Lecture Three The UK Economy---lhy0927
The UK Economy
London
London is the world's largest financial centre, with financial services based around two districts: 'The City' (the City of London) and the Docklands (particularly around Canary Wharf).
The UK Economy
The UK Economy
Main industries
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • machine tools, industrial equipment, scientific equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles computers, processed metals, chemical products, coal mining, oil production, paper, food processing, textiles, Clothing consumer goods.
GDP Statistics (China)
• • • • GDP $2.772 trillion (2007 est.) (2008) $4.42 5% (Q4 2008) $5,300 GDP per capita $45,575 (2007 est.) GDP by sector agriculture (1%) (11.3%) industry (26%) (48.6%), services (73%) (40.1%)
Modern Economic History
21世纪大学商务英语综合教程第三册课文英汉对照翻译ByMJX
UNIT1 Free Trade Has Enriched the World with More than Diverse Goods自由贸易给世界带来的不仅是丰富多彩的商品By Daniel GriswoldTune in to cable TV, talk radio, or the blogosphere and you will soon be hit over the head with the message that free trade is destroying America. According to the economic populists on the left and right, the wages, jobs, and futures of Main Street Americans are being sacrificed daily to the gods of globalization.只要打开有线电视、收音机或博客网，你很快就会惊讶地获悉：自由贸易正在摧毁美国。
据左右两派经济民粹主义者所说，美国普通老百姓的工资、工作和未来天天都在被当作供品献祭给全球化的神明们。
On trade, as on so much else, the populists have it wrong again. Free trade and globalization are great blessings to American families. Trade is delivering lower prices and more variety to consumers, especially the poor, while creating better paying jobs for the middle class. Beyond the US shores, the spread of economic openness is building a more peaceful, democratic and humane world for our children.就像在其他许多事情上一样，这些民粹主义者们在贸易问题上又搞错了。
英语国家社会与文化入门（上册）汉语译文之英国UKeconomy
Absolute Decline and RelativeDecline到19世纪80年代英国经济在世界上占主导地位产生一个世界上，一半的煤，铁，半制成品的棉花三分之一。
英国航运数额更大的世界其他地区加起来比。
但即使到1900年这不再是这样，英国有超过都被美国和德国，当然也从1945年到现在，对英国经济的故事通常是作为一个思想的下降。
这是可以理解的，而是误导，因为它实际上一直是经济稳定增长时期，迅速提高生活水平。
英国仍然是七工业经济大集团之一。
但也有描述为这一时期下降的原因之一。
中英双方作为第二次世界大战的成功盟友之一战后世界，同其主要竞争对手的一些国家，如德国和日本，经济遭到破坏。
同时英国是一个更加庞大帝国的中心。
数字显示，英国是仅次于美国在国际经济中。
因此，英国当时显然是在强大的经济地位，它的地位显然不再占据，这表明一些下降排序。
但基本的正面描述的经济规模表面上的事实，世界贸易是英国比例很高，因此在1945年，没有透露有关英国的立场，重要的负面事实即使这样。
首先该国了负债累累，以资助战争，累计出售其海外资产多，借用美国和加拿大的大量资金。
这些债务意味着英国进入一个重大的经济问题，战后时代。
其次，帝国时代已经结束。
印度，俗称为“在大英帝国的皇冠”珠宝称，1947年取得独立，只有2年后战争结束。
这是在帝国的最大元素，提供原材料，并为英国商品的大市场。
这与印度的关系已不再可用，帝国的其它国家也纷纷仿效印度独立，剩下的只是一个中等规模的欧洲国家，英国的人口只有五分之一的美国的大小，第三，尽管相对快速和顺利的非殖民化自由的过程中，英国仍然不得不维持一个庞大而昂贵的地方，许多海外的军事存在，直到该进程完成（主要是由60年代末）。
此外，政府立场的其中一个职位的塑造者，战后世界需要大量的军事贡献，作为北约的主要伙伴之一两者，作为安理会常任理事国。
所有这一切的结果是英国用于军事比其大多数竞争对手其国民财富（尤其是其研究和开发预算）的比例较高。
Lecture 3
大学英美概况课件Lecture 3
--UK’s exports to China: power generating equipment for oilfields, auto fittings, container ships, air ground equipment, foodstuffs, tobacco manufacturing equipment
Lecture 3
National Economy
Group Work
• Work in groups of four or five. Each one gives the presentation she/he is resposible for:
--industry --agriculture --transport & communication --Thatcherism • Listen to others and ask a question when you don’t
in U.K.? 6. What is “British Disease”? 7. Make comments on Thatcherism.
Contents
• 1. General Survey • 2. Company Law and Framework of Industry • 3. Industries • 4. Agriculture • 5. Transportation and Communication • 6. British Disease and Thatcher’s Medicine • 7. Cities
the uk economy
廖慧指导老师龙The development of British economy in modern history In the modern history, the United Kingdom not only has a bright culture, but also the birthplace of the industrial revolution. Is the world's first industrialized countries to achieve. Its economic development has an important impact on the world economy.I will talk about its development from the three parts of the rising period of the economy and the current situation.Transformation period (16-18 century)Seventeenth century England is in from feudal society to capitalist society transition period, the period of the British bourgeoisie in order to accumulate more primitive accumulation of wealth to take heavily doctrine "policy so that they greatly promotes the development of capitalist revolution of England andrelated industries, to the 17 century at the beginning of the 18th century Britain has completed the primitive accumulation of capitalism in the process, to the industrial revolution to the excessive and adapt to the development trend of the world economy and a policy of" BULLIONIST "changed to" heavy doctrine "policy to the world capitalist industrialization process change.At the end of fifteenth Century, the maritime industry unprecedented development, Columbo found the new continent, the European merchants for the ecstasy.Once upon a time, they had to travel back and forth on the coast of the Mediterranean, but now the Pacific, the Atlantic, and even the world, have become the market they do business. British coastline is very long, foreign trade conditions are unique, London, Liverpool became a busy port city. Potato, sugar and coffee in the Americas, Asia's China, tea and tobacco, into the homes of ordinary people, and the British goods, but also a steady stream to sell all over the world. In 1600 established the East India Company, the monopoly of the trade between Britain and British India, the opium cultivation in India, sold to China, earning huge profits. From 1610 to 1640, the amount of foreign trade in the United Kingdom increased by 10 times. With the rapid development of commercial trade, the country's wealth has increased rapidly.With the continuous improvement of industrial technology, social productivity with hitherto unknown speed, great strides forward. In Britain, the textile sector is the vanguard of technological innovation. In 1733, John Kay invented the "shuttle", the weaving speed accelerate, 1764, Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, can also spin eight root cotton; 1768. Arkwright to falls as the driving force, invented hydraulic machinery. In 1779, Crompton invented the spinning machine, and further accelerate the speed of spinning; in 1782, Watt in a single action based on the type of steam engine, and made double acting steam engine, it appears, so that the machine fundamentally instead of human, human society thus entering into an "age of steam". With the expansion of the scope of the steam engine, especially the appearance of the machine manufacturing industry, the industrial revolution expanded rapidly to various departments. Accelerated growth phase (1820-1913)Between 1820 and 1913, Britain's per capita income grew faster than at any time in the past, about 3 times the period between 1700 and 1820. This period is a new era in the development of the United Kingdom and other Western European countries. The basic reason for the outstanding performance of the economy is the acceleration of technological progress, as well as the rapid growth of the physical capital stock, the improvement of the level of labor education and the improvement of labor skills. The improvement of the efficiency of resource allocation is due to the improvement of the international labor division.To nineteenth Century 30 ~ 40 years, the major industrial sectors have adopted the machine, the big machine production in the textile industry has been the dominant position. Britain developed from agricultural country to industrial country, and the industrial revolution was basically completed. The industrial revolution changed the economic geography of the United kingdom. The second half of nineteenth Century 50 to nineteenth Century 70 years, is the heyday of British free trade capitalist development. It was at the time of the reign of Queen Victoria, "Vitoria times" said. This period Britain completed the first industrial revolution, become a "world factory", the steel production accounted for the total output of the world more than half, import and export trade accounted for more than one-third of the world total, London has become international financial and Trade Center. As of 1914, the British colonies had been widely spread across the world, with an area of 33 million 500 thousand square kilometers, with a population of more than square kilometers, the world's largest colonial empire.The decline of the British economyThe "British disease", that is after the end of World War II, Britain's economy has state of stagflation and this state lasted for nearly 30 years, by some economists dubbed the "British disease"."British disease" in the 1920s attack, subject to the impact of a particular political environment. Shortly after the war broke out in 1920, the economic crisis. In a shrinking during the war of civil industry, expected can be in after the end of the war recovered and developed. However, 1920 the economic crisis to vanish into thin air. Coal, cotton textiles, shipbuilding industry sector due to the narrow domestic market and export difficulties, can not be recovered. Even in the twenty years after the 1920 economic crisis, they have been stagnant.Britain's domestic economy has become worse because of the economic crisis of the thirty's and the Second World War. Remnants of war under a lot of economic problems remain to be solved, including: old and was badly damaged in fixed assets equipment needs to be update, reset; compression war people purchasing power the war will cause the scarcity of means of subsistence, which will lead to rising prices, domestic market of narrowing, the weakening of export competition ability, the urgent need for imports increased sharply with the increase of Britain's trade deficit, and after the end of the war in the short term did not increase international liquidity means.From the Second World War to the fifty's, this is the British economy has just come from a heavy blow to the peaceful period of economic stage.The late sixty's is another turning point in the British economic history in twentieth Century. A serious pound crisis occurred in 1967. it means that Britain's position in international trade and finance has weakened further.After entering the seventy's, the British economy is basically stagnant, the economic growth rate is not only slowing down, but also in a number of years is negative.The British economy has experienced a particularly difficult period in 1970s. The rise in oil pricesled to an inflation rate of 25. This has caused a lot of workers to strike for more pay. All of this led to the economic fact that the government's commitment to the Conservative Party in 1979 when the British people in the Conservative Party in the Conservative Party in when the British people's commitment to a radical reform program. Reduce bureaucracy and foreign exchange controlThe slow growth of ten years (2000-2009)In the 10 years from 2009 to 2000, the average GDP grew by only 1.7% a year, the lowest rate since the 40's of last century.However, in the first 10 years of the new century, the UK service sector has been growing rapidly, with an average annual growth rate of 2.6%.Works citedThe so。
英国经济英语作文
英国经济英语作文The British Economy: Challenges and Opportunities。
The British economy has long been a topic of interest and debate, with its ups and downs, challenges and opportunities. As one of the world's leading economies, it has faced various challenges in recent years, including the impact of Brexit, the global economic slowdown, and therise of new technologies. However, it also presents numerous opportunities for growth and development, particularly in sectors such as finance, technology, and renewable energy.One of the most pressing challenges facing the British economy in recent years has been the impact of Brexit. The decision to leave the European Union has created uncertainty and instability, leading to a decline in business investment and consumer confidence. The ongoing negotiations between the UK and the EU have also created uncertainty for businesses, particularly those that rely ontrade with the EU. However, despite these challenges,Brexit also presents opportunities for the British economy to forge new trade deals with other countries and to establish itself as a global leader in various industries.Another challenge facing the British economy is the global economic slowdown. The trade tensions between the US and China, as well as the uncertainty surrounding thefuture of the global trading system, have had a negative impact on global economic growth. This has affected the British economy, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing and exports. However, it also presents opportunities for the UK to diversify its trade relationships and to focus on new markets, such as theAsia-Pacific region and Africa.The rise of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, automation, and the Internet of Things, presents both challenges and opportunities for the British economy. While these technologies have the potential to revolutionize various industries and drive economic growth, they also pose challenges in terms of job displacement andthe need for new skills and training. However, the UK has the opportunity to become a global leader in these technologies, particularly in sectors such as fintech, biotech, and clean energy.Despite these challenges, the British economy also presents numerous opportunities for growth and development. The financial services sector, for example, continues to be a major strength of the UK economy, with London remaining a global financial hub. The UK also has the opportunity to lead the way in the development of new financial technologies, such as blockchain and digital currencies.In addition, the UK has the potential to become a global leader in renewable energy, particularly in offshore wind and solar power. As the world transitions to a low-carbon economy, the UK has the opportunity to capitalize on its natural resources and expertise in this area.Furthermore, the UK has the opportunity to strengthen its position as a global leader in innovation and research, particularly in sectors such as pharmaceuticals,biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing. The government has already announced plans to increase investment in research and development, which will help drive innovation and economic growth.In conclusion, the British economy faces numerous challenges, including the impact of Brexit, the global economic slowdown, and the rise of new technologies. However, it also presents numerous opportunities for growth and development, particularly in sectors such as finance, technology, and renewable energy. By addressing these challenges and seizing these opportunities, the UK has the potential to remain a global economic powerhouse in the years to come.。
英美国家概况 译文Unit 5 The UK Economy (英国的经济)
4) causes for the relative decline 相对衰退的原因
① Britain has gone into heavy debt to finance the war (selling many accumulated overseas assets, borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada) 为了给战争筹集资金，英国已经背上了沉重的债务
② British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence —the end of the era of empire. 过去常常为英国提供原材料和广阔市场的英国殖民地纷纷独立。
Summary of the decline:
The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. but this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th.
2) By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany.
一直到19世纪80年代，英国经济一直在世界上居于主导地位。但是到20世纪时，它被美国和德国超过。
英美概况Lecture 3
1.Causes of the decline(p.28-29)
• After the Second World War, Britain’s economy was in an unfavorable position. • 1) Being in debt; • 2) The end of the empire; • 3) Large military spending; • 4) industry survived after the war • 5) relatively low rates of investment • 6) A catching-up by Germany and Japan;
among the West European countries) • 3) The worker’s takehome pay increased
by 20 percent. • 4) Profitability of industrial companies was
high.
14
Bad result of Thatcher’s economic policy
6
II. Economic decline
• After World War II, the British economy experienced a period of great difficulty and economic decline.
• Absolute Decline or Relative Decline?(P29)
• 1) Widened gap between the poor and the rich;
• 2) High Unemployment; • 3) High crime rates; • 4) Unsatisfactory social services.
TheBritishEconomyin_the_Eighteenth_Century(答案文章最后)
2021年托福阅读真题第4篇The British Eco…The British Economy in the Eighteenth Century The British economy expanded significantly in the eighteenth century, particularly with the development of factory manufacturing. By the middle of the century, it had begun to alter the northern English landscape. "From the Establishment of Manufacturers we see Hamlets swell into Villages. and Villages into Towns.," exclaimed one gentleman in the 1770s. The production of manufactured goods doubled in the second half of the century. Cotton manufacturing led the way: from 1750 to 1770, British cotton exports doubled. The production of iron followed in importance, along with wool and woolen fabrics, linen, silk, copper, paper, cutlery, and the booming building trades. Coal was substituted for wood as fuel. Despite its relatively small size, Britain had significant economic advantages over the other nations of Europe, helping to explain why the manufacturing revolution began in Britain. Unlike the German or Italian states, Britain was unified politically. People living in England spoke basically the same language. France and the Italian and German states still had internal tariffs that made trade more costly. whereas in Britain there were no internal tariffs once the union between England and Scotland had been achieved in 1707, creating Great Britain. The system of weights and measures in Britain had largely been standardized. Indeed, Great Britain was by far the wealthiest nation in the world. colonies in faraway parts of the world provided raw materials for manufacturing and markets for goods produced in Britain; for example, the amount of raw cotton imported from India increased by twenty times from 1750 to1800.England's stable banking and credit arrangements also contributed to England's advantage by facilitating the reinvestment of agricultural and commercial profits in manufacturing. London's banks particularly the giant Bank of England, were profitable and respected. Merchants and manufacturers accepted paper money and written orders for payment, or bills of exchange with confidence. Gentry, or those who owned land, invested in overseas trade expeditions and in manufacturing without the reticence of landowners on the European continent London's financial market could provide information twice a week on what investments were worth in Amsterdam and Paris. Joint-stock companies. which had begun in the late seventeenth century, offered investors shares in their businesses together with limited personal liability, which meant that in the case of a company's financial disaster, individual investors would be liable only to the extent of their investments.Expanded demand for manufactured goods led to a dramatic improvement in Britain's transportation systems. A new process of road surfacing-using small pieces of stone mixed with tar-improved travel on the main routes. Major roads were extended and improved, as investors formed turnpike trusts, repairing the highways and turning a profit by charging a toll to travelers using them. In 1700 it took 50 hours to travel the 180 kilometers from Norwich to London by coach: by 1800 the journey could be achieved in 19 hours. Moreover, England's water transportation was unmatched in Europe, a gift of nature. Rich sources of coal and iron ore lay near waterways and could be transported with relative ease along the coast. No part of England stands more than 70 miles from the sea. Navigable rivers and canals built in the middle decades of the century also facilitated the transportation of raw materials and manufactured goods.Finally, the British government offered business people more assistance than any Contnental rivals could anticipate from their own governments The powerful Royal Navy protected the merchant fleet. which tripled during the first three-quarters of the century. Laws forced foreign merchants to ship export goods to Britain in British ships. Bowing to pressure from woolens producers. the British government in 1700 had imposed protective tariffs or imported silk and calico (printed cotton fabric). Agreements with the Dutch Republic and France in the late 1780s reduced trade tariffs. with those states, which helped British exports. Furthermore, the politicalinfluence of business people kept taxes low.Yet the British government rarely interfered in operations of the economy in ways that businesses might have considered intrusive. Adam Smith(1723-1790), who emerged as the most important economic theorist of the time, rejected prevailing theories that prescribed more government control of the economy, instead extolling economic liberalism-that is, relatively little government intervention.1.►The British economy expanded significantly in the eighteenth century, particularly with the development of factory manufacturing. By the middle of the century, it had begun to alter the northern English landscape. "From the Establishment of Manufacturers we see Hamlets swell into Villages. and Villages into Towns.," exclaimed one gentleman in the 1770s. The production of manufactured goods doubled in the second half of the century. Cotton manufacturing led the way: from 1750 to 1770, British cotton exports doubled. The production of iron followed in importance, along with wool and woolen fabrics, linen, silk, copper, paper, cutlery, and the booming building trades. Coal was substituted for wood as fuel.2.►The British economy expanded significantly in the eighteenth century, particularly with the development of factory manufacturing. By the middle of the century, it had begun to alter the northern English landscape. "From the Establishment of Manufacturers we see Hamlets swell into Villages. and Villages into Towns.," exclaimed one gentleman in the 1770s. The production of manufactured goods doubled in the second half of the century. Cotton manufacturing led the way: from 1750 to 1770, British cotton exports doubled. The production of iron followed in importance, along with wool and woolen fabrics, linen, silk, copper, paper, cutlery, and the booming building trades. Coal was substituted for wood as fuel.3.►Despite its relatively small size, Britain had significant economic advantages over the other nations of Europe, helping to explain why the manufacturing revolution began in Britain. Unlike the German or Italian states, Britain was unified politically. People living in England spoke basically the same language. France and the Italian and German states still had internal tariffs that made trade more costly. whereas in Britain there were no internal tariffs once the union between England and Scotland had been achieved in 1707, creating Great Britain. The system of weights and measures in Britain had largely been standardized. Indeed, Great Britain was by far the wealthiest nation in the world. colonies in faraway parts of the world provided raw materials for manufacturing and markets for goods produced in Britain; for example, the amount of raw cotton imported from India increased by twenty times from 1750 to1800.4.►England's stable banking and credit arrangements also contributed to England's advantage by facilitating the reinvestment of agricultural and commercial profits in manufacturing. London's banks particularly the giant Bank of England, were profitable and respected. Merchants and manufacturers accepted paper money and written orders for payment, or bills of exchange with confidence. Gentry, or those who owned land, invested in overseas trade expeditions and in manufacturing without the reticence of landowners on the European continent London's financial market could provide information twice a week on what investments wereworth in Amsterdam and Paris. Joint-stock companies. which had begun in the late seventeenth century, offered investors shares in their businesses together with limited personal liability, which meant that in the case of a company's financial disaster, individual investors would be liable only to the extent of their investments.5.►England's stable banking and credit arrangements also contributed to England's advantage by facilitating the reinvestment of agricultural and commercial profits in manufacturing. London's banks particularly the giant Bank of England, were profitable and respected. Merchants and manufacturers accepted paper money and written orders for payment, or bills of exchange with confidence. Gentry, or those who owned land, invested in overseas trade expeditions and in manufacturing without the reticence of landowners on the European continent London's financial market could provide information twice a week on what investments were worth in Amsterdam and Paris. Joint-stock companies. which had begun in the late seventeenth century, offered investors shares in their businesses together with limited personal liability, which meant that in the case of a company's financial disaster, individual investors would be liable only to the extent of their investments.6.►Expanded demand for manufactured goods led to a dramatic improvement in Britain's transportation systems. A new process of road surfacing-using small pieces of stone mixed with tar-improved travel on the main routes. Major roads were extended and improved, as investors formed turnpike trusts, repairing the highways and turning a profit by charging a toll to travelers using them. In 1700 it took 50 hours to travel the 180 kilometers from Norwich to London by coach: by 1800 the journey could be achieved in 19 hours. Moreover, England's water transportation was unmatched in Europe, a gift of nature. Rich sources of coal and iron ore lay near waterways and could be transported with relative ease along the coast. No part of England stands more than 70 miles from the sea. Navigable rivers and canals built in the middle decades of the century also facilitated the transportation of raw materials and manufactured goods.7.►Finally, the British government offered business people more assistance than any Contnental rivals could anticipate from their own governments The powerful Royal Navy protected the merchant fleet. which tripled during the first three-quarters of the century. Laws forced foreign merchants to ship export goods to Britain in British ships. Bowing to pressure from woolens producers. the British government in 1700 had imposed protective tariffs or imported silk and calico (printed cotton fabric). Agreements with the Dutch Republic and France in the late 1780s reduced trade tariffs. with those states, which helped British exports. Furthermore, the politicalinfluence of business people kept taxes low.8.Yet the British government rarely interfered in operations of the economy in ways that businesses might have considered intrusive. AdamSmith(1723-1790), who emerged as the most important economic theorist of the time, rejected prevailing theories that prescribed more government control of the economy, instead extolling economic liberalism-that is, relatively little government intervention.9.The British economy expanded significantly in the eighteenth century, particularly with the development of factory manufacturing.⬛By the middle of the century, it had begun to alter the northern English landscape.⬛"From the Establishment of Manufacturers we see Hamlets swell into Villages. and Villages into Towns.," exclaimed one gentleman in the 1770s.⬛The production of manufactured goods doubled in the second half of the century.⬛Cotton manufacturing led the way: from 1750 to 1770, British cotton exports doubled. The production of iron followed in importance, along with wool and woolen fabrics, linen, silk, copper, paper, cutlery, and the booming building trades. Coal was substituted for wood as fuel.10.答案：1 C2 D3 B4 C5 A6 C7 C8 A9 C10 ABD。
听一些经济的讲座英文作文
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英文作文英国经济
英文作文英国经济The UK economy has been facing various challenges in recent years. The uncertainty surrounding Brexit has led to a decrease in business investment and consumer confidence.The service sector is a major contributor to the UK economy, accounting for about 79% of the GDP. It includes industries such as banking, insurance, and tourism. However, the service sector has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to job losses and reduced economic activity.Manufacturing is another important part of the UK economy, but it has been declining in recent decades. The decline in manufacturing has led to concerns about the country's ability to compete in the global market and provide well-paying jobs for its citizens.The UK government has implemented various measures to support the economy, including fiscal stimulus packages andmonetary policy measures. However, the effectiveness of these measures has been limited by the uncertainty surrounding Brexit and the impact of the pandemic.The UK economy is also facing challenges related to income inequality and regional disparities. While London and the southeast of England have seen strong economic growth, other regions, such as the north of England and the Midlands, have struggled to attract investment and create job opportunities.In conclusion, the UK economy is facing a range of challenges, including the uncertainty surrounding Brexit, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and long-term issues related to income inequality and regional disparities. Addressing these challenges will require a coordinated effort from the government, businesses, and other stakeholders.。
英国经济(英文版)
The U.K. Economy
Unit 4
Contents: 1. A Brief Introduction to U.K. Economy 2. Absolute Decline and Relative Decline 3. Recent History 4. The Current U.K. Economy 5. Case Study: The Aerospace
The reasons behind the decline of Britain's textile industry are:
(1) Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper goods. (2) There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers. (3) Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problem. (4) Substitutions of human-made fibres have been made for natural fibres. (5) An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.
Chapter 3.British Economy英国经济
3.2 Agriculture
Britain‘s land surface is minimal最小的 compared to many other nations, but British agriculture is very intensive and highly productive. In recent decades output has risen steadily, and agricultural labor has become more productive, due to innovations in farm machinery, biological engineering of seeds and plants, and the increased use of fertilizers, pesticides杀虫剂, and herbicides除草剂. Consequently, imports of food, feed, and beverages饮料 dropped from 36 percent of total imports in 1955 to 11 percent in 1985, and to 10 percent by 1994. Compared to other nations in the European Union, Britain's agricultural sector is much smaller in terms of employment and contribution to the GDP 国内生产总值 (gross domestic product). In 1996 agriculture employed approximately 2 percent of the workforce and contributed 1.4 percent of the GDP.
国家地理概况课件：UK Economy
London Skyline
London Skyline at Night
Tower Bridge
Palace of Westminster
Westminster Abbey
Birmingham
Birmingham in central England is the second largest city in the whole country. Its heavy industry, particularly in such fields as metallurgy, machinery-building, automobile manufacture and chemical is pivotal to the nation’s economy.
Glasgow Skyline
Economy
Agriculture Secondary Industry Service Industry Cities
Agriculture
Two Features: 1. the small proportion of population engaged in agricultural activities 2. high degree of mechanization
The beef industry has been hit badly by BSE disease in cattle leading to a 1996 ban on beef exports. The best agricultural land is in the southeast of England.
Heathrow Airport
Channel Tunnel
Unit_5_The_UK_Economy_(英国的经济)
Unit 5The UK Economy (英国的经济)一、本单元重点内容1. Absolute decline and relative decline of British economy (英国经济的绝对衰败和相对衰败)2. The privatization in the 1980s (20世纪80年代的私有化)3. The main sectors of the UK economy (英国经济的主要部门):Primary industries (第一产业): Agriculture (农业)& Energy production (能源生产)Secondary industries (第二产业) : The manufacturing industry (制造业) eg. The aerospace industry (航空航天工业) Tertiary industries / service industries (第三产业/服务业)4. The City of London (伦敦金融城)5. The London Stock Exchange (伦敦证券交易所)二、本单元重、难点辅导1. Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy1) By the 1880s, dominant in the world--- 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods; 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton; shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world.2) By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany.一直到19世纪80年代，英国经济一直在世界上居于主导地位。
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137532.87亿美元 51034.63亿美元 30243.34亿美元 28792.26亿美元 24718.72亿美元 2045.02亿美元
• 35 HONG KONG •
(CIA statistics, Feb. 12, 2008）
Recent History
• The British economy went through a particular bad period in the 1970s. • Following the severe shock of the 1973 oil crisis and the 1973–1974 stock market crash, the British economy went into recession in 1974, with GDP falling by 1.1%, recording weaker growth than other European nations in the 1970s overall.
Solution: a change of government In 1979, the British people voted in the Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher, with the promise of a radical program of reform. Question: 1. What reform did her government carry out? 2. Was the reform successful?
The Current U.K. Economy • Division of the economic sectors: • Primary industries: agriculture, fishing, and mining. • Secondary industries: manufacturing • Tertiary/Service industries: services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.
Positive consequences: • The inflation was under control. • Companies were more efficient, being able to pay higher wages and make higher profits. Negative consequences: • A rapid increase in unemployment • The public services became worse. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.
• Britain is a trading nation. (Why?)
In Britain, the domestic market is limited. So, it has to find more markets outside the country. It has to find more markets in the world. Britain is also one of the world’s largest importers.
Lecture Three The UK Economy
Focal Points
• • • • •
A Brief Introduction to U.K. Economy Absolute decline and relative decline Recent history The current UK economy The UK Economy in 2009
Results: Workers struck for more pay. The government was in debt. The British industry appeared to be doing badly, with increasing imports relative to exports.
• Energy production accounts for 5% of the national wealth. • Since 1970s, when oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea, Britain has become a major oil and gas producer. • The abundance of energy resources make the UK become an overall exporter of energy. • Three of the biggest ten companies in Britain are in the energy sector: • Shell • British Petroleum • British Gas
A Brief Introduction to U.K. Economy
• Britain was the first country to start the industrial revolution in the 18th century. • Britain is a capitalist country. • The characteristic of the economic system of capitalism is that it protects private enterprise. • Britain began its market economy about 300 years ago.
Absolute Decline and Relative Decline
Does British economy belong to the former one or the latter one?
• By the 1880s, the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, and half its cotton. • But by 1900, the UK has been overtaken by both the United States and Germany. • The Second Industrial Revolution in the United States meant the US had begun to challenge Britain's role as the leader of the global economy.
２００７世界主要经济体ＧＤＰ排名 ２００７世界主要经济体ＧＤＰ排名 世界主要经济体ＧＤＰ
• Rank order • 01 USA • 02 JAPAN • 03 GERMANY • 04 CHINA • 05 UK country GDP GDP (per capita ) 45668美元 40055美元 36698美元 2177美元 40669美元 29298美元 growth rate 2.2% 2.0% 2.6% 11.4% 2.9% 5.8%
Primary Industries in the UK
• Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labour force 3rd quarter of 2007. It contributes around 2% of GDP. • Around two-thirds of the production is devoted to livestock, one-third to arable crops. • Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of that under crops, and the rest is grazing for animals.
Facts showing the UK Economy’s Relative Decline • Britain is a lot more wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945; however, other countries have improved more rapidly, and the UK slide from being the 2nd largest economies to being the 6th.
Questions: Is this statement true? What are the reasons for describing this period as one of decline?
• The reasons of the economic decline:
• • • • • 1) Being in debt; 2) The end of the empire; 3) Large military spending; 4) A catching-up by Germany and Japan; 5) Lack of a close relationship between industry and banks. • A Characteristic of the UK economy—A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of oversewar efforts of both World Wars in the 20th century and the dismantlement of the British Empire also weakened the UK economy in global terms, and by that time Britain had been superseded by the United States as the chief player in the global economy. • From 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.