03_语法
语法精讲03-名词性从句
三、名词性从句(一)名词能做什么成分?1.The movie looks attractive.主语2.I appreciate his mother.宾语3.Gump is a man.表语4.I enjoy the part,the end.同位语(同样位置的语。
作文中只要见到名词,都可以在他后面再加一个名词,作为他的同位语。
)Teamwork ,a Chinese conventional virtue ,plays a crucial role on the road to glories.(二)什么是名词性从句?1.什么是从句:引导词加主语加谓语2.什么是名词性从句:名词在句子中能够充当什么成分,从句在句子中也能充当什么成分,这就是名词性从句。
名词性从句一共包括四类:主语从句,宾语从句,表语从古和同位语从句1)What I saw is attractive.2)I appreciate what she said.3)Gump is who we should learn from.4)I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky.(三)名词性从句的引导词1.That He has got divorced is my fault.2.Whether he Has got divorced is obvious.3.Who he will marry is a secret.名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类,一共将引导词分成三类:1.That:当从句是陈述句时。
并且that在从句中没有意思也不充当任何成分,不可去掉2.Whether:当从句是一般疑问句时。
Whether在从句中依然不充当任何成分,但是意思可以翻译成“是否”。
3.所有的特殊疑问词:当从句是特殊疑问句时。
所有引导词在句子中都充当了本来充当的成分,并他具有确定的的意思,并且英语中所有的从句都应该是陈述句的形式,也就是引导词加主语加谓语的形式。
高考英语语法词汇专项突破:03动词不定式省略标志词to的情况(含高考真题)
高考英语语法词汇专项突破:动词不定式省略标志词to的情况养成良好的答题习惯,是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前,要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项,并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时,切忌跟着感觉走,最好按照题目序号来做,不会的或存在疑问的,要做好标记,要善于发现,找到题目的题眼所在,规范答题,书写工整;答题完毕时,要认真检查,查漏补缺,纠正错误。
大家知道动词不定式是由动词原形与标志词to构成,就是常见的to do sth.形式,但是却有不少情况下作为标志词的小品词to不见了。
这是怎么回事呢?现在就跟同学们聊聊不定式省掉to的那些事儿。
一、作宾语补足语的不定式省掉to的情况(一)当let, make, have等使役动词后跟不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式必须省略to。
但是如果使役动词用在被动语态中则to不可以省掉,其实let与have极少用于被动语态。
像get, force, oblige等使役动词跟不定式作宾补时无论用于主动还是被动to都不可以省掉。
如:1. There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some thought and then let me know.(XXXX·安徽卷30)2. My parents have always made me feel good about myself, even when I was twelve.(XXXX江苏35)3. She had him dig away the snow.她让他把雪挖走。
4. The law obliged parents to send their children to school. 法律要求父母送子女上学。
【考例】(XXXX·浙江卷短文改错)The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.【答案与解析】felt改为feel。
【二级语法】03_形容词和副词(1)
讲义·形容词和副词……的:形容词……地:副词【壹】形容词or副词一、形容词加-ly结尾构成副词的规则只有形容词+ly,才能变成副词!如果给出的是名词,或者是动词,请先把它变成形容词,再把它变形容词变成副词。
①以–l结尾的仍加–ly:careful →carefully;wonderful →wonderfully②以–le结尾的变e为y:terrible →terribly;responsible →responsibly③以辅音字母加–y结尾的,变y为i加ly:angry →angrily④tru e→truly1. I _truly_ (true) believe that travelling is one of the best things that you can do for yourself.2. _Eventually_ (eventual), I went home with my car full of groceries and my heart full of warmth and kindness.3. The researchers suggest that after a stressful day, _simply_ (simple) doing something as small as holding the door open for someone else and carrying someone’s bags can give your mooda boost.4. (2013广东)But such a small thing couldn’t _possibly_ (possible) destroy a village.二、用形容词还是副词,主要是看在句子中作什么成分副词标准位置:助动词/系动词/情态动词之后,实义动词之前。
形容词修饰:名词a very cute boy副词修饰:副词、句子、形容词、动词(谐音:“付诸行动”)very beautifulHe runs fast.He runs very fast.Honestly, ~~~~~5. In recent years, Internet voting has become _increasingly_ (increase) popular in China.6. These prices may seem expensive but in my opinion, it is a _truly_ (true) magical experience.7. Betty was having a _particularly_ (particular) hard time because her father had acted wrongly.8. In some cases, it is the term used for being _environmentally_ (environ ment) friendly.9. Not _surprisingly_ (surprise), it become an instant hit.10. _Strangely_ (strange) enough, he never fell.11. (2015广东)_Luckily_ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.12. _Amusingly/Amused_ (amuse), the boy followed his parents out of the door.13. (2014陕西)Men and Women must be treated_equally_ (equal) in education and employment.14. (2014新课标二)A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh, dear! It’s mine.” She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase _thankfully_ (thank).15. Their grown children visit them _occasionally_ (occasion).16. (2014新课标一)The river was so polluted that it _actually_ (actual) caught fire and burned.17. (2013陕西)The boy looked at his father _hopefully_ (hope) because he thought his father had brought him a present.hopeful/hopeless18. However, a student attending an online course must take the time management _seriously_ (seri ous).19. (2009陕西)China Daily is _widely_ (wide) read in North America.20. (2016全国一)The title will be_officially_ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.21. (2006 陕西)Well, you’ve acted _foolishly_ (fool) and you will pay for it.22. (2016全国二)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks _regularly_ (regular).23. Now he has become a basketball player in our school team _successfully_ (success).24. Then she closed her eyes and went _peacefully_ (peace) back to sleep.【贰】原级、比较级和最高级nice →nicer →nicestpopular →more popular →most populargood/well →better →best一、the后是形容词时常用其最高级形式(三者及三者以上)1. Some people keep dogs to protect themselves from robbery, but the _most important_ (important) reason is for companionship.2. This festival is a holiday of great significance and the one with the _longest_ (long) history.important →of great significance3. (2015课标二)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _the_ most modern of architects and engineers.二、有than时一般要用比较级4. (2014 新课标一)Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is _cleaner_ (clean) than ever.三、没有than也会用比较级的情况句中出现a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, a lot, a great deal, any, still, even等,有可能会使用比较级(主要还是靠翻译)5. For young visitors, the time span can be even _shorter_ (short).6. He is tall enough, but his brother is still _taller_ (tall).7. Jerry kept walking until he couldn’t go any _farther_ (far).四、than可以是介词,前后比较的是相同级别的内容8. And, of course, walking barefoot keeps your feet in good shape, so it’s actually healthier than _wearing_ (wear) shoes.五、第三长也要用最高级(the + 序数词+ 形容词)The Changjiang River is the third longest in the world.9. Antarctica, the coldest place on Earth, is the fifth _largest_ (large) continent in the world.六、the more, the more 越⋯⋯,就越⋯⋯10. (2014辽宁)The _harder_ (hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit. He controls you!11. (2011福建)The _more_ sport they do, the happier they will feel.12. (2016上海)Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the _better_ (good) your performance will be.七、earlier与laterthree days earlier/before三天前three days later三天后13. (2014广东)After our plane landed, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six months _earlier_ (early), but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.14. (2015课标一)But I didn’t care. A few hours _before/earlier_, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with its choking smog.Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.'d = had done / had better'd = would do / would ratherI'd put ~~~【叁】查漏补缺一、-ed形容词和-ing形容词-ing形容词一般译作“令人…的”(对外的影响)-ed形容词一般译作“感到…的”(对内的感受)DG is boring.DG is bored.1. I felt a little _embarrassed_ (embarrass) and thought that the man had a wonderful sense of humor.2. It is _frightening_ (frighten) to think it could happen again.fright 害怕n.frighten 使…害怕vt.frighten ing令人害怕的adj.frighten ed感到害怕的adj.3. (2014新课标二)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and _disappointed_ (disappoint).4. (2014新课标一)While there are _amazing_ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual.5. (2014上海)Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already _exhausted_ (exhaust) shoulder.exhaust 使…筋疲力尽vt.exhausting 令人筋疲力尽的adj.exhausted 感到筋疲力尽的adj.6. The moment Lang stepped into the stadium, we clapped _excitedly_ (excite).二、形容词放在状语的位置,表示主语所处的状态7. I stood at the school gate, _depressed_ (depress).I stood at the school gate, and I was depressed.8. _Puzzled/Puzzlingly_ (puzzle), Shawn followed his father into the garage.9. The farmer, _surprised_ (surprise) but happy, asked the boy how he succeeded where the rest had failed.三、以-ly结尾的未必都是副词名词+ ly→形容词形容词+ ly→副词love ly可爱的friend ly友好的brother ly兄弟般的order ly有序的time ly及时的live ly生动活泼的yearly 每年一次的monthly 每月一次的;月刊weekly 每周一次的;周报daily 每日一次的;日报man lywoman lysilly愚蠢的ugly丑陋的lonely孤独的、偏僻的deadly致命的likely可能的【肆】是时候展现真正的技术了1. Believe me, Susan. I am _truly_ (true) sorry.2. David said nothing, but _simply_ (simple) nodded, as if understanding perfectly.3. Together, they were clapping, loudly and _cheerfully_ (cheer).4. (2010陕西)I have been _deeply_ (deep) impressed by a number of experiences in her life.5. (2016全国三)Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which _gradually_ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.6. But do American students get _annoyed_ (annoy) about their uniforms, too?7. In the end, _exhausted_ (exhaust) and hot, I couldn’t go any further.8. (2015上海)It was _the nicest_ (nice) gift I’d ever received, and it was from a complete stranger.9. A few days _earlier_ (early) he had received a telegram from Lord Lloyd.10. Dai people (傣族人) believe that the _wetter_ (wet) you get, the luckier you will be.。
词汇与语法
宾语:句子中表示动作、行 为的对象或结果的部分
补语:句子中补充说明宾语 或主语的部分,通常表示动
作的方式、时间、地点等
状语:修饰动词、形容词或整个句子的成分,表示时间、地点、方式等 定语:修饰名词或代词,表示品质、特征、所属等 状语和定语在句子中起到描述和限定的作用 正确使用状语和定语可以提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性
主语、谓语、宾语是句子的主要成分 定语、状语、补语是句子的次要成分 句子成分的顺序是主语、谓语、宾语,然后是定语、状语、补语 句子成分的顺序是遵循一定的规则和习惯的
并列复合句:由两个或两个以上的简单句并列组成,表达相对独立的含义。 主从复合句:由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成,从句在句中充当主句的一个成分。 嵌套复合句:一个复合句中包含另一个复合句,形成嵌套结构。 包孕复合句:一个复合句包含另一个简单句,形成包孕结构。
练习建议:多阅读,多写作, 提高语言运用能力
缺少主语或 谓语
句子成分多 余或残缺
语序不当 句式杂糅
词汇选择:根据语境选择合适 的词汇,表达准确含义
语法结构:运用正确的语法结 构,使句子通顺流畅
词汇丰富度:使用多样化的词 汇,增加语言表达的丰富性
语法准确性:确保语法正确, 避免产生歧义或误解
理解句子含义:通过词汇和语法 的组合,理解句子的具体含义。
添加标题 添加标题 添加标题 添加标题
定义:主语和谓语在人称、数、格等方面不一致的语法错误。
常见类型:主语是复数形式,谓语却是单数形式;主语是单数形式,谓 语却是复数形式。
纠正方法:检查主谓是否一致,确保在语法和语义上都符合规范。
示例:正确的句子:“The books are on the shelf.”(书在架子上。) 错误的句子:“The book is on the shelf.”(书在架子上。)
03-第3章-语法分析-编译原理-中国科技大学(共13讲)
• 例 ( {id, +, , , (, )}, {expr, op}, expr, P )
expr expr op expr expr expr op +
3.2 语言和文法
• 无二义的文法 stmt matched _stmt | unmatched_stmt matched_stmt if expr then matched_stmt else matched_stmt | other unmatched_stmt if expr then stmt | if expr then matched_stmt else unmatched_stmt
3.2 语言和文法
expr expr + term | term term term factor | factor factor id | (expr)
expr term
term expr factor id term factor id expr + term * factor id id + id id 分析树
3.2 语言和文法
3.2.3 验证文法产生的语言 G : S (S) S | L(G) = 配对的括号串的集合 • 按串长进行归纳:配对括号串可由S推出
–归纳基础: S – 归纳假设:长度小于2n的都可以从S推导出来 – 归纳步骤:考虑长度为2n(n 1)的w = (x) y S (S)S * (x) S * (x) y
编译原理和技术
中国科学技术大学 计算机科学与技术学院 陈意云
高考英语语法词汇专项突破:03名词性从句特殊考点全突破+巩固训练
高考英语语法词汇专项突破:03名词性从句特殊考点全突破+巩固训练考点一:连词whether和if在名词性从句中的用法【考例】remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed.(2022年浙江1月卷)答案与解析:whether或if。
考查宾语从句。
句意:对于她的出席,Cobb开头询问邀请她的组织者是否可以远程进行。
明显ask后面消灭了一个宾语从句,宾语从句句意不完整,whether/if“是否”符合语境,故填whether或if。
2.All the people have incredible ideas to share, but what matters is _________ we’re able to carry them out.(2023年天津滨海新区八校联考)A.which B.as C.whether D.what答案与解析:C。
考查表语从句。
句意:全部人都有不行思议的想法可以共享,但重要的是我们是否能够把它们付诸实践。
A. which哪一个;B. as正如……那样;C. whether是否;D. what什么。
结合句中“All the people have incredible ideas to share, but what matters is”及“we’re able to carry them out”可知,此处指人们的不行思议的想法是否能够付诸实践,选项C符合题意,故选C。
3. We haven’t settled the question of ___ it is necessary for him to study abroad. (XXXX江苏)A. ifB. whereC. whetherD. that答案与解析:C。
考查名词性从句之宾语从句。
结合所学学问可知能够和介词搭配的连接词没有if,首先排解;另外结合具体语境可知句子意思为:我们还没有解决对于他是否有必要出国学习的问题。
英语语法(03限定词和代词)
冠词(限定词)+中心词+of+名(代)词属格
试译:
1)你的那个看法是片面的、因而是错 误的。
1)That opinion of yours is one-sided and therefore mistaken.
2)学校当局那种强硬态度是我们不能 接受的。
2)The hard-line attitude of the school authority’s is unacceptable to us.
There are different cultures in the world, each having its own features / characteristics.
关于两者:
都不错。/ 都不行。/随便哪个都行。
关于三者及三者以上:
都不错。/ 都不行。/随便哪个都行。
关于两者:
Both are OK./ Neither (of them) is OK /Either (one) is OK.
此外,such一词有些特殊,它位在不定 它位在不定 冠词前,却在其他限定词后 却在其他限定词后,并且不跟定冠词联 冠词前 却在其他限定词后 不跟定冠词联 用(为什么?)如:
such a book, all such books, one such book, any such books…
3、不确定数量限定词的问题:中国学生易犯 的错误是: a) 不区分可数与不可数名词的限定; b) 不区分肯定与否定、问句; c) 其他细节。 a) 如:many / much; [a, quite a] few / [a, quite a] little … b) 如:some, any; (Cf. somebody, anybody, something, anything…)
俄语语法教程 03 名词的性数
俄语语法教程03 名词的性数1.名词的定义名词(имя существительное)是表示事物名称的词类。
2.名词的性俄语名词有阳性,阴性和中性之分。
判断名词性的主要依据是词尾。
a.阳性名词包括以辅音字母和-й结尾的名词、以-ь结尾的名词。
b.阴性名词包括以-а、-я结尾的名词、以-ь结尾的名词。
c.中性名词包括以-о、-е、-мя结尾的名词。
**1. 以-а、-я结尾的表示男人的名词属于阳性。
例如:папа(爸爸)、дядя(叔叔)、дедушка(爷爷)、юноша(少年)等为阳性名词。
2. 以-ь结尾的名词可能为阳性也可能为阴性,判断方法如下:—以后缀-тель结尾的名词大都属于阳性名词。
—以-ь结尾的表示月份的名词属于阳性。
—以-арь结尾的名词大都属于阳性。
—抽象名词几乎都属于阴性。
—以-жь、шь、чь、щь结尾的名词属于阴性。
3.名词复数a. 名词复数的构成:俄语名词有单数和复数的变化,少数名词或者只有单数,或者只有复数。
名词复数形主要通过改变单数形式的词尾来构成。
见下表:原型词尾复数词尾例词注释阳性辅音字母加-ы стол—столызавод—заводы 以-г, -к, -х, -ж, -ш, -ч, -щ结尾的阳性名词加-и。
如ученик—ученики, врач—врачи-й 改成-и музей—музеигерой—горои-ь 改成-и словарь—словаригость—гости阴性-а 改成-ы улица—улицыгазета—газеты -а前是-г, -к, -х, -ж, -ш, -ч, -щ的阴性名词,改成-и。
如книга—книги, ложка—ложки-я 改成-и семья—семьипесня—песни-й 改成-и кровать—кроватиплощадь—площади中性-о 改成-а окно—окнаписьмо—письма-е(ѐ) 改成-я поле—поляздание—здания-мя 改成-мена время—временаимя—имена1.某些阳性名词的复数词尾是带重音的-а (-я)。
专题03 初中英语语法公式(3)形容词和副词
初中英语语法公式(3)形容词和副词Part1:形容词 (1)Part2:副词 (3)Part1:形容词公式1(限定词+)观点形容词+大小、形状词+新旧、长幼词+颜色形容词+产地、来源词+材料、种类词+用途词(+名词)● a tall gray building 一幢灰色的高楼●that square new red box那个新的红色方形盒子公式2(not+)as+形容词/副词原级+as:Our house is as big as yours. 我们的发你和你们的一样大。
公式3形容词/副词比较级+than:Jimmy is five years older than Tina. 吉米比蒂娜大5岁。
公式4形容词/副词比较级+and+形容词/副词比较级“越来越……”We are getting on better and better with one another. 我们之间相处的越来越融洽。
公式5the+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级“越……,就越……”The more friends you have, the happier you will be. 你朋友越多,你就越开心。
公式6the+形容词/副词最高级+表示比较范围的短语/从句“是……中最……的”I like spring (the) best of the four seasons. 在四季中,我最喜欢春天。
公式7one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数+表示范围的短语/从句“是……中最……之一”One of the hardest language in the world is English. 世界上最难得语言之一就是英语。
公式8名词+形容词短语,形容词短语作定语时需后置。
●Australia is a country famous for its beautiful scenery.澳大利亚是一个以风景秀丽闻名的国家。
高考英语复习语法练习语法练习03-形容词和副词
语法练习03-形容词和副词一、基础练习1. If I had___, I’d visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting places.A. a long enough holidayB. an enough long holidayC. a holiday enough longD. a long holiday enough2. These oranges taste___. A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well3. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard___.A. the better voiceB. a good voiceC. the best voiceD. a better voice4. I’d be___, if you could give me an early reply.A. pleasantB. gratefulC. satisfiedD. helpful5. Those T-shirts are usually $35 each, but today they have a (an)___price of $19 in the shopping center.A. regularB. specialC. cheapD. ordinary6. Mr Smith bought a___purse for his wife.A. small black leatherB. black leather smallC. small leather blackD. black small leather7. — How was your job interview?—Oh, I couldn’t feel___. I hardly found proper answers to most of the questions they asked.A. betterB. easierC. worseD. happier8. Longjing tea, Jasmine tea and Wuyi tea are all famous,but which do you think_____?A. tastes bestB. smells mostC. sounds bestD. drinks mostly9. — Can Li Hua help me with my English?—I regret to tell you her English is_____yours.A. as good asB. no more thanC. no better thanD. as much as10. Although he sometimes loses his temper, his students like him_____for it.A. not so muchB. not so littleC. no moreD. no less11. -- When they came in, Mr Harris______like a baby.-- Nobody would like to wake him from a good dream,because he needed rest.A. fell asleepB. was sound asleepC. got asleepD. went to sleep12. This year they have produced___grain ___they did last year.A. as less;asB. as few;asC. less;thanD. fewer;than13. — Can I help you?—Well, I’m afraid the box is___heavy for you,but thank you all the same.A. soB. muchC. veryD. too14. — How did you find your visit to the museum?—I thoroughly enjoy it. It was_____than I expected.A. far more interestingB. even much interestingC. so far interestingD. a lot much interesting15. — Would you like some wine? —Yes, just___.A. littleB. very littleC. a littleD. little bit16. It takes a long time to go there by train;it’s __by road.A. quickB. the quickestC. much quickD. quicker17. If there were no examinations, we should have___at school.A. the happiest timeB. a more happier timeC. much happiest timeD. a much happier time18. I’m surprised that you should have been fooled by such a(an)_____trick.A. ordinaryB. easyC. smartD. simple19. The salesman showed her several bags and she chose___one as she didn’t want to spend toomuch money on it.A. the less expensiveB. less expensiveC. the least expensiveD. least expensive20. __box cannot be lifted by a boy of five.A. So a heavyB. So heavy aC. A such heavyD. Such heavy a21. If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was ___choice.A. goodB. the bestC. betterD. the better22. It was_____late to catch a bus after the party, there fore we called a taxi.A. too veryB.much tooC. too muchD. far23. Greenland, _____island in the world, covers even two million square kilometers.A. it is the largestB. that is the largestC. is the largestD. the largest24. —Mum, I think I’m _____to get back to school.—Not really, my dear. You’d better stay at home for another day or two.A. so wellB. so goodC. well enoughD. good enough25. Dracula and Frankenstein are_____film characters.A. frightenB. frightenedC. frighteningD. frightenly26. When they heard the bad news, they all looked__at the master and felt quite__.A. sad;sadB. sadly;sadlyC. sad;sadlyD. sadly;sad27. The storm kept me_____all through the night.A. awakeB. awokeC. awakedD.awoken28. —— What do you think of the concert?——Oh, it was_____success.A. a veryB. quite a C .so D. really29. My_____brother is two years_____than I.A. older;olderB. elder;olderC. older;elderD. elder;elder30. I haven’t seen_____this since I collected stamps.A. as old a stamp asB. so an old stamp asC. stamp as old asD. as an old stamp as二、提高练习1. To plant the tree, we must dig _____.A. a three feet deep holeB. three-foot-deep a holeC. a hole three feet deepD. a three-feet-deep hole2. I think he is one of the best men you've ____ found.A, never B. already C. ever D. once3. ____ the boy’s grown! He is almost ___ his father.A. What, as tall asB. What, taller thanC. How, as tall asD. How, taller than4. I haven’t got ____ nails to mend the cupboard. I need another three of them.A. enough bigB. big enoughC. much biggerD. many enough5. Henry knows little of physics _________ of chemistry.A. as well asB. no less thanC. and still moreD. and still less6. — The dish is delicious!—Well, at least it's ___ the one I cooked yesterday.A. as bad asB. no worse thanC. as well asD. no better than7. — Do you think the weather is good enough for a picnic?—Yes. You couldn't hope for ____ at this time of the year.A. a nice dayB. the nice dayC. a nicer dayD. the nicest day8. It makes Thomas no better, and it makes you ____A. bestB. goodC. wellD. worse9. With the help of the new equipment, our factories produced ___ VCD players in 2019 as the year before.A. as many as twiceB. twice more thanC. as twice manyD. twice as many10. I had invited 50 guests to the party, but actually twice ____ came.A. more thanB. as manyC. as muchD. less than11. — Why didn't you go to the cinema last night?—It was something ____ interesting.A. far lessB. more or lessC. much moreD. any further12. The population of many Alaskan cities has _____ doubled in the past five years.A. larger thanB. more thanC. as greatly asD. as much as13. — This is a good plac e for a picnic.—Yes, it couldn't be ____ .A. betterB. bestC. worstD. worse14. — How do you like your teacher of English?—Well, no one teaches _____ here.A. wellB. poorlyC. bestD. better15. In the poor parts of America's big cities there is a lot of crime, _____ .A. and much of it is seriousB. much of it is seriousC. and many more is seriousD. more of it is serious16. — Do you like cats?— Of course. They are ____ a kind of pet. They can do much good for their masters.A. better thanB. more thanC. no more thanD. no better than17. The newly-built theatre is ____ the old one.A. as twice big asB. twice more bigger thanC. twice the size ofD. twice so big as18. I'm afraid that your conclusion is ____ from correct.A. farB. freeC. differentD. short19. Thank you very much. It's ____ of you.A. kindestB. a most kindC. the most kindD. most kind20. Who ever is never _____ with the progress he has made will be a success.A. contentB. proudC. praisedD. enough21. My teacher has three brothers, all _____ than he. George, _____, is an officer.A. elder, the eldestB. old, the oldestC. elder, the old oneD. older, the eldest22. You shouldn't be too ___ about things you are not supposed to know.A. strangeB. amusingC. curiousD. conscious23. The new research team was led by the ____ engineer.A. mainB. majorC. chiefD. primary24. These T-shirts are usually $ 35 each but today they have a ___ price of $19 in the shopping centre.A. regularB. specialC. cheapD. particular25. It is a good way for us to memorize new words by seeing them_____.A. properlyB. repeatedlyC. clearlyD. usually26. — Why did she spend so much time searching shop after shop for a blouse?—Oh, she was very ____ about her clothes,A. specialB. particularC. especialD. unusual27. Football fans are _____ young people between the ages of fifteen and twenty.A. mostB. almostC. mostlyD. at most28. It’s very _____ to let the old have seats on the bus.A. thoughtfulB. usefulC. carefulD. funny29. — Mr. Zhang, can I talk to you ____ about my composition?—Sure. How about Thursday afternoon?A. somewhereB. somehowC. sometimeD. sometimes30. The early train is ____ to leave at five in the morning.A. possibleB. dueC. probableD. sure31. He enjoys a cup of coffee sometimes, but ____ he drinks tea.A. mostB. almostC. nearlyD. mostly32. It’s _____ necessary for people to know the importance of protect ing all the wildlife.A. veryB. ratherC. quiteD. too33. These plastic flowers look so ___ that many people think they are real.A. naturalB. similarC. splendidD. fresh34. — How can I get to the island?—You can' t get there ___ by swimming.A. more thanB. other thanC. rather thanD. less than35. Of the two pictures, the left one looks ______ at a distance.A. the betterB. the bestC. a little goodD. better36. If you wish to study hard, you must see films _____.A. more oftenB. oftenerC. less oftenD. fewer often37. — Let's take a walk before lunch. — Oh, I think it's _____ for walking.A. much too hotB. too much hotC. very much hotD. very much heat38. I bought a _____ table the day before yesterday.A. small round woodenB. small wooden roundC. round wooden smallD. round small wooden39. It was a wonder that _____ little food saved _____ many lives during the war.A. so, suchB. such, soC. so, soD. such, such40. Nurses are required to look after _____.A. sick and woundB. sick and woundedC. the sick and woundD. the sick and wounded参考答案:3.D4.B5.B6.A7.C8.A9.C10.D15.C。
语法03-宾语从句
难点语法-03宾语从句构成:主语 + 谓语 + 关系词 + 陈述句主句从句例句:告诉我你要什么。
Tell me what you want.我就是不能想象他怎么可能做出这种事。
I just can’t imagine how he could have done such a thing.我不知道谁要这东西。
I don’t know who wants it.咱们看看怎样能提高效率。
Let’s see how we can raise our efficiency.我们必须弄清楚这些都是谁干的。
We must find out who did all this.我不知道这些数字是否准确。
I don’t know whether these figures are accurate.我想知道这封信是不是超重。
I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.这种从句有时也可以有一个双宾语:她是否通知过你他们什么时候开会?Has she informed you when they are to hold the meeting?请告诉我应当先读哪本书。
Please advise me which book I should read first.你可以问一下那一个人去火车站怎么走。
Go and ask that man how you can get to the railway station.有时这种从句也可能作介词宾语:这是不是和个好的办法得看你是怎样看它的。
Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.他没意识到他这一发现是多么重要。
He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.我急于想知道他下步要怎么谈。
高考英语语法知识清单:专题03 让步条件目的结果状语从句(讲义) +外刊原创语法填空(原卷版)
专题03 让步、条件、目的、结果、状语从句养成良好的答题习惯,是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前,要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项,并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时,切忌跟着感觉走,最好按照题目序号来做,不会的或存在疑问的,要做好标记,要善于发现,找到题目的题眼所在,规范答题,书写工整;答题完毕时,要认真检查,查漏补缺,纠正错误。
总之,在最后的复习阶段,学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候,学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式,最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心,考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”,遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后,考生越要回归基础,单词最好再梳理一遍,这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
讲义目录考点清单一、状语从句分类及连接词P1考点清单二、让步状语从句六大考点P2考点清单三、条件状语从句五大考点P3考点清单四、目的状语从句两大用法P5考点清单五、结果状语从句两种场合P5分类训练(一)高考真题P6分类训练(二)模拟试题P6分类训练(三)单句改错P7分类训练(四)状语从句P7分类训练(五)语法填空(外刊原创)P8 (一)贵州村超火出圈P8(二)跑进球场拥抱梅西的球迷火了P9(三)二十四节气之小暑P10考点清单一、状语从句分类及连接词考点清单二、让步状语从句六大考点要点精讲1:though/although引导的让步状语从句①although引导让步状语从句时,只能用正常语序;②though引导让步状语从句时,可用正常语序,与although替换,也可用倒装语序,与as替换。
特别③注意:although, though从句均不能与but连用。
Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong.他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。
Although/Though he was exhausted, he(still) kept on working.虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但他仍然继续工作。
03 修辞、语法专题-2020年春学期七年级语文期中专项复习
5.对下列各句修辞手法及其作用分析不正确的一项是( ) A.“阿爷无大儿,木兰无长兄。”(对偶,突出了木兰的忧虑) B.“双兔傍地走,安能辨我是雄雌?”(设问,突出了识别的 困难) C.“东市买骏马,西市买鞍鞯,南市买辔头,北市买长鞭。” (排比,写出了操办的急切,渲染了气氛的紧张,同时又显得 井然有序) D.“旦辞爷娘去,暮宿黄河边。”(对偶,突出战事紧急)
七年级下册期中专项复习之 修辞、语法专题
1.对下面的句子所使用的修辞手法,判断正确的一项 是( ) ①将军百战死,壮士十年归。 ②军书十二卷,卷卷有 爷名。 ③油蛉在这里低唱,蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。 ④ 问女何所思,问女何所忆。 A.①拟人 ②比喻 ③夸张 ④复沓 B.①互文、排比 ②对偶 ③比喻 ④对偶 C.①比喻 ②对偶 ③夸张 ④对偶 D.①互文、对偶 ②顶真 ③拟人 ④复沓
3.对下列各句所用修辞手法的判断,正确的一项是( ) (1)他(闻一多)要给我们衰微的民族开一剂救济的文化药方。 (2)闻一多先生,是卓越的学者,热情澎湃的优秀诗人,大勇的革命烈士。 (3)他(闻一多)在给我的信上说:“此身别无长处,既然有一颗心,有一 张嘴,讲话定要讲个痛快!” A.拟人 排比 对比 B.比喻 排比 引用 C.比喻 对比 对比 D.拟人 比喻 引用 3.B 【解析】此题主要考查对修辞手法的理解和应用。要求自己审读文句, 独立体会出作者所运用的修辞。 (1)把闻一多先生对中华民族几千年来的文化史的研究成果比作“救 济的文化药方”,这是比喻的修辞; (2)“卓越的学者”“热情澎湃的优秀诗人”“大勇的革命烈士”构 成排比; (3)引用闻一多写的信中的原话,这是引用的修辞。 故选B。
2.对下列各句所用修辞方法分析正确的一项是( ) ①“人家说了再做,我是做了再说。”“人家说了也不一定做,我是做 了也不一定说。” ②杜甫晚年,疏懒得“一月不梳头”。闻先生也总是头发凌乱,他是无 暇及此。 ③(闻先生)大骂特务,慷慨淋漓,并指着这群败类说:“你们站出来! 你们站出来!” ④他,是口的巨人。他,是行的高标。 A.①引用②对比③排比④排比 B.①对比②引用③反复④比喻 C.①对比②对比③排比④比喻 D.①引用②引用③反复④排比 2.B 【解析】①把人家和自己进行比较,运用了对比的修辞手法;②“一月 不梳头”是引用;③“你们站出来!你们站出来”是反复;④把“他” 比作“口的巨人”“行的高标”,运用了比喻的修辞手法。 故选B。
专题03 动词和动词短语【课件】-2023年中考英语考前冲刺语法图解过关
【答案】B 【解析】句意:寒冷地区的人们更喜欢家中是暖色系,而不是冷色系。 考查动词辨析。protect保护;prefer更喜欢;pronounce发音;practise练习。 根据“People in cold areas...warm colours to calm colours”以及常识可知寒冷 地区的人更喜欢暖色系,prefer...to“与……相比,更喜欢……”。故选B。
【答案】B
【解析】句意:用筷子指着别人是不礼貌的。考查动词短语辨
析。look at看;point at指着;arrive at到达。根据“It’s impolite
to…anyone with your chopsticks.”可知,此处指用筷子指着别人,
故选B。
【答案】A 【解析】句意:——我们星期天去看电影好吗?——抱歉。我得照顾我的 妹妹。考查动词短语辨析。look after照顾;look for寻找;look up查询。根 据“I’ll have to … my younger sister”可知,此处指不得不照顾妹妹,故选A。
满分秘籍
易失分点
巧学妙记
不规 则变 化
语法图解
动
词
的
动 词
动 词
基
①一般动词在词尾加-ing:go-going; look-looking
和
本 现 ②以不发音的e结尾的词,去e加-ing:come-
动 词
形 在 coming; use-using
短
式 分 ③以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音
语动 词
词 字母加-ing:begin-beginning;run-running
和
本 人 box-boxes; finish-finishes; touch-touches
短语结构类型讲评
参考答案: 上联:宦游西蜀,志复中原,高吟铁马铜驼,烟尘誓扫还金阙; 下联:诗继少陵,派开南宋,更入清风明月,池馆重新接草堂。
• 上联可看出此人曾在四川为官,矢志恢复中原,曾吟颂「铁马铜驼」之句; 从下联可看出此人诗风承传杜甫,在南宋自成一家,进入「清风明月」的 池馆和草堂。 如果你熟悉陆游的生平和诗作,你必定看得出这副对联写的 就是陆游。 黄庭坚只对得上「宦游西蜀」、「诗继少陵」、「派开南宋 (江西诗派)」,对联其他描述都与他无涉。 「池馆」:池苑馆舍,泛指有 池塘环绕之宿处。「草堂」:并不是杜甫的成都浣花草堂,而是陆游的云 门草堂 (位于绍兴云门古寺内)。云门草堂是陆游早年的故居。 《草堂》陆 游幸有湖边旧草堂,敢烦地主筑林塘。漉残醅瓮葛巾湿,插遍野梅纱帽香。 风紧春寒那可敌,身闲书漏不胜长。浩歌陌上君无怪,世谱推原自楚 狂。 「铁马铜驼」:《书事》陆游北征谈笑取关河﹐盟府何人策战多。 扫尽烟尘归铁马﹐剪空荆棘出铜驼。史臣历纪平戎策﹐壮士遥传入塞歌。 自笑书生无寸效﹐十年枉是枕琱戈。 「清风明月」:予十年间两坐斥罪, 虽擢发莫数,而诗为首,谓之嘲咏风月。既还山,遂以风月名小轩,且作 《绝句》扁舟又向镜中行,小草清诗取次成。放逐尚非余子比,清风明月 入台评!
二.根据短语结构特点解答语言表达中仿写题型。 5.仿照例句,为另一旅游胜地写一句广告语。 让人心醉的海南,热风,碧浪,使无数游人留恋忘返。 • 特点:旅游胜地——风光特色——游人感受 (内容) • 偏正结构 名词并列 兼语句式 (结构) 答案:令人心醉的西湖,青山,秀水,使千万游客乐不思蜀。 令人神往的黄山,奇松,怪石,让多少游人牵肠挂肚。 涤人心胸的钓台,澄江,苍林,叫万千才子赞叹留连。 醉人心魂的桐庐,奇山,异水,令多少游子梦牵魂萦。 使令性动词有:
三一语法:结构 功能 语境:初中级汉语语法点教学指南
0 2
50 ……得 多 …de duō
0 3
51得 děi
0 4
52动词重 叠 dònɡcíc hónɡdié
0 6
54都…… 了 dōu…le
0 5
53都 dōu
55对 duì
56 ……对不 对 …duì bu duì
57对不起 duìbuqǐ
58对……来说 duì…lái shuō
59对于 duìyú 60多1 duō
259只有…… 才… …zhǐyǒu
…cái…
1
260住 zhù
261 ……
2
住 …zhù
3 262总/总是
zǒnɡ/zǒnɡs hì
4 263 ……走
三一语法:结构·功能·语境:初 中级汉语语法点教学指南
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 读书笔记 05 作者介绍
目录
02 内容摘要 04 目录分析 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
汉语
条目
可可
形式
好好儿
结构
动词
语境
语法
教学 名词
口语
语法
口 会会 样子
地方
字句
习惯
内容摘要
“三一语法”是一种新型的二语教学语法体系,其基本结构和主要内容包括句子的形式结构、结构的功能作 用、功能的典型语境这三个维度,它们彼此独立而又相互联系,构成一个有机整体。这种三维一体的语法系统, 在教学中有很强的实践价值,同时也有很高的理论意义。本书在选定三一语法初中级常用条目时,参考国际汉语 教学/对外汉语教学的语法大纲和词汇大纲等,并结合教学实践,选择260余条作为分析的对象,条目编写包括: (1)“形式结构”以格式的归纳为主,采取符号格式+标记词的描写策略,如“太……了”的形式结构为“S+ 太+Adj+了”和“S+V+得+太+Adj+了”,体现了形式上的结构性。(2)“功能作用”主要是概括该条目 的语法功能或语法意义。(3)“典型语境”指出了该条目适应的语境,同时用举例来说明。(4)“注意”项则 扼要提示一些需要特别说明的地方。(5)“比较”是相近、相关的条目的比较,主要是用法的比较。总之,本书 总的编选原则是:以初级(及中级的较低阶段)为目标,实用性为主,兼顾系统性。这跟传统的词汇教学、语法 教学有很大不同,也是三一语法将形式结构、功能作用、典型语境结合在一起进行教学的必然选择。这本书的出 版将对教师教学、学生语法学习具有重大的指导意义。
高中英语基础语法思维导图点对点讲解(思维导图)—— 03代词
(一)人称代词2.人称代词的几点注意3.it 的用法1.形容词性物主代词2.名词性物主代词(三)反身代词(四)指示代词1.指示代词的句法功能2.指示代词用法(五)不定代词1.one 的用法2.none,nobody/no one,nothing的区別3.all和both的用法4.each和every的用法5.another ,other , others , the other和the others的用法6.ether和neither7.some和any的用法8.many和much的用法9.little,a little ,few ,a few的用法10.复合不定代词(六)相互代词(七)疑问代词(八)连接代词和关系代词连接代词指连接主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的代词。
(见名词性从句)关系代词引导定语从句。
(见定语性从句)高考质量提升是一项系统工程,涉及到多个方面、各个维度,关键是要抓住重点、以点带面、全面突破,收到事半功倍的效果。
一、备考策略务必精准高三备考的不同阶段,目标和任务各不相同,就像打仗一样,攻克不同的山头有不同的打法,只有抓住要领,才能打赢主动仗。
一是细化“作战地图”。
从现在到一模考试前,主要任务是过课本、串教材,把基础知识再夯实,为专题复习奠定坚实基础。
各学科组教师要认真学习新课程、新课标、《中国考试评价体系及说明》和近三年高考原题,把高考考点和试题变化点做成“作战地图”,平时考试、练习要对照“作战地图”进行选题,并在“作战地图”上一一标注,确保考点训练无死角、考点覆盖无遗漏。
二是组织集体攻坚。
发挥学科组集体备考的优势,学科组内任务分解、责任到人,每次考试变式训练的预测由组长把关。
学科组坚持“一课一研”、“一考一研”,新老教师步调一致,节奏有序,充分发挥分工协作的集体教研智慧。
三是找准学科增分点。
认真研究本省、本市、本校近年来的高考数据,细化到每一个知识点的得失分情况,找准突破点和增分点,有目的进行专项训练和突破提升。
03数词-英语语法从入门到高级
1 21个位数(0~9)1十到十九(10~19)ten eleven twelve thirteen1十位数,二十到九十(20~90)1二十以上,几十几(21~99)1数字表达规律1000000000 10000000001数字表达规律121000000000 10000000001一百到九百九十九(100~999)1001019991一千到九千九百九十九(1,000~9,999)1一万到一万零九百九十九(10,000~10,999)1一万一千到九万九千九百九十九(11,000~99,999)1十万到九十九万九千九百九十九(100,000~999,999)1一百万到九千九百九十九万九千九百九十九(1,000,000~99,999,999)1一亿到十亿以及更多(100,000,000~1,000,000,000~∞)1使用特点1使用特点200101101940401使用特点66660565661566630666457665575242412 21211使用特点377772第几(第零到第九)first second third fifth ninth2第十到第十九twelfth2第十几,第二十到第九十2第二十以上,第几十几2第一百及以上first2使用特点2使用特点one third=1 3two thirds=2 32使用特点。
03同位语从句-2023年中考英语核心语法
中考英语语法:同位语从句一.什么是同位语?Linda, my English teacher, is very beautiful.I will never forget him, a great leader and thinker.I put my favorite desk, that brown one, in the most outstanding place of this house.以上句子中标红的部分均为同位语。
所谓同位语,是对前面的名词进行解释说明,与前面的名词指的是同一事物或人,一般前后都用逗号隔开。
1.名词作同位语Mr. Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday. 王先生,我孩子的老师,星期二要来看我们。
2. 短语作同位语I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children. 我,作为家里最大的女孩,老得照料家中的其他孩子。
3.直接引语作同位语But now the question es to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题:“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗?”4.句子作同位语The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖,让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。
二.什么是同位语从句?上述第四种情况用句子对前面的名词做进一步解释,说明其内容叫做同位语从句。
三.同位语从句的连接词有哪些?引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词 that,whether,连接代词(what, which, who, whose)和连接副词(when, where, why, how)等。
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• reg [n-1 :0 ] 存储器名[m-1 : 0]
参数(parameters)类型
常用参数来声明运行时的常数。 参数是本地的,其定义只在本模块内有效 通过参数传递可改变在被引用模块已定义 的参数。
使用关键字parameter进行定义 parameter ADDR_WIDTH = 4’hA; parameter DATA_WIDTH = 8; //不好的风格
空格在文本中起一个分离符的作用, 别的没有其他用处。 单行注释符用 // 多行注释符用 /* ------------------------*/
与C++ 语言一致
分析程序
module adder_8(a, b,sum); input [7:0] a; input [7:0] b; output [8:0] sum; assign sum = a + b; endmodule
将操作数的各位求与,单目操作符 wire [7:0] dataBus; wire a; assign a =& dataBus;
– 缩减或
=|
连合操作符
• • • • • • • • {} wire [7:0] x; wire [4:0] a; wire b; wire c; wire d; assign x = {b, c, d, a}; //x[0] = a[0]; x[1] = a[1]; x[7] = b;
整数和实常数
Verilog 语言中常数可以是整数或实数: 整数表示方法: (1) 《位宽》‘《基数》《值》 其中《位宽》表明该数用二进制的几位来表示 《基数》可以是二(b)、八(O)、十(d)或 十六(h)进制 《数值》可以是所选基数的任何合法的值包括 不定值 x 位和高阻值 z。 (2) ‘<基数><数值> (3) 数值 实常数可以用十进制表示也可以用科学浮点数表示,如: 32e-4 (表示0.0032) 4.1E3( 表示 4100) 负数 下划线的作用
标识符
所谓标识别符就是用户为程序描述中的Verilog 对象所起 的名字。 标识符必须以英语字母(a-z, A-Z)起头,或者用下横线 符( _ )起头。其中可以包含数字、$符和下横线符。 标识符最长可以达到1023个字符。 模块名、端口名和实例名都是标识符。 Verilog语言是大小写敏感的,因此sel 和 SEL 是两个不 同的标识符。
操作符
• 关系运算符
– >, >=, <, <=, ==, != 1、结果为假,值为0;结果为真,值为1
2、x和z不能参与运算 3、如果操作数的长度不相等,长度较小的操作 数在左侧添0补位
4、非0操作数作为真值处理
位操作符 按位取反 ~ 按位与 & 按位或 | 按位与非 ~& 按位或非 ~| 按位异或 ^ 按位同或 ~^
条件运算符
• 信号=条件?表达式1:表达式2; • 当条件成立时,信号取值表达式1,当条件 不成立时,信号取值表达式2。
sel a
c
b
小结
寄存器类型变量共有四种数据类型: 类型 功能 . reg 无符号整数变量,可以选择不同的位宽。 integer 有符号整数变量,32位宽 real 有符号的浮点数,双精度。 time 无符号整数变量,64位宽(Verilog-XL仿真 工具用64位的正数来记录仿真时刻)
关键字 reg
• reg [n-1:0] 数据名1,数据名2,…数据名i;
约定: <1>虽然称之为变量,但在一个模块中其值必须为 常数,所以,变量名约定为大写。 <2>大于1的常数,要用标准的方式表示,即需要有 位宽。
语法详细讲解
编译引导语句
使用`define 编译引导能提供简单的文本替代功能 `define <宏名> <宏文本> 在编译时会用宏文本来替代源代码中的宏名。 合理地使用`define可以提高程序的可读性
注释的作用
/*============================ module name: adder_8 author: Li.xinghua function: a, b为两个加数,均为8位输入,sum为和,9位输出。 version: v1.0 ============================*/ module adder_8( a, // 8位输入,加数 b, // 8位输入,加数 sum // 9位输出,和 ); // 端口类型说明 input [7:0] a; input [7:0] b; output [8:0] sum; //端口变量定义 wire [7:0] a; wire [7:0] b; wire [8:0] sum; //求和运算 assign sum = a + b; endmodule
//(1) 指名变量调用模块: .S为SRLatch中的端口 //(2) 指名变量调用模块: (s)为本地端口 //(3) S,s可以一样,但指的意义不一样
module SRLatch(S,R,Q,Qbar); input S,R; output Q,Qbar; assign Q=~(S&Qbar); assign Qbar=~(R&Q); endmodule
Verilog 的四种逻辑值
buf
0、低、伪、逻辑低、地、VSS、负插入
0
buf
1 X
1、高、真、逻辑高、电源、VDD、正插入
1
buf
X、不确定:逻辑冲突无法确定其逻辑值
bufif1
Z 0
HiZ、高阻抗、三态、无驱动源
逻辑值使用注意点
<1>高阻态用于描述电路中的断路状态,在 电路设计中是一个经常使用的变量。 <2>不定态用于描述实际电路中的不确定性 因素,例如电路中寄存器的初始值。 <3>实际中,允许高阻态值对变量进行赋值, 不允许使用不确定态进行赋值 <4>不允许使用高阻态、不确定态进行运算。
//注重格式,培养层次化编程风格
感谢刘红燕提供例题
主要内容
• • • • • 注释 标识符 数值 数据类型 操作符
Verilog 与 C 的主要不同点
Verilog 有许多语法规则与 C 语言一致。
但与 C 语言有根本的区别: - 并行性
- 赋值语句
空格和注释
Verilog 是一种格式很自由的语言。
运算符号
• 运算符号
– *,/, +, -, <<,>>
操作符
• 缩减操作符
– 缩减与
• • • •
=&
将操作数的各位求与,单目操作符 wire [7:0] dataBus; wire a; assign a =& dataBus;
– 缩减或
=|
操作符
• 缩减操作符
– 缩减与
• • • •
=&
主要的数据类型 •ets • 表示器件之间的物理连接, 称为网络连接类型
• Register • 表示抽象的储存单元,称为寄存器/变量 类型
• Parameter • 表示运行时的常数,称为参数类型
线网型(net)变量
• 使用关键字wire进行定义 • 可以理解为实际电路中的导 线,表示结构实体之间的物 理连接。 • 不可以存储任何值。
第三节 Verilog 语法
复习
module module_name(port_list);
//文件名:module_name.v----非必须的
端口说明; input / output /inout 内部变量定义 功能定义
endmodule
引用: 模块名 模块名
模块实体名(接口1, 接口2, 接口3,…); 模块实体名(.端口名1(接口1), (.端口名2(接口2),…);
//(1) 变量先定义,后使用 //(2) 端口类型没有定义,默认为wire型
//(3) 模块格式:模块名 实体名(按顺序排列变量)
module DLatch(Clk, D, Q, Qbar); input Clk, D; output Q, Qbar; wire s, r; assign s=~(D&Clk); assign r=~(~D&Clk); SRLatch srlatch1(.S(s), .R(r), .Q(Q), .Qbar(Qbar)); endmodule
module DFlipFlop(Clk, D, Q, Qbar); input Clk, D; output Q, Qbar; wire Qint, Qbarint; DLatch dlatch1(~Clk, D, Qint, Qbarint); DLatch dlatch2(Clk, Qint, Q, Qbar); endmodule
举例说明:
`define on 1’b1 `define off 1’b0 `define and_delay #3 在程序中可以用有含义的文字来表示没有意思的数码提高了程序 的可读性,在程序中可以用 on, off, and_delay 分别表 示 1,0,和 #3 。
操作符
• 1逻辑运算
– &&, ||, ! – &&、||是双目运算符,它要求两个操作数 – (a>b)&&(x>y) – !,单目操作符,它只要求一个操作数 – (!a)||(a>b) – 为提高程序的可读性,明确优先关系,建议使 用括号
• 由模块或门驱动的连线。 • 只能有一个驱动源! • 驱动端信号的改变会立刻传 递到输出的连线上。
a
nsl
sela out selb sl