Public opinion

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opinion的同义词

opinion的同义词opinion表意见，主张的意思，那么你知道opinion的同义词有哪些吗?接下来小编为大家整理了opinion的同义词，希望对你有帮助哦!opinion的同义词辨析1：advice, opinion, progposal, suggestion, recommendation, view这些名词均含"意见，建议"之意。

advice ：普通用词，侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言。

opinion ：日常用词，泛指对某事物的想法和意见。

progposal ：指正式提出来供研究、采纳或实行的建议。

suggestion ：普通用词，语气比advice婉转客气，也不如proposal正式。

着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议，有时含所提建议不一定正确，仅供参考的意味。

recommendation ：指在自己经历的基础上而提出的有益建议、意见或忠告。

view ：侧重指对重大的或引起公众关注的问题所持的看法和态度。

opinion的同义词辨析2：opinion, view, sentiment, idea这些名词均含"意见，看法，见解"之意。

opinion ：普通用词，使用广泛。

多指初步的或缺证据支持因而不十分肯定的意见或看法。

view ：侧重指个人对较广泛或重大问题所持的看法，常用复数形式。

sentiment ：着重指基于情感而非推理所得出的，已经固定了的看法，常用复数形式。

idea ：普通用词，通常指凭感觉和想象所形成的看法或意见。

词组习语：be of the opinion that1. 认为a matter of opinion1. 看法因人而异的问题opinion的例句：1. And what of the effect on U.S domestic opinion?对美国国内的舆论有什么影响?2. He will have been heartened by the telephone opinion poll published yesterday.他会为昨天公布的电话民意调查结果感到鼓舞。

舆论对公关的影响英文作文

舆论对公关的影响英文作文Title: The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Relations。

Public relations, as a discipline, is intricately intertwined with the ebb and flow of public opinion. It serves as the bridge between organizations and the public, aiming to manage and shape perceptions. However, the dynamic nature of public opinion poses both challenges and opportunities for effective public relations strategies.First and foremost, public opinion acts as a barometer, constantly gauging the sentiments and attitudes of the masses towards various entities, be it corporations, governments, or individuals. Positive public opinion can serve as a valuable asset, enhancing trust, credibility,and goodwill towards an organization. Conversely, negative public sentiment can undermine reputation, erode trust, and lead to detrimental consequences such as boycotts, protests, or even legal actions.In the realm of public relations, the influence of public opinion manifests in several key ways. One such avenue is crisis management. In times of crisis, whether it be a product recall, a scandal, or a natural disaster, public opinion can either exacerbate or mitigate the situation. Effective crisis communication entails not only addressing the root cause of the crisis but also managing public perceptions and restoring trust. Failure to do so can result in lasting damage to reputation and brand image.Moreover, public opinion shapes the agenda andpriorities of public relations campaigns. By understanding the prevailing attitudes, values, and concerns of thetarget audience, PR professionals can tailor their messaging and strategies accordingly. For instance, in an era dominated by environmental consciousness, companiesthat demonstrate a commitment to sustainability and corporate social responsibility are more likely to garner favorable public opinion.The advent of social media has amplified the influence of public opinion on public relations. Platforms likeTwitter, Facebook, and Instagram serve as virtual town squares where individuals can express their views and opinions on a global scale. Consequently, issues and controversies can escalate rapidly, making real-time monitoring and response essential for PR practitioners. Social media also democratizes communication, allowing organizations to engage directly with their stakeholders and solicit feedback in ways previously unimaginable.Furthermore, public opinion can shape policy decisions and regulatory frameworks, thereby influencing the operating environment for organizations. Governments often respond to public pressure by enacting laws and regulations that reflect societal values and preferences. For example, public outcry over data privacy concerns has led to the implementation of stringent regulations such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which has profound implications for businesses operating in the digital sphere.In conclusion, public opinion wields considerable influence over the practice of public relations. It servesas a reflection of societal values, attitudes, and expectations, shaping the reputations and fortunes of organizations. To navigate this complex landscape effectively, PR professionals must remain vigilant, adaptive, and responsive to the ever-evolving dynamics of public sentiment. By understanding and leveraging the power of public opinion, organizations can forge stronger connections with their stakeholders and cultivate apositive reputation in the eyes of the public.。

舆情的英文术语

舆情的英文术语Public opinion refers to the prevailing attitudes, beliefs, and sentiments held by the general population on a particular issue or topic. It is often influenced by media coverage, social media, and interpersonal communication,and can have a significant impact on public policy,business decisions, and societal norms.There are several key terms related to public opinionthat are commonly used in the field of communication and public relations. These terms help to categorize and understand the dynamics of public sentiment and itsinfluence on various aspects of society.1. Public OpinionPublic opinion is the collective expression of attitudes, beliefs, and sentiments held by the general population on a particular issue. It can be shaped by a variety of factors including media coverage, social media discourse, and interpersonal communication.2. Sentiment AnalysisSentiment analysis is the process of using natural language processing and text analysis techniques toidentify and categorize the sentiment expressed in a piece of text, such as social media posts, online reviews, or news articles. This can be valuable for understanding public opinion on a particular topic.3. Agenda-SettingAgenda-setting refers to the ability of the media to influence the public's perception of which issues are most important. By highlighting certain topics and downplaying others, the media can shape the public agenda and influence public opinion.4. FramingFraming involves the presentation of information in a way that shapes how people interpret it. Different frames can lead to different perceptions of an issue, and the media plays a key role in framing public discourse.5. Echo ChamberAn echo chamber refers to an environment in which individuals only encounter information and opinions thatalign with their own, reinforcing their existing beliefs and perspectives. This can contribute to the polarization of public opinion.6. Viral MarketingViral marketing is a marketing strategy that relies on individuals to spread a marketing message to others, often through social media and word-of-mouth. It can be effective in shaping public opinion and generating buzz around a product or idea.7. SpinSpin refers to the deliberate manipulation ofinformation or events to shape public perception in a particular way. This can be done through selective presentation of facts, framing, or other persuasive techniques.8. Crisis CommunicationCrisis communication is the practice of managing communication during a crisis or emergency situation. It is important for shaping public opinion and maintaining trust and credibility during difficult times.9. Public RelationsPublic relations is the strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics. It often involves managing public opinion and shaping the image and reputation of an organization.10. Media BiasMedia bias refers to the perception or reality of journalists and news outlets presenting news in a way thatis partial or prejudiced. Media bias can influence public opinion by shaping the information that is presented to the public.舆情是指在特定问题或话题上，由普通民众持有的态度、信念和情绪的集体表达。

public opinion,political communication and the internet

外文出处：Savigny H. Public opinion, political communication and the internet[J]. Politics, 2002, 22(1): 1-8.公共舆论，政治沟通与网络Heather Savigny引言在当代社会，大众传媒通常能够介导公共舆论，其中包含了在哈贝马斯所指出的“公共领域”。

现如今这一领域的一大特点是由政治家和媒体之间利益竞争所产生的市场和民主原则的冲突。

信息的演绎因为冲突中的争辩变得扭曲。

“公共”的观点的提出不再经过深思熟虑，而是在沟通系统环境下，与那些寻求保留控制信息传播的政治行动者产生的冲突中所构建而成的。

不断膨胀的互联网作为一个新的交流渠道，对传统媒体的首要位置和政党对公共舆论创造者的身份提出了潜在挑战。

公共舆论对政治行动者保持其合法性和政治权威性是至关重要的。

在当代自由民主社会中，公众舆论通常为大众传播媒所介导，无论是通过民意调查的方式，或是更多的在于对舆论产生的反思。

于尔根•哈贝马斯提供了一个框架，并通过其分析了媒体和公众舆论形成二者的关系。

哈贝马斯关于公共领域中的公共舆论概念的典范是以理性批判、无偏激争论和普遍确定为前提的。

当代大众传媒包括公共领域，但这一领域的特点是市场和民主原则间存在的冲突，即媒体焦点曲解成追求关注的获得而不是提供信息。

“公共”不再通过思考得出结论，而是通过通讯系统在与那些寻求保留控制信息传播的政治角色发生的冲突中构建而成。

然而设定组成公共舆论的争论的环境与背景因素通常都在政党的职责范围，在当代政治中，不考虑政治性策略在媒介下的表现与作用，几乎很少有行动者会去追求它们。

技术进步对政治活动的性质和政治消息本身有一定影响。

每一次通信技术的发展都会引起在对公众舆论的冲击和影响方面的担忧。

互联网是一个工具，并且很大程度上脱离了传统的精英控制。

这一媒介为个人参与和应对现存辩论论坛的挑战提供了良好的机遇。

网络舆论英语作文

网络舆论英语作文In the era of the Internet, public opinion is shaped and expressed in ways that were unimaginable just a few decades ago. The digital age has ushered in a new landscape where anyone with an internet connection can voice their opinions and engage in discussions on a global scale. This essay will explore the impact of online public opinion on society, culture, and politics.The Power of Social MediaSocial media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become the primary channels through which people share their thoughts and opinions. They have democratized the dissemination of information, allowing individuals to bypass traditional media gatekeepers and communicate directly with the public. This has led to a more diverse range of voices being heard, but it has also raised concerns about the spread of misinformation and the potential for online echo chambers.Influence on Public PolicyOnline public opinion can have a significant impact on public policy. Politicians and policymakers are increasingly aware of the power of social media and the internet in shaping public sentiment. Campaigns and initiatives are oftentailored to resonate with online audiences, and policy decisions can be influenced by trending topics and viraldiscussions.The Role of AnonymityThe anonymity provided by the internet allows individuals to express opinions that they might not feel comfortable sharing in person. While this can lead to a more open dialogue, it also opens the door to cyberbullying and hate speech. The balance between free speech and the need to maintain a respectful online environment is a complex issue that continues to be debated.The Challenge of Fact-CheckingWith the rapid spread of information online, fact-checking has become a critical component of responsible internet use. The ease with which false information can be shared and accepted as truth poses a significant challenge to the integrity of online discourse. Efforts to combat this include the rise of fact-checking websites and initiatives by social media platforms to flag and remove misleading content.The Future of Online Public OpinionAs technology continues to evolve, so too will the ways in which online public opinion is formed and expressed. The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning may offer new tools for analyzing and understanding public sentiment. However, it also raises questions about the potential for manipulation and the ethical implications of using such technologies.In conclusion, the internet has fundamentally changed the way public opinion is formed and communicated. While it offers many benefits, such as increased access to information and a platform for diverse voices, it also presents challenges that society must navigate carefully. The future of online public opinion will likely be shaped by ongoing discussions about the role of technology in society, the ethics of information dissemination, and the balance between freedom of expression and the need for a respectful online community.。

opinion的用法总结

opinion的用法总结opinion有意见，主张,评价,鉴定，判定的意思。

那你们想知道opinion的用法吗?今天给大家带来了opinion的用法,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。

opinion的意思n. 意见，主张,评价,鉴定，判定opinion用法opinion可以用作名词opinion的基本意思是“意见,看法,主张”,可指个人的判断,也可指权威性的评论,往往含有“起初的,不十分肯定的”意味,多与介词of, on 或about连用,既可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词。

opinion作“舆论”解时,是不可数名词。

opinion与good, high, bad, low等词连用时表示“评价”。

opinion用作名词的用法例句I cant agree with your opinion in this respect.在这方面,我不赞同你的意见。

No matter what you say, I shall stick to my opinion.不管你说什么,我都坚持我的主张。

Id like to have your opinion on the 1995 World Expo.我想听听您对1995年世界博览会的看法。

opinion词组| 习惯用语public opinion 民意;公众舆论in my opinion adv. 依我看来，在我看来opinion about 有关…的意见opinion poll 民意测验;选举投票personal opinion 个人见解，个人意见in the opinion of 据……的见解public opinion poll 民意测验in ones opinion 根据某人的看法;在……看来expert opinion 专家意见;内行意见second opinion 其他人的意见;补充性的意见a matter of opinion 看法不同的问题legal opinion 法律意见书;合法认定advisory opinion 顾问意见，咨询意见opinion survey 意见调查opinion leader 意见领袖;舆论领袖considered opinion 信念;考虑后的意见opinion英语例句库1.Public opinion polarised into completely opposite opinions on the issue of mercy killing.公众舆论在安乐死这一问题上分化成了完全不同的对立观点。

向公众征询意见英语作文

向公众征询意见英语作文Title: Seeking Public Opinion。

In the modern world, the power of public opinion is undeniable. It shapes policies, drives societal changes,and influences decision-making processes. As such, seeking public opinion on various matters has become a common practice for individuals, organizations, and governments alike. This essay explores the importance of soliciting public opinion and discusses effective strategies for doing so.Firstly, public opinion serves as a barometer ofsocietal needs and preferences. By engaging with the public, individuals and entities can gain valuable insights into what matters most to people, their concerns, and their aspirations. This information is crucial for makinginformed decisions that resonate with the broader community. Whether it's crafting public policies, launching new products, or organizing events, incorporating publicopinion ensures relevance and inclusivity.Furthermore, involving the public fosters transparency and accountability. When decisions are made in isolation, there is a risk of alienating stakeholders and breeding mistrust. However, by actively seeking input from the public, decision-makers demonstrate a commitment to openness and responsiveness. This not only enhances the legitimacy of the decision-making process but also encourages greater civic participation and engagement.Nowadays, there are various platforms and methods available for soliciting public opinion. Social media platforms, online surveys, town hall meetings, and public forums are just a few examples. Each method has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of approach depends on factors such as the target audience, the nature of the issue, and the desired level of engagement.Social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram offer a convenient and accessible way to reach a large audience quickly. These platforms allow for real-timeinteraction, enabling individuals and organizations to gather feedback, address concerns, and spark discussions. However, it's essential to recognize that social media may not always represent a diverse cross-section of the population, and opinions expressed online may not be fully reflective of broader sentiments.Online surveys are another popular tool for collecting public opinion. With the proliferation of survey platforms and software, creating and distributing surveys has never been easier. Surveys allow for structured feedback collection and can be tailored to specific demographics or topics of interest. Additionally, they provide quantitative data that can be analyzed and interpreted systematically. However, survey fatigue and low response rates can be significant challenges, requiring careful design and promotion strategies to overcome.Town hall meetings and public forums offer a more traditional but effective way of engaging with the public. These events provide an opportunity for face-to-face interaction, allowing participants to express their viewsdirectly to decision-makers and engage in constructive dialogue. Town hall meetings, in particular, have a long history of democratic participation, dating back to ancient Greece. However, organizing and managing these events can be resource-intensive, and ensuring diverse representation remains a challenge.In conclusion, soliciting public opinion is essential for informed decision-making, transparency, and accountability. By actively engaging with the public through various platforms and methods, individuals, organizations, and governments can harness the collective wisdom and insights of the community. While challenges such as representativeness and response rates exist, thebenefits of incorporating public opinion far outweigh the costs. As we navigate an increasingly complex and interconnected world, the voices of the public must be heard and heeded.。

舆论环境的英语作文

舆论环境的英语作文Title: The Influence of Public Opinion Environment。

Public opinion environment plays a crucial role in shaping societies, influencing policies, and driving change. It encompasses a wide range of factors, including media coverage, social media trends, cultural norms, andpolitical discourse. In this essay, we will delve into the significance of the public opinion environment and its implications on various aspects of society.Firstly, let's examine the impact of media on public opinion. Media outlets, whether traditional or digital,have a profound influence on shaping public perceptions and attitudes. The way issues are framed, the tone of coverage, and the selection of stories all contribute to shaping the public opinion environment. For example, sensationalized news coverage can lead to fear and anxiety among the public, while balanced and informative reporting can fosterinformed decision-making.Social media platforms have emerged as powerful tools for shaping public opinion in recent years. With billions of users worldwide, platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have the ability to amplify messages and mobilize communities. Hashtags, viral videos, and trending topics often dominate online discussions and influence public discourse. However, the spread of misinformation and echo chambers on social media can also distort public perceptions and deepen societal divisions.Cultural norms and values also play a significant role in shaping the public opinion environment. Societies with a strong emphasis on individualism may prioritize personal freedoms and autonomy, while collectivist cultures may prioritize community harmony and social cohesion. These cultural differences influence public attitudes towards issues such as government intervention, social welfare, and human rights.Political discourse is another key component of the public opinion environment. Political leaders, parties, andinterest groups often seek to shape public opinion through speeches, campaigns, and policy initiatives. The framing of issues, the use of rhetoric, and the portrayal of opponents all contribute to shaping public perceptions of political issues and actors.The public opinion environment can have profound implications for various aspects of society, including governance, policymaking, and social movements. In democratic societies, elected officials often rely onpublic opinion to gauge the popularity of policies and make decisions that reflect the will of the people. However, the influence of special interests, lobbying, and propaganda can sometimes distort public opinion and undermine democratic processes.Moreover, the public opinion environment can impact social movements and advocacy efforts. Successful movements often rely on public support to mobilize resources, garner media attention, and pressure policymakers for change. For example, the civil rights movement in the United States gained momentum through grassroots organizing, mediacoverage, and public demonstrations, ultimately leading to landmark legislation.In conclusion, the public opinion environment encompasses a wide range of factors that shape societal attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. From media coverage and social media trends to cultural norms and political discourse, these factors interact to influence public opinion on various issues. Understanding the dynamics ofthe public opinion environment is crucial for policymakers, activists, and citizens alike in navigating complex social and political landscapes. By critically engaging with media, challenging cultural norms, and promoting inclusive dialogue, we can strive to create a more informed, equitable, and resilient public opinion environment.。

网络舆论英文作文

网络舆论英文作文Internet public opinion is a complex and ever-changing phenomenon that has a significant impact on society. It is a reflection of people's attitudes, beliefs, and values, and it can shape public policy, influence public opinion, and even affect people's lives. In this essay, I will discuss some of the key aspects of internet public opinion and its impact on society.Firstly, internet public opinion is characterized byits speed and immediacy. With the rise of social media and other online platforms, people can express their opinions and share information instantaneously. This can lead to the rapid spread of rumors, misinformation, and even fake news. It can also create a sense of urgency and pressure to respond quickly, which can lead to knee-jerk reactions and hasty decisions.Secondly, internet public opinion is often driven by emotion rather than reason. People tend to reactemotionally to news and events, and this can lead to the spread of sensationalized or exaggerated stories. It can also create a polarizing effect, where people become entrenched in their beliefs and are unwilling to listen to opposing viewpoints. This can lead to a breakdown in civil discourse and a lack of constructive dialogue.Thirdly, internet public opinion can be influenced by various actors, including governments, corporations, and interest groups. These actors can use social media and other online platforms to shape public opinion and advance their agendas. They can also use bots and other automated tools to amplify their messages and drown out opposing viewpoints. This can create a distorted view of public opinion and undermine the democratic process.Finally, internet public opinion can have a significant impact on society. It can shape public policy and influence political decisions. It can also affect the reputation and credibility of individuals and organizations. In extreme cases, it can lead to harassment, bullying, and even violence. Therefore, it is important to be aware of thepower and potential consequences of internet public opinion and to approach it with caution and critical thinking.In conclusion, internet public opinion is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that has both positive and negative aspects. It can provide a platform for diverse voices and promote social change, but it can also spread misinformation, polarize public discourse, and undermine democracy. Therefore, it is important to approach internet public opinion with critical thinking, civility, and respect for diverse viewpoints.。

舆情信息工作英语

舆情信息工作英语Public opinion information work is an important aspect of modern communication and public relations. It involves the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information related to public sentiment, attitudes, and perceptions. This information is crucial for organizations, governments, and individuals to understand how they are perceived by the public and to make informed decisions about their communication and messaging strategies.One of the key aspects of public opinion information work is the collection of data from various sources, including social media, news outlets, and public surveys. This data is then analyzed to identify trends, patterns, and public sentiment on specific issues or topics. This information is invaluable for organizations and governments to understand the public's concerns, interests, and preferences, and to tailor their communication strategies accordingly.In addition to data collection and analysis, public opinion information work also involves the dissemination of information to the public. This can take the form of press releases, social media posts, public statements, and other communication channels. The goal is to provide the public with accurate and timely information that reflects their concerns and interests, and to engage in meaningful dialogue with them.Furthermore, public opinion information work plays a crucial role in crisis communication and issues management. In times of crisis or controversy, organizations and governments rely on public opinion information to understand how the public is reacting to the situation and to craft effective communication strategies to address concerns and mitigate damage to their reputation.Moreover, public opinion information work is also important for shaping public policy and decision-making. By understanding public sentiment and attitudes, policymakers can make informed decisions that are in line with thepublic's interests and preferences. This can help buildtrust and credibility with the public and foster a more transparent and responsive government.In conclusion, public opinion information work is a vital aspect of modern communication and public relations. It involves the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information related to public sentiment, attitudes, and perceptions. This information is crucial for organizations, governments, and individuals to understand how they are perceived by the public and to make informed decisions about their communication and messaging strategies. It also plays a crucial role in crisis communication, issues management, and shaping public policy and decision-making. Overall, public opinion information work is essential for fostering meaningful dialogue and engagement with the public and for building trust and credibility with stakeholders.。

舆论这个概念在新闻理论中出现的频率也较高

第十讲舆论学舆论这个概念在新闻理论中出现的频率也较高，经常被等同于传媒，其实它们之间的差别比新闻与宣传的差别还要大些。

本讲重点谈谈舆论这种意见形态。

一、舆论概念的历史和定义在现代西方国家的“舆论”（public opinion）一词，直到18世纪才作为一个词组出现。

这个概念一开始出现，就包含与现实的权力对应的理念，因为现实是君主当政，舆论概念的使用，作为君主当政的对应词，带有“人民主权”的时代背景意味。

当时的学者，把舆论视为“人民主权”的表现形式。

也就是说，舆论这个概念一出现，就带有进步的社会政治意义。

与propaganda翻译成中文找到了对应的“宣传”这个词一样，public opinion 翻译成中文，也要找一个对应的词，于是就找到了“舆论”这个词。

英国17世纪的哲学家洛克，曾提出“舆论法则”，与“神法”、“民法”相提并论。

他提出，“人们判断行为的邪正时所常依据的那些法律，可以分为三种：一为神法（divine law）、二为民法（civil law）、三为舆论法（the law of opinion or reputation）。

”（《人类理解论》（上）第329页，商务印书馆中文版）在这里，中文的“舆论”翻译，其实原文只有opinion，没有定语public这个很关键的词。

但是洛克的论述中，已经显现出把舆论视为一种人民主权表现的思想。

最早直接提出“舆论”一词的是法国18世纪的启蒙学者卢梭（J．Rousseau），1762年他在《社会契约论》中首次将“公众”与“意见”组成一个概念，即“舆论”（法文Opinino Publique）。

卢梭把“舆论”这个概念分成了两部分，一部分叫“公意”（volonté générale，英文general will），一部分叫“众意”（英文will of all）。

这种划分使得卢梭在理论上出现了一种无法克服的矛盾。

他认为，“众意”是指原始的舆论——所有人的议论，“众意”中有多数的意见和少数的意见，他从中抽出了多数人赞同的意见，把它叫作“公意”。

Public Opinion_ Political__ Communication and the Internet

POLITICS: 2002 VOL 22(1), 1–8 Public Opinion, PoliticalCommunication and the InternetHeather Savigny1University of BirminghamIn contemporary society public opinion is generally mediated by the mass media, which has come to encompass the Habermasian ‘public sphere’. This arena is now characterised by the conﬂict between market and democratic principles, by competing interests of politicians and the media. The presentation of information for debate becomes distorted. The opinion of the ‘public’ is no longer created through deliberation, but is constructed through systems of communication, in conﬂict with political actors, who seek to retain control of the dissemination of information. The expansion of the internet as a new method of communication provides a potential challenge to the primacy of the traditional media and political parties as formers of public opinion. IntroductionPublic opinion is crucial for political actors to maintain their legitimacy and political authority. In contemporary modern liberal democratic society public opinion is generally mediated by the mass media, either through the presentation of opinion polls, or more generally in the reﬂection and/or creation of public opinion. Jürgen Habermas provides a framework through which to analyse the relationship between the media and public opinion formation. The ideals of Habermas’s notion of public opinion in the public sphere are premised on the assumption of rational-critical undistorted debate and universal access. Contemporary mass media encompass the public sphere, but this arena is characterised by the conﬂict between market and democratic principles, where media presentation of issues are distorted to gain atten-tion, rather than to provide information. The ‘public’ is no longer created through deliberation, but is constructed through systems of communication, in conﬂict with political actors, who seek to retain control of the dissemination of information. Whereas setting the context and parameters of the debate structuring public opinion was traditionally within the remit of political parties, in contemporary poli-tics political strategies are rarely pursued by actors without consideration of their presentation and effect through the media. Technological advances have impacted upon the nature of political activity and the political message itself (Blumler and McQuail, 1968; Mancini and Swanson, 1996, pp. 4–6). Each technological com-munication development has raised concerns in respect of its impact and inﬂuence on public opinion. The internet is an instrument, as yet, largely outside of tradi-tional elite control. This medium offers greater opportunities for individuals to participate and embodies a challenge to the existing forums of debate. This article, through a Habermasian framework, raises normative theoretical questions in respect of the role of the internet in political communication and the construction, reconstruction and expression of public opinion. Does the internet represent an © Political Studies Association, 2002.Published by Blackwell Publishers, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA2HEATHER SAVIGNY opportunity for democracy to be reinvigorated and for participation to become more meaningful? Or is this new medium something to be harnessed by traditional and new elites, and used in their own interests and in those of the status quo?Public opinionLegitimate government in modern liberal democratic states ideally represents, reﬂects and responds to public opinion. However, there is considerable debate as to what constitutes public opinion. The term tends to be used in the broader sense as a representation of public consciousness or will, anything acted upon or ex-pressed in public. Micro-level psychological perspectives offer procedural accounts of individual opinion formation (Festinger, 1957, p. 3), whilst macrolevel approaches offer an holistic analysis (Lippman, 1954 [1922], p. 11; Noelle-Neuman, 1984, p. 6), and attempts are made to quantify opinion through the usage of polls (see, for example, Moon, 1999, pp. 2–4). A normative perspective of public-opinion formation is provided by Habermas. He argues that the ‘public sphere’ is the site where public opinion is formed and expressed. The ‘public sphere’ is the point at which state and civil society interact. Individuals come together to reﬂect critically, through reasoned debate, in public, on themselves and the practices of the state (Habermas, 1996 [1962], p. 24). Through deliberation and justiﬁcation, the norms and values that underpin the governance of society emerge. These are then considered valid if they gain the consent of others within the community, promoting consensus and cohesion, rather than fragmentation.This rational deliberation was characterised by freedom of speech, universal access and inclusiveness, and was neither state nor market controlled. Habermas charts the transformation of this site of rational-critical debate, demonstrating how the political task of the public sphere became the regulation of civil society (Habermas, 1996 [1962], p. 52). As the mass media have come to encompass this ‘public sphere’ (ibid., p. 188), implications for the formation of public opinion arise. Whilst increased accessibility to the media and market conditions were assumed to prevent state and institutional domination of the public sphere, the media and the state have become intertwined. Contemporary media have to balance the demands of the market with the democratic requirements of modern states. These tensions between the attempts to shape public opinion by the state and its institutions, and the media, whose democratic functions conﬂict with the drive for proﬁt, charac-terise the public sphere in contemporary liberal democratic states. The pressures of market forces and political actors have resulted in media who not only construct but are the debate, rather than informers of it.Political communicationPolitical communication (as with all other forms of communication) involves both verbal and non-verbal means of signiﬁcation. Robert Denton and Gary Woodward (1990, p. 11) characterise political communication in terms of the intentions of its senders to inﬂuence the political environment, which Brian McNair deﬁnes as pur-poseful communication about politics(1999, p. 3). By deﬁnition, public opinion implies communication. In an era of extended franchise and participation, mass methods© Political Studies Association, 2002.PUBLIC OPINION, POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND THE INTER NET3 of communication are necessary to inform the public and to relay opinion to elites. In 1922, Walter Lippman noted that public opinion was manufactured, and could be shaped and manipulated by those who had an interest in so doing. In con-temporary society it is the media that largely determine what constitutes public opinion, providing much of the information through which knowledge of public issues and political actors is gained. It is through the media that public debate is organised, contemporary elections are conducted and political (and social) reality may be constructed. Normatively, the media should facilitate citizenship through free and accurate information, enabling citizens to enjoy their democratic rights with sufﬁcient information to engage in debate over political choices. Yet the public is not in control of what is presented, and are usually only able to react or respond to media content (Negrine, 1989, p. 11). What and how the media communicate can be crucial in the electorate’s information and subsequent understanding and interpretation of public life, events and issues (see Lasswell, 1948; McQuail, 1987, p. 7). Whilst media scholars debate the effect of the media upon their audience (Klapper, 1960, p. 15; McCombs and Shaw, 1972; Dahlgren, 1992, p. 201), elites have recognised the signiﬁcance of the media and may seek to ‘frame’ issues, to develop the context of media presentation and stories leading to the coverage of certain issues at the expense of others (Entman, 1993, p. 293). As the traditional media are primarily driven by the desire to attract an audience, the news and political communication agenda becomes determined by the media’s expectations of what their audiences want or need. If public opinion is to be rational and dis-cursive and conform to the Habermasian ideal, the way in which people become informed and the quality of that information is critical. Whilst the press are or-ganisationally and institutionally outside of the remit of the state, market demands dictate that they still confront pressures that may limit their freedom. The develop-ment of television has been accompanied by state control; moreover, the nature of this medium arguably discourages debate, interaction and dissent. Passivity is encouraged through the authoritative presentation of information. Models of mass communication increasingly suggest that the media now function to display and gain attention, rather than to express, persuade or inform (McQuail, 1987, p. 310). As the signiﬁcance of television in political activity, opinion formation and expres-sion has increased, a ‘mediatised’ public has become an audience (consumers) rather than participants (Franklin, 1994, pp. 9–12). This becomes far removed from the Habermasian ideal of the public sphere. The duality of the tension between media desire for audience and proﬁt, and the desire of political actors to manipu-late the message, introduces a considerable distortion to the provision of rational-critical debate.Political parties and the mediaPublic opinion is crucial for political elites to mobilise support, not only at election times but also in the wider context of sustaining political authority and legitimacy. Parties depend upon the smooth functioning of the communication process to communicate with those who will vote for them and legitimise them. One of the systemic roles ascribed to political parties is the communicative function: providing a channel of communication between the rulers and the ruled. The growth of the mass media as agents of communication has become, for most citi-© Political Studies Association, 2002.4HEATHER SAVIGNY zens, the primary source of political information. Media-effects literature analyses the impact of the medium upon the message disseminated (for example, Klapper, 1960; McCombs and Shaw, 1972). Political actors have realised the signiﬁcance of this and seek themselves to shape the information provided for the citizen. The extension of the franchise and the availability of wider channels of communica-tion have culminated in a heavily ‘mediatised’ political environment, where, for many, politics (especially election campaigns) is what the media cover; what is represented on screen is the campaign agenda (K avanagh, 1995, pp. 177–197). Particularly at election time, politicians are more likely to view television as a method of persuading the voters of the validity of their point of view (Blumler and Gurevitch, 1981, pp. 489–491), rather than as a means of information for public debate. One of the main methods used by parties, to attempt to control the message disseminated to the public, has become the spin-doctor. Acknowledging the sig-niﬁcance of effective management of media and communication, the New Labour government has appointed an unprecedented number of advisors to assist in com-munications (Franklin, 1998, p. 835). Spin-doctors have become able to feed the media not only the event, but also the interpretation of that event. In recognising the signiﬁcance of the visual element of communication, parties may seek to con-struct ‘media events’, gaining free publicity outside of the editorial control of the medium that carries the visual. Further, the usage of ‘soundbites’ to encapsulate a policy or issue and designed to catch headlines has been a method used by parties to attract media attention, and, as Dennis Kavanagh argues, ‘has certainly led to a demise of oratory and the elaboration of political arguments or discussion of com-plex problems’ (Kavanagh, 1995, p. 246). The nature of political journalism has also changed, with media coverage increasingly becoming commentary and analy-sis, rather than impartial presentation of the facts (McNair, 1999, pp. 136–138). Alastair Campbell, one of New Labour’s most prominent spin-doctors, argues it is the media who are the real spin-doctors, blurring news with commentary; he argues his job is to put the message of the government across, and it is the media who are the barrier to this (Campbell, 2000).There are inherent tensions between democratic ideals and market principles. These tensions are reﬂected in the objectives of political parties and the media, and, therefore, the battle for control of the message has several implications for the citizenry, the public sphere and public-opinion formation. If citizens are to give their consent to be governed, as required in democratic theory, then they must be clear about the nature of what is being decided. Normatively, the media are not puppets of politicians, nor just presenters of policy. Yet they may be active in setting the main aspects of policy, as the desire for an audience means it is they who must sell it. If interests are distorting the foundations upon which public opinion is formed, this implies a challenge to the legitimacy of the system and those actors within the system, as rational-critical debate is reduced to soundbites and visual narratives. Public opinion, therefore, no longer correlates with the normative ex-pectations in Habermas’s public sphere. Parties have sought to dominate the infor-mation dissemination process, in attempts to shape public opinion, so that it may remain informed and favourably mobilisable, not only at election times but also in the broader context of system legitimacy and cohesion. Whilst tension exists between the motives of the media and politicians, between them they construct© Political Studies Association, 2002.PUBLIC OPINION, POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND THE INTER NET5 the narrative that structures public opinion. The role of the media as used by politi-cians has changed. No longer do the media provide and present information for debate; rather, they are used to mobilise support and persuade, to gain attention, rather than to provide information.The internetAs yet largely outside of state, government and political party control, the internet offers the potential to revolutionise political communication and the nature of public opinion expression and formation. Both the medium and the message are free from the distortions that characterise the traditional channels of political com-munication. In Habermasian terms, the internet is a site where debate is uncoerced; freedom of speech prevails and is not distorted by interests. Information may be freely disseminated and received. Challenging the traditional media, ‘the new media decentralize the production of knowledge and democratize opinion formation through interactivity. Through such decentralization technologies check dominant authorities from managing the ﬂow of information’ (Wheeler, 1997, p. 222). This new medium shows signs of fulﬁlling the normative role as an impartial provider of information to the citizenry, upon which public opinion is formed. A pluralist approach highlights the beneﬁts of the internet, as a method of communication and as enhancing the democratic process. From this perspective, open and more accountable government can be achieved. Most British government initiatives are aimed at increasing access, by making the internet available in schools/colleges and therefore intensifying the popular nature of the medium (Graham, 1999, p. 87). Implicit in these proposals is a decentralisation of power, the provision of a greater number of points of access suggests an increase in opportunity for citizens to par-ticipate in the political process. As S. Coleman et al. argue, ‘the stronger and clearer the ﬂows of information between citizens and their representative arrangements, as well as between the legislative and the executive, the better it is for the health of liberal democracy’ (1999, p. 366). Optimists regard the internet not only as a method of communication, but as a means of revolutionising the democratic process, the interactive nature of the medium encouraging greater citizen par-ticipation in the expression of public opinion, the process of governance and decision-making. Arguably, the internet represents a countervailing power against the traditional media’s agenda-setting ability, and the attempts by the state, politi-cal parties and the traditional media to deﬁne and defend the status quo. Commu-nication via the internet can be top-down and bottom-up, horizontal and vertical;a dynamic interactive two-way process. It is a medium as yet unharnessed and undistorted by competing interest of the media and political parties, both of which are, as yet, unable to set the agenda or control the parameters of debate. From this perspective, the internet embodies the Habermasian ideals of freedom of speech and information as the foundation through which public opinion may be formed. However, this arena of free speech, which is characterised by an unrestricted ﬂow of information, does not necessarily equate with increased knowledge. Para-doxically, the nature of the medium itself, without the ‘ﬁltering’ of the traditional media, may undermine its utility as a source of information. Lack of editorial control of content, unlike with television and the press, may mean that rather © Political Studies Association, 2002.6HEATHER SAVIGNY than becoming authoritatively informed, public debate may be grounded in mis-information. Deliberation means testing opinion and ideas in public, through scrutiny, refutation and validation, yet this is contradicted as like seeks like. Exist-ing research suggests that the internet facilitates communication between those who would communicate anyway, neither broadening nor deepening the level of discussion. Wayne Rash argues that much political discussion is ‘ill-informed, ill-reasoned and ill-behaved’ (1997, p. 7). If argument is irrational and no con-sensus prevails this may beneﬁt elites who will be able to maintain the status quo, not needing to respond to or effect any changes. The websites of British political parties and government provide information and opportunities for feed-back, but only on certain issues. Political actors are still seeking to retain control of the parameters of debate, still seeking to structure the agenda. The New Labour government is yet fully to implement the Freedom of Information Act (which received Royal Assent on 30 November 2000), and thus still deﬁnes limits of infor-mation which cannot be penetrated by the internet.The traditional media and political parties seek to shape and structure reality so that the public may interpret it, premised on underlying norms and values. Rather than promoting consensus and the resolution of conﬂict in accordance with shared values, the internet provides a site where virtual individualism exists in primacy over the reality of geographic and political boundaries. It is through these virtual meeting places that opinion may be formed, and become collective without refer-ence to traditional actors, such as the media and political parties.ConclusionPublic opinion as normatively theorised is constructed in an arena of free speech, universal access, underpinned by shared norms and values. The traditional media have come to encompass the public sphere, assuming the role of intermediary between state and citizen, which was once a function of political parties. Signiﬁ-cantly, the medium of communication may impact considerably upon the message disseminated. Underpinned by democratic ideals of independence from the state and providing a means of holding elites accountable, the media also function to provide authoritative information, interpretation of events and to structure social and political reality. Political actors recognise the importance of this, and seek to harness the media in their own interests. Political parties have attempted to control the media and the parameters of debate, and the subsequent construction of public opinion. However, combined with the tension created through the different moti-vations of the media and political parties, the contemporary public sphere is char-acterised by the distortion of interests. The traditional media are able to obstruct as well as enable communication. The tension between the media objectives and those of political parties have distorted the debate and traditional methods of com-munication; whilst enabling the electorate/public to become informed and knowl-edgeable, this does not necessarily encourage participation.The role of public opinion in the political process is crucial. Top-down perspectives analysing its formation emphasise the role of political parties and the mass media© Political Studies Association, 2002.PUBLIC OPINION, POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND THE INTER NET7 in communicating with the masses. The internet challenges dominant views of media effects and its ability to set the agenda and frame the debate in tandem with political elites. It challenges, to some extent, the ability of political parties to control information dissemination, and becomes a channel through which opinion may be formed, debated and expressed without elite control. As potential for access increases, through technological developments such as access to the inter-net through mobile phones and television, and the boundaries of nation states are transcended and negated, it could be argued that the internet may represent a means of empowerment to individuals. Driven neither by the desire for proﬁt nor the pursuit of political goals, this medium offers the potential to reshape political and social reality.As a new tool of communication the internet offers a site where political parties may communicate directly with, and attempt to shape the opinion of, the elec-torate. As has been argued, however, increased participation does not necessarily equate with meaningful participation. Whilst information exists in this public space, this does not necessarily mean that individuals will come always together to use it; problems of collective action still exist. A greater opportunity exists for the process of democracy by direct means, yet Habermas’s ideals required univer-sal access. Citizen disenfranchisement may occur, as not all individuals have access to this method of communication. Moreover, the opportunity to hold elites accountable, to engage in prolonged rational and critical debate, paradoxically decreases. Quantity of information does not equate with quality.Authoritative information is still only accessible through traditional channels, such as government, party, state and traditional media websites. Thus, whilst the internet provides the illusion of a ‘public sphere’, arguably, at present, it is elites who remain the gatekeepers of the boundaries of public information and opinion formation. Note1I would like to thank Mick Temple, Dominic Wring and Jennifer Lees-Marshment, and the Politics department at Keele whose support and encouragement have been invaluable and without which this article would not have been possible.ReferencesBlumler, J. and M. Gurevitch (1981), ‘Politicians and the Press: An Essay in Role Relationships’ in D.D.Nimmo and K.R. Sanders (eds.), Handbook of Political Communication, Beverley Hills: Sage, pp. 467–496. Blumler, J. and D. McQuail (1968), Television in Politics: Its Uses and Inﬂuences, London: Faber and Faber. Campbell, A. (2000), Interviewed on News From Number Ten, BBC2, 15 July.Coleman, S., J.A. Taylor and W. Van de Donk (1999), ‘Parliament in the Age of the Internet’, Parlia-mentary Affairs52(3), pp. 365–370.Dahlgren, P. (1992), ‘What’s the Meaning of This? Viewers’ Plural Sense-making of TV News’ in P. Scannell, P. Schlesinger and C. Sparks (eds.), Culture and Power: A Media, Culture and Society Reader, London: Sage, pp. 201–217.Denton, R.E. and G.C. Woodward (1990), Political Communication in America, New York: Praeger. Entman, R. (1993), ‘Framing: Toward Clariﬁcation of a Fractured Paradigm’, Journal of Communication43.Festinger, L. (1957), A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson.© Political Studies Association, 2002.8HEATHER SAVIGNYFranklin, B. (1994), Packaging Politics, London: Edward Arnold.Franklin, B. (1998), ‘Tough on Soundbites, Tough on the Causes of Soundbites: New Labour and News Management’ in A. Dobson and J. Stanyer (eds.), PSA Conference Papers, Nottingham: PSA, pp. 823–836.Graham, G. (1999), The Internet: A Philosophical Inquiry, London: Routledge.Habermas, J. (1996 [1962] edn), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere an Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge: Polity.Kavanagh, D. (1995), Election Campaigning: The New Marketing of Politics, Oxford: Blackwell.Klapper, J. (1960), The Effects of Mass Communication, New York: Free Press.Lasswell, H. (1948), ‘The Structure and Function of Communication in Society’ in L. Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas, New York: Harper.Lippman, W. (1954 [1922]), Public Opinion, New York: Macmillan.Mancini, P. and D. Swanson (1996), ‘Introduction’ in D. Swanson and P. Mancini (eds.), Politics, Media and Modern Democracy, London: Praeger, pp. 1–28.McCombs, M.E. and D.L. Shaw (1972), ‘The Agenda-setting Function of the Press’, Public Opinion Quarterly 36, pp. 176–187.McNair, B. (1999), An Introduction to Political Communication(2nd edn), London: Routledge.McQuail, D. (1987), Mass Communication Theory, London: Sage.Moon, N. (1999), Opinion Polls History, Theory and Practice, Manchester: Manchester University Press. Negrine, R. (1989), Politics and the Mass Media in Britain, London: Routledge.Noelle-Neuman, E. (1984), The Spiral of Silence, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Rash, W (1997), Politics on the Net – Wiring the Political Process, New York: WH Freeman.Wheeler, M. (1997), Politics and the Mass Media, Oxford: Blackwell.© Political Studies Association, 2002.。

公众英语单词

公众英语单词
“公众”在英语中可以用"public"来表示，以下是一些相关的英语单词举例：
1. Public opinion（公众意见）：指社会大众的意见、看法或舆论。

2. Public place（公共场所）：指人们可以自由进入和活动的地方，如公园、图书馆、商场等。

3. Public service（公共服务）：政府或其他机构为公众提供的服务，如教育、医疗、交通等。

4. Public figure（公众人物）：受到公众关注的人物，如明星、政治家、运动员等。

5. Public interest（公共利益）：指涉及大多数人的利益或福利。

6. Public policy（公共政策）：政府制定的针对社会问题或目标的政策。

7. Public transportation（公共交通）：包括公交车、地铁、火车等供大众使用的交通方式。

8. Public health（公共卫生）：涉及整个社会人口健康的领域。

9. Public awareness（公众意识）：社会大众对某个问题或现象的认识和关注程度。

10. Public sector（公共部门）：指政府及其相关机构。

这些单词都与“公众”有关，可以在不同的语境中使用。

例如：“The government should listen to public opinion.”（政府应该听取公众意见。

）“We need to maintain public order in public places.”（我们需要在公共场所维持公共秩序。

）。

公众舆论读后感

公众舆论读后感英文回答：As I delved into the depths of "Public Opinion," I found myself immersed in a world of fascinating theories, empirical studies, and practical applications. The book's nuanced exploration of the complexities of public opinion provided me with invaluable insights into the ways in which it is formed, measured, and shaped.One of the key takeaways for me was the importance of understanding the multifaceted nature of public opinion. It is not a monolithic entity but rather a dynamic and ever-changing landscape influenced by a confluence of factors, from personal experiences and social networks to mass media and political discourse.The book emphasized the crucial role of public opinion in a democratic society. It is the lifeblood of responsive government, enabling citizens to voice their concerns,influence policy decisions, and hold their electedofficials accountable. However, the book also cautioned against the potential pitfalls of public opinion, such as the dangers of manipulation, polarization, and the tyranny of the majority.Throughout the book, the authors meticulously presented a wide range of methodologies for measuring public opinion, from traditional surveys and polls to more advanced techniques like online sampling and focus groups. They discussed the strengths and limitations of each method, helping me to appreciate the complexities of accurately gauging public sentiment.In addition to its theoretical underpinnings, "Public Opinion" provided practical guidance on how to effectively communicate with the public and shape public opinion. The authors emphasized the importance of clear and concise messaging, targeted communication strategies, and a deep understanding of the audience's needs and concerns.Overall, "Public Opinion" has been an invaluableresource for me, expanding my knowledge and understanding of this critical aspect of society. It has equipped me with the tools and insights necessary to navigate the complexities of public opinion and to make informed decisions about its role in democratic governance.中文回答：读完《公众舆论》一书，我深感受益匪浅。

舆论制裁英语作文

舆论制裁英语作文Title: The Power of Public Opinion: Leveraging Social Media for Accountability。

In today's interconnected world, public opinion holds unprecedented power. The rise of social media platforms has democratized information dissemination, allowingindividuals to express their opinions freely and influence others on a global scale. This phenomenon has given birth to the concept of "public opinion sanctions," where the collective voice of the people serves as a tool for holding individuals, organizations, and even governments accountable for their actions.One prominent example of public opinion sanctions in recent years is the #MeToo movement. Originating on social media platforms, #MeToo provided a platform for survivors of sexual harassment and assault to share their stories and hold perpetrators accountable. Through the sheer force of public outcry and solidarity, individuals who once seemeduntouchable faced consequences for their actions, ranging from legal repercussions to professional and social ostracism.Similarly, in the realm of international relations, public opinion sanctions have become a potent force for advocating human rights and condemning authoritarian regimes. For instance, the widespread dissemination of information and images documenting human rights abuses in Xinjiang, China, has led to global outrage and calls for accountability. Companies and governments have faced pressure from consumers and citizens to reevaluate their relationships with entities complicit in such abuses, showcasing the tangible impact of public opinion on diplomatic and economic decisions.Moreover, public opinion sanctions have transcended traditional boundaries to encompass issues such as environmental conservation and corporate responsibility. Social media campaigns targeting companies with unsustainable practices or unethical behavior have compelled them to reassess their policies and operations.The fear of reputational damage and loss of consumer trust has forced corporations to adopt more transparent and socially responsible practices, illustrating the influence wielded by public opinion in shaping corporate behavior.However, the effectiveness of public opinion sanctionsis not without its limitations. While social media provides a platform for voices to be heard, it also amplifies misinformation and sensationalism, leading to the spread of false narratives and the potential for unjustified backlash. Additionally, public opinion can be fickle, susceptible to manipulation by vested interests or driven by transient emotions rather than reasoned judgment.To maximize the positive impact of public opinion sanctions, it is essential to cultivate critical thinking and media literacy among the populace. By equipping individuals with the skills to discern fact from fictionand evaluate information critically, we can mitigate the risks of misinformation and ensure that public opinion is based on sound reasoning and evidence.Furthermore, governments and regulatory bodies play a crucial role in safeguarding the integrity of public discourse and holding bad actors accountable. Legislation and policies aimed at combating online harassment, disinformation, and algorithmic bias are essential for creating a conducive environment for constructive dialogue and informed decision-making.In conclusion, public opinion sanctions represent a potent force for accountability and social change in the digital age. By harnessing the collective power of individuals to advocate for justice, transparency, and ethical behavior, we can foster a more equitable and responsible society. However, achieving this vision requires a concerted effort to address the challenges posed by misinformation and ensure that public discourse remains grounded in truth and reason.。

试析公共关系的“4P”特征

试析公共关系的“4P”特征摘要:自公共关系诞生以来,对”公”这一核心概念的解读,一直是公共关系学研究的前提。

我国传播学者陈先红从四个不同的层面,将公共关系的”公”解释为公众性(Public )、公开性(Publicity)、公共性(Public opinion)和公益性(Public serve),并将之归纳为”公共关系的4P特征”。

笔者沿着这一思路,对公共关系的4P特征进行逐一解读,并指出,正确理解”4P”是公共关系学科良性发展的前提和关键。

关键词:公共关系核心概念4P特征一、由“P”到“4P”的演变一门学科理论的构建和发展,始终建立在对核心概念的理解和延伸的基础之上。

公共关系这门学科,自诞生以来,一直围绕着“公共”这一核心概念作文章。

“公共”来自于“公(Public)”这一拉丁词源,因此,又可以将“公”作为公共关系最核心的概念。

“公”是与“私”相对应的一个概念,“私”局限于个人(或团体)内部,表现为一种不对外公开的状态;而“公”则体现为跨越个人与个人之间,组织与组织之间的一种交流、互动和共享状态。

马克思在《费尔巴哈提纲》中指出,“人的本质不是单个人所固有的抽象物,在其现实性上,它是一切社会关系的总和。

”[1]因此,“公”是人类社会一切活动的第一主题。

公共关系作为一门新兴学科,在自身体系的构建过程中,由于对其核心概念的不同阐释,出现了形形色色的学派,大致有:1.管理说(公共关系是一种独特的管理职能,它主要是管理者掌握组织与公众之间的互动关系的一个工具);2.传播说(公共关系就是一个组织,为了达到与它的公众之间相互了解的确定目标,而有计划地采用一切向内和向外的传播沟通方式的总和);3.传播管理说(将管理说和传播说结合起来,强调公共关系是组织的一种特定的传播管理行为和职能);4.咨询说(侧重公共关系的决策和咨询功能);5.关系说(强调公共关系是一种公众性、社会性的关系或活动);6.协调说(认为公共关系主要是协调组织和公众之间的关系);7.形象说(强调公共关系的宗旨是为组织塑造良好的形象)[2]。

意见用英语怎么说

意见用英语怎么说意见的本意是人们对事物所产生的看法或想法。

意见是上级领导机关对下级机关部署工作，指导下级机关工作活动的原则、步骤和方法的一种文体。

意见的指导性很强，有时是针对当时带有普遍性的问题发布的，有时是针对局部性的问题而发布的，意见往往在特定的时间内发生效力。

那么你知道意见用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。

意见的英语说法1：opinion意见的英语说法2：suggestion意见的相关短语：意见领袖 Opinion leadership ; opinion leader意见箱 Complaint Box ; suggestion box意见反馈Feedback ; Give feedback ; Suggestions ; Leave Message发表意见Comments ; make their voices heard ; Giving opinions ; comment on意见不和 clashes of opinion ; not see eye to eye意见书 Submissions ; position paper公众意见 Public Opinion ; public sentiment ; popular opinion ; public opinions法律意见 legal advice ; Pragmatica sanctio ; obiter dictum ; Legal opinions审计意见 Audit opinion ;auditing opinions意见的英语例句：1. Stewart has developed a tendency to mix it verbally with the opposition.斯图尔特现在变得只要和别人意见不合，就准备大吵一架。

2. Listen to criticism but don't be crushed by it.听取批评意见，但不要被它击垮。

opinion 翻译

opinion 翻译Opinion翻译Opinion是英语单词，意为“意见”或者“看法”。

在日常生活中，我们经常需要表达自己的意见，无论是在与他人交往中，还是在各种报刊杂志以及社交媒体中。

因此，准确翻译opinion是非常重要的。

在英语中，opinion是一个非常常用的单词。

并且，由于其在不同场景、不同领域中的运用，也常常伴随着一些不同的含义。

例如，在新闻报道中，opinion通常涉及到某个政治人物或其他公众人物的态度或看法。

在商务或金融领域中，opinion更多的指的是专家或者专业机构的意见，比如公司的评级或者某家公司的业绩分析。

另外，Opinion也可以用来表示个人观点和感受，例如：My opinion is that the movie was terrible.（我的观点是这部电影很糟糕）。

因此，英语中关于opinion 的翻译也因人而异，需要根据不同的语境和对翻译的要求进行具体分析。

在英语中，opinion可以被翻译为“意见”、“看法”、“观点”、“评价”等等。

但是在具体的翻译场景下，我们需要更加准确地翻译以避免误解。

下面，我们将从不同领域的翻译入手，具体探讨Opinion的翻译。

新闻报道中的翻译在新闻报道中，opinion通常涉及到某个政治人物、其他公众人物或者某个事件的看法和态度。

在这种情况下，opinion的翻译可以使用“观点”、“立场”等词汇。

比如，某篇报道可能会这样写道：The President expressed his opinion on the matter at a press conference yesterday.（总统在昨天的新闻发布会上表示了他的观点）。

这个例子中，我们可以把opinion翻译成“观点”。

商务或金融领域中的翻译在商务或金融领域中，Opinion通常指由专家或者专业机构提出的评级或者分析。

这些评级或分析通常是对某家公司的经营情况、业绩表现等进行的评估。

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Relevant authority(相关部门) also involved in investigating（调查） the truth.
•Public opinion- the voice of the people
• a belief or sentiment（情绪、情感） shared by most people • It is for the community(社会群体) to have full say in what happens in government.
玛莎拉蒂、兰博基尼、爱马仕、豪宅……
The Influence of public opinions
Because of the and increasing doubt Society of China was unprecedented crisis
危机).
Guo Meimei incident online, The Red Cross plunged（陷入） into an of trust（史无前例的信任
（规范人们的道德行为。）
Summary
• Who Gain the Common Aspiration of the People, Who Can Rule the World.(得民心者得
天下)
• If you want to win the trust of the public, you should accept public audit(审查). Any statement will be pale and meaningless without convincing （有说服力的）audit findings.
The function of public opinion
• Public opinion reflects the hearts and minds of people.(公共舆论反应着民心。)
So it seems like more reasonable, convincing and influential.
微博：郭美美炫富与红十字会丑闻
Lately, China‘s Red Cross Society came under fire(遭受攻击) after a credibility scandal（信誉丑闻） erupted（爆发） on the Internet.
Netizens（网民） were infuriated （被激怒）when a 20-year-old woman named Guo Meimei, who claimed on Sina Weibo to be the general manager of a company called Red Cross Commerce（中国红十字会商业总经理）, boasted(夸耀) about her luxurious lifestyle.
•Thank you!
Public opule of law of today , direct and judicatory of the network public opinion are quietly carrying out positive interaction .
(所以公共舆论似乎更趋于合理，更有说服力和影响力)
• To supervise(监督) the behavior of public organization and public affairs.（监督公共事务和
公共组织行为。）
• To regulate moral behavior of the community
对我们今天的社会法治建设来说，网络舆论监督与司法正在悄然实现良性互动。
Internet provides a wider stage for the growth of public opinion and the voice of people. 互联网为公共舆论提供了广阔的舞台. e.g. Weibo，blog，bbs， etc.