托福阅读常考五个语法点
托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解
托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解?这5种后置定语考点要了解。
今天给大家带来了托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解,希望能够帮助到大家在托福考试中拿高分，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解?这5种后置定语考点要了解什么是托福阅读中的后置定语?托福阅读中后置定语，顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。
后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后，定语就是起到修饰限定作用的短语，注意是短语而不是句子，本质上相当于形容词。
所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。
托福阅读后置定语第一类形容词做后置定语。
如：fossil available.即为可用的化石。
托福阅读后置定语第二类介词短语做后置定语。
如lava on the surface，中on the surface介词短语修饰lava，表示为表面上的熔岩。
托福阅读后置定语第三类现在分词短语做后置定语。
如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels，理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。
托福阅读后置定语第四类过去分词短语做后置定语，the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability 中的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil，理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。
托福阅读后置定语第五类不定式短语做后置定语。
the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰the ability，理解为吸收水的能力。
托福阅读练习题及答案PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish,and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageofGeorgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs ofhis competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary persons diet before the invention of the icebox5. The word it in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moores farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moores design was fairly successful10. According to the passage , Moores icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The produce mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) marketsAnswers:BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2The geology of the Earths surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. Itdissolves,transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs —atmosphere, continent, and ocean— we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word which in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earths surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word rapidity in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word they in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word efficiency in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectivenessAnswers:AACCD CABD托福高失分率考题盘点之阅读托福高失分率考题主要围绕几种出现频率较高的题型。
托福考试必备托福英语语法整理
托福考试必备托福英语语法整理托福考试必备托福英语语法参与托福考试必备的，英语语法学问点，趁现在就把握它吧。
下面是学习啦我给大家整理的托福英语语法，供大家参阅!托福英语语法：一般现在时的用法1)、常常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语：every, sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)、表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
留意：此用法假如消失在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..4)、现在时刻的状态、力量、性格、共性。
I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 其次句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
托福英语语法：一般过去时的用法1)、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?2)、表示在过去一段时间内，常常性或习惯性的动作。
托福阅读语法现象解读之5大类后置定语讲解
托福阅读语法现象解读之5大类后置定语讲解托福阅读文章中包含着大量各式各样的语法结构现象，对语法基础不好的同学来说是不小的挑战。
今日我给大家带来了托福阅读语法现象解读，盼望能够关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读语法现象解读5大类后置定语讲解什么是托福阅读中的后置定语?后置定语，顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。
后置也就是此种短语消失的位置是在名词之后，定语就是起到起到修饰限定作用的短语，留意是短语而不是句子，本质上相当于形容词。
所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。
托福阅读后置定语第1类形容词做后置定语。
如：fossil available.即为可用的化石。
托福阅读后置定语第2类介词短语做后置定语。
如lava on the surface，中on the surface 介词短语修饰lava，表示为表面上的熔岩。
托福阅读后置定语第3类现在分词短语做后置定语。
如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels，理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。
托福阅读后置定语第4类过去分词短语做后置定语，the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability中的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil，理解为削减的力量导致的土壤的干燥。
托福阅读后置定语第5类不定式短语做后置定语。
the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰the ability，理解为汲取水的力量。
托福TPO26阅读模拟试题及答案Energy and the Industrial RevolutionPARAGRAPH 1For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were notyet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.PARAGRAPH 2In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britains most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.PARAGRAPH 3The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.PARAGRAPH 4Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, thearrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.PARAGRAPH 1For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage.Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.1、Why does the author provide the information that Great Britain had large amounts of coal?To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century fTo explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century BritainTo indicate that Britains energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuelTo explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century2、What was the problem of energy that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?Water and wind could not be used efficiently.There was no efficient way to power machinery.Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in shortsupply.Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.PARAGRAPH 2In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britains most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watts steam engine?The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by BritainIncreased mechanizationMore possibilities for mill locationSmaller mills4、The phrase apparent in in the passage is closest in meaning toclearly seen inaid inassociated withfollowed By5、According to paragraph 2, what was Britains most important export by 1850?Raw cottonCotton clothSteam-powered pumpsCoal6、The word consequent in the passage is closest in meaning toresultingencouragingwell documentedimmediate7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.It illustrates why historians have assigned igreat importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.PARAGRAPH 3The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain wasproducing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.8、According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry?It helped make wood into charcoal.It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.9、According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the iron industry in Great Britain during t|| 1800s EXCEPT:Steam-driven bellows were used to prHlice raw iron.By the 1850s Britain was the worlds largest producer of iron.Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.PARAGRAPH 4Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remainedexpensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■ However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■ As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■ Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■ Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.10、The word initiated in the passage is closest in meaning toanticipatedacceleratedspreadstarted11、Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about thetransformation in rail transportation?Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.12、The phrase accustomed to in the passage is closest in meaning toin need ofused totired ofencouraged by13、Look at the four squares [■] that indicatewhere the following sentence could be added to the passageThe first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.14、Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas inthe passage. This question is worth 2 points.The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain depended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.Answer ChoicesA. For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.B. The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britains economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.C. An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.D. By 1850, the use of steam power in Britains mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.E. Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.F. By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up withincreasing sales.。
托福阅读考试的五种语法知识点
托福阅读考试的五种语法知识点新托福考试采用真实场景，如模拟大学校园中的动态和交互式环境，试题综合考查听、说、读、写4项英语语言能力，考生可充分展示使用英语进行交流的能力。
下面是小编整理的`关于托福阅读考试的五种语法知识点，希望大家参考!1.定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)2.同位语3.并列结构4.that引导的各种从句5.插入结构6.独立主格7.倒装句8.强调句9.虚拟语气对于不同类型的托福阅读考试难句，把握主干的方法也不一样。
以倒装句为例，主要有下列情况：1.方位副词放在句首Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。
2.介词放在句首Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate， lay eggs， and rear their young are common murres，Atlantic puffins， black-legged kittiwakes， and northern gannets。
3. 形容词放在句首Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well： that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。
4.过去分词放在句首Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been， in the full sense of the word， silent。
托福语法知识总览
托福语法知识总览托福（Test of English as a Foreign Language）是评估非英语为母语的人士的英语语言能力的考试。
其中，语法作为其考试的一个重要组成部分，对于考生来说十分关键。
本文将为大家总览托福语法知识，旨在帮助考生提高对语法的理解和应用。
一、动词时态动词时态在托福考试中经常被考察。
以下是几种常见的时态：1. 一般现在时：表示当前情况或普遍真理。
例如：The sun rises in the east.译文：太阳从东方升起。
2. 过去时：表示已经发生的事情或过去的经历。
例如：I went to the park yesterday.译文：昨天我去了公园。
3. 现在进行时：表示当前正在进行的动作。
例如：They are studying for the exam.译文：他们正在为考试而学习。
4. 一般将来时：表示将来某个时间会发生的事情。
例如：She will travel to Europe next month.译文：她下个月将去欧洲旅行。
二、名词名词是英语语法中的核心部分之一。
这里列举几种常见的名词用法：1. 单数名词：表示一个人、物或概念。
例如：I have a cat.（我有一只猫。
）2. 复数名词：表示多个人、物或概念。
例如：They have two cars.（他们有两辆车。
）3. 不可数名词：表示无法分为单个单位的物质或抽象概念。
例如：I need some advice.（我需要一些建议。
）4. 可数/不可数名词的区分：可数名词与不可数名词之间的区分在很多情况下会影响到名词前面的冠词和数量词的使用。
例如：I ate an apple.（我吃了一个苹果。
）I drank some water.（我喝了一些水。
）三、代词代词在托福考试中也是一个常见的考点。
以下是几种重要的代词：1. 主格代词：用于主语的位置。
例如：He is my friend.（他是我的朋友。
托福阅读常见语法现象解读
托福阅读常见语法现象解读托福阅读常见语法现象解读不定式用法详细分析1. 动词不定式的否定式not toShe decided not to be late again.2. 动词不定式的完成式完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.3. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应为of。
常用形容词有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong 等。
It is very kind of you to help me.区别It is important for us to learn English well.4. 在某些动词后，可用it做形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。
They find it difficult to repay the money.5. 动词+不定式作宾补ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。
6. 在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。
托福阅读考试技巧
托福阅读考试技巧（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福阅读考试技巧托福阅读是压在托福考生中的一大难题，那么你知道该怎样去解决它吗？下面本店铺给大家分享一些应试技巧。
托福考试中的常见语法知识点
托福考试中的常见语法知识点托福考试是全球范围内最为知名的英语语言水平测试之一。
语法是托福考试中的重要篇章之一，同时也是考生通过托福考试的关键所在。
在语法考试中，考生需要明确掌握一些常见的语法知识点，本文将为大家详细介绍。
一、语法的基石：句子结构英语语法的最基础也是最重要的一部分是句子结构。
在托福考试中，句子在很多题目的考点中都是基础的考查对象，因此考生有必要对句子结构的基本知识有所了解。
英语句子一般都是由主语、谓语和宾语组成的。
其中，主语是指句子中扮演行为者或者状态的角色，谓语则是主语执行的动作，宾语则是谓语动作的对象。
除了这三个基本要素，英语句子中还会有其他的成分，例如宾语补足语、介词短语等。
这些要素的掌握是语法基本功的重中之重，在托福考试中相关的考点也不容忽视。
二、主谓一致主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在时态和语态上相符合。
是托福考试语法考点中比较常见的一个难点。
在主谓一致中，时态一定要一致。
举个例子，如果主语是过去式的单数形式，谓语也应当是单数的过去时态，不可以混用。
而在语态上，则应当与主语相匹配。
例如，如果主语是被动语态，那么谓语也应当是被动语态。
尤其重要的是注意在长难句中的主谓一致问题，稍有不慎就会导致考试得分的下降。
三、时态时态是托福语法中比较重要的考点之一，要求考生具备良好的时态掌握能力。
在英语中，时态代表了动作发生的时间关系,包括过去时间、现在时间以及将来时间。
常见的复合时态如现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时等,也需要较高的掌握水平。
时态考试内容包括时态种类分类、时态形式变化规律、时态的用法以及时态的正确运用。
在原句子时态错误的基础上改正，也是托福考试中经常出现的题目类型，考生需要有足够的敏锐度以及语法知识处理。
四、动词形式在英语中，动词的形式会受到主谓一致以及时态等多种因素的影响，需要考生在语法掌握时进行注意。
英语动词一般分为不定式(Infinitive)、现在分词(Present participle)和过去分词(Past participle)三种形式。
托福阅读六大考点
考点就是重点，是要穴。抓到一篇文章的框架和考点，就能既知整体也能使题点在字里 行间自动凸显浮现。托福阅读考查的不止知识点，还希望学生能对作者的行文思路和修辞手 段有一定了解，知道作者如何布置文章结构，用怎样的方式或手法解释观点。托福阅读考试 中，归结起来共有六个考点。
六大考点分别是： 1. 主旨 2. 逻辑关系 3. 举例和列举 4. 两者之间的关系 5. 作者态度 6. 极端词
小结题判断正误：Theatre may have come from pleasure humans receive form storytelling.
3. [TPO22-1 Spartina: Paragraph 1]
Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the day and exposed others). 1. 对段落做笔记 2. 段内分层 3. 确定主旨句：
（二）识别逻辑
逻辑强的地方一般是理解文章的关键之处，比如因果、条件和转折是论证说理常用的逻 辑；而并列和顺承则是解释说明常用的手段。逻辑也是词与词，句与句，甚至层与层，段落 和段落之间的衔接，只有明白了各个部分之间的关系才不至于看完段落看完文章后不知所云 无法描述，才能形成链条，理解到整个段落乃至整个文章作为一个有机体是怎样构成的。
托福阅读重点句型汇集
托福阅读重点句型汇集托福阅读考试中经常会遇到一些句式，对考生流畅阅读造成了阻碍。
为此，本文文都国际教育小编为大家准备来关于托福阅读重点句型汇集，希望对大家托福阅读提供帮助。
1．"Nothing is more…than" 和"Nothing is so…as"结构，"Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so…as"都具有最高级比较的意思，"Nothing"可换用"no"，"nobody"，"nowhere"，"little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可译为"没有……比……更为"，"像……再没有了"，"最……"等。
Nothing is more precious than time.2．强调句型It is not who rules us that is important,but how he rules us.3．"All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"（very+形容词）He was all gentleness to her.4．利用词汇重复表示强调5．"something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of""something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。
在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of"，可译为"有点"，"略微等。
托福考试有哪些重要的语法
托福考试有哪些重要的语法说到语法，肯定很多人都苦不堪言，完全弄不懂哪个是哪个。
总之，见到语法就等于耗子见到了猫!其实语法没那么可怕，下面就来了解一下〔托福〕考试有哪些重要的语法。
一. 一般现在时:用于表达真理、规律性、习惯性、普遍性。
(口语中比较常见，很少用于记叙文和故事类)比如：1.The earth is smaller than the sun. [状态][真理性]2.Tom gets up early every morning. [动作][常常性和习惯性]3.Everybody knows him. [普遍性]二. 过去式:指过去某一时间内发生的动作或状态。
(在记叙文和故事中最常用的时态)三.将来时:表示在将来时间内发生的动作或状态。
比如:1.Tom will help you tomorrow. [动作]2.We shall be here in time next time. [状态]四. 过去将来时:表示将来某个时间点上将要发生的动作或状态。
五. 现在完成时:表示在现在之前已经完成的动作或状态(注意不要包括现在)。
六. 过去完成时:表示在过去某个时间之前完成的动作或状态。
比如:Three days ago he had already finished his homework. [动作]七. 将来完成时:表示将来某个时间之前将要完成的动作或状态。
比如：Tomorrow morning, I will have cleaned the windows. [动作]八. 过去将来完成时:表示在过去的某个时间之前应该完成的动作或状态。
(一般用于虚拟语气)比如：If he were alive, he would have been a doctor now.[状态][实际状况是他已经去世，所以永远成不了医生]九.现在进行时:从现在开始，并持续进行一段时间。
(注意只能使用连续动词)。
比如：Lei is reading a book.十. 过去进行时:在过去的某一时间前开始，并持续进行一段时间。
托福阅读语法常见的五种句子成分
托福阅读语法常见的五种句子成分为了帮助大家了解托福阅读语法句子成分，更快速的提高托福考试成绩，新东方在线托福网为大家带来托福阅读语法常见的五种句子成分一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福网!托福阅读能力的提高永远离不开以下三个方面：词汇的积累、语法的掌握和文章的阅读，因为单词是基础，任何句子都是以词为单位的，其次，语法是理解一个句子的关键之处，只有掌握了常用的句法结构，才能有助于我们明白作者所想表达的意思。
最后，大量的阅读文章将会是最有效的方法来提高自己的整体英语能力，文章是以句子为单位，句子又以词为单位，所以，三者是相辅相成的，缺一不可。
相信参加过托福考试或者正在备考的学生一定都会知道，在托福阅读文章中，长难句占的比例很大，所占分值也很高，直接关系着我们是否理解文章，那么如何突破长难句呢?我只能说在掌握一定的单词基础之上，根据语法来划分是关键之处，所以，今天主要针对托福语法进行一个详细的介绍和讲解，希望能够帮助到所有需要的人。
英语语法主要分成以下几个版块：词类、句子成分、句子构成、时态、从句、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、倒装、强调。
对于参加托福的学生来说，大部分已经对词类基本掌握，而后三项在阅读文章中体现的不是特别明显，因此，我主要就其与几个版块进行一一讲解。
首先是句子成分，英语中有九种句子成分，即：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语。
1.主语为动作的发出者，一般情况下位于句首，常常做主语的有名词，代词，动名词doing，不定式to do，数词，特殊疑问词+不定式，the+ adj./ done，定语从句。
Reliance on trade had several important consequences. (名词做主语) Nothing can conceal his anxiety and fear. (不定代词nothing 做主语) Taking immediate measures is of great significance to solve environmental problems.To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)Five is my lucky number. (数词做主语成分)What to do next puzzles the scientists most. (特殊疑问词+不定式做主语)The rich should help the poor.(富人应该帮助穷人。
托福阅读五大基本句型精讲
托福阅读五大基本句型精讲为了帮助大家学习托福阅读五大基本句型，更快提高托福考试成绩，新东方在线托福网为大家带来托福阅读五大基本句型精讲一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福网!托福阅读篇章中多以长难句为主，能否看懂长难句直接关系着是否理解句子乃至文章的意思，而解决长难句的关键在于要找到句子的主干，主干即是五大基本句型：主语+谓语;主语+谓语+宾语;主语+谓语+宾语+宾语;主语+谓语+宾语+宾补;主语+系动词+表语。
首先是主语+谓语，这是所有句子中最短的，例如Many plants and trees disappeared abruptly during the period. (在这段时期许多动植物都突然消失了，在本句话中，plants和animals做主语成分，disappear是不及物动词，做谓语，而during that period则做的是状语)。
再比如：Many millions of years after ferns evolved, another kind of flora evolved on Earth.(蕨类植物进化几百万年之后，地球上又出现了另外一种植物群。
)其次，主语+谓语+宾语，这一句型是最常见的。
例如：Yet the most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host ofparadoxes.(然而这项历史周期中最基础的标志性事件却隐藏着一系列的矛盾中。
主语为standard，而the most fundamental是形容词做前置定语，修饰standard，of historical periodization是介宾结构做后置定语，限制standard。
Conceal隐藏，做谓语成分，paradoxes矛盾为宾语)。
下边这句话也是出自托福阅读文章，In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films --- a rough figure. (一个粗略的统计表明，1929年美国的电影产业放出了300部有声电影。
托福阅读语法现象解读
托福阅读语法现象解读（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作总结、工作计划、活动方案、合同协议、条据文书、讲话致辞、心得体会、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, activity plans, contract agreements, documents, speeches, experiences, teaching materials, complete essays, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please pay attention!托福阅读语法现象解读托福阅读语法现象解读，5大类后置定语讲解。
托福阅读中的语法问题
托福阅读中的语法问题一.级及绝对性词汇文章中若出现 must, all, only, anyone, always, never 等绝对性词汇或 first ,most beautiful等级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。
这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，所以很容易出题，答案绝对准确。
相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇，例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose greenhats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题：What color hats did somepeople choose? 那么就没有准确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。
二.同位语及插入语文章中带有由 thatis，i.e.，or等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。
三.因果句句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：(1) 因果连词：because，since，for，as，therefore，so，consequently 等(2)表示因果的动词：cause，result in，originate from等;(3)表示因果的名词：base,basis,result,consequence等，这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为出题者所青睐。
因为通过出题能够考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。
此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。
四.段落句文章各段第一句( 段首句 )和末段员后一句( 文尾句)都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中思想，实行总结综述的地方，所以常出(1)主题性问题，(2)细节性问题(3)结构性问题。
备考托福阅读不用学语法
备考托福阅读不用学语法备考托福阅读不用学语法?来看看阅读中常见语法内容托福阅读常见语法点一主语谓语一致在英语句子里谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。
寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
托福阅读常见语法点二比较级当比较两个事物时，用比较级，也就是-er形式或者用修饰词less和more。
当比较多于两个以上的事物时，用最高级，也就是-est形式或者做most和least 修饰。
托福阅读常见语法点三双重否定句在很多语言里.双重否定是正确的(如汉语)。
而在英语里，双重否定是错误的。
留意像“not none”，“hardly none”和“not never”这样的双重否定。
托福阅读常见语法点四阅读中常见的并列结构并列在一起的一系列的词或词组必须使用同样的形式。
例如，你不能说：“I was smiling，laughing and flirted.”而应该说：“I was smiling，laughing and flirting.”这种结构里的一系列的词或词组可以是名涧、动词、形容词或者副词。
托福阅读常见语法点五介词和介词短语记忆并学会识别像of这些常用介问。
某些介词总是能够和某些词共同构成词组。
例如，可以说：you have a percentage of something，而不能说：a percentage with something.介词引导介词短语,(像of the mountains或down the street)。
考生要会辨认介词短语,这样你可以在辨别主谓是否一致时不受介词短语的干扰。
介词后面经常跟着以ng结尾的词(这些词叫做动名词——gerunds)，例如He won by running faster.从上文中我们可以看到，托福阅读中常见的语法点很多，所以学好语法对于托福阅读提升帮助非常大，希望大家在备考中能多多注意。
托福阅读考试考点解析
托福阅读考试考点解析一、例证：注意关键词语或短语，如such as ，for example 等。
文中涉及基本概述之后是由such as ，for example 等引导的短语或句子结构处为例证的出题原则。
托福的阅读文章多是学术性的议论文，这样就会出现“论证结构”，题目的设问方法为“文中某个例子的为了说明什么？”这类句子常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。
For example ，for instance ，such as ，“：”是这类题型的标志。
二、重要位置的转折：转折词语和其出现位置是重点。
在文章前四行或每段首尾句出现的以but，however，nevertheless ，rather than ，onthe other hand 为标志的转折时，有两种情况：一是，有考题；二是，揭示文章主题。
Nevertheless 是这几个词汇中出现考点率最高的，but 和however次之。
三、固定背景：重点留意文章内容。
文章中涉及殖民地北美文章和印第安人文章内容时，很有可能会出现考察文章内容的题目，提问方式和正确答案的设计相对固定。
其中，殖民地北美文章一般都是议论建国之处美国历史，内容涉及城市发展，经济发展，艺术和农业等几个方面，所有这些反映的主题都美国在不断取得重大进步。
这类文章的第一句话一般就点明文章的发生时间和议论主题。
印第安人文章，由于历史的原因，对于这类文章，内容都是积极，赞美和肯定。
四、定义：整体把握句子的上下文，采用就近原则寻找答案。
主要是针对一个不易理解的或者容易混淆的难词、概念进行诠释、解释或定义。
只要有定义，这里必定有考题。
下定义的出题原则对应三种出题模式：行数题、正确答案是定义的改写，正确答案符合定义的例子。
这里需要注意同位语及插入，平行结构，带有破折号的地方：注意的信息点为that is，i.e.，or 等词汇引导的名词词组。
一般会出“细节性题目”。
五、列举：锁定信息点是集中列举的关键；整体把握文章关键句是分散列举的要点。
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托福阅读常考五个语法点
在托福阅读备考中，掌握常考的语法点对备考是很有帮助的。
为了帮助同学们更好的备考，文都国际教育小编给大家整理相关内容，希望能给大家提供帮助。
托福阅读常考语法点：形容词
形容词修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。
通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
形容词是修饰回答像"what kind of"或"which?"或"whose?"这类的问题。
在使用时要注意与副词的区分。
1)以-ly结尾的形容词：friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly
2)以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词：daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
托福阅读常考语法点：副词
副词通常修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
(它也可以修饰另一个副词或一个形容词，但是这种情况托福考试里是比较少见的。
)副词经常回答"how?"
正确的位置：
1) 在动词之前;在be动词、助动词之后。
2) 有多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
3) 方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。
He speaks English well。
另外，
1) 副词very可修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
I very like English. (×)
I like English very much. (√)
2) 副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
托福阅读常考语法点：比较
当比较两个事物时，用比较级，也就是-er形式或者用修饰词less和more。
当比较多于两个以上的事物时，用最高级，也就是-est形式或者做most和least 修饰。
托福阅读常考语法点：措辞错误
像包括its/it's，affect/effect，lie/lay这类长相类似的词常常容易被错用，从而引起审阅者的困惑。
如果你不能确定如何用这些词的话，就尽量避免使用。
托福阅读常考语法点：双重否定
与中文不同，在英语里，双重否定很容易出问题，类似于"not none"，"hardly none"和"not never"这样的双重否定都是不正确的。
文章来源于文都国际教育：。