深圳大学 计算机组织与体系结构答案 (白中英)
计算机组成与体系结构英文版课后练习题含答案
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Exercise 1.1
What are the three mn functions of a computer?
What is the purpose of the control unit?
Answer:The purpose of the control unit is to control the flow of data and instructions within the CPU.
Exercise 4.2
Chapter 5 - Memory Organization
Exercise 5.1
What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
Answer:RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that can be read from and written to. ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that can only be read.
What is the difference between a RISC and a CISC processor?
Answer:A RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processor has a simplified instruction set with fewer instructions that are executed more quickly. A CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) processor has a more complex instruction set with more instructions that can perform complex operations in a single instruction.
计算机组成原理附标准答案(白中英)
计算机组成原理附标准答案(白中英)计算机组成原理是计算机科学技术中非常重要的基础学科。
它研究的是计算机硬件系统的组成和工作原理。
在今天这个信息时代,计算机迅速发展,计算机的重要性日益凸显,同时,计算机的硬件技术也发生了翻天覆地的变化。
那么,计算机组成原理是如何实现这些技术变化的呢?本文将从计算机组成的角度阐述计算机变化的原因以及计算机组成原理的重要性,并附上标准答案。
一、计算机组成原理的重要性计算机组成原理是计算机科学和技术的基础,涉及计算机硬件系统的各个方面:从计算机系统的逻辑结构和体系结构、处理器的基本构成和工作原理、存储器和输入输出设备的组成和工作原理、计算机总线和总线结构的设计、计算机操作系统的设计、以及计算机网络系统的组成和工作原理等方面。
因此,计算机组成原理是计算机科学和技术研发的基础和核心。
只有深入理解计算机组成原理,才能够对计算机技术的发展和优化进行深入理解和研究。
计算机组成原理既是计算机硬件设计的基础,也是计算机软件设计的基础。
只有对计算机硬件系统的组成和工作原理有充分的理解,才能够针对特定的软件设计出高效的计算机体系结构;同时,由于计算机的硬件和软件是相互作用的,因此,在计算机系统的设计和开发中,计算机组成原理也需要与计算机操作系统、编译器等软件技术及应用相关领域进行紧密的结合和协同工作。
二、计算机变化的原因计算机的发展和变化是由三个主要因素驱动的:计算机技术的发展、计算机应用环境的变化以及计算机用户需求的变化。
1. 计算机技术的发展是驱动计算机变化的主要因素之一。
计算机硬件和软件技术的不断更新换代,使得计算机的性能、功能和效率都呈现出快速的增长。
从最初的大型机器、小型机器、到现在的个人电脑、手机、智能手表等,计算机的类型和形态都在不断地发生变化。
2. 计算机应用环境的变化是影响计算机变化的另一个重要因素。
随着计算机应用范围的不断扩大,计算机发展方向也在不断拓展。
例如,从最初的数据处理和科学计算,到现在的互联网、人工智能、机器学习、大数据分析等,计算机的应用领域已经广泛到各个方面。
白中英计算机组成原理课后习题答案
第一章1.模拟计算机的特点是数值由连续量来表示,运算过程也是连续的。
数字计算机的主要特点是按位运算,并且不连续地跳动计算。
模拟计算机用电压表示数据,采用电压组合和测量值的计算方式,盘上连线的控制方式,而数字计算机用数字0和1表示数据,采用数字计数的计算方式,程序控制的控制方式。
数字计算机与模拟计算机相比,精度高,数据存储量大,逻辑判断能力强。
2.数字计算机可分为专用计算机和通用计算机,是根据计算机的效率、速度、价格、运行的经济性和适应性来划分的。
3.科学计算、自动控制、测量和测试、信息处理、教育和卫生、家用电器、人工智能。
4.主要设计思想是:存储程序通用电子计算机方案,主要组成部分有:运算器、逻辑控制装置、存储器、输入和输出设备5.存储器所有存储单元的总数称为存储器的存储容量。
每个存储单元都有编号,称为单元地址。
如果某字代表要处理的数据,称为数据字。
如果某字为一条指令,称为指令字。
6.每一个基本操作称为一条指令,而解算某一问题的一串指令序列,称为程序。
7.取指周期中从内存读出的信息流是指令流,而在执行器周期中从内存读出的信息流是指令流。
8.半导体存储器称为内存,存储容量更大的磁盘存储器和光盘存储器称为外存,内存和外存共同用来保存二进制数据。
运算器和控制器合在一起称为中央处理器,简称CPU,它用来控制计算机及进行算术逻辑运算。
适配器是外围设备与主机联系的桥梁,它的作用相当于一个转换器,使主机和外围设备并行协调地工作。
9.计算机的系统软件包括系统程序和应用程序。
系统程序用来简化程序设计,简化使用方法,提高计算机的使用效率,发挥和扩大计算机的功能用用途;应用程序是用户利用计算机来解决某些问题而编制的程序。
10.在早期的计算机中,人们是直接用机器语言来编写程序的,这种程序称为手编程序或目的程序;后来,为了编写程序方便和提高使用效率,人们使用汇编语言来编写程序,称为汇编程序;为了进一步实现程序自动化和便于程序交流,使不熟悉具体计算机的人也能很方便地使用计算机,人们又创造了算法语言,用算法语言编写的程序称为源程序,源程序通过编译系统产生编译程序,也可通过解释系统进行解释执行;随着计算机技术的日益发展,人们又创造出操作系统;随着计算机在信息处理、情报检索及各种管理系统中应用的发展,要求大量处理某些数据,建立和检索大量的表格,于是产生了数据库管理系统。
计算机组织与结构复习题答案
read ---> Memory
t4: (MBR) -> IR
t3: Memory ---> MBR
(PC) +1 -> PC
t4: (MBR) -> PC
(Note: SP always points an empty location as top of stack.)
5’. CALL X;
Fetch cycle
t4: (MBR) -> IR
t4: (AX)+(MBR) ->AX
(PC) +1 -> PC 4. JZ NEXT1; —If (ZF)=0,then jump to (PC)+ NEXT1.
Fetch cycle
Execute cycle
t1: (PC) -> MAR
t1: if(ZF) =0
t2: (MAR) ---> Memory
t4: (MBR) -> PC
(PC) +1 -> PC
(SP) +1 -> SP
(Note: SP always points a full location as top of stack.)
7. STORE X; —Store the content of AC to location X .
(1)Show the mapping format; (2)Where is the cache is the data from memory location FDB9753 H ?(when read from memory) (3)Where is the memory is the data from cache set number 09D H and tag value 1357 H ?(when write to memory)
计算机体系结构习题答案
一、(5分)计算机系统设计中经常使用的4个定量原理是什么?请简要说明它们的含义。
答:(1)以经常性事件为重点。
在计算机系统的设计中,对经常发生的情况,赋予它优先的处理权和资源使用权,以得到更多的总体上的改进。
(2)Amdahl 定律。
加快某部件执行速度所获得的系统性能加速比,受限于该部件在系统中所占的重要性。
(3)CPU 性能公式。
执行一个程序所需的CPU 时间 = IC ×CPI ×T 。
(4)程序的局部性原理。
程序在执行时所访问地址的分布不是随机的,而是相对地簇聚。
二、(15分)假设某应用程序中有4类操作,通过改进各类操作的功能部件,可(2)各类操作单独改进后,程序获得的加速比分别是多少? (3)4类操作均改进后,整个程序的加速比是多少? 答:根据Amdahl 定律aff S n +-=)1(1,其中f 是可改进部分在总运行时间中所占比例,a 是可改进部分的加速比,可得4类操作均改进后,整个程序的加速比:11.77(1)n ii iS FF S =≈-+∑∑三、(5分)请简述指令之间数据冲突的类型。
答:指令之间的数据冲突有3种类型:真相关、反相关、输出相关。
真相关(数据依赖,有时候也称为数据相关):考虑两条指令i 和j ,i 在j 的前面,指令k 在指令i 和指令j 之间。
如果下述条件之一成立,则称指令j 与指令i 真相关:(1)指令j 使用指令i 产生的结果(写后读);(2)指令j 与指令k 真相关,而指令k 又与指令i 真相关。
(真相关的传递性) 反相关:考虑两条指令i 和j ,i 在j 的前面,如果指令j 所写的名与指令i 所读的寄存器名或存储地址相同,则称指令i 和j 发生了反相关。
(读后写)输出相关:考虑两条指令i 和j ,i 在j 的前面,如果指令j 和指令i 所写的寄存器名或存储地址相同,则称指令i 和j 发生了输出相关。
(写后写) 其中反相关和输出相关又合称名相关。
(完整版)计算机组织与体系结构答案中文版(第七版)
(完整版)计算机组织与体系结构答案中文版(第七版)计组课后习题答案UNIT 21,设A,B,C的内存地址分别是A[i],B[i],C[i],i从1到1000LOAD M (A[i])ADD M (B[i])STOR M(C[i])2, a LOAD M (2) 00000001|000000000010b 一次3,在IAS机上读取一个值的过程如下:IR中操作码→控制总线,存储器地址X→MAR,MAR中值→地址总线X中数据→数据总线,数总线地址→MBR写入一个值:IR中操作码→控制总线,存储器地址X→MAR,MAR值→地址总线MBR值→数据总线,数据总线值→X4,程序代码:LOAD M(0FA)ADD M(0FB)LOAD M(0FA)JUMP +M(08D,0:19)LOAD –M(0FA)ADD M(0FB)程序代码意图:首先装入0FA值,然后与0FB相加,再装入0FA 值,若AC中值非负,取0FA左指令再装入-(0FA)将0FB的值相加后装入AC中5,如图所示6,便于同时存取两个连续地址序号的存储单元,提高访问速度7,(1)存储器数据传输率快了32倍(2)数据通道最大数目增大了一倍(3)单通道最大数据传输速率提升了5倍。
各种技术的使用,提升了整机的性能。
8,回答正确,但是不适合用户理解。
MAC机的时钟速率是1.2ghz,P4为2.4ghz,而时钟速率在一定程度上反映了计算机的执行速度,所以P4的机器可能是目前最符合用户要求的机型。
9,在这种表示方法中,10个管表示了十个数字,而使用二进制可以表示错误!未找到引用源。
个数字10,(画图)略11,MIPS=错误!未找到引用源。
*错误!未找到引用源。
12,∵MIPS=错误!未找到引用源。
*错误!未找到引用源。
∴CPI(VAX)=5,CPI(IBM)=1.39IC≈错误!未找到引用源。
13,CPI=(1+2+2+2)/错误!未找到引用源。
=7*错误!未找到引用源。
《计算机组成与体系结构》白中英第三版课后答案
[x]补=0.11011 [y]补=1.00001
(0) 1 1 0 1 1 ×) (1) 0 0 0 0 1 ----------------------------------
(0) 1 1 0 1 1 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 (0) (1) (1) (0) (1) (1) ----------------------------------------(1) 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
(略)
13. "计算机应用"与"应用计算机"在概念上等价吗?用学科角度和计算机系统的层次结构来寿 命你的观点。
课后答案网
www.khd课后a答w案.网com
(略)
第二章运算方法和运算器 习题参考答案
1. 写出下列各数的原码、反码、补码、移码表示(用 8 位二进制数)。其中 MSB 是最高位(又 是符号位)LSB 是最低位。如果是小数,小数点在 MSB 之后;如果是整数,小数点在 LSB 之后。 (1) -35/64 (2) 23/128 (3) -127 (4) 用小数表示-1 (5) 用整数表示-1
2. 数字计算机如何分类?分类的依据是什么?
解:分类:
数字计算机分为专用计算机和通用计算机。通用计算机又分为巨型机、大型机、 中型机、小型机、微型机和单片机六类。
分类依据:专用和通用是根据计算机的效率、速度、价格、运行的经济性和适应性来划分的。 通用机的分类依据主要是体积、简易性、功率损耗、性能指标、数据存储容量、 指令系统规模和机器价格等因素。
[x]移=0.0111010
计算机组织与系统结构第八章习题答案
计算机组织与系统结构第⼋章习题答案1. 给出以下概念的解释说明。
总线(Bus)⽚内总线(Internal Bus)系统总线(System Bus)通信总线(Communication Bus)并⾏总线(Parallel Bus)串⾏总线(Serial Bus)底板总线(Backplane Bus)I/O总线(I/O Bus)处理器─存储器总线(Processor-memory Bus)处理器总线(Processor Bus)存储器总线(memory Bus)信号线复⽤(Signal Lines Multiplexing)最⼤数据传输率(Maximum Data Transfer Rate)总线传输周期(Bus Transmission Cycle)总线宽度(Bus Width)总线时钟频率(Bus Clock Frequency)总线带宽(Bus Bandwidth)总线事务(Bus Transaction)主设备(Master,Initiator )从设备(Slave,Target)突发传送(Burst Transmission)背对背(Back-to-Back)传送总线裁决(Bus Arbitration)总线控制器(Bus Arbiter)总线请求信号(Bus Request)总线允许信号(Bus Grant)集中裁决(Centralized Arbitration)分布裁决(Distributed Arbitration)同步总线(Synchronous Bus)异步总线(Asynchronous Bus)握⼿信号(Handshaking Signal)半同步总线(Semi-Synchronous Bus)分离事务协议(Split transaction protocol)ISA总线(Industrial Standard Architecture Bus)EISA总线(Extended Industrial Standard Architecture Bus)PCI总线(Peripheral Component Interconnect Bus)SCSI总线(Small Computer Standard Interface Bus)2. 简单回答下列问题。
白中英习题库解答
题库解答第一章习题1.比较数字计算机和模拟计算机的特点。
答:电子模拟计算机中,“模拟”就是相似的意思。
模拟计算机的特点由连续量表示,运算过程也是连续的。
数字计算机的主要特点是按位运算,并且不连续地跳动运算。
2.数字计算机如何分类分类的依据是什么答:数字计算机进一步又可分为专用计算机和通用计算机。
通用计算机又可分为巨型机、大型机、中型机、小型机、微型机、单片机。
3.数字计算机有哪些主要应用答:数字计算机的应用主要有科学计算、自动控制、测量和测试、信息处理(事务处理、管理应用)、教育和卫生、家用电气、人工智能。
4.冯.诺依曼计算机的主要设计思想是什么它包括哪些主要组成部分(答:将解题的程序(指令序列)存放在存储器中称为存储程序,而控制器依据存储的程序来控制全机协调地完成计算机任务叫做程序控制,存储程序并按地址顺序招待,这就是冯.诺依曼型计算机的设计思想,也是机器自动工作的关键。
其由运算器、存储器、输入设备或输出设备、控制器组成。
5.什么是存储容量什么是单元地址什么是数据字什么是指令字答:存储器所有存储单元的总数称为存储器的存储容量。
存储器是由许多存储单元组成的,每个存储单元都有编号,称为单元地址。
由于计算机使用的信息既有指令又有数据。
如果某字处理的数据,则称为数据字。
如果某字为一条指令,则可以称为指令字。
6.什么是指令什么是程序答:运算器完成加、减、乘、除四则运算及其他一些辅助操作。
每一个基本操作就叫做一条指令。
而解算某一问题的一串指令序列,叫做该问题的计算程序,简称程序。
7.指令和数据均存放在内存中,计算机如何区分它们是指令还是数据答:其可以如下区分,取指周期中从内存读出的信息流是指令流,它流向控制器。
而从执行周期中从内存中送入内存的信息流是数据流,它由内存流向运算器,或者由运算器流向内存。
8.什么是内存什么是外存什么是CPU什么是接口简述其功能。
答:计算机又称配备了存储容量更大的磁盘存储器称为外存。
计算机体系结构课后答案
第五章存储层次5.1名词解释1.存储层次——采用不同的技术实现的存储器,处在离CPU不同距离的层次上,目标是达到离CPU 最近的存储器的速度,最远的存储器的容量。
2.全相联映象——主存中的任一块可以被放置到Cache中任意一个地方。
3.直接映象——主存中的每一块只能被放置到Cache中唯一的一个地方。
4.组相联映象——主存中的每一块可以放置到Cache中唯一的一组中任何一个地方(Cache分成若干组,每组由若干块构成)。
5.替换算法——由于主存中的块比Cache中的块多,所以当要从主存中调一个块到Cache中时,会出现该块所映象到的一组(或一个)Cache块已全部被占用的情况。
这时,需要被迫腾出其中的某一块,以接纳新调入的块。
6.L RU——选择最近最少被访问的块作为被替换的块。
实际实现都是选择最久没有被访问的块作为被替换的块。
7.写直达法——在执行写操作时,不仅把信息写入Cache中相应的块,而且也写入下一级存储器中相应的块。
8.写回法——只把信息写入Cache中相应块,该块只有被替换时,才被写回主存。
9.按写分配法——写失效时,先把所写单元所在的块调入Cache,然后再进行写入。
10.不按写分配法——写失效时,直接写入下一级存储器中,而不把相应的块调入Cache。
11.写合并——在往缓冲器写入地址和数据时,如果缓冲器中存在被修改过的块,就检查其地址,看看本次写入数据的地址是否和缓冲器内某个有效块的地址匹配。
如果匹配,就将新数据与该块合并。
12.命中时间——访问Cache命中时所用的时间。
13.失效率——CPU访存时,在一级存储器中找不到所需信息的概率。
14.失效开销——CPU向二级存储器发出访问请求到把这个数据调入一级存储器所需的时间。
15.强制性失效——当第一次访问一个块时,该块不在Cache中,需要从下一级存储器中调入Cache,这就是强制性失效。
16.容量失效——如果程序在执行时,所需要的块不能全部调入Cache中,则当某些块被替换后又重新被访问,就会产生失效,这种失效就称作容量失效。
计算机组成原理第五版 白中英(详细)第3章习题参考答案
(1)若每个内存条为16M×64位,共需几个内存条?
(2)每个内存条内共有多少DRAM芯片?
(3)主存共需多少DRAM芯片? CPU如何选择各内存条?
解:
(1)共需 内存条
(1)数据寄存器多少位?
(2)地址寄存器多少位?
(3)共需多少个E2PROM芯片?
(4)画出此存储器组成框图。
解:(1)系统16位数据,所以数据寄存器16位
(2)系统地址128K=217,所以地址寄存器17位
(3)共需 ,分为4组,每组2片
(4)组成框图如下
7.某机器中,已知配有一个地址空间为0000H3FFFH的ROM区域。现在再用一个RAM芯片(8K×8)形成40K×l6位的RAM区域,起始地为6000H。假设RAM芯片有 和 信号控制端。CPU的地址总线为A15A0,数据总线为D15D0,控制信号为 (读/写), (访存),要求:
解:
(1)用16K×8位的DRAM芯片构成64K×32位存储器,需要用 个芯片,其中每4片为一组构成16K×32位——进行字长位数扩展(一组内的4个芯片只有数据信号线不互连——分别接D0D7、D8D15、D16D23和D24D31,其余同名引脚互连),需要低14位地址(A0A13)作为模块内各个芯片的内部单元地址——分成行、列地址两次由A0A6引脚输入;然后再由4组进行存储器容量扩展,用高两位地址A14、A15通过2:4译码器实现4组中选择一组。画出逻辑框图如下。
比较适合采用异步式刷新:
采用异步刷新方式,则两次刷新操作的最大时间间隔为 ,可取15.5s;对全部存储单元刷新一遍所需的实际刷新时间为:15.5s128=1.984ms;采用这种方式,每15.5s中有0.5s用于刷新,其余的时间用于访存(大部分时间中1s可以访问两次内存)。
深圳大学--集成电路设计与集成系统--计算机体系结构—简答题(1)
简答题(100题)1.简述CISC结构计算机的缺点。
答:●在CISC结构的指令系统中,各种指令的使用频率相差悬殊。
据统计,有20%的指令使用频率最大,占运行时间的80%。
也就是说,有80%的指令在20%的运行时间内才会用到。
●CISC结构指令系统的复杂性带来了计算机体系结构的复杂性,这不仅增加了研制时间和成本,而且还容易造成设计错误。
●CISC结构指令系统的复杂性给VLSI设计增加了很大负担,不利于单片集成。
●CISC结构的指令系统中,许多复杂指令需要很复杂的操作,因而运行速度慢。
●在CISC结构的指令系统中,由于各条指令的功能不均衡性,不利于采用先进的计算机体系结构技术(如流水技术)来提高系统的性能。
2.RISC结构计算机的设计原则。
答:A.选取使用频率最高的指令,并补充一些最有用的指令;B.每条指令的功能应尽可能简单,并在一个机器周期内完成;C.所有指令长度均相同;D.只有load和store操作指令才访问存储器,其它指令操作均在寄存器之间进行;E.以简单有效的方式支持高级语言。
3.影响现代微处理器主频提升的主要原因由哪些?答:线延迟、功耗。
4.指令集格式设计时,有哪三种设计方法?答:固定长度编码、可变长编和混合编码)三种设计方法。
5.简述存储程序计算机(冯·诺依曼结构)的特点。
答:(1)机器以运算器为中心。
(2)采用存储程序原理。
(3)存储器是按地址访问的、线性编址的空间。
(4)控制流由指令流产生。
(5)指令由操作码和地址码组成。
(6)数据以二进制编码表示,采用二进制运算。
6.在进行计算机系统设计时,一个设计者应该考虑哪些因素对设计的影响?答:在进行计算机系统设计时,设计者应该考虑到如下三个方面因素的影响:●技术的发展趋势;●计算机使用的发展趋势;●计算机价格的发展趋势。
7.简述程序翻译技术的特点。
答:翻译技术是先把N+1级程序全部变换成N级程序后,再去执行新产生的N级程序,在执行过程中N+1级程序不再被访问。
计算机组织与系统结构第六章习题答案
习题1.给出以下概念的解释说明。
指令周期(Instruction Cycle)机器周期(Machine Cycle)同步系统(Synchronous system)时序信号(Timing signal)控制单元(Control Unit, CU)执行部件(Execute Unit,EU)组合逻辑元件(Combinational logic element)或操作元件(Operate element)时序逻辑元件(Sequential logic circuit)或状态元件(State element)多路选择器(Multiplexor)扩展器(Extension unit)“零”扩展(0- extend)“符号”扩展(Sign extend)算术逻辑部件ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)加法器(Adder)CPU总线(CPU Bus)寄存器堆(Register file)定时方式(Clocking methodology)边沿触发(Edge-triggered)寄存器写信号(Register Write)指令存储器(Instruction Memory)数据存储器(Data Memory)程序计数器(Program Counter)指令寄存器(Instruction Register)指令译码器(Instruction Decoder)时钟周期(Clock Cycle)主频(CPU Clock Rate / Frequency 转移目标地址(Branch target address)控制信号(Control signal)微程序控制器(Microprogrammed control)硬布线控制器(Hardwared control)控制存储器(Control Storage,控存CS)微代码(Microcode)微指令(Microinstruction)微程序(Microprogram)固件(Firmware)中断过程(Interrupt Processing)异常(Exception)故障(fault)自陷(Trap) 终止(Abort)中断(Interrupt)中断服务程序(Interrupt Handler)中断允许位(Interrupt Enable Bit)关中断(Interrupt OFF)开中断(Interrupt ON)中断响应(Interrupt Response)向量中断(Vector Interrupt)中断向量(Interrupt vector)中断向量表(Interrupt vector table)向量地址(vector Address)中断类型号(Interrupt number)2. 简单回答下列问题。
计算机组成原理附标准答案白中英3篇
计算机组成原理附标准答案白中英第一篇:计算机组成原理概述计算机组成原理是计算机科学与技术领域中的一门基础课程,主要涉及计算机硬件系统的组成、功能及其相互关系。
它研究计算机系统是如何通过使用各种硬件和软件资源来执行指令,并最终完成各种任务的。
计算机组成原理的学习内容包括:计算机硬件系统组成与功能、数据的表示与存储、指令系统与指令执行、中央处理器(CPU)、存储器、输入输出(I/O)系统、系统总线、计算机系统性能指标等。
在计算机系统中,CPU是整个系统的“大脑”,它负责执行指令,控制计算机系统的运行和协调各个部件的工作。
存储器用于存储程序和数据,包括主存储器和辅助存储器两种。
I/O系统则用于计算机与外部设备的信息交互。
而系统总线则用于连接CPU、存储器和I/O系统等各个部件,是系统中起连接作用的硬件。
指令系统是计算机硬件系统的重要组成部分,它定义了计算机系统可以执行的指令,包括指令格式、寻址方式、操作码等。
指令执行则是指计算机根据指令系统中规定的指令进行计算和处理,从而完成用户所需的功能。
指令执行包括取指令、指令译码和指令执行三个步骤。
计算机系统性能指标包括:处理器时钟频率、指令执行时间、吞吐量、响应时间等。
处理器时钟频率是指处理器每秒钟发生的时钟脉冲数,通常以GHz为单位。
指令执行时间是指一条指令完成所需的时间,吞吐量是指单位时间内系统完成的任务数,响应时间是指系统对任务请求的响应时间。
总之,计算机组成原理是计算机科学与技术领域中的一门重要课程,掌握它可以帮助我们深入了解计算机硬件系统的组成与功能,更好地理解计算机系统的工作原理,从而进一步提高计算机系统设计与开发的水平。
第二篇:CPU与指令执行CPU是计算机系统中最重要的部件之一,它负责执行计算机系统中的指令。
CPU由控制器和运算器两部分组成。
控制器用于控制CPU的工作,它根据指令系统中的规定执行指令,包括取指令、指令译码、指令执行等几个步骤。
取指令是指控制器从指令存储器中读取指令,指令译码是指控制器将指令中的操作码、寻址方式等信息进行解析和分析,指令执行则是指控制器根据指令中的操作码及其操作数完成运算或处理。
计算机体系结构试题及答案(Computer architecture questions and answers)
计算机体系结构试题及答案(Computer architecture questions andanswers)Questions and answers of computer architecture1, benefiting from the development of high performance computer: (1) the development of circuit technology; (2) the development of computer architecture technology.2, structure: computer systems can be classified by function of language as a multilevel structure, each layer in different language features. Sixth: the application of virtual machine language - > fifth: high-level language virtual machine assembly language - > Fourth: - > Third: virtual machine operating system virtual machine - level second: machine language (traditional machine level) - > Level 1: micro machine level program.3, computer architecture: see computer programmer attribute, namely the general structure and functional properties.4, transparency: in computer technology, the things or properties already exists, the concept from a point of view and have called transparency.5, the proposed architecture Amdahl attribute refers to the computer machine language level programmers see.The essence of 3 6, a classic computer architecture concept is to determine the computer system hardware and software interface, which is the instruction set design, above theinterface by software function realization, interface by hardware and firmware functions to achieve.7, computer organization is the logic of the computer system; computer is a physical computer system to achieve.The difference and connection between the 8, computer architecture, computer organization, computer?Answer: a system structure can have a variety of components, a component can have a variety of physical implementation, including system structure research on organization and implementation.9, a series of machine: refers to a system of the same structure but with different organization and implementation of a series of different types of machines.10, software compatibility: the same software can be run without change on the machine system of the same structure, and the results they get the same, the only difference is the different running time.11, compatible machine: different manufacturers, has the same computer architectures.12, backward compatibility is the basic characteristics of software compatibility, is the fundamental characteristics of series machine.13, in the field of computer market can be divided into threemajor areas: servers, desktop systems, embedded computing.14, Moore: integrated circuit density approximately doubled every two years.Technology based analysis of 15 quantitative performance evaluation: (1) (a) response time: from the beginning to the end of the time between events; all the time spent on the computer to complete a task. (b): the complete flow in unit time and workload. (c) x, y assumed two computers; X faster than y means: for a given task, the response time of X is less than y. The performance of X is several times the Y refers to the response time of X / y = n response time, response time and performance is inversely proportional to.16, the probability of event priority principle: (basic idea) for the probability of events (the most common event), giving priority to use it right and resource rights, to obtain the global optimal results.17, Amdahl Law: accelerate the execution speed of a component system performance obtained speedup, the importance is limited by the components in the system of. System acceleration ratio = total execution time (improved) / total execution time (improved) =......18, Amdahl law corollary: if only for a part of the computer in the performance improvement is more improved, the effect of the system. If only a part of the whole task is optimized, so much the acceleration ratio is not greater than 1 / (1- improvement ratio).19, the performance of CPU: Cpu time = total number of clock cycles / clock frequency Cpi = total number of clock cycles (IC / CPI: the number of clock cycles per instruction; the average IC implementation process: the number of instructions.)The performance of Cpu formula: total CPU time = CPI * IC / CPI clock frequency which reflects the computer architecture and computer technology, computer instruction set; Ic reflects the structure and technology of computer programming instruction set; clock frequency: reflect the implementation of computer technology, production technology and computer organization.20, parallelism refers to at the same time or two or more than two kinds of properties of the same or different work in the same time interval.The second chapter1, according to the CPU internal storage unit type of instruction set architecture for classification, can be divided into the stack based instruction set architecture, instruction set architecture and accumulator type general register type instruction set architecture.2, general register type instruction set machine is further subdivided into 3 types:Register to register type (R-R), register memory type (R-M), a memory register.3, addressing: (1) register addressing: example: ADD R4 R3, meaning Regs[R4]<-Regs[R4]+Regs[R3](2) immediate values: example: ADD R4, addressing 3 meanings: Regs[R4]<-Regs[R4]+3(3): offset cases: ADD R4, 100 (R1) meaning:Regs[R4]+Mem[100+Regs[R1]](4) register indirect addressing: example: ADD R4 (R1) meaning: Regs[R4]<-Regs[R4]+Mem[Regs[R1]](5) index addressing: example: ADD R3 (R1+R2) meaning:Regs[R3]<-Regs[R3]+Mem[Regs[R1]+Regs[R2]](6) direct addressing or absolute addressing: for example: ADD R1, (1001): Regs[R1]<-Regs[R1]+Mem[1001] meaning(7) memory indirect addressing: example: ADD R1, a (R3) meaning: Regs[R1]<-Regs[R1]+Mem[Mem[Regs[R3]]](8) the increment addressing: example: ADD R1 (R2) + meaning: Regs[R1]<-Regs[R1]+Mem[Regs(9) decrement addressing(10) zoom addressingThe function of structure design of the instruction set, 4:The instruction set classification structure in operationThe type of operation example(1) arithmetic and logical operations on integer arithmetic and logic operations: addition, subtraction, and, or etc.(2) data transmission LOAD/STORE(3) control branch, jump, procedure call and return, trap(4) operating system calls, virtual memory management.(5) floating point addition and subtraction operation(6) is converted to decimal decimal decimal decimal add, multiply, to characters(7) string string comparison, mobile(8) the pixel operation, compression operation5, complex instruction machine (CISC): refers to strengthen the instruction function, realize the function of software to hardware design, computer system to realize the instruction set architecture based on.The shortcomings of the CISC instruction set:(1) in the command system, the frequency of use of all kinds of orders is different.(2) the CISC instruction set architecture complexity brings complexity of computer architecture, which not only increases the development time and cost, but also easy to cause the design error.(3) the CISC instruction set architecture complexity brings great burden to the VLSI design, is not conducive to the monolithic integration.(4) in the CISC instruction set architecture, many complex instructions require very complex operation, so slow.(5) in the CISC instruction set architecture, because of the directive function is not balanced, not conducive to the use of computer architecture technology (such as advanced water technology) to improve the performance of the system.In 1980s 6, reduced instruction set computer developed: its purpose is to reduce the instruction set of the complexity of the structure as far as possible, in order to simplify the realization of the goal of improving performance, but also in today's instruction set is a main trend of the structure and function of design.Follow the design principles:(1) choose to use the highest frequency of instruction, and added some of the most useful instructions.(2) the function of each instruction is as simple as possible, and completed in one machine cycle.(3) all have the same length as the instruction.(4) only the LOAD and STORE operating instructions to access memory and other instruction operation is performed in the register between.(5) in a simple and effective way to support advanced language.7 operand types: integer, decimal, floating point (point), characters, strings, vectors, stack etc..There are two ways to express 8, operand types: (1) specified by the operation code encoding. (2) data can be a mark by the hardware to explain the type of the operand specified by these tags, so as to choose the appropriate operation.9, the operand type size: byte (8), the word (16b), the word (32b), double word (64b)The third chapter1, pipeline technology: refers to a repeat of the timing process is decomposed into several sub processes, and each process can be effective in its special function with other processes executing at the same time.2, pipeline classification: (1) according to the function of the number of points: single function pipeline, multifunctional pipeline;(2) according to the connection between the same time segments to static and dynamic pipeline pipeline(3) according to the line level: component level pipeline (operation line), pipelined processor (instruction pipelining), inter processor pipeline (macropipeline)(4) according to whether there is water between each section of a feedback loop: linear and nonlinear pipeline pipeline(5) according to the data representation: scalar processor, vector processor3, the first processor controller structure comprises three independent controllers and four buffer stack. The three controller: memory controller, controller, controller operation instruction. Four: the first instruction buffer buffer stack stack, linear buffer stack, stack current readings, then write the number of stack.4, the throughput is the number: the number of tasks or output per unit time of the pipeline. TP = n / TkThe actual throughput rate is less than the maximum throughput of Tk = (k+n-1) t5, speedup: refers to the speed of the line and the function of non line speed ratio (s);Efficiency: refers to the utilization rate of pipeline equipment (E).6, if the line segment is equal to the time: throughput rate: TP=n/ (k+n-1) t TPmax=1/ tIf each execution time is not equal, complete several tasks: TP=n (sigma / Ti + (n-1) max (delta T1, Delta t2... Delta TK)7, the speedup and efficiency of the relationship: E = s/m or S = mE8, efficiency and throughput of the relationship: E = TP t0 TP = E/ or T11, efficiency: K E = n a task flow segment occupied area of the total space / time zones = T0 / K Tk?E = n/ (k+n-1) S = k? N / TP / (k+n-1) = n (k+n-1) t12, single function pipeline stack: refers to only perform one fixed function pipeline stack.13, multi functional water: water each stack stack to achieve different functions through different connections.14, nonlinear pipeline scheduling task: to find a minimum cycle, according to a new task to the input line cycle, each function section line are not in conflict, and the pipeline throughput and maximum efficiency.15, nonlinear pipeline: between some water section of feedback loop or feed-forward loop.16, start distance: continuous input even intervals between tasks.17, pipeline conflict: several tasks competing for the same water section.18, forbidden vector: distance between sets of appointments each row in the table of any of the two "x".19, conflict vector: C = (Cm? Cm-1?... C1? C2? M) which allowed maximum value in the vector20, the relevant data: in the process of execution of the instructions, if the instructions used, the number of variables, such as the operation is in front of the results of the implementation of the relevant instructions, called data.21, control: caused by conditional branch instructions, rotor program instructions, the relevant interrupt.22, three kinds of data: limit write, read after write, write.The fourth chapter1, ILP: when there are correlation between instructions in the pipeline, they can overlap parallel execution, the potential parallelism is called instruction level parallelism exists in this sequence of instructions.2, in a variety of technical development loop level parallelismin the most basic techniques are: instruction scheduling, loop unrolling technique and technical change.The fifth chapter (storage system)1, the definition method of memory storage system: two or more than two speed, capacity and price vary with hardware, software or hardware and software combination connected into a storage system. And the memory system is transparent to application programmers, and to the application programmer, it is a memory, the memory of the memory close to the speed of the fastest, the storage capacity and the storage capacity of the largest equal unit capacity price close to the lowest memory.2, the storage system is divided into two categories: (1): Cache storage system composed of Cache and main memory, the purpose is to improve the speed of memory. (2) virtual storage system consists of a main memory and hard disk, to expand memory capacity.3, the price of storage system: C = (C1S1+C2S2) / (S1+S2)4, the storage system speed: Representation: access cycle, access cycle, storage period, access time, etc..5, the hit rate of definition: probability in M1 memory access toU = N1 / (N1+N2) N1 of M1 memory access times, N2 is on the M2 memory access times.6, the efficiency of access:T1 1E = T1/T = = = f (U, T2/T1)U? T1+ (1-u) T2 u+ (1-u) T2/T1?7, using prefetching to improve the hit rate (method).Do not hit, a block of data in a plurality of adjacent M2 memory units taken out into the M1 memory.U (u+n-1 / N) = 'U' is the pre shooting technique after u is the original hit rate;The product of n as the data block size and the number of data reuse.8, accelerate the internal address transformation method: (1) the table of contents: with a small capacity high speed memory storing the page table; (2): fast and slow speed of table table table to form a two level storage system; (3): the hash function associative access into the access address access.9, the page replacement algorithm: (1) random algorithm (RAND);(2) FIFO algorithm (FIFO); (3) least recently used (LFV); (4) LRU (LRV); (5) the optimal replacement algorithm (OPT).10, "bump" phenomenon: a page is just out of the main memory, but also to be transferred.11, the stack type replacement algorithm: for an arbitrary program page address stream for the two main memory page number distribution, a memory allocated m page and n a memory page, and M = n. If at any time t, main memory page number set Bt satisfy the relation: Bt (m) = Bt (n) is a type of this kind of algorithm stack replacement algorithm.12, Cache address mapping method: (1) fully associative mapping;(2) direct mapping; (3) set associative mapping;(4) choose a set associative mapping mapping section (5).13, Cache memory replacement algorithm: (1) rotation method (2) LRV algorithm (3) comparing (4) stack method.The consistency of Cache 14, single processor:Direct method: [including write write through method, CPU writes data to Cache, while the page is written to main memory.And write back: "conflict modify method, CPU data into Cache, do not write memory, only when the replacement when the modified Cache block write back to main memory.Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the two:(1) reliability: write direct method is better than the write back.(2) the amount of memory and communication, write back and writeless than direct method.(3) the complexity of control, direct write back write is simple.(4) the hardware implementation cost is written back to the write through law.The consistency of 15, multiprocessor: (1) the directory protocol (2) and listen to the agreementThe sixth chapter (input / output system)1, measure the performance index of I/O system mainly has the response time and reliability.Data transmission, 2 disk external transfer rate and internal transfer rate.3, the external transmission rate (burst data transmission rate): computer read from the cache data into the hard disk by disk interface, to the corresponding speed controller.4, internal transfer rate (sustained transfer rate): hard disk data from disk read, to buffer memory on the hard disk speed.5, reliable performance parameters reflecting storage peripherals are reliability, availability and credibility.6, reliability measure: mtbf.7, availability metrics: mean time between failure.8, bus: bus communication link between each subsystem shared, the two has the advantages of low cost and diversity.The main disadvantage of the 9 bus: it has exclusive use, causing the bottleneck equipment information exchange, thus limiting the total throughput of I/O system.10, split transaction bus: there is a plurality of devices, available through the packaging technology to improve the bus bandwidth, so that each I/O operation will not have to occupy the bus in the transmission process, the basic idea of the bus transaction is divided into two parts of requests and responses, such as the bus idle time interval to request and response in the a bus transaction between other bus transaction is used. (also known as water bus, bus, bus suspension packet switching)11, the control of external equipment input / output mode is divided into: direct transfer procedures, query, interrupt, DMA, channel mode.Addressing mode 12, I/O equipment: (1) memory mapped I/O or unified addressing (2) I/O addressing individual equipment13, channel: to perform limited I/O instruction, and can be a plurality of peripheral devices share a small dedicated DMA processor.14, channel function: (1) received from the CPU I/O command, and according to the peripheral equipment and the channelinstruction requires the selection of the specified connection.(2) CPU channel organization channel program, remove channel instructions from the main memory, decode the channel command, and issued a command to the device controller is selected according to the needs of. (3) as the main memory and peripheral assembly and disassembly information, data transmission and memory I/O control equipment and provide a transmission path, indicating the data memory address and send byte number. (4) specify the transfer at the end of the operation to be carried out. (5) check the peripheral equipment working state, normal or fault.(6) complete the format conversion required in data transmission process.15, types of channels: (1) channel multiplexer (2) selects the channel (3) multi channel array.The working process, 16 channels: (1) using SVCI into management program in the user program by CPU, through the management procedures to organize a channel program, and start the channel. (2) channel processor implementation of CPU for which the organization's channel program, complete the assigned work data I/O. Channel processor execute channel program was performed with the CPU user program in parallel.(3) channel program after the end to the CPU interrupt request, CPU responding to an interrupt request after second times to enter the operating system, call management program of the I/O interrupt request processing.The seventh chapter (multiprocessor)1, Cache coherence protocol: (1) the directory protocol and listen to the agreement; (2) laterally divided into: write Invalid Protocol and write update protocol; (3) longitudinally divided into single treatment protocol and single data stream protocol.2, the classification of parallel computer architecture: single instruction single data stream (SISD), single instruction multiple data stream (SIMD) and multiple instruction single data stream (MISD) and multiple instruction multiple data stream (MIMD).3, the directory protocol is divided into three categories: full map directory, the directory, the directory chain co..4, the chain Directory: by maintaining a directory pointer chain to track shared data copy.Thought: when P1 read x memory, X sent to cachel, a chain and write cachel end pointer CT also holds a pointer to a cachel in memory, P2 to read x, memory holds a pointer to a cachel2, a processor need to write x, he must be along the whole a directory even send a data information in the received signal to answer the invincible, all processors, memory to allow the processor to write rightThe cachel data block in need of replacement, to delete the cache directory from the chain, there are solutions;(1) the cachei+1 pointer to cachei+1, store the new data blockin cachel (2) cachel and cachel in the chain seat all subsequent units in X is invalid (3) using two-way chain, when replacing the no longer need to traverse the entire chain, but the pointer has doubled, agreement more perfectAdvantages: B does not limit the sharing of copy number data blocks while maintaining scalability, pointer length has the number of processors on the relation between growth, the number of processors and the number of pointers for each block of data is independent of the cacheDisadvantages: complex chain directory in Chengdu more than two directory5 definition: Internet; is symmetric systems or distributed system nodes may like processor, memory module or other devices, they exchange information through the Internet, in the topology, the Internet provides a set of interconnected or image as input and output between two groups of nodes6 (1) the number of nodes is called the network scale(2) the number of edges and nodes interconnected to the maximum value of the node is called the network diameter(3) any network nodes even the maximum length of the shortest path is called the network diameter(4) equal width (b) in the network into a two phase digestion method, the minimum number of edges cut along the road is called channel bisection width(5): refers to the designation of the routing path selection in network communication7 function: if the Internet Interconnection Network N a end and N end respectively with the integer 0, 1,...... .N algebra, is said to work with the interconnection function number and number of symmetric relations such asSaid method 8 interconnection network(1) the interconnection function representation (2) graphical representation (3) input and output the corresponding representation9 common data routing (or interconnection function) function:(1) the replacement cycle (2) (3) (4) uniform shuffle hypercube routing function (5) broadcasting and communication。
计算机组织与系统结构第七章习题答案
习题1.给出以下概念的解释说明。
指令流水线(Instruction pipelining)流水线深度(Pipeline Depth)指令吞吐量(Instruction throughput)流水线冒险(Hazard)结构冒险(Structural hazard)控制冒险(Control hazard)数据冒险(Data hazard)流水线阻塞(Pipeline stall)气泡(Bubble)空操作(nop)分支条件满足(Branch taken)分支预测(Branch predict)静态分支预测(Static predict)动态分支预测(Dynamic predict)延迟分支(Delayed branch)分支延迟槽(Delayed branch slot)转发(Forwarding)旁路(Bypassing)流水段寄存器(Pipeline register)IPC(Instructions Per Cycle)静态多发射(Static multiple issue)动态多发射(Dynamic multiple issue)超流水线(Superpipelining)超长指令字VLIW超标量流水线(Superscalar)动态流水线(Dynamic pipelining)指令预取(Instruction prefetch)指令分发(Instruction dispatch)按序发射(in-order issue)无序发射(out-of-order issue)存储站(Reservation station)重排序缓冲(Reorder buffer)指令提交单元(Instruction commit unit)乱序执行(out-of-order execution)按序完成(in-order completion)无序完成(out-of-order completion)2. 简单回答下列问题。
计算机组成原理-白中英-单元练习四
单元练习四一、单项选择题1.关于主存,以下叙述正确的是()A CPU可直接访问主存,但不能直接访问辅存B CPU可直接访问主存,也能直接访问辅存C CPU不能直接访问主存,也不能直接访问辅存D CPU不能直接访问主存,但能直接访问辅存2.关于主存,以下叙述中正确的是()A 主存的存取速度可与CPU匹配B 主存是RAM,不包括ROMC 辅存中的程序需要调入主存才能运行D 若指令的地址码为20位,则主存容量一定是1MB3. 关于主存,以下叙述中正确的是()A 主存比辅存小,但存取速度快B 主存比辅存大,且存取速度快C 比辅存小,且存取速度慢D 比辅存大,但存取速度慢4.计算机主存储器读写时间的数量级为()A 秒(s)B 毫秒(ms)C 微秒(us)D 纳秒(ns)5.可用作主存的是()A 半导体存储器B 光存储器C 顺序存取存储器D 直接存取存储器6.用户程序所放的主存空间属于()A 随机存取存储器B 顺序存取存储器C 只读存储器D 直接存取存储器7.断电后,将丢失信息的是()A ROMB RAMC 磁盘D 光盘8.外存是()A 机箱外部的存储器B CPU外部的存储器C 主机外部的存储器D 系统基本配置外的存储器9.可用辅存的是()A 半导体存储器B 光存储器C CacheD ROM10.下面的存储器中,属于顺序存取存储器的是()A 主存B 磁盘C 磁带D 光盘11.存储器读写的信息必须经过()A 数据缓冲寄存器B 地址寄存器C 累加器D 指令寄存器12.为解决CPU和主存的速度匹配问题,可采用()A 辅存B CacheC 缓冲区D 通用寄存器13.Cache和主存之间的信息交换通过()A 硬件实现B 硬件和软件实现C 软件实现D 用户调度实现14.16Kⅹ32位存储器芯片的地址线有()A 5条B 14条C 32条D 46条15.计算机系统采用层次化存储结构是为了()A 便于保存大量的数据B 减少主机箱的体积C 便于读写操作D 解决容量、速度、价格之间的矛盾16.为组成2Kⅹ8位的主存,可用两片()A 1Kⅹ4位芯片串联B 1Kⅹ8位芯片并联C 2Kⅹ4位芯片串联D 2Kⅹ8位芯片并联17.某微机的字长为16位,主存有1MB,并按字编址,则寻址范围为()A 512KB B 1MBC 2MBD 16MB18.某512ⅹ8位芯片的引脚包括电源线、接地线、地址线、数据线、控制线(一条读线和一条写线)。
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第三章
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(3) 设该128K ⨯8位的DRAM 芯片的存储阵列为512⨯256⨯8结构,则如果选择一个行地址进行刷新,刷新地址为A 0~A 8,那么该行上的2048个存储元同时进行刷新,要求单元刷新间隔不超过8ms ,即要在8ms 内进行512次刷新操作。
采用异步刷新方式时需要每隔s
ms μ625.15512
8=进行一次,可取刷新信号周期为
15.5μs 。
5、要求用256K×l6位SRAM 芯片设计1024K×32位的存储器。
SRAM 芯片有两个控制端:当CS 有效时,该片选中。
当W/R =1时执行读操作,当W/R=0时执行写操作。
解:
片
82416
256321024=⨯=⨯⨯K K ,共需8片,分为4组,每组2片
即所设计的存储器单元数为1M ,字长为32,故地址长度为20位(A 19~A 0),所用芯片存储单元数为256K ,字长为16位,故占用的地址长度为18位(A 17~A 0)。
由此可用字长位数扩展与字单元数扩展相结合的方法组成组成整个存储器
字长位数扩展:同一组中2个芯片的数据线,一个与数据总线的D 15~D 0相连,一个与D 31~D 16相连;其余信号线公用(地址线、片选信号、读写信号同名引脚互连)
字单元数扩展:4组RAM 芯片,使用一片2:4译码器,各组除片选信号外,其余信号线公用。
其存储器结构如图所示
7、
7.某机器中,已知配有一个地址空间为0000H ~3FFFH 的ROM 区域。
现在再用一个RAM 芯片(8K ×8)形成40K ×l6位的RAM 区域,起始地为6000H 。
假设RAM 芯片有
CS 和WE 信号控制端。
CPU 的地址总线为A 15~A 0,数据总线为D 15~D 0,控制信号
为W R / (读/写),MREQ (访存),要求:
(1) 画出地址译码方案。
(2) 将ROM 与RAM 同CPU 连接。
解:
(1) 由于RAM 芯片的容量是8K ×8,要构成40K ×16的RAM 区域,共需要
片
10258
81640=⨯=⨯⨯K K ,分为5组,每组2片;8K=213,故低位地址为13位:A 12~A 0
每组的2片位并联,进行字长的位扩展
有5组RAM 芯片,故用于组间选择的译码器使用3:8译码器,用高3位地址A 15~A 13作译码器的选择输入信号
(2) ROM 、RAM 与CPU 的连接如图:
8、
8、设存储器容量为64M,字长为64位,模块数m=8,分别用顺序和交叉方式进行组织。
存储周期T=100ns,数据总线宽度为64位,总线传送周期,τ=50ns。
求:顺序存储器和交叉存储器的带宽各是多少?
解:
顺序存储器和交叉存储器连续读出m = 8个字的信息总量都是:
q = 64位×8 = 512位
顺序存储器和交叉存储器连续读出8个字所需的时间分别是:
t1 = mT = 8×100ns = 8×10-7s
t2 = T+(m-1)τ= 100ns+7×50ns = 450 ns
= 4.5×10-7 s
顺序存储器和交叉存储器的带宽分别是:
W1=q/t1=512/(8×10-7)=64×107[位/s]
W2=q/t2=512/(4.5×10-7)=113.8×107 [位/s]
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注意:00表示两位
均不产生控制信号10、
13、。