Modelling Sediment Delivery Ratio Based on Physical Principles
映秀湾电站水轮机转轮沙水流动数值模拟
第47卷第3期2021年3月水力发电映秀湾电站水轮机转轮沙水流动数值模拟吴晓冬1,马元江1,王忠全1,王凯1,赵啸怡#,卢加兴#,刘小兵#(1.国网四川省电力公司映秀湾水力发电总厂，四川汶川623000；2.西华大学流体及动力机械教育部重点实验室，四川成都610039)摘要：为了研究映秀湾水电站水轮机内部沙水流动特性，对水轮机进行沙水流动数值模拟，分析水轮机转轮部分沙水流动情况#研究结果表明，转轮内叶片进水边及出水边靠下环处是泥沙分布的主要区域#研究结果对水轮机泥沙磨损的研究具有指导意义#关键词：水轮机；蜗壳；导水机构；转轮；数值模拟；沙水流动Numericai Simulation of Sand-Water Flow in Turbine Runner of Yingxinwan Hydropower Station WU Xiaodong1/MA Yuanjiang1/WANG Zhongquan1/WANG Kai1/ZHAO Xiaoyi2,LU Jiaxing2/LII Xiaobing2(1.Yingxiuwan Hydropower General Plant of State Grid Sichuan Electric Powes Company,Wenchuan623000,Sichuan,China; 2.Key Laboratoro of Fluid and Powes Machinero(Xihua University)of Ministio of Education,Chengdu610039,Sichuan,China)Abstract:In ordes to study the Oow characteristics of sand-water inside the turbine of Yingxiuwan Hydropowes Station,thesand-water Oow in the turbine is numerical i y simulated,and the Oow of sand-water in the runner of turbine is analyzed.The results show that the sediment is mainly distributed at the inlet and outlet edges of inner blades near the runner band,which haeeguidingsignioicanceooEthestudyoosedimenteEosion ootuEbine.Key Word::turbine;spirai case;guide-wne apparatus;runner;numerical simulation;sand-water Oow中图分类号：TK734文献标识码：A文章编号：0559-9342(2021)03-0098-040引言我国是一个幅员辽阔，水资源丰富且多泥沙河流的国家，泥沙磨损问题对水轮机机组运行稳定和工作效率有很大的影响。
供应链管理英文原书第6版Discussion question answers
Chapter 11Discussion Questions1.Consider a supermarket deciding on the size of its replenishment order fromProcter & Gamble. What costs should it take into account when making thisdecision?The main cost categories for the supermarket’s inventory policy are material costs, ordering costs, and holding costs. Material cost is the money paid to Procter andGamble for the goods themselves. Ordering costs, also called procurement costs,are incurred by requesting the goods from the supplier and are fixed in the sensethat they do not vary with the size of the order. Examples of such fixed costs arethe labor required to place the order, handle the resultant paperwork and thetransportation fee to ship the order. The holding cost is the cost to carry one unitin inventory for a specified period of time, usually one year. This cost is variableand includes the cost of capital and all of the costs associated with physicallystoring inventory – shrinkage, spoilage or obsolescence, insurance, the cost ofcapital, the cost of the warehouse space, etc.2.Discuss how various costs for the supermarket in Question 1 change as itdecreases the lot size ordered from Procter & Gamble.As the lot size ordered from the supplier decreases, the holding cost (variable with respect to lot size) decreases. As the lot size decreases, the ordering cost remainsthe same, but the annual ordering cost will rise since the total number of orderseach year must increase. As the lot size decreases, the cost of the materials willdrop on a per-order basis but will stay the same on an annual basis since totalannual demand hasn’t changed.The exception to this occurs if the supplier has a price break for an order sizeabove a certain threshold; in this case the cost of the goods might increase if thereduced order size is not sufficient to trigger a substantial per unit discount.3.As demand at the supermarket chain in Question 1 grows, how would you expectthe cycle inventory measured in days of inventory to change? Explain.As the demand at the supermarket chain grows, we would expect the cycleinventory as measured in days of inventory to decrease. This is because therelationship between the optimal lot size Q* and the annual demand D is*Qa jump from a Q* to a 2Q* order; it translates to a jump from a Q* to a 1.4Q* order.Thus cycle inventory increases less than the increase in demand. As a result, thedays of cycle inventory (=cycle inventory / demand) decreases.4.The manager at the supermarket in Question 1 wants to decrease the lot sizewithout increasing the costs he incurs. What actions can he take to achieve his objective?One action would be to simply decrease the lot size and let the robust nature of the EOQ model work its magic. The total cost curve on either side of the optimal order quantity, the Q*, is relatively flat, so movements in either direction have little impact on total annual procurement and carrying costs.If greater cuts in lot size are desired, the manager can aggregate multiple products in a single order. Recall that the EOQ model is based on a one-product-at-a-time assumption; if multiple products are aggregated, then the fixed procurement cost is spread over all of the items and dramatic lot size reductions are possible. If the same products are being ordered by another supermarket in the same chain (or at least by stores that are willing to cooperate) the combined orders can be delivered by a single truck making multiple stops, thereby reducing transportation expense.Other techniques that should be deployed when aggregating across product lines include advanced shipping notices and RFID tags that will make inventorytracking and warehouse management simpler.5.Discuss why supply chain profits may be hurt by a retailer making lot sizingdecisions with the sole objective of minimizing its own costs. What advantage would result if the entire supply chain could coordinate this decision?A supply chain is coordinated if the decisions the retailer and supplier makemaximize total supply chain profits. In reality, each stage of a supply chain is likely to make lot-sizing decisions with an objective of minimizing its own overall costs. The result of this independent decision making can be a lack ofcoordination in a supply chain because actions that maximize retailer profits may not maximize supply chain profits. This decision has an effect on overall supply chain costs including inventory holding costs, production costs, transportation costs, ordering costs, and warehousing costs.6.When are quantity discounts justified in a supply chain?Quantity discounts are justified in a supply chain as long as they are the fruits of a coordinated supply chain and maximize total supply chain profits. For commodity products for which price is set by the market, manufacturers with large fixed costs per lot can use lot size-based quantity discounts to maximize total supply chain profits.7.What is the difference between lot size-based and volume-based quantitydiscounts?Lot size discounts are based on the quantity purchased per lot, not the rate ofpurchase. Lot size-based discounts tend to raise cycle inventory in the supplychain by encouraging retailers to increase the size of each lot. Lot size-baseddiscounts make sense only when the manufacturer incurs a very high fixed cost per order. For commodity products for which price is set by the market,manufacturers with large fixed costs per lot can use lot size-based quantitydiscounts to maximize total supply chain profits.Volume discounts are based on the rate of purchase or volume purchased perspecified time period. Volume-based discounts are compatible with small lots that reduce the cycle inventory. If the manufacturer does not incur a very high fixed cost per order, it is better for the supply chain to have volume-based discounts.For products for which a firm has market power, volume-based discounts can be used to achieve coordination in the supply chain and maximize supply chainprofits.8.Why do manufacturers such as Kraft and Sara Lee offer trade promotions? Whatimpact do trade promotions have on the supply chain? How should tradepromotions be structured to maximize their impact while minimizing theadditional cost they impose on the supply chain?Manufacturers use trade promotions to offer a discounted price and a time period over which the discount is effective. The goal of manufacturers such as Kraft and Sara Lee is to influence retailers to act in a way that helps the manufacturerachieve its objectives. These objectives may include increased sales, a shifting of inventory from manufacturer to retailer, and defense against the competition.Trade promotions may cause a retailer to pass through some or all of thepromotion to customers to spur sales, which increases sales for the entire supply chain. What happens more frequently in practice is that retailers may choose to pass through very little of the promotion to customers, purchase in greaterquantities, and hold this cheaper inventory in greater quantities. This actionincreases both cycle inventory and flow times within the supply chain.Trade promotions should be structured such that a retailer’s optimal responsebenefits the entire supply chain, i.e., retailers limit their forward buying and pass along more of the discount to end customers. If the manufacturer has accumulated excessive inventory, then a trade promotion may provide sufficient incentive to the buyer to forward buy, thus drawing inventories down to an appropriate level.The manufacturer may be able to smooth demand by shifting it to a period ofanticipated low demand with a trade promotion.Research has shown that trade promotions by the manufacturer are effective for products with high deal elasticity that ensures high pass-through (passing thediscount on to the consumer) and high holding costs that ensure low forwardbuying, paper goods being the poster child for this combination. Tradepromotions are also more effective with strong brands relative to weak brands and may make sense as a competitive response.9.Why is it appropriate to include only the incremental cost when estimating theholding and order cost for a firm?The cycle inventory models discussed in the chapter are robust; thus incremental (variable) costs per lot size are more important than costs that are fixed withrespect to lot size. The labor component of procurement or setup costs may be salaried; therefore changes in lot size do not impact this component.。
宣传物流的短视频脚本模板
宣传物流的短视频脚本模板Title: Unlocking the Power of Logistics[Opening scene: A catchy and energetic background score plays as vibrant visuals of transportation modes like ships, trains, trucks, and planes are shown]Narrator: Whether it's delivering a package to your doorstep or ensuring goods reach international markets, logistics plays a vital role in connecting businesses and people across the globe.[Scene transition: A small business owner struggling to manage his inventory]Narrator: Meet Mike, a small business owner who is facing difficulties managing his inventory and delivering products to his customers on time.[Scene transition: A solution brought in]Narrator: But little does he know, there's a solution that can solve all his logistics worries.[Scene: Introduction of a logistics professional]Narrator: Introducing Lucy, a highly experienced logistics professional. Let's see how she helps Mike revolutionize his business with the power of logistics.[Scene: Lucy discussing with Mike about his current challenges]Lucy: Hey Mike! I see you're facing challenges with inventory management and timely deliveries. Don't worry, I'm here to help you by unlocking the power of logistics.[Scene: Visual representation of logistics process]Narrator: But wait, what exactly is logistics?[Scene transition: Graphics illustrating the three key stages of logistics - procurement, production, and distribution]Narrator: Logistics encompasses the seamless coordination of procurement, production, and distribution to ensure goods flow smoothly from suppliers to consumers.[Scene: Lucy explaining the benefits of logistics]Lucy: By implementing effective logistics practices, you can streamline your operations, save costs, and improve customer satisfaction.[Scene transition: Lucy and Mike brainstorming]Lucy: Let's dive into how we can optimize your inventory management by using smart technology and data analysis to forecast demand accurately.[Scene: Introduction of technology solutions]Narrator: With advancements in technology, logistics has become more efficient than ever before.[Scene: Visual representation of technology solutions like inventory management software, tracking systems, etc.]Narrator: Mike learns how the latest inventory management software and tracking systems can enhance his business operations.[Scene transition: Lucy explaining international logistics]Lucy: Mike, expanding your business to international markets can be challenging. But with our international logistics expertise, your products can reach customers worldwide faster and more efficiently.[Scene: Visual representation of international transportation modes and customs clearance process]Narrator: From customs clearance to choosing the right transportation modes, Lucy guides Mike through the complexities of international logistics.[Scene transition: Showcasing the benefits of logistics]Narrator: By leveraging the power of logistics, Mike witnesses a transformation in his business.[Scene: Mike's business thriving]Narrator: His inventory is well-managed, deliveries are on time, and customer satisfaction is at an all-time high.[Scene transition: Highlighting customer testimonials] Narrator: But don't just take our word for it. Here's what Mike's delighted customers have to say.[Scene: Happy customers expressing satisfaction]Customer 1: The products always arrive on time, and the packaging is impeccable!Customer 2: I've never had a smoother online shopping experience. The company's logistics game is on point![Scene: Conclusion]Narrator: The power of logistics has transformed Mike's business, and it can do the same for you too.[Scene: Lucy and Mike shaking hands]Lucy: Are you ready to unlock the power of logistics and take your business to new heights?Mike: Absolutely! Thank you, Lucy, for showing me the way. [Closing scene: High-energy background music playing as visuals of Mike's thriving business are shown]Narrator: Unlock the power of logistics and witness the transformation in your business.[Closing shot: A strong call to action with the company's contact information displayed on the screen]Narrator: Contact us now to unleash the true potential of your business with logistics.[Background music fades out as the video ends]。
考虑努力及退货价格因素的易逝品供应链弹性数量契约模型
格 是影 响需 求 和退 货 的 最 重要 的两 个 因素 ］ 零 ． 售 商通 过 向消 费者 耐心 说 明产 品 的 特 点 、 能 ， 功 演
示 产 品 的操 作使 用 方 法 等 销售 努 力 不 仅 可 以扩 大 需求 ， 而且 可 以减 少 无 缺 陷 退货 ； 同时 是 否允 许 无 缺 陷退 货及 退货 价 格 的 高低 也 将 对 需 求 和退 货 同 时 产生 影响 ． 由于销售 努力 和无 缺 陷退货 都需要 成 本， 因此 制造 商 和零 售 商之 间将产 生一 定 的冲 突 ， 导 致 这个 问 题 产 生 的原 因是 销 售 努 力 和 退 货 价
弹 性数 量契 约是 指制 造 商允 许 零 售 商 在 观察
市 场需 求之 后 可 以改变 最初 订购 量 的协议 ． 常是 通
但从 目前 大量 的有 关文 献 中可 以看 出 ， 多数 大
文 献 都 没 有 考 虑 零 售 商 销 售 努 力 及 无 缺 陷品数 量 ， 制造
价格 对需 求 和退货 的影 响 ， 与 实际情 况是 不相符 这 的． 现实 生 活 中 ， 售 努 力水 平 与 无 缺 陷 退货 价 在 销
商据 此组 织 生 产 ， 当零 售 商 进 一 步 获 取 市 场 信 息
后， 允许 零售 商在 制 造商所 能 提供 的产 品数 量范 围 内确 定其 最 终订 购量 ． 弹性 数 量契 约在 电子 和计 算
契 约无 法 实 现 供 应 链 协 调 ， 基 于 回馈 与 惩 罚 契 约 策 略 下 的 弹 性 数 量 契 约 能 够 实 现 供 应 链 协 调 ， 而
《定量订货模型》课件
应用场景
适用于需求波动较大、延迟交货风险较高的 商品。
PART 03
定量订货模型的参数
REPORTING
需求率
定义
单位时间内对物品的需求量 ，通常以每单位时间的需求 数量表示。
影响
需求率决定了物品的需求量 ，进而影响订货模型的运作 。
考虑因素
市场需求、季节性需求、消 费者习惯等。
提前期
定义
从发出订货到收到订货所需的时间。
需要准确把握订货时点，过早或过晚订货都可能导致库存积压或缺 货现象。
对供应链响应速度要求高
在订货过程中，需要快速响应并处理订单，否则可能导致延迟交货 或影响客型的原理
REPORTING
经济订货量
经济订货量
在库存总成本最低的情况下，每次订购的数量。
计算公式
EOQ = 根号下(2DS/H)。其中，D为需求量，S为订货成本，H为 单位库存持有成本。
订货点与再订货点
01
02
03
订货点
当库存量下降到需要再次 订购时的点。
再订货点
当库存量下降到需要再次 生产时的点。
应用场景
适用于需求量较为稳定、 库存持有成本较高的商品 。
安全库存
安全库存
为了应对需求波动和延迟交货等情况而设立 的库存。
计算公式
安全库存 = (平均需求量 * 提前期标准差) + 服务水平系数 * (提前期 * 需求量的标准差)
应用场景
适用于需求量较大、订购成本较低、库存持有成本较高的商品。
经济生产量
经济生产量
01
在生产总成本最低的情况下，每次生产的数量。
计算公式
02
EPQ = 根号下(2DH/S)。其中，D为需求量，S为订货成本，H
俄语商务信函写作格式
Our company specializes in producing and selling mono silicon ingots and mono silicon wafers.
We can offer the high efficiency materials origin from Russia. The prices are negotiable depending on desired quantity.
天讲到了商务信函写作的基本格式，今天就接着来讲讲商务信函的范文及用例。
1. 商务电邮写作中的正式性与随意性
我们看下面的邮件。邮件中运用了较为正式的Уважаемый Лев Лим以及在结尾处署名使用的是非常正式的格式，即姓+名+父称。但正文的写作格式却相对来说比较不注重格式的要求。
W Faile Foto.Skrap ozen xoroschii i zistii eto tolko zast ego.
Katarina
下面是译文：
Привет Лев
Что это значит слово cyr'io? Я имею единственную возсожность. Ты можешь прилететь со своими коллегами.
best regards,
kATARINA
-----------------------------------------------------------
下面是一篇俄国人写的介绍自己公司的英文信件。
Hello!
We represent Baltic sea TransServiceAgency, Russia, Saint-Petersburg.
销售预测巴斯模型的原理
销售预测巴斯模型的原理
巴斯模型，也称作巴斯变化模型（Bass model），是一种用来预测新产品或新服务在市场上的销售量的模型。
该模型最初由弗兰克·马伯尔·巴斯（Frank M. Bass）于1969年提出，并在市场研究中得到广泛应用。
巴斯模型的核心思想是基于创新扩散理论，即新产品的销售量随着时间的推移而逐渐增加，并在一定程度上受到市场上已有产品的影响。
该模型可以分为两个部分：创新扩散部分和仿制扩散部分。
创新扩散部分考虑到了消费者对新产品的接受程度。
该部分的销售量预测取决于初始的创新采纳率和创新采纳率的增长率。
创新采纳率是指在一定时间内采用新产品的消费者比例，它一开始是比较低的，但随着时间的推移逐渐增加。
增长率则取决于市场的个体数量和市场潜力。
仿制扩散部分考虑到了市场上已有产品的影响。
该部分的销售量预测取决于前期的销售量和市场的接近度。
前期销量越高，说明市场接受新产品的速度越快，进而能够吸引更多的消费者。
市场的接近度衡量了新产品与现有产品之间的相似性，越接近则越容易被消费者接受。
通过结合创新扩散和仿制扩散两个部分，巴斯模型可以计算出新产品在未来一段时间内的销售量预测。
同时，通过参数的调整，可以根据历史数据进行模型的拟合和优化。
需要注意的是，巴斯模型基于一些假设，如市场是封闭的、市场参与者在决策上是理性的等。
因此，在实际应用中，需要根据具体的市场情况和数据特点进行合理的模型参数选择和调整。
ZARA模式简介英文版
Business Model (cont`d)
Retailing
consists of merchandising and store operations Stores places in premium streets and city centers Set fabulous window-display store Main retailing tactic: create scarcity Very low advertisements Aims: reduce inventory and marked-down prices
Euro-Centric Model
Diseconomies of Scale
Threats
Potential Oversaturation in Europe Rivals may copy Zara's strategy Competition from Chinese and other external manufacturers Manufacturing base in Spain may become Expensive
Design
Coordinate with R&D and also with stores itself to catch new trends
Ability to produce fast fashion
Marketing
Market Penetration:
Own subsidiaries Joint Ventures Franchising
Competitive Advantage
泽稷网校 CFA考试词汇总结(中英文对照)
标题:泽稷网校CFA考试词汇总结（中英文对照）绝对幅度指标absolutebreadthindex累积/派发线accumulation/distributionline累积摆动指标accumulationswingindex上涨/下跌线advance/declineline上涨/下跌比率advance/declineratio上涨-下跌值advancing-decliningissues价格上涨、价格下跌和价格不变的证券成交量advancing，declining，unchangedvolume安德鲁斯干草叉andrewsspitchfork阿木思指标armsindextrin阿隆指标aroon平均真实区域averagetruerange布林带bollingerbands宽度突破breadththrust牛/熊比率bull/bearratio日本烛形图又称蜡烛图candlesticks，japanese 肯思里姆canslim蔡金货币流量chaikinmoneyflow蔡金摆动指标chaikinoscillator钱德动量摆动指标chandemomentumoscillator 商品通道指标commoditychannelindex商品选择指标commodityselectionindex相关分析correlationanalysis累积成交量指标cumulativevolumeindex周期cycles需求指标demandindex非趋势价格摆动指标detrendedpriceoscillator动向指标directionalmovement双指数移动平均线doubleexponentialmovingaverage道氏理论dowtheory动态动量指标dynamicmomentumindex轻松移动指标easeofmovement有效市场理论efficientmarkettheory爱略特波浪理论elliottwavetheory 轨道交易带envelopestradingbands 等成交量equivolume斐波纳契研究fibonaccistudies预测摆动指标forecastoscillator百分之四模型fourpercentmodel傅立叶转换fouriertransform基本分析fundamentalanalysis江恩角gannangles哈里克获利指标herrickpayoffindex 惯性指标inertia利率interestrates日内动量指标intradaymomentumindex 卡吉图kagi克林格成交量摆动指标klingeroscillator大宗交易比率largeblockratio线性回归指标linearregressionindicator线性回归斜率指标linearregressionslope 线性回归趋势线linearregressiontrendlines 市场便利指标marketfacilitationindex质量指标massindex迈克勒兰摆动指标mcclellanoscillator迈克勒兰和指标mcclellansummationindex中间价格指标medianprice会员空头比率指标membershortratio山形正弦波指标mesasinewave动量指标momentum货币流量指标moneyflowindex平滑异同平均指标movingaverageconvergence/divergence移动平均指标movingaverages文章来源：泽稷网校。
零售行业英文专业单词
original purchase price out of stock=stockout overstock overstocked products participate in the completition petition phase planogram=POG podium price point problems existing in cooperating with supplier processing area processing equipment produce profundity of merchandise promotion space purchase cost purchase price return RTE=ready to eat sales/turn over scope seafood seasan change security tag self-purchase selling price sensitive goods
shrinkage signing system size sku=item softline或texitie special display special offer SPG或promoter staff standard assortment指哪些商品是店里该有的 stock count stock inventory stockout=out of stock store manager sub-category supervisor supplier devlier或direct delivery supply of goods=merchandise supplier target/goal tenat area to achieve the effect we want total VIP price water tag YOY(year of year) report
产业集聚测量方法
产业集聚测量方法
1. 雷尼指数（Reynolds Index）：雷尼指数是最早用于测量产业集聚的指标之一，它通过计算一个地区或行业中的企业数量与市场份额之间的关系，来评估集聚程度。
雷尼指数越大，表示集中程度越高。
2. Gini系数：Gini系数是一种用于衡量收入分配差距的指标，也可以用于测量产业集聚。
它通过计算企业间市场份额的不平等程度来评估产业集聚情况。
Gini系数越大，表示集聚程度越高。
3. 弹性系数（Elasticity Index）：弹性系数是一种基于经济学理论的测量方法，它通过计算企业就业弹性和产出弹性来评估产业集聚的效果。
就业弹性指标衡量了从业人员对需求变化的敏感程度，而产出弹性指标衡量了产出对需求变化的敏感程度。
弹性系数越高，表示产业集聚效果越好。
4. 空间计量模型：空间计量模型是一种用于分析地理空间中产业集聚的统计方法。
它通过计算企业之间的空间相关性和空间自相关性来评估产业集聚的程度。
常用的空间计量模型有空间Durbin模型、空间滞后模型和空间误差模型等。
以上是几种常用的产业集聚测量方法。
每种方法都有其优缺点，适用于不同的研究目的和数据类型。
因此，在实际应用中，可以结合多种方法进行综合分析，以得出更准确和全面的结论。
水文中英对照表
水文中英对照表一、陆地水文1.1、一般术语水water水圈hydrosphere水体water body水科学water science水文学hydrology陆地水文学land hydrology应用水文学applied hydrology工程水文学engineering hydrology 地表水surface water地下水groundwater水汽water vapour水温要素hydrologic elements降水precipitation蒸发evaporation径流runoff水位stage流速velocity流量discharge含沙量sediment concentration输沙率sediment discharge水温要素water temperature冰凌ice run水质water quality下垫面underlying surface水文情势hydrologic regime水文效应hydrologic effect1.2、水文循环水循环hydorlogic cycle水量平衡water balance热量平衡heat balance盐量平衡salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content 大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour trasport 水汽输送通量atmospheric water vapour flux雨rain降雨面积rainfall area降雨分布rainfall distribution雨季rainy season雪snow积雪snow cover初雪first snow终雪latest snow融雪snowmelt雹hail截留interception填洼depression detention地面滞留surface detention陆面蒸发（总蒸发）evaporation of land水面蒸发evaporation of water surface土壤蒸发evsporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾）transpiration蒸发能力evaporation capability下渗（入渗）infiltration稳渗steady infiltration下渗能力infiltration capability河川径流river runoff降雨径流rainfall runoff暴雨径流storm runoff融雪径流snowmelt runoff枯季径流dry season runoff基流base flow洪水flood暴雨洪水storm flood冰凌洪水（凌汛）ice flood冰雪洪水ice-snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水rain and snowmelt flood山洪flash flood溃坝洪水dam-break flood1.3、水文气象大气环流atmospheric circunlation天气形势weather situation天气过程weather process天气系统weather system行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system中小尺度天气系统meso and micro-scale weather system 风暴潮storm surge风暴中心storm center西风情westerly trough东风波easterly wave低压槽trough高压脊ridge副热带高压subtropic high阻塞高压blocking high低空急流low-level jet低涡vortex反气旋（高压）anticyclone气旋（低压）cyclone热带气旋tropic cyclone热带低压tropic depression热带风暴tropic storm强热带风暴severe tropic storm台风typhoon气团air mass锋（锋面）front天气weather气象meteorology气候climate气候区划climatic regionalization 气候带climatic zone气候变化climatic change小气候microclimate热带tropic zone副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone温带extratropic zone寒带frigid zone季风monsoon梅雨plum rains暴雨storm阵雨showery rain地形雨orogarphic rain台风雨typhoon rain热带气旋雨rainfall in tropic cyclone 雷暴thunderstorm温室效应greenhouse effect卫星云图satellize cloud picture气压atmospheric pressure海平面气压sea-level pressure气温air temperature地温ground temperature湿球温度wet-bulb temprerature湿度humidity水汽压vapour pressure饱和水汽压saturation vapour pressure 绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity饱和差saturation deficit比湿specific humidity风wind风向wind direction风速wind speed蒲福风级Beaufort wind scale露dew露点dew point雾fog霜frost霜点frost point初霜first frost终霜latest frost霜冻frostbite无霜期frost-fress period1.4、流域及水系流域watershed(basin)流域面积（集水面积）drainage area闭合流域enclosed basin不闭合流域non-enclosed basin闭流区（内流区）blind drainage area分水线（分水岭）divide流域特征basin characteristics流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics流域长度basin length流域平均高程basin elevation mean流域平均宽度basin width mean流域平均速度basin slope mean流域不对称系数coefficient of basin nonsymmetric流域面积增长率growth ratio of drainage area流域自然地理特征physiographic characteristics of basin水系hydrographic net人工河网artificial drainage network 河网密度drainage density 明渠open channel河流river河源headwaters冲沟gully溪流brook支流tributary干流main stream分支fork串沟bifurcation channel运河canal外流河exorheic river内陆河endorheic river减河relief channel河道复流）河道再生）resurgence常年河perennial stream间歇河intermittent stream悬河（地上河）elevated stream夺流河（断头河）captured river 盈水河gaining stream亏水河losing stream暴洪河流flashy stream地下河underground river界河boundary river国际河流international river废河道（古河道）dead river岸bank左岸left bank右岸right bank凹岸concave bank凸岸convex bank岸壁land wall水边线（岸线）water line提防levee河长river length河弯river bend弯曲率toriuosity航道navigable channel河段reach上游upstream中游midstream下游downstream控制河段control reach顺直河段straight reach弯曲河段bent reach扩散河段expanding reach收缩河段converging reach游荡河段wandering reach感潮河段tide reach截弯取直channel cutoff河槽（河床）channel cutoff稳定河槽stable channel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽）unstable channel 主槽main channel单式河槽single channel复式河槽compound channel河槽横断面river cross-section河道纵断面river longitudinal profile断面特性cross-section characteristics河床形态channel morphology浅槽shoal急滩catarect河漫滩flood plain三角洲delta江心洲channel island潜州submerged bar深潭deep pool1.5、河流水力学水力学hydraulics明渠水力学open channel hydraulics水静力学hydrostatics水动力学hydrodynamics明渠水流open channel flow恒定流steady flow非恒定流unsteady flow均匀流（等速流）uniform flow非均匀流（变速流）non-uniform flow急流supercritical flow缓流subcritical flow异重流density current临界流critical flow临界水深critical depth临界流速critical velocity临界流量critical discharge水头head位置水头（位能）elevation head压强水头（压能）pressure head流速水头（动能）velocity head有效水头effective head水头损失head loss沿程水头损失frictional head loss局部水头损失local head loss比降slope能面比降energy slope水面比降surface slope摩阻比降friction slope附加比降add slope河道比降channel slope水面横比降transverse slope of water surface 侧比降inverse slope总水头线total head line水面线water surface profile糙率roughness谢才系数Chezy coefficient谢才公式Chezy formula曼宁公式Manning formula输水因数（输水率）conveyance factor水跃hydraulic jump水舌nappe回水曲线backwater curve弗汝德数Froude number雷诺数Reynolds number韦伯数Weber number水力因素hydraulic factor湿周wetted perimeter水力半径hydraulic radius宽深比width-depth ratio中泓线midstream of channel深泓线Thalweg落差fall瀑布waterfall波浪wave驻波standing wave移动波translation wave1.6、河流泥沙河流动力学river dynamics河流泥沙river sediment泥沙特性property of sediment土壤侵蚀soil erosion水力侵蚀water erosion山洪侵蚀torrential erosion流域侵蚀basin erosion流域产沙量watershed sediment yield 全沙total load悬移质suspended load推移质bed load床沙bed material床沙质bed material load冲泄质wash load河流泥沙运动sediment transport in river泥沙运动incipienty motion of sediment起动流速competent velocity造床流量dominant discharge泥沙密度density of sediment高含沙水流flow with hyperconcentration of sediment 泥石流debris flow水流挟沙能力sediment transport capacity of flow河床演变fluvial process冲刷scour淤积sedimentation沙量平衡sediment balance泥沙输移sediment transport泥沙输移比sediment delivery ratio浆河现象clogging of river sediment flow揭河底现象tearing of river bed1.7、水质天然水质natural water quality水化学hydrochemistry溶解性总固体total dissolved solids离子含量ion concentration离子总量total ion concentration 离子流量ion discharge矿化度mineral content盐度salinitypH值pH value碱度alkalinity酸度acidity酸雨acid rain电导率electric conductivity浑浊度（浊度）turbidity总需氧量total oxygen demand溶解氧dissolved oxygen需氧量oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demang 化学需氧量chemical oxygen demand硬度hardness碳酸盐硬度（暂时硬度）carbonate hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度）non-carbonate hardness硬水hard water软水soft water1.8、河流冰清冰清ice regime结冰河流ice-frozen stream封冻河流freeze-up stream稳定封冻河流stable freeze-up stream 非稳定封冻河流unstable freeze-up stream 结冰期ice-frozen period初生冰initial ice冰针ice spicule冰凇rime ice圆扁冰pan-cake ice冰花frazil slush岸冰border ice初生岸冰initial border ice固定岸冰fixed border ice冲积岸冰agglomerated border ice 再生岸冰regencrative border ice 残余岸冰residual border ice雪冰slush ice水内冰underwater ice冰屑shuga冰底边ice base boundary冰礁ice reef冰桥ice bridge流冰花slush ice run浮冰floating ice锚冰anchor ice封冻期freeze-up period封冻（封河）freeze-up平封flat freeze-up立封upright freeze-up冰盖ice cover连底冻grounded ice cover冰丘ice mound封冻冰缘ice edge of freeze-up清沟lead初生清沟primary lead再生清沟secondary lead冰花路毡sludge road felt冰上覆雪snow cover over ice冰脊ice ridge冰缝crack悬冰suspended ice cover冰堆ice pack冰塞ice jam冰上结冰aufeis解冻期break-up period冰变色color change of ice cover冰上冒水upwelling冰上有水accumulation of melt water 冰上流水water flow over ice层冰层水ice cover with intercalated water layers 融冰tbawing 冰层塌陷ice sheet depression冰层浮起floating ice cover冰滑动dislodging of ice cover解冻（开河）break-up文开河tranquil break-up武开河violent break-up流冰花ice run流冰堆积drifting ice pack冰坝ice dam残冰堆积residual ice accumulation1.9、河口潮汐潮汐tide潮位tidal level涨潮flood tide落潮ebb tide高潮high tide低潮low tide平潮dead tide涨潮潮差flood tidal rang高潮间隙ebb tidal range低潮间隙high lunitidal interval日潮不等diurnal inequality月中天lunar transit引潮力tidal generation force天文潮astronomic tid气象潮meteorologic tide潮汐周期tidal cycle半日潮semidiurnal tide全日潮diurnal tide混合潮mixed tide大潮spring tide小潮neap tide中潮moderate tide太阴日lunar day潮期duration of tide涨潮历时duration of tide rise落潮历时duration of tide fall潮流tidal current涨潮流flood tidal current落潮流ebb tidal current憩流slack tide潮流速tidal velocity往复流reversing current旋转流rotary current潮流期duration of tidal current涨潮流历时duration of flood current 落潮流历时duration of ebb current 涌潮bore河口estuary河口水文estuarine hydrology河口水流estuarine flow河口潮汐estuarine tide河口演变fluvial processes of estuary 拦门沙estuarine bar河口三角洲estuarine delta滩涂（海涂）tidal flat1.10、地下水地下水水文学groundwater hydrology 水文地质学hydrogeology地下水动力学groundwater dynamics地下水系统groundwater system地下水流域drainage basin of groundwater地下水分水岭groundwater divide地下水动态groundwater regime地下水均衡groundwater balance地下水运动（渗流）groundwater movement地下水模型groundwater model地下水储量groundwater storage地下水水库groundwater reservoir地下水径流groundwater runoff地下水流速velocity of groundwater flowhydraulic gradient of groundwater 地下水力坡度（地下水水面坡度地下水等水位线图water-table contour map含水层aquifer含水岩系water-content rock series含水岩组water-content rock formation含水岩性water-content rock property含水介质water-bearing medium均匀介质homogeneous medium非均匀介质inhomogeneous medium含水层边界aquifer boundary透水边界permeable boundary隔水边界confining boundary弱透水边界aquitard boundary透水层permeable bed隔水层confining bed弱透水层aquitard水文地质参数hydrogeological parameters渗透系数permeability coefficient导水系数（释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数storativitycoefficient of water table conductivity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity越流系数leakage coefficient延迟指数delay index影响半径influence radius补给带宽度range of recharge zone水位削减值drawdown value interferece分子扩散系数coefficient of molecular diffusion机械弥散系数coefficient of mechanical dispersion水动力弥散系数coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion 包气带aeration zone饱和层saturated zone土壤水soil water结合水bound water吸着水absorbed water薄膜水pellicular water上层滞水perched water渗入水infiltration water凝结水condensation water毛管水capillary water毛管上升高度height of capillary rise毛管压力水头capillary pressure head土壤含水量soil moisture content饱和含水量saturated moisture content饱和度saturation coefficient土水势soil water potential持水度water-holding capacity土壤水分常数soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数wilting coefficient田间持水量field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture最大分子吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法zero flux plane method潜水phreatic water降水入渗补给precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge凝结水补给condensation recharge侧向补给lateral recharge越流补给leakage recharge灌溉补给系数rirrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater 潜水蒸发phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation 潜水溢出量phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位phreatic water level潜水埋深buried depth of phreatic water level 潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer 重力水gravity water 给水度specific yield承压水confined water隔水顶板upper confining bed隔水底板lower confining bed承压含水层厚度thickness of confined aquifer承压水头confined water head自流水井artesian well含水层天窗skylight of upper confining bed孔隙水pore water孔隙含水层porous aquifer孔隙-裂隙含水层pore-fissure aquifer 有效孔隙度effective porosity裂隙水fissure water裂隙含水层fissure aquifer裂隙度fissure ratio岩溶（喀斯特）karst岩溶水karst water溶洞karst cave岩溶含水层karst aquifer泉spring温泉thermal spring矿泉mineral spring1.11、湖泊水库湖泊lake外流湖exorheic lake内流胡endorheic lake淡水湖fresh lake咸水湖salt lake盐湖saline lake季节性湖泊seasonal lake富营养湖泊eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊poornutrient lake湖流lake current梯度流gradient current漂流current of friction湖浪lake wave湖泊荡漾（假潮）lake seiche湖泊增减水lake wind denivellation湖泊资源lake resoursce湖泊率lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期lake residence period湖盆lake basin湖面高程elevation of water level in lake岛屿率insulosity湖泊分层lake layering正温层direct thermal stratification逆温层inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数morphometric parameter of lake湖泊面积lake area湖泊容量storage of lake湖泊长度length of lake湖泊宽度width of lake湖泊最大深度maximum depth of lake湖泊平均深度mean depth of lake湖泊岸线长度length of lake shoreline湖泊岸线法发育系数development coefficient of lake shoreline 水库reservoir水库特征水位characteristic water levels of reservoir 库容reservoir storage静库容still storage动库容（楔形库容）dynamic storage库容曲线stage-capacity curve水库特征库容characteristic storages of reservoir水库渗漏reservoir seepage水库淤积reservoir sedimentation水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake水库拦沙效率sediment trap efficiency of reservoir1.12、沼泽沼泽mire潜育沼泽non-peat mire泥炭沼泽peat mire低位沼泽low level mire高位沼泽main level mire中位沼泽medium level mire沼泽水文mire hydrology沼泽水量平衡water balance of mire沼泽水mire water沼泽蒸发mire evaporation沼泽径流mire runoff沼泽表面流surface flow of mire沼泽表层流surface layer of mire沼泽含水性moisture property of mire 沼泽持水性water retention of mire沼泽透水性perviousness of mire沼泽率mire ratio1.13、冰川冰川glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川）mountain glacier 谷冰川valley glacier宽尾冰川broad-tail glacier冰斗冰川cirque glacier悬冰川hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川）penetrating glacier 冰原ice field冰川平衡线equilibrium line of glacier二、水文测验2.1、一般术语水文测验hydrometry水文勘测hydrologic reconnaissance水文遥感技术remote-sensing technology in hydrology 水文空间技术space technology in hydrology水文核技术nuclear technology in hydrology全球定位系统global positioning system遥测telemetry驻测stationary gauging巡测tour gauging间测intermittent gauging检测test gauging校测corrective gauging委托观测entrust gauging水文仪器hydrologic instrumen直读仪器direct-reading instrument自记仪器automatic-recording instrument遥测装置remote telemetry unit传感器sensor固态存贮器solid storage计数器counter记录器recorder显示器display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures相应水位equivalent stage2.2、水文站网水文测站hydrometric station基本站basic station辅助站auxiliary station专用站special station水文实验站hydrologic experimental station基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station水文气象站hydrometeorologic station巡测站tour gauging station水文站gauging station大河控制站main-stream control station区域代表站regional representative station小河站small-stream station河道站river station水库站reservoir station渠道战canal station湖泊站lake station堰闸站weir and sluice station水位站stage gauging station潮水位站（验潮站）tidal level station水库水位站reservoir stage gauging station湖泊水位站lake stage gauging station雨量站（降水量站）rain gauging station配套雨量站complete set rain gauging station雨量观测场rain observation yard水面蒸发站water surface evaporation station陆上水面蒸发场water surface evaporation station on land 漂浮水面蒸发场floating water surface evaporation yard 水质站（水质监测站）water qualiky station泥沙站sediment station地下水观测井observation well of groundwater水文站网hydrologic network基本站网basic hydrologic network流量站网streamflow gauging network雨量站网rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网stage gauging network泥沙站网sediment gauging network水质站网water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater observation well network 站网规划hydrologic network planning水文分区hydrologic regionalization站网布设network layout站网分析network analysis站网检验network examination站网优化network optimization站网调整network adjustment站网密度network density现实密度real density可用密度usable density容许最稀站网minimum network设站年限station required age水文信息hydrologic information水文效益hydrologic benefit2.3、测验基本设施及测量基面datum绝对基面absolute datum假定基面arbitrary datum测站基面station datum冻结基面stationary datum测站控制station control河槽控制channel control断面控制section control人工控制artificial control河底控制river bottom control槛式控制sill control测验河段measuring reach水流平面图flow plane map水道地形图channel topographic map断面标志cross-section sign断面桩cross-section stake标志杆sign rod辐射杆radiation rod基线base line基线桩base line stake水准点benchmark基本水准点basic benchmark校核水准点check benchmark临时水准点temporary benchmark测验断面measuring cross-section基本水尺断面basic gauge cross-section流速仪测流断面current-meter measuring cross-section 浮标测流断面float measuring cross-section比降水尺断面slope measuring cross-section辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross-section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross-section 水文缆道hydrometric cableway悬索缆道suspended cableway悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway机动缆道mororized cableway手动缆道hand-operating cableway主索main cable循环索loop cable起重索suspension cable水文缆车hydrometric cable car吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat缆道测验仪cableway measuring device水文测船hydrometric boat水文测桥hydrometric bridge桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hydrometry 水准测量leveling跨河水准测量river-crossing leveling水尺零点测量survey of gauge zero控制测量control survey高程控制测量vertical control survey平面控制测量horizontal control survey导线测量traverse survey三角测量triangulation距离测量distance survey河道观测river survey地形测量topographic survey碎部测量detail survey水下地形测量underwater topographic survey2.4、降水量、蒸发量观测及仪器设备降水量precipitation雨量rainfall积雪深度snow depth积雪密度snow density雪水当量water equivalent of snow降水历时precipitation duration降雨强度rainfall intensity降水日数number of precipitation days降水量观测precipitation observation雨量器raingauge承水器raingauge receiver量杯measuring glass累积雨量器accumulative raingauge雨量计rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping-bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计long-term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation-monitoring radar雪量器snow gauge雨雪量计rain and snow recorder蒸发量evaporation蒸发量观测evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation 遮挡率screen ratio蒸发器evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿）small evaporation panE-601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E-601漂浮蒸发器floating evaporation pan蒸发计evaporimeter遥测蒸发计telemetering evaporimeter2.5、水位、水温、波浪观测及仪器设备水位观测stage observation水尺零点gauge zero最高水位maximum stage最低水位minimum stage平均水位mean stage水位变幅fluctuation range of stage比降观测slope observation涨落率rate of rise and fall水面起伏度undulating range of surface水温观测water temperature observation 水温表water thermometer波浪观测wave observation波高wave height波长wave lendth波峰wave crest波谷wave trough波陡wave steep测波仪wave meter水尺gauge直立水尺vertical gauge倾斜水尺inclined gauge悬锤水尺wire weight gauge矮桩水尺stake gauge测针水尺point gauge钩形水尺hool gauge最高水位水尺crest stage gauge校核水尺check gauge基本水尺basic gauge辅助水尺auxiliary gauge比降水尺slope gauge临时水尺temporary gauge水位计stage gauge自记水位计stage recorder浮子式水位计float type stage recorder压力式水位计pressure-type stage recorder 超声波水位计ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计telemetering stage recorder接触式水位计contact-type stage recorder 远传水位计telecontrol stage recorder自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井stilling well2.6、水深、断面测量及仪器设备水深depth测得水深measured depth有效水深effective depth相对水深relative depth断面平均水深mean depth at a cross-section测深sounding测深垂线sounding vertical测深杆sounding rod测深锤sounding weight超声波测探仪（回声测深仪）ultrasonic sounder压力测深仪pressure sounder铅鱼elliptic-type weight起点距distance from initial point断面索tag line水面宽water surface width河底高程river bed elevation横断面cross-section大断面possible maximum cross-section过水断面wetted cross-section水道断面channel cross-section断面面积cross-section area部分面积segment area纵断面longitudinal profile深泓纵断面thalweg profile平均河底高程纵剖面mean channel bed elevation profile 拉偏索pull slanting cable悬索偏角改正sounding line correction干绳改正air line correction湿绳改正wet lien correction2.7、流速测验及仪器设备流速测量velocity measurement水面流速surface velocity测点流速velocity at a point最大测点流速maximum point velocity测速垂线velocity-measuring vertical垂线平均流速mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速mean velocity at a cross-section浮标流速float velocity中泓流速midstream velocity流速分布velocity distribution流速梯度velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross-section velocity distribution测点流速系数point velocity coefficient水面流速系数surface velocity coefficient顺流downstream flow逆流upstream flow流速脉动velocity pulsation中泓流速midstream流向测量flow-direction measurement断面平均流向mean flow direction at a cross-section 流向改正correction for flow direction流向仪flow-direction meter流量测量discharge measurement流速面积法velocity area method流速仪法current-meter method积宽法width-integrating method积深法depth-integrating method选点法point-integrating method动船法moving boat method单宽流量unit discharge部分流量segment discharge比降面积法slope area method浮标法float method浮标系数float coefficient水面浮标系数surface float coefficient中泓浮标系数midstream float coefficient虚流量virtual discharge超声波测流法ultrasonic gauging method电磁测流法electromagnetic gauging method 体积法cubature 流速仪法current-meter method转子式流速仪rotating-element current-meter 旋杯市流速仪cup-type current-meter旋浆式流速仪propeller-type current-meter电波流速仪electric wave current-meter超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current-meter 多普勒流速仪Doppler current-meter参证流速仪reference current-meter流量计flow meter文杜里水流计Venturi flow meter毕托管Pitot tube流速仪检定current-meter calibration检定槽calibration tank检定车calibration carriage浮标float水面浮标系数surface float小浮标small float双浮标double float浮杆float-rod中泓浮标系数midstream float浮标投放器float thrower涉水测流wading stream gauging测杆wading rod2.8、建筑物测流及稀释法测流建筑物测流structure stream-gauging测流堰weir薄壁堰thin-plate weir三角形堰triangular notch weir矩形堰rectangular notch weir梯形堰trapezoidal notch weir实用堰short-crested weir宽顶堰broad-crested weir三角形剖面堰triangular-profile weir平坦V性堰flat-V weir复合堰compound weir全宽堰full-width weir收缩堰contracted weir测流堰flume文杜里水槽Venturi flume临界水深水槽critical-depth flume巴歇尔槽Parshall flume堰体weir body堰高height of weir堰顶高程elevation of weir crest堰顶水头weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure闸门开启高度gate opening行近河槽approach channel行近流速approach velocity堰流weir flow流态flow regime自由流free flow淹没流submerged flow半淹没流half-submerged flow孔流sluice flow射流jet flow淹没比submergence ratio淹没系数submergence coefficient流速系数velocity coefficient流量系数discharge coefficient稀释法测流dilution method for discharge measurement示踪剂tracer标准溶液standard solution背景浓度background concentration稀释比dilution ratio混匀长度mixing length等速注入法constant-rate injection method积分法（一次注入法）integrating method多点注入法multiple injection method注入断面injection cross-section取样断面sampling cross-section2.9、泥沙测验、泥沙颗粒分析及仪器设备泥沙测验sediment measurement断面平均含沙量mean sediment concentration at a cross-section 测点含沙量sediment concentration at a point 垂线平均含沙量mean sediment concentration at a vertical单样含沙量index sediment concentration相应单样含沙量equivalent index sediment concentration 悬移质输沙率测验suspended sediment discharge全断面混合法cross-section mixing method推移质输沙率bed load discharge单样推移质输沙率index bed load discharge单宽推移质输沙率bed load discharge per unit推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器测法sampling method坑测法pit method沙波法dune tracking method床沙测验bed material measurement。
金融词汇缩写
CPI Consumer Price IndexPPI Producer Price IndexJVC joint venture company 合资公司K. D. knocked down 拆散K. D. knocked down price 成交价格L. B. letter book 书信备查簿LB licensed bank 许可银行L.& D. loans and discounts 放款及贴现Li. liability 负债LI letter of interest (intent) 意向书lifo (LIFO) last in, first out 后进先出法L. I. P. (LIP) life insurance policy 人寿保险单LIRCs low interest rate currencies 低利率货币L/M list of materials 材料清单LMT local mean time 当地标准时间LRP limited recourse project 有限追索项目LRPF limited recourse project financing 有限追索项目融资i. s. lump sum 一次付款总额i. s. t. local standard time 当地标准时间LT long term 长期Ltd. limited 有限（公司）m million 百万M matured bond 到期的债券M&A merger & acquisition 兼并收购MA my account 本人帐户Mat. maturity 到期日Max., max maximum 最大量M. B. memorandum book 备忘录MBB mortgage-backed bonds 抵押支持的债券MBO management by objectives 目标管理M/C marginal credit 信贷限额m/c metallic currency 金属货币MCA mutual currency account 共同货币帐户MCP mixed credit program 混合信贷计划M/d months after deposit 出票后......月M. D. maturity date 到期日M. D. (M/D) memorandum of deposit 存款(放）单M. D. malicious damage 恶意损坏mdse. merchandise 商品MEI marginal efficiency of investment 投资的边际效率mem. memorandum 备忘录MERM multilateral exchange rate model 多边汇率模型M. F. mutual funds 共同基金MF mezzanine financing 过渡融资mfg. manufacturing 制造的MFN most favoured nations 最惠国mfrs. manufacturers 制造商mg milligram 毫克M/I marine insurance 海险micro one millionth part 百万分之一min minimum 最低值、最小量MIP monthly investment plan 月度投资计划mks. marks 商标mkt. market 市场MLR minimum lending rate 最低贷款利率MLTG medium-and-long-term guarantee 中长期担保M. M. money market 货币市场MMDA money market deposit account 货币市场存款帐户MMI major market index 主要市场指数MNC multinational corporation 跨（多）国公司MNE multinational enterprise 跨国公司MO (M. O.) money order 汇票MOS management operating system 经营管理制度Mos. months 月MP market price 市价M/P months after payment 付款后......月MPC marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向Mrge.(mtg. ) mortgage 抵押MRJ materials requisition journal 领料日记帐MRO maintenance, repair and operation 维护、修理及操作MRP manufacturer's recommended price 厂商推荐价格MRP material requirement planning 原料需求计划MRP monthly report of progress 进度月报MT medium term 中期M/T mail transfer 信汇mthly monthly 每月MTI medium-term insurance 中期保险MTN medium-term note 中期票据MTU metric unit 米制单位n. net 净值N. A. net assets 净资产n. a not available 暂缺NC no charge 免费N/C net capital 净资本n. d. no date 无日期N. D. net debt 净债务n. d. non-delivery 未能到达ND next day delivery 第二天交割NDA net domestic asset 国内资产净值N.E. net earnings 净收益n. e. no effects 无效n. e. not enough 不足negb. negotiable 可转让的、可流通的Neg. Inst., N. I. negotiable instruments 流通票据nego. negotiate 谈判N. E. S. not elsewhere specified 未另作说明net. p. net proceeds 净收入N/F no fund 无存款NFD no fixed date 无固定日期NFS not for sale 非卖品N. G. net gain 纯收益NH not held 不追索委托N. I. net income 净收益N. I. net interest 净利息NIAT net income after tax 税后净收益NIFO next in, first out 次进先出法nil nothing 无NIM net interest margin 净息差NIT negative income tax 负所得税N. L. net loss 净损失NL no load 无佣金n. m. nautical mile 海里NM no marks 无标记N. N. no name 无签名NNP net national product 国民生产净值NO. (no.) number 编号、号数no a/c no account 无此帐户NOP net open position 净开头寸NOW a/c negotiable order of withdrawal 可转让存单帐户N/P net profit 净利NP no protest 免作拒付证书N. P. notes payable 应付票据NPC nominal protection coefficient 名义保护系数NPL non-performing loan 不良贷款NPV method net present value method 净现值法N. Q. A. net quick assets 速动资产净额NQB no qualified bidders 无合格投标人NR no rated （信用）未分等级N/R no responsibility 无责任N. R. notes receivable 应收票据N. S. F. (NSF) no sufficient fund 存款不足NSF check no sufficient fund check 存款不足支票nt. wt. net weight 净重NTA net tangible assets 有形资产净值NTBs non-tariffs barriers 非关税壁垒ntl no time lost 立即NTS not to scale 不按比例NU name unknown 无名N. W. net worth 净值NWC net working capital 净流动资本NX not exceeding 不超过N. Y. net yield 净收益NZ$ New Zealand dollar 新西兰元o order 订单o. (O.) offer 发盘、报价OA open account 赊帐、往来帐o/a on account of 记入......帐户o. a. overall 全面的、综合的OAAS operational accounting and analysis system 经营会计分析制OB other budgetary 其他预算O. B. ordinary business 普通业务O. B. (O/B) order book 订货簿OB/OS index overbought/oversold index 超买超卖指数OBV on-balance volume 持平数量法o. c. over charge 收费过多OC open cover 预约保险o/d, o. d.,(O. D.) overdrawn 透支OD overdraft 透支O/d on demand 见票即付O. E. (o. e. ) omission excepted 遗漏除外O. F. ocean freight 海运费OFC open for cover 预约保险O. G. ordinary goods 中等品O. G. L. Open General License 不限额进口许可证OI original issue 原始发行OII overseas investment insurance 海外投资保险ok. all correct 全部正确o. m. s. output per manshift 每人每班产量O. P. old price 原价格O. P. open policy 不定额保险单opp opposite 对方opt. optional 可选择的ord. ordinary 普通的OS out of stock 无现货O/s outstanding 未清偿、未收回的O. T. overtime 加班OTC over-the -counter market 市场外交易市场OV A overhead variance analysis 间接费用差异分析OW offer wanted 寻购启示OWE optimum working efficiency 最佳工作效率oz ounce(s) 盎司ozws. otherwise 否则p penny; pence; per 便士；便士；每P paid this year 该年（红利）已付p. pint 品托（1/8加仑）P.A. particular average; power of attorney 单独海损；委托书P.A. personal account; private account 个人账户、私人账户p.a., per ann. per annum 每年P&A professional and administrative 职业的和管理的P&I clause protection and indemnity clause 保障与赔偿条款P&L profit and loss 盈亏，损益P/A payment of arrival 货到付款P/C price catalog; price current 价格目录；现行价格P/E price/earning 市盈率P/H pier-to-house 从码头到仓库P/N promissory note 期票，本票P/P posted price (股票等)的牌价PAC put and call 卖出和买入期权pat. patent 专利PAYE pay as you earn 所得税预扣法PAYE pay as you enter 进入时支付PBT profit before taxation 税前利润per pro. per procurationem （拉丁）由...代理PF project finance 项目融资PFD preferred stock 优先股pk peck 配克（1/4蒲式耳）PMO postal money order 邮政汇票P.O.C. port of call 寄航港，停靠地P.O.D. place of delivery 交货地点P.O.D. port of destination; port of discharge 目的港；卸货港P.O.R. payable on receipt 货到付款P.P. payback period （投资的）回收期P.P.I. policy proof of interest 凭保证单证明的保险利益POE port of entry 报关港口POP advertising point-of-purchase advertising 购物点广告POR pay on return 收益PR payment received 付款收讫PS postscript 又及PV par value; present value 面值；现值q. quarto 四开，四开本Q. quantity 数量QB qualified buyers 合格的购买者QC quality control 质量控制QI quarterly index 季度指数qr. quarter 四分之一，一刻钟QT questioned trade 有问题交易QTIB Qualified Terminal Interest Property Trust 附带可终止权益的财产信托quad. quadruplicate 一式四份中的一份quotn. quotation 报价q.v. quod vide (which see) 参阅q.y. query 查核R option not traded 没有进行交易的期权R. response; registered; return 答复；已注册；收益r. rate; rupee; ruble 比率；卢比；卢布RAD research and development 研究和开发RAM diverse annuity mortgage 逆向年金抵押RAN revenue anticipation note 收入预期债券R&A rail and air 铁路及航空运输R&D research and development 研究与开发R&T rail and truck 铁路及卡车运输R&W rail and water 铁路及水路运输R/A refer to acceptor 洽询（汇票）承兑人R/D refer to drawer （银行）洽询出票人RB regular budget 经常预算RCA relative comparative advantage 相对比较优势RCMM registered competitive market maker 注册的竞争市场自营商rcvd. received 已收到r.d. running days=consecutive days 连续日RDTC registered deposit taking company 注册接受存款公司Re. subject 主题re. with reference to 关于RECEIVED B/L received for shipment bill of lading 待装云提单REER real effective exchange rate 实效汇率ref. referee; reference; refer(red) 仲裁者；裁判；参考；呈递REO real estate owned 拥有的不动产REP import replacement 进口替代REP Office representative office 代办处，代表处REPO, repu, RP Repurchase Agreement 再回购协议req. requisition 要货单，请求REVOLVER revolving letter of credit 循环信用证REWR read and write 读和写RIEs recognized investment exchanges 认可的投资交易（所）Rl roll 卷RLB restricted license bank 有限制牌照银行RM remittance 汇款rm room 房间RMB RENMINBI 人民币，中国货币RMS Royal Mail Steamer 皇家邮轮RMSD Royal Mail Special Delivery 皇家邮政专递RMT Rail and Maritime Transport Union 铁路海运联盟ROA return on asset 资产回报率ROC return on capital 资本收益率ROE return on equity 股本回报率ROI return on investment 投资收益ROP registered option principal 记名期权本金ro-ro roll-on/roll-off vessel 滚装船ROS return on sales 销售收益率RPB Recognized Professional Body 认可职业（投资）机构RPI retail price index 零售物价指数RPM resale price maintenance 零售价格维持措施（计划）rpt. repeat 重复RRP Reverse Repurchase Agreement 逆回购协议RSL rate sensitive liability 利率敏感性债务RSVP please reply 请回复RT Royalty Trust 特权信托RTM registered trade mark 注册商标Rto ratio 比率RTO round trip operation 往返作业RTS rate of technical substitution 技术替代率RTW right to work 工作权利RUF revolving underwriting facility 循环式包销安排RYL referring to your letter 参照你方来信RYT referring to your telex 参照你方电传S no option offered 无期权出售S split or stock divided 拆股或股息S signed 已签字s second; shilling 秒；第二；先令SA semi-annual payment 半年支付SA South Africa 南非SAA special arbitrage account 特别套作账户SAB special assessment bond 特别估价债券sae stamped addressed envelope 已贴邮票、写好地址的信封SAFE State Administration of Foreign Exchange 国家外汇管理局SAIC State Administration for Industry and Commerce （中国）国家工商行政管理局SAP Statement of Auditing Procedure 《审计程序汇编》SAR Special Administrative Region 特别行政区SAS Statement of Auditing Standard 《审计准则汇编》SASE self-addressed stamped envelope 邮资已付有回邮地址的信封SAT (China) State Administration of Taxation （中国）国家税务局SATCOM satellite communication 卫星通讯SB short bill 短期国库券；短期汇票SB sales book; saving bond; savings bank 售货簿；储蓄债券；储蓄银行SBC Swiss Bank Corp. 瑞士银行公司SBIC Small Business Investment Corporation 小企业投资公司SBIP small business insurance policy 小型企业保险单SBLI Savings Bank Life Insurance 储蓄银行人寿保险SBN Standard Book Number 标准图书号SC sales contract 销售合同sc scilicet namely 即SC supplier credit 卖方信贷SCF supplier credit finance 卖方信贷融资Sch schilling （奥地利）先令SCIRR special CIRR 特别商业参考利率SCL security characteristic line 证券特征线SCORE special claim on residual equity 对剩余财产净值的特别要求权SD standard deduction 标准扣除额SDB special district bond 特区债券SDBL sight draft, bill of lading attached 即期汇票，附带提货单SDH synchronous digital hierarchy 同步数字系统SDR straight discount rate 直线贴现率SDRs special drawing rights 特别提款权SE shareholders' equity 股东产权SE Stock Exchange 股票交易所SEA Single European Act 《单一欧洲法案》SEAF Stock Exchange Automatic Exchange Facility 股票交易所自动交易措施SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 东南亚公约组织sec second(ary); secretary 第二，次级；秘书sect. section 部分Sen senator 参议院Sept. September 九月SET selective employment tax 单一税率工资税sextuplicate （文件）一式六份中的一份SEC special economic zone 经济特区SF sinking fund 偿债基金Sfr Swiss Frank 瑞士法郎SFS Summary Financial Statements 财务报表概要sgd. signed 已签署SHEX Sundays and holidays excepted 星期日和假日除外SHINC Sundays and holidays included 星期日和假日包括在内shpd. shipped 已装运shpg. shipping 正装运shpt. shipment 装运，船货SI Statutory Instrument; System of Units 有效立法；国际量制SIC Standard Industrial Classification 标准产业分类SIP structured insurance products 结构保险产品SITC Standard International Trade Classification 国际贸易标准分类sk sack 袋，包SKD separate knock-known 部分散件SLC standby LC 备用信用证SMA special miscellaneous account 特别杂项账户SMEs small and medium-sized enterprises 中小型企业SMI Swiss Market Index 瑞士市场指数SML security market line 证券市场线SMTP supplemental medium term policy 辅助中期保险SN stock number 股票编号Snafu Situation Normal, All Fouled Up 情况还是一样，只是都乱了SOE state-owned enterprises 国有企业SOF State Ownership Fund 国家所有权基金sola sola bill, sola draft, sola of exchange （拉丁）单张汇票sov. sovereign 金镑=20先令SOYD sum of the year's digits method 年数加总折旧法spec. specification 规格；尺寸SPF spare parts financing 零部件融资SPQR small profits, quick returns 薄利多销SPS special purpose securities 特设证券Sq. square 平方；结清SRM standard repair manual 标准维修手册SRP Salary Reduction Plan 薪水折扣计划SRT Spousal Remainder Trust 配偶幸存者信托ss semis, one half 一半SS social security 社会福利ST short term 短期ST special treatment (listed stock) 特别措施（对有问题的上市股票）St. Dft. sight draft 即期汇票STB special tax bond 特别税债务STIP short-term insurance policy 短期保险单sub subscription; substitute 订阅，签署，捐助；代替Sun Sunday 星期日sund. sundries 杂货，杂费sup. supply 供应，供货t time; temperature 时间；温度T. ton; tare 吨；包装重量，皮重TA telegraphic address=cable address 电报挂号TA total asset 全部资产，资产TA trade acceptance 商业承兑票据TA transfer agent 过户转账代理人TAB tax anticipation bill （美国）预期抵税国库券TACPF tied aid capital projects fund 援助联系的资本项目基金TAF tied aid financing 援助性融资TAL traffic and accident loss （保险）交通和意外事故损失TB treasury bond, treasury bill 国库券，国库债券T.B. trial balance 试算表t.b.a. to be advised; to be agreed; to be announced; to be arranged 待通知；待同意；待宣布；待安排t.b.d. to be determined 待（决定）TBD policy to be declared policy 预保单，待报保险单TBV trust borrower vehicle 信托借。
豪泰林(Hotelling)模型教学文稿
选址（空间）模型是垄断竞争模型，该模型认为从消 费者的角度看每个企业的产品都位于地理或产品（特 征）空间中的某一特定位置。两种产品在地理或特征 空间上越为邻近，则它们越位更好的替代品。在这些 模型中，消费者同意位于地理或产品空间中。商店离 家越远，消费者购买的成本就越高，或者说，消费者 从与理想产品特性存在偏差的产品中获得的快乐就越 少。由于企业或产品只是与邻近的企业或产品直接竞 争，因此它们各自都有一定的市场势力。市场势力源 自消费者偏好在最近的企业进行购买或仅购买他们所 喜爱的产品。
P１＊ (a，b) ＝ c＋t (1-a-b)(1+（b-a）／３)
(1)、当a=b=０时，商店１位与０，商店２位于１，我们回 到 前面讨论的第一种情况：
P
＊ １
＝
P
＊ ２
＝ c＋t
Π１＝ Π２＝t /2
（2）、当a=1-b时，两个商店位于同一位置，我们走到另一种极
端：
P１＊ ＝ P２＊ ＝ c
Π１=Π２=0
豪泰林（Hotelling）模型
豪泰林（1929）提出了一个考虑空间差异的产品决策模 型，主要用于解释企业选址和定价行为的模型。
其基本假定为：
①有一长度为1 的“线性城市”，而消费者以密度为1 均匀地分布于这一区间，每个消费者购买一件商品；
②有两个寡头企业A和B，销售同一种产品； ③决策变量为价格，企业A 的产品价格为P1，企业B 的 产品价பைடு நூலகம்为P2； ④两寡头企业的成本函数相同，且AC＝MC＝C； ⑤企业A 在x=0 处，企业B 在x=1 处； ⑥消费者为每个单位长度支付运输费用为t。
商店：以价格为选择变量，同时做出选择(价格 竞争模型）
消费者：消费1单位的商品
货运需求配流模型的英文
货运需求配流模型的英文The freight demand allocation model is a crucial aspect of logistics management, addressing the efficient distribution of goods to meet varying demand patterns. This model aims to optimize the allocation of transportation resources, minimizing costs while satisfying customer requirements. It considers various factors such as shipment size, destination, time constraints, and transportation modes to determine the most cost-effective and efficient distribution plan. By accurately predicting and allocating freight demand, companies can enhance their operational efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction.货运需求配流模型是物流管理中的重要一环，旨在根据变化多样的需求模式高效地分配货物。
该模型旨在优化运输资源的配置，在最小化成本的同时满足客户需求。
它考虑了诸如货物规模、目的地、时间限制和运输方式等多种因素，以确定最具成本效益和效率的分配计划。
通过准确预测和分配货运需求，企业可以提高运营效率、降低成本并提升客户满意度。
The freight demand allocation model employs various mathematical techniques and algorithms to analyze and solve complex distribution problems. These include optimization methods that consider multiple objectives, such as minimizing total transportation costs and maximizing customer service levels. Additionally, the model incorporates data analytics and forecasting techniques to predictfuture demand patterns and identify potential bottlenecks in the supply chain.货运需求配流模型运用多种数学技术和算法来分析和解决复杂的分配问题。
基于弹性系数法预测某县货运周转量
基于弹性系数法预测某县货运周转量
张澍;于霞;蒋镇英
【期刊名称】《科技风》
【年(卷),期】2013(000)022
【摘要】江苏某县拥有丰富的生物、矿产、水能资源，县域经济发展迅速，为了该县物流与运输行业进一步平稳发展，做好交通枢纽规划，有必要对进出该县的货运周转量进行预测。
弹性系数法是一种常用的预测方法，具有较高的拟合性，通过运用弹性系数法对该县货运周转量进行预测计算，得出特征年份的货运周转量，为该县物流与运输行业规划提供支持。
【总页数】2页(P73-73,75)
【作者】张澍;于霞;蒋镇英
【作者单位】镇江中福马机械有限公司，江苏镇江 212016;镇江中福马机械有限公司，江苏镇江 212016;镇江中福马机械有限公司，江苏镇江 212016
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
1.基于扩展卡尔曼滤波神经网络算法的公路货运周转量预测 [J], 鲍星星;陈森发
2.基于弹性系数法的全国公路客货运量预测研究 [J], 乔向明;董梅;张明香
3.基于GNNM(1.1)模型的货运量及货运周转量预测 [J], 陈皓;李忠
4.基于时间序列分析的货运周转量预测 [J], 叶斌;代晓琴;陈朝海
5.基于人工神经网络模型的物流业货运周转量预测 [J], 颜永勤
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Therefore, they provide limited assistance beyond description of likely load magnitudes. For a given catchment area, differences in values of α and cause orders of magnitude variation in SDR, suggesting the strong dependence of SDR on additional properties which represent catchment heterogeneity. It is known that factors influencing SDR include hydrological regime (e.g. rainfallrunoff), catchment properties (e.g. vegetation, topography, and soil properties) and their complex interactions. Mathematical derivation of either the dynamical, spatial, or statistical properties of SDR in terms of those influential factors is far from trivial.
SDR = α Aβ
2
Sediment delivery ratio (SDR) is defined as the fraction of gross erosion that is transported from a given catchment in a given time interval. It is a dimensionless scalar and can be expressed as SDR = Y/E (1) where Y is average annual sediment yield per unit area and E is average annual erosion over that same area. In essence, SDR is a scaling factor used to accommodate differences in areal-averaged sediment yields between measurement scales. It accounts for the amount of sediment that is actually transported from the eroding sources to the catchment outlet compared to the total amount of soil that is detached over the same area above that point. It often has a value between 0 and 1 due to sediment deposition caused by change of flow regime and reservoir storage. Values larger than 1 were also found at event basis or when bank or gully erosion predominates. Methods to estimate SDR can be roughly grouped into three categories. The first category deals with specific sites where sufficient sediment yield and stream flow data are available. Methods such as sediment rating curve-flow duration [Gregory and Walling, 1973], or reservoir sediment deposition survey are often used. Such approaches are not
wt = g ( ρs − ρ )d 2 18µ
(5)
The third category attempts to build models based on fundamental hydrologic and hydraulic processes In the majority of these models, sediment delivery and deposition are predicted through the coupling between runoff and erosion/deposition conditioning upon sediment transport capacity [Flanagan et al., 1995]. Despite the merit of physical description, the existing models are often not suited to basin scale applications. The purpose of this paper is to explore new ways of modeling sediment transport at large catchment scale. Our aim is to identify the dominant controls on sediment transport and on catchment-tocatchment variability. A second order consideration is to demonstrate models which provide a better match to available measurements and to help guide efficient design for new measurements. We illustrate, based on a simple linear model of sediment transport, that catchment response of sediment can be described by the dual effects of hydrological response and sediment deposition. 2. 2.1 THE METHODS Sediment Deposition
Modelling Sediment Delivery Ratio Based on Physical Principles
Hua Luab, Christopher Morana, Ian Prossera and Murugesu Sivapalanc
a b
CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Institute of Theoretical Geophysics, University of Cambridge, UK. h.lu@
c
Centre for Water Research, The University of Western Australia
Abstract: Sediment delivery ratio (SDR) is traditionally defined as the fraction of upland gross erosion that is transported out of a defined area, e.g., a plot or catchment. It is, effectively, an index of sediment transport efficiency. Previously, it is treated as an empirically-lumped parameter used as a mechanism for compensating for sediment deposition within a catchment area. In this paper, we propose a simple sediment transport model based on the concept of linear reservoir cascades. It links SDR to catchment hydrological response and the dominant sediment deposition processes. The new SDR formulas thus derived are used to explain the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of sediment transport processes and their interactions with rainfall and catchment characteristics. Further, implications for spatially-distributed sediment transport modelling over large spatial extents are explored. Using this model we demonstrate, for the first time, that ambiguity in the previous definition of SDR could be one major source of confusion in the controversial debate about sediment transport in large catchments. Keywords: Sediment delivery ratio; Sediment deposition; Erosion; Sediment budgets. 1. INTRODUCTION suitable for estimating the spatial distribution of sediment yield for a large basin because the measurements required are rarely available at each sub-catchment. The second category uses empirical relationships which relate SDR to the most important morphological characteristics of a catchment, such as the catchment area [Roehl, 1962]. A widely used method is a SDR-area power function: