constraint1_b[/y:logs]=0.gsem(y<-x1,gamma),constraints(1)Also see[SEM]sem—Structural equation model estimation command[SEM]gsem—Generalized structural equation model estimation command[SEM]sem and gsem path notation—Command syntax for path diagrams[SEM]gsem model description options—Model description options[SEM]sem model description options—Model description options[R]constraint—Define and list constraintsStata,Stata Press,and Mata are registered trademarks of StataCorp LLC.Stata andStata Press are registered trademarks with the World Intellectual Property Organization®of the United Nations.Other brand and product names are registered trademarks ortrademarks of their respective companies.Copyright c 1985–2023StataCorp LLC,College Station,TX,USA.All rights reserved.。
Microeconomic 0_Midterm_solution
?l?x1?l?x2?l??1x20p1?x1?1p2?x01x2u?x1x20123fromequations1and2wehavex2p1p1optimal?x2x1x1p2p2plugequation4intoequation3toreplacex2wehaveu?x1thissolvesthedemandfunctionh?1puu11p2p1
2
10. We learnt from other reliable sources that Frank’s preference is strictly convex. Frank consumes two goods, 1 and 2. When the prices are (p1, p2) = (10, 10), Frank’s chooses x = (x1, x2) = (2, 3). What can we learn?
(a) A is preferred to C. (b) A is preferred to B. (c) Both A and B answer choices are correct. (d) None of the above.
《微观经济学》ppt课件 Ch2BudgetConstr
1.Budget Constraints
u Q: When is a bundle (x1, … , xn) affordable at prices p1, … , pn?
u There are three elements of consumer behavior: budget constraint, preference, and choices.
1.Consumption Choice Sets
u A consumption choice set is the collection of all consumption choices available to the consumer.
1.Uniform Ad Valorem Sales a.x2 Taxes
a.Equivalent income los is
a.x1
1.The Food Stamp Program
u Food stamps are coupons that can be legally exchangeudget Constraints - Relative Prices
u Any commodity can be chosen as the numeraire without changing the budget set or the budget constraint.
1.Budget Constraints - Relative Prices
u An income decrease may (typically will) make the consumer worse off.
商务英语谈判和会话unit1new
Questions that suggest an answer or bias the response in a specific direction
Perception skills
Logical arguments
Presenting facts, statistics, and evidence to support one's position
Negotiating differences
Resolving differences and negotiating solutions to problems
Phase of achieving an agreement
Summarizing the negotiation results
Summarizing the main points of the negotiation and highlighting the key issues
Start stage
Greeting and introduction
01
Expressing greetings and introducing one self
and the other party
Outlining the negotiation agenda
02
Briefly introducing the topics and objectives of
Open and Honey Communication
Use open and honey language to discover your ideas and positions, while examining the other party's views
买东西要注意什么英语作文
买东西要注意什么英语作文When it comes to shopping, there are several factors to consider to ensure a satisfactory experience. Here are some key points to keep in mind:First and foremost, it's essential to have a clear understanding of what you need or want to purchase. This involves identifying your requirements, preferences, and budget constraints. Whether you're buying clothes, electronics, groceries, or any other item, knowing exactly what you're looking for will streamline the shopping process and prevent impulse purchases.Next, research is crucial. Take the time to gather information about the product or service you intend to buy. This includes reading reviews, comparing prices from different retailers, and checking for any additional features or specifications that may affect your decision. By arming yourself with knowledge, you'll be better equipped to make informed choices and avoid potentialpitfalls.When shopping online, pay close attention to the credibility and reputation of the seller or website. Look for secure payment options, such as PayPal or credit cards, to protect your financial information. Additionally, be wary of deals that seem too good to be true or websitesthat appear untrustworthy. Scams and counterfeit products are prevalent online, so it's essential to exercise caution and only purchase from reputable sources.If you're shopping in-person, inspect the itemcarefully before making a purchase. Check for any defects, damages, or discrepancies between the product and its description. Don't hesitate to ask questions or seek assistance from store staff if you're unsure about something. Additionally, be mindful of return and exchange policies, as they can vary depending on the retailer.Consider the environmental and ethical implications of your purchase. Opt for sustainable, eco-friendly products whenever possible, and support companies that prioritizefair labor practices and ethical sourcing. By making conscientious choices, you can contribute to positive change and reduce your environmental footprint.Lastly, don't forget to prioritize your own comfort and convenience. Choose shopping venues that are convenient for you, whether it's a local store, online marketplace, or specialty boutique. Take breaks when needed, stay hydrated, and avoid rushing through the shopping process. Remember, shopping should be an enjoyable experience, so don't let stress or pressure detract from that.In conclusion, shopping wisely involves careful planning, research, and consideration of various factors. By following these guidelines, you can make informed decisions and ensure a positive shopping experience, whether online or in-person.。
《动量策略：利用Python构建关键交易模型》随笔
《动量策略：利用Python构建关键交易模型》阅读记录目录一、基本概念 (2)1.1 动量策略的定义 (3)1.2 动量策略的历史与发展 (4)1.3 动量策略的优势与局限性 (5)二、Python基础知识 (6)2.1 Python语言简介 (7)2.2 Python数据分析工具包 (8)2.3 Python金融数据处理库 (10)三、动量策略开发流程 (12)3.1 数据收集与预处理 (12)3.2 特征工程 (14)3.3 模型构建 (16)3.4 模型评估与优化 (16)四、基于Python的动量策略模型 (18)4.1 移动平均线策略 (19)4.2 相对强弱指数策略 (21)4.3 均值回归策略 (22)4.4 动量振荡器策略 (23)五、策略回测与实盘交易 (25)5.1 策略回测方法 (26)5.2 策略性能评估指标 (28)5.3 实盘交易执行策略 (29)5.4 风险管理与资金管理 (30)六、策略优化与实证研究 (32)6.1 策略优化方法 (33)6.2 实证研究案例分析 (34)6.3 市场环境与策略适应性 (36)6.4 进一步研究方向与应用前景 (37)七、结语 (38)7.1 本书总结 (39)7.2 展望未来发展趋势 (40)一、基本概念在《动量策略：利用Python构建关键交易模型》我们首先需要了解一些基本概念，以便更好地掌握动量策略的原理和应用。
动量策略：动量策略是一种基于技术分析的交易策略，它主要关注股票、外汇等金融市场的价格变动。
动量策略的核心思想是“强者恒强”，即价格上涨的股票（或货币）将继续上涨，而价格下跌的股票（或货币）将继续下跌。
通过对这些价格变动的分析和预测，投资者可以在市场中获得收益。
交易模型：交易模型是动量策略的具体实现方式。
通过使用历史数据、技术指标和其他市场信息，我们可以构建不同的交易模型来预测未来价格的走势。
这些模型可以帮助投资者确定买入和卖出的时机，从而实现盈利。
中级微观经济学第二章Budget-Constraint
14
Budget Constraints
x2
Slope is -p1/p2
-p1/p2 +1
x1
15
Budget Constraints
x2
Opportunity cost of an extra unit of
commodity 1 is p1/p2 units of commodity 2.
2
m /p2
Budget constraint is p1x1 + p2x2 = m.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Just affordable
m /p1
x1
9
Budget Set and Constraint for Two
x
Commodities
2
m /p2
Budget constraint is p1x1 + p2x2 = m.
Chapter Two
Budget Constraint
1
Consumption Choice Sets
A consumption choice set is the collection of all consumption choices available to the consumer.
Commodity prices are p1, p2, … , pn.
3
Budget Constraints
Q: When is a bundle (x1, … , xn) affordable at prices p1, … , pn?
A: When p1x1 + … + pnxn m
Not affordable
01Market_and_Budget_constraints
100
300
400
F
A Quick Summary
• Basic concepts 1. Consumer choice set 2. Budget constraint What’s next ? • How the consumer chooses an optimal consumption bundle from his budget set.
2. after 1979 got a straight lump-sum grant of food coupons. Not the same as a pure lump-sum grant since could only spend the coupons on food.
Example: Food Stamp Program
Consumption bundle
• x1 , x2 — how much of each good is consumed • p1, p2 — prices of the two goods • m — money the consumer has to spend • Budget constraint: p1 x1 p2 x2 m • All x1 , x2 that satisfy this constraint make up the budget set of the consumer.
Example: Food Stamp Program
A subsidy on food for poor people:
1. before 1979 was an ad valorem subsidy on food a) paid a certain amount of money to get food stamps which were worth more than they cost b) some rationing component — could only buy a maximum amount of food stamps
market access计算方法
market access计算方法
MarketAccess计算方法是指在国际贸易中，计算商品和服务进
出口的市场准入条件和政策的方法。
其中，市场准入条件包括贸易壁垒、关税、配额、规定和标准等；政策则包括贸易协定、自由贸易区、优惠制度等。
为了更好地评估市场准入条件和政策对贸易的影响，可以采用市场准入指数(Market Access Index)和市场准入概要(Market Access Summary)等指标进行计算和分析。
Market Access Index是一个多维度的指标，用于评估一个国家或地区对国际贸易的开放程度。
它基于多个因素，包括关税和非关税壁垒、规定和标准、政策和机制等。
该指标从0到1之间取值，数值越大表示市场准入程度越高，越有利于贸易和投资。
Market Access Summary是一个综合性的报告，用于评估一个国家或地区的市场准入条件和政策。
该报告包括多个方面的数据和信息，如关税、非关税壁垒、规定和标准、自由贸易协定等。
通过分析这些数据，可以更全面地了解一个国家或地区的贸易环境和政策，为企业的进出口决策提供参考。
总之，Market Access计算方法是国际贸易中非常重要的工具，它可以帮助企业和政府更好地了解贸易环境和政策，制定更科学的决策策略，促进贸易和投资的顺利开展。
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Endogenous variables:
determined by forces described in the model.
The optimization principle:
People try to choose what’s best for them.
The equilibrium principle:
The
slope of the budget line: d x2 /d x1 = – p1 / p2 . the budget line moves when the income changes, or when a price changes.
How
Budget line and budget set
A Pareto improvement is a change to make some people better off without hurting anybody else.
An
economic situation is
Pareto
or
efficient
Pareto optimal if there is already no way to make any more Pareto improvement.
From people's reservation prices to the demand curve.
Fig.
Similarly, theatics When
various aspects of the market change. Tax
Prices adjust until demand and supply are equal.
The demand curve:
A curve that relates the quantity demanded to price.
The reservation price:
One’s maximum willingness to pay for something.
Other
Ways to Allocate Apartments Monopoly Discriminating Monopolist The Ordinary Monopolist
Pareto efficiency:
A concept to evaluate different ways of allocating resources.
Short run and long run
Equilibria
in the short run (some factors are unchanged) and in the long run.
Chapter 2
*
Vector variables and vector functions. * The inner product of two vectors. * With the price vector p = ( p1, …, pn ), the value of the commodity bundle x = ( x1, …, xn ) is pTx = Σi pixi.
x2
m/p2
Budget line Slope = -p1/p2
Budget set
m/p1 x1
Increasing income
x2
m’/p2
Budget line
m/p2 Slope = - p1/p2
m/p1
m’/p1
x1
Increasing price
m/p2
Budget line
Slope = - p1/p2
However, two goods are often enough to discuss.
The
budget constraint: p1 x1 + p2 x2 ≤ m.
The
budget line and the budget set (the market opportunity set).
Slope
= - p’1/p2
m/p’1
m/p1
Taxes, quantity taxes, value taxes A subsidy
is the opposite of a quantity tax.
(ad valorem taxes), and lump-sum taxes.
Rationing. Their effects on the budget set.
Chapter 1
Economics proceeds by developing Models of social phenomena.
By a model we mean a simplified representation of reality.
Exogenous variables:
taken as determined by factors not discussed in a model.