【VIP专享】托福听力TPO学习宝典
托福听力tpo50 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo50 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an ancient history class.FEMALE PROFESSOR: OK, last time we were discussing trade and commerce during the Bronze Age … And I said a little over 3,000 years ago there was quite a lively trade among the countries along the Mediterranean Sea—people were making objects out of bronze, and they were using bronze tools to make other goods, and they developed trade networks to trade these goods with other countries around the Mediterranean … One of the things they traded was glass …And recently there was an archeological excavation in Egypt—on the Nile River, around where it enters the Mediterranean Sea—where they discovered an ancient glass factory. Robert?MALE STUDENT: I thought our textbook said that the Egyptians imported their glass from other countries.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, until now that's what the evidence seemed to suggest. I mean, we had some evidence that suggested that the Egyptians were making glass objects, uh, but not glass.MALE STUDENT: OK, am-am I missing something? They're making glass, but they're not making glass.FEMALE PROFESSOR: I said they were making glass objects, right? You see, it was previously thought that they weren't actually making the raw glass itself, that they were importing unfinished glass from Mesopotamia—um, which today is a region consisting of Iraq, and parts of Syria, Turkey, and Iran—and simply reworking it. Most archeologists believed that the glass factories were in Mesopotamia because that's where the oldest known glass remains come from. You see, there were two stages of glassmaking: the primary production stage, where they made disks of raw glass… Uh, an- and then there was the secondary stage, where they melted the raw glass, the glass disks, and created decorative objects or whatever.And from this new Egyptian site we've learned that the primary production stage had several steps. First, they took quartz—a colorless, transparent mineral—and crushed it. Then they took that crushed quartz and mixed it with plant ash; uh, “plant ash” is just what it soundslike—the ash that's left after you've burned plant material. They slowly heated this mixture, at a relatively low temperature, in small vessels, um containers, like jars, made out of clay. Uh, and that yielded a kind of glassy material…They took this glassy material and ground it up into a powder, and then they used metallic dye to color it… After that, they poured the colored powder out into disk-shaped molds and heated it up to very high temperatures, so that it melted. After it cooled, they'd break the molds, and inside…there were the glass disks. These disks were shipped off to other sites within Egypt and places around the Mediterranean. Then, in the secondary phase, the disks were reheated and shaped into decorative objects. Susan?FEMALE STUDENT: So what kind of objects were people making back then? FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, the most common objects we’ve found—mostly in Egypt and Mesopotamia—uh, the most common objects were beads; one thing Egyptians were very, very good at was imitating precious stones; they created some beads that looked so much like emeralds and pearls that it was very difficult to distinguish them from the real thing. Uh, and-and also beautiful vessels, uh, with narrow necks; they were probably really valuable, so they wouldn't have been used to hold cooking oil or common food items; they were most likely used for expensive liquids like perfume. Now the glass made at this factory was mostly red; to get this red color, they used copper; in a sophisticated process. Of course, any kind of glass was very valuable, so these red bottles would only have been owned by wealthy people. In fact, because it was so difficult to make, and sort of mysterious and complicated, it was probably a product produced for the royal family, and they probably used glass to show their power. Also, beautiful, expensive objects make great gifts if you're looking to establish or strengthen political alliances…and it's quite possible that ancient Egyptians were actually exporting glass, not just making it or importing it. The trade with Mesopotamia was probably a friendly, mutual trade…because, uh, Mesopotamian glass was usually white or yellow, so Mesopotamians might have said something like, “We'll give you two white disks for two red disks.” There’s no proof ofthat, uh—at least not yet…题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. New information about glass production and use in ancient EgyptB. Whether Egyptians or Mesopotamians were the first to invent glassC. Differences between Egyptian glass and other kinds of glassD. Reasons why ancient Egyptians imported glass from other countries2.What is the importance of the archaeological evidence recently found in Egypt?A. It supports the theory that ancient Egyptians imported glass from Mesopotamia.B. It proves that ancient Egyptians made glass objects prior to the Bronze Age.C. It provides the first evidence that glassmaking in the Bronze Age required two different stages.D. It shows that ancient Egyptians were producing raw glass.3.The professor describes a process for making glass disks. Summarize the process by putting the steps in the correct order. [Click on a sentence. Then drag it to the space where it belongs. The last one is done for you.]A.Glass-like material is ground up and dyed blue or red.B.Powdered material is heated at very high temperatures.C.Crushed quartz and plant ash are heated at low temperatures.D.Containers are broken to remove glass disks.4.Based on the lecture, what are two kinds of glass objects that were valued in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia? [Click on 2 answers.]A. BeadsB. Cooking utensilsC. ContainersD. Windows5.According to the professor, what are two reasons why ancient Egyptians exported glass? [Click on 2 answers.]A. To build relationships with foreign leadersB. To hold cooking oil that was sold in other countriesC. To get bronze tools from other countriesD. To acquire colors of glass not made in Egypt6.Why does the professor say this:Robert: Ok. Am……Am I missing something? They are making glass but they are not making glass?Professor: I said they were making glass objects, right?A. To emphasize that glass objects were only made in ancient EgyptB. To find out what the student does not understandC. To indicate that there was no contradiction in her previous statementD. To correct what she said in her previous statement答案A D CABD AC AD C译文旁白：请听一个古代历史课上的讲座片段。
2024托福考试必备听力历年真题练习
2024托福考试必备听力历年真题练习Part 1: Conversation-based Questions1. What is the main topic of the conversation?2. Where does the conversation most likely take place?3. What can be inferred about the woman?Part 2: Problem-Solving Questions1. What is the man's problem?2. What are the possible solutions mentioned?3. What solution does the woman suggest?Part 3: Academic Discussions1. What is the main purpose of the discussion?2. What is the man's opinion on the topic?3. What evidence does the woman provide to support her argument? Part 4: Academic Lectures1. What is the topic of the lecture?2. What is the professor's main point?3. How does the example illustrate the professor's main point?Part 5: Campus Life1. Which club is the woman a member of?2. Why does the woman need financial support?3. What does the man offer to do for the woman?Part 6: Academic and Social Skills1. What topic does the professor introduce?2. What is one characteristic of the topic?3. How can this characteristic be beneficial?Part 7: Science and Technology1. What is the main function of the new software?2. How does the new software differ from the old version?3. What benefit does the new software bring to users?Part 8: Advanced Level Discussions1. What is the main topic of the conversation?2. What is the man's opinion on the topic?3. How does the woman respond to the man's opinion?As the 2024 TOEFL exam is approaching, it is essential for test-takers to engage in practice sessions that familiarize them with the format and content of the listening section. One effective way to prepare is by practicing with authentic past TOEFL listening questions.In the first part of the listening section, conversation-based questions are asked. These questions assess your ability to understand the main topic of aconversation, the location where the conversation is most likely taking place, and inferencing skills about the individuals involved.The second part of the listening section focuses on problem-solving questions. These questions require you to identify the problem the speaker is facing, analyze potential solutions mentioned, and determine the best solution based on the information provided.Part three comprises academic discussions, where you are expected to identify the main purpose of the discussion, the opinions of the speakers, and supporting evidence used in the conversation.In the fourth part, academic lectures are presented, and you need to comprehend the lecture topic, understand the professor's main point, and recognize how examples or illustrations are used to support the main point.The fifth part revolves around campus life, where you must gather information about the activities, clubs, and student organizations, as well as understand the financial support and assistance offered by individuals or institutions.For the sixth part, academic and social skills are discussed. You are required to recognize the topic introduced by the professor, identify specific characteristics, and understand the potential benefits associated with these characteristics.The seventh part focuses on science and technology, exploring advancements and innovations. It requires you to understand the main functions of software or devices, identify differences between different versions, and recognize the benefits provided by newer technologies.The eighth part consists of advanced level discussions, where complex topics are debated. You are expected to identify the main topic of the conversation, grasp the speakers' opinions, and understand how the conversation unfolds based on different perspectives.By practicing with past TOEFL listening questions, you can improve your listening skills, become more familiar with various question types, and enhance your understanding of spoken English. Regular practice will help you feel more confident and prepared for the listening section of the 2024 TOEFL exam.Remember to listen carefully, take notes when necessary, and pay attention to key details and information. Developing good listening strategies and practicing with a variety of listening materials will significantly contribute to your success in the TOEFL listening section.。
托福听力tpo69全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo69全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section1 (2)Conversation1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (5)答案 (7)译文 (7)Lecture1 (10)原文 (10)题目 (14)答案 (16)译文 (17)Section2 (19)Conversation2 (20)原文 (20)题目 (23)答案 (26)译文 (26)Lecture2 (29)原文 (29)题目 (32)答案 (36)译文 (36)Lecture3 (39)原文 (39)题目 (42)答案 (46)译文 (46)Section1Conversation1原文Student:Hi I'm Robert West,we had an appointment.University administrator:You hear about your graduation form right?I'm about to print it out.Student:Oh good,thanks,I was kind of wondering what it is all about,I mean,I’ve completed more than enough courses work to graduate.University administrator:All this is strictly routine,of course you have to finish your course work.But this form is just the administrative checklist.It's our way of making sure you don't have any unfinished university business,like unpaid tuition bills or lab fees that’s sort of thing.Student:Well,I do have an outstanding student loan,but I was told that I don't have to start paying that off yet,not until I get a job,I do have a job interview tomorrow.University administrator:well,good luck with it,but not yourloan,it's not an issue here.Let’s see,the only problem I see is um，what’s this fine for…uh,an overdue CD that you borrow from the music library.Student:Really?I…I checked it out,like three months ago,but wasn’t really for me.University administrator:Oh,you checked it out for a friend？Student:No,for a faculty member actually.We need that music for a play we produced.Uh,professor Williams was our director and I was in the show.Anyway,he’d asked me to borrow the recording from the library.University administrator:Okay,but that still doesn't explain why you didn't return it.Student:Well,he ended up with it.He says he’d return it.And I just assumed that was that.Because I never heard anything from the library.University administrator:That’s all,you used it and you know this.Student:Yeah,Oh,but I did recently move to a new apartment, maybe they did send something.University administrator:Okay,well this should’ve been done in a time in manner.But as they say better late than never,if you return the CD now,you get away with just a late time, which is a lot less than the fee to replace it.Student:Yeah,but it's totally not my fault,so now I have to track down the CD to avoid having to pay this replacement fee.University administrator:Well,yes.I mean it sounds like there was some kind of a mix-up,but the burden is still on you to settle your library account.You know it,it might be that their records are wrong,so first I suggest you go there make sure and then you might have to go talk to professor Williams.Student:Oh,I guess I have no choice.University administrator:Don't worry too much,these things always get sorted out.Student:Yeah,you’re right.It's no big thing,I should be more worried about my job,interview,then about this.University administrator:And when it’s all worked out,come back here for your paper work.题目.Why does the student go to see the woman?A.To make sure he has completed enough course work to graduateB.To find out when his student loan must be paid backC.To pick up an administrative formD.To complain about a library fine2.What is the student's problem?A.He forgot to return some library books.B.He cannot start paying off his student loan yet.C.He paid his graduation fee too late.D.He owes money to the music library.3.Who is Professor Williams?A.The head of the libraryB.The director of a play the student was inC.The student's music professorD.The person who arranged a job interview for the student4.What is the most likely reason the student did not receive the notice from the library?A.He recently moved.B.He has been out of town.C.The library just mailed it the day before.D.The library sent it to Professor Williams.5.What can be inferred about the student when he says this:University administrator:Well,yes.I mean it sounds like there was some kind of a mix-up,but the burden is still on you tosettle your library account.You know it,it might be that their records are wrong,so first I suggest you go there make sure and then you might have to go talk to professor Williams.Student:Oh,I guess I have no choice.A.He is not sure how to respond to the woman.B.He feels he has been treated unfairly.C.He wonders if there is another solution.D.He does not think the woman's suggestions will work.答案C D B A B译文1.学生：嗨！我是Robert West，我们之前有约。
托福听力tpo46 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo46lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:I'd like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today's class by focusing on a concept we haven't yet touched upon—swarm intelligence.Swarm intelligence is a collective behavior that emerges from a group of animals,like a colony of termites,a school of fish,or a flock of birds.Let's first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence,and we'll use the ant as our model.Now,an ant on its own is not that smart.When you have a group of ants,however, there you have efficiency in action.You see,there's no leader running an ant colony. Each individual,each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when foraging for food.Rule number1:Deposit a chemical marker…called a pheromone.And rule2:Follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food.So,for example,when ants leave the nest,they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take.If they find food,they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger—it's doubled in strength.Because an ant that took a shorter path returns first,its pheromone trail is stronger,and other ants will follow it, according to rule2.And as more ants travel that path,the pheromone trail gets even stronger.So,what's happening here?Each ant follows two very basic rules,and each ant acts on information it finds in its immediate local environment.And it's important to note: Even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan,they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and a food source because it's the most reinforced path.By the way,a-a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we're studying to everyday life.And swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how concepts in biology can be applied to other fields.Well,businesses have been able to use this approach of following simple rules when designing complex systems,for instance,in telephone networks.When a call is placed from one city to another,it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way.At each point,a decision has to be made:Which direction does the call go from here?Well,a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants use to find food.Remember,individual ants deposit pheromones,and they follow the path that is most reinforced.Now,in the phone network,a computer monitors the connection speed of each path, and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest—the least crowded parts of the network.And this information,converted into a numeric code,is deposited at the network nodes.This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule the telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced.So,similar to the ant's behavior,at each intermediate node,the call follows the path that is most reinforced.This leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the network as a whole,and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior,another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively.How do they coordinate their movements and know where they're supposed to be?Well,it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow.Rule1:Stay close to nearby birds.Rule2:Avoid collision with nearby birds.And rule3:Move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds.Oh,and by the way,if you're wondering how this approach can be of practical use for humans:The movie industry had been trying to create computer-generated flocks of birds in movie scenes.The question was how to do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these threerules in a computer graphics program,and it worked!There have also been attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence.However,I'm not surprised that more research is needed.The three rules I mentioned might be great for bird simulations,but they don't take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior.So,if you want to create crowds of people in a realistic way,that computer model might be too limited.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Various methods that ants use to locate foodB.A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC.A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD.Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation2.According to the professor,what behavior plays an important role in the way ants obtain food?A.Ants usually take a different path when they return to their nest.B.Ants leave chemical trails when they are outside the nest.C.Small groups of ants search in different locations.D.Ants leave pieces of food along the path as markers.3.What are two principles of swarm intelligence based on the ant example?[Click on2answers.]A.Individuals are aware of the group goal.B.Individuals act on information in their local environment.C.Individuals follow a leader's guidance.D.Individuals instinctively follow a set of rules.4.According to the professor,what path is followed by both telephone calls on a network and ants seeking food?A.The path with the least amount of activityB.The most crowded pathC.The path that is most reinforcedD.The path that has intermediate stopping points5.Why does the professor mention movies?A.To identify movie scenes with computer-simulated flocks of birdsB.To identify a good source of information about swarm intelligenceC.To emphasize how difficult it still is to simulate bird flightD.To explain that some special effects in movies are based on swarm intelligence6.What is the professor's attitude about attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people?A.She believes that the rules of birds'flocking behavior do not apply to group behavior in humans.B.She thinks that crowd scenes could be improved by using the behavior of ant colonies as a model.C.She is surprised by how realistic the computer-generated crowds are.D.She is impressed that computer graphics can create such a wide range of emotions.答案C B BD C D A译文下面听一段生物学讲座的片段。
【TPO小站】托福听力完全自学讲义_非常详细
新托福强化听力讲义新托福考试听力部分介绍1.新托福和旧托福的对比考试形式预读题目笔记题型PBT旧托福Paper Yes No 1/4 multiple choiceIBT新托福Internet No Yes New types2.题量，时间，分数文章类型题量题目数时间CONVERSATION 2-3 5 / conversation 2-3 min /conversation LECTURE 4-6 6 / lecture 4-6 min / lecture TOTAL 6-9（加试）34 60-90 min SCALE SCORE: 30 见OG185评分标准3.题目的考查形式➢考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本➢电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书➢新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题➢答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限➢答题流程：永不悔改4.文章材料的考查形式➢文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查➢文章长度：比旧托福长➢文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活➢文章类型：对话，独白，讨论CONVERSATION文章思路LECTURE文章思路5.新托福考试题型概述IBT listening comprehensionBasiccomprehensionGist questionDetail questionPragmaticunderstandingPurpose questionAttitude questionConnectinginformationOrganization questionInference question题号问题题型1Why does the student go to see theprofessor?Gist question2 According to the professor, whatinformation should the student include inher statement of purpose?Detail Question3What does the professor consider unusualabout the student’s background?Detail Question 4 Why does the professor tell a story about Detail Questionhis friend who went ot medical school?5 What does the professor imply about thepeople who admit students to graduateschool?Inference question6 What are the students mainly discussing? Gist question7 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the woman say this?Purpose question8 According to the conversation, why aretransposes sometimes called “jumpinggenes”?Detail Question9 According to the conversation, what are twoways in which bacteria cells get resistancegenes?Detail Question10What can be inferred about the resistancegenes discussed in the conversation?Inference question11 What is the talk mainly about? Gist question12What is the professor’s point of viewconcerning the method of “safe yield”?Detail Question 13 According to the professor, what are two Detail Questionproblems associated with removing wter from an underground system?14 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor say this?Purpose question15What is a key feature of a sustainable watersystem?Detail Question16 What does the professor imply about watersystems managed by the “safe yield”method?Inference question17Why does the professor talk about Plato’sdescription of society?Gist question18 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor imply aboutplato’s ethical theory?Attitude question19 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor ask this?Purpose question20 What are two points that reflect Plato’s Detail Questionviews about education?21 Based on information in the lecture, indicatewhether the statements below abouthuman emotion reflect beliefs held by Plato,Organizationquestion22According to Plato, what is the maincharacteristic of a good or just person?Detail Question23 What is the main topic of the lecture? Gist question24According to the professor, why did onescientist grow a rye plant in water?Detail Question25 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor say this?Purpose question26 The professor mentions houseplants thatreceive too much water. Why does shemention them?Detail Question27 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor intend to explain?Purpose question28According to the professor, what similarity isthere between crabgrass and rye plants?Detail Question29 What is the lecture mainly about? Gist question30 Why does the professor talk about aconstruction company that has work indifferent cities?Detail Question31 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor say this?Purpose question32What is an example of a violation of the“unity of command” principle?Detail Question33 According to the professor, where mightthere be a conflict in an organizationalstructure based on both projects andfunction?Detail Question34 Indicate whether each sentence belowdescribes functional organization or project organization. Place a check mark in thecorrect box.Organizationquestion➢Gist question: 6➢Detail question: 16➢Purpose question: 6➢Attitude question: 1➢Organization question: 2➢Inference question: 3 6.界面展示7.IBT新托福资料说明——听力部分图片资料名称特点推荐使用方法The Official Study Guide ●题目数量不多●难度较简单●题型全面，和考试相同，质量高●精听精做●题目分类研究●文章精读研究●不建议模考ETS TOEFL PRACTICE ONLINE ●一共14套，其中新东方引进4套，还有2套是OG题目，其他全部为全真试题●难度和考试相当，已经有较全的版本出现●题型全面，场景全面●精听精做●建议最后冲刺模考DELTA 新托福考试备考策略与模拟试题●题目数量大，后面有四套模拟试题●前面的训练题目文章较短，不是托福模拟●精听精做●建议考前强化训练●对语速跟读●听力材料要比考试稍难些，速度也稍快些●题型和考试相差很多，不建议细钻模仿DELTA 新托福考试模拟试题●题目数量大，有六套模拟试题●具体特点同蓝皮delta●建议考前模拟●对语速跟读模仿BARRON 新托福考试全真模考题与精解●题目数量大，后面有7套模拟试题●难度偏小，在基础班使用●建议平时精听训练KAPLAN模考试题四套●有四套模拟试题●听力部分略难，语速略快●配合模拟光盘，有临考感觉●考前模考THOMSON模考试题两套●只有两套题，但质量很好，文章难度适中，题目难度和Barron相近，感觉上略难一些，和考试非●建议模考常相似。
最新全套TPO听力文本 托福
最新全套TPO听力文本托福TPO-1TPO 01 – Listening PartSection 1ConversationNarratorListen to part of a conversation between a student and a librarian.StudentHi, um…, I really hope you can help me.LibrarianThat‘s why I‘m here. What can I do for you?StudentI‘m supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but um… having a hard time finding articles. I don‘t even know where to start looking.LibrarianYou said this is for your psychology course, right? So your focus is on …StudentDream Interpretation.LibrarianWell, you have a focus, so that‘s already a good start. Hmmm… well, there‘re a few things… oh wait… have you checked to see if your professor put any material for you to look at on reserve?StudentAha, that‘s one thin g I did know to do. I just copied an article,but I still need three more on mytopic from three different journals.LibrarianLet‘s get you going on looking for those then. We have printed versions of twenty psychology journals in the Reference Section. These are the ones published within the last year. Then I think about it… there‘s a journal named Sleep and Dream.StudentOh, yeah, the article I just copied is from that journal, so I‘vegot to look at other sources.LibrarianOk, actually, most of our materials are available electronically now. You can access psychologydatabases or electronic journals and articles through the library‘s computers, and if you want tosearch by title with the word ?dream‘ for example, just type it in and all the a rticles with ?dream‘in the title will come up on the screen.StudentCool, that‘s great! Too bad I cannot do this from home.LibrarianBut you can. All of the library‘s databases and electronic sources can be accessed through anycomputer connected to the university network.StudentReally?! I can‘t believe I didn‘t know that. It still sounds likeit‘s going to take a while though, youknow, going through all of that information, all of those sources.LibrarianMaybe, but you already narrow your search down to articles on Dream Interpretation, so it shouldn‘t be too bad. And you probably noticethat there‘s an abstract or summary at the top ofthe first page of the article you copied. When you go into the databases and electronic sources,you have the option to display the abstracts on the computer screen, skimming those to decidewhether or not you want to read the whole article should cut down some time.StudentRight, abstracts! They‘ll definitely make the project more durable.I guess I should try out theelectronic search while I‘m still here then, you know, just in case.LibrarianSure, er… that computer‘s free over there, and I‘ll be here till five this afternoon.StudentThanks, I feel a lot better about this assignment now.LectureNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a contemporary art class.ProfessorOk, I‘m going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment. Remember I said that atsome point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery andthen write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It‘s already startedin fact, but it‘ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time tocomplete this assignment.The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen.Frantzen‘s work may be unfamiliar toyou since she‘s a relatively young artist. But she‘s got a very unusual style, compared to some ofthe artists we‘ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen‘sstyle is what she herself callsRealistic Impressionism. So you‘ve probably studied both of these movements separately,separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So who can just sum these up?StudentWell, Impressi onism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was verydifferent from earlier styles. It didn‘t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um…Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough.ProfessorGood. What else? What were the subjects?StudentWell, a lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes.ProfessorGood. So when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It‘s a farm scene. And you will see it right as you enter the gallery. The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen‘s style. It‘s an outdoorscene, an everyday scene. It‘s kind of bleak, which you can really see those broad brushstrokesand the blurry lines. The colors aren‘t quite realistic. The sky is kind of, well, in a natural… pinkishyellow. And the fence in the foreground is blue, but somehow the overall scene gives an impression of a cold, bleak, winter day on a farm. So that‘s the impressionist side of her work.Oh, and speaking about farms, that reminds me. One interesting thing I read about Franzten is that when she first moved back to Iowa after living abroad, she often visited this place in her town called the Sales Barn. And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmers bought and sold their cattle, their farm animals. And the reason Frantzen went there, and she later on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the ways that they moved. She really found that this helped her work---that it gave her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like, too. So, what about Realism? What are the elements of Realism we should be looking for in Frantzen‘s work?StudentUm… real honest depictions of subject matter, pre tty unidealized stuff, and pretty everydaysubject matter, too.ProfessorGood. One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins. You will notice that the woman‘s face is so realistic looking that it‘s almost li ke aphotograph. The woman‘s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. Thisis realism. But then, the background of the painting, this womanwith the pumpkins is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it‘s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines, kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close. And there arevibrant colors. There‘s lots oforange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out.I find Frantzen to be a very accessible artist. I mean, some artists, to appreciate them, you have to know their life story. But here‘s alittle bit about Rose Frantzen‘s life anyway. She attended art school, but was told by one of her instructors that she was not good at illustration, that she should go into advertising instead. So shetook advertising classes and fine arts classes too, until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency that her work was really good, that she could be an artist. But of course, it‘s not as easy as that, and so Frantzen had to paint otherpeople‘s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money tobuy paint for her more series ofart work. No matter what, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well. And her work is being shown all overthe country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that. But what‘s important is thatyou keep at it that you don‘t give up. That‘s what is really important to remember.LectureNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a geology class.ProfessorOk, let‘s get started. Great. Today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is - dating techniques. I‘m going to talk about a particular dating technique. Why? Good dating is a key to good analysis. In other words, if you want to know how a land formation was formed, the first thing you probably want to know is how old it is. It‘s fundamental.Um… Take the Grand Canyon for inst ance. Now, we geologists thought we had a pretty goodidea of how the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States was formed. We knew that it was formed from sandstone that solidified somewhere between 150 and 300 million years ago. Before it solidified, it was just regular sand. Essentially it was part of a vast desert. And until just recently, most of us thought the sand had come from anancient mountain range fairly close by that flattened out over time. That‘s been the conventional wisdom among geol ogists for quite some time. But now we‘ve learned something different, and quite surprising, using a techniquecalled Uranium-Lead Dating.I should say that Uranium-Lead Dating has been around for quite a while. But there have been some recent refinements. I will get into this in a minute. Anyway, Uranium-Lead Dating has produced some surprises. Two geologists discovered that about half of the sand from the Grand Canyon was actually once part of the Appalachian Mountains. That‘s really eye-opening news,since the Appalachian Mountain Range is, of course, thousands of kilometers to the east of the Grand Canyon. Sounds pretty unbelievable, right?Of course, the obvious question is how did that sand end up so far west? The theory is that huge rivers and wind carried the sand west where it mixed in with the sand that was already there. Well, this was a pretty revolutionary finding. Um… and it was basically because of Uranium-LeadDating. Why? Well, as everyone in this class should know, we usually look at the grain type within sandstone, meaning the actual particles in the sandstone, to determine where it came from. You can do other things too, like look at the wind or water that brought the grains to theirlocation and figure out which way it was flowing. But that‘s onlyuseful up to a point, and that‘snot what these two geologists did.Uranium-Lead Dating allowed them to go about it in an entirely different way. What they did was: they looked at the grains of Zircon in the sandstone. Zircon is a material that contains radioactive Uranium, which makes it very useful for dating purposes. Zircon starts off as molten magma, the hot larva from volcanoes. This magma then crystallizes. And when Zircon crystallizes, the Uranium inside it begins to changeinto Lead. So if you measure the amount of Lead in the Zircon grain, you can figure out when the grain was formed. After that, you can determine the age of Zircon from different mountain ranges. Once you do that, you can compare the age of the Zircon in the sandstone in your sample to the age of the Zircon in the mountains. If the age of the Zircon matches the age of one of the mountain ranges, then it means the sandstone actually used to be part of that particular mountain range. Is everybody with me on that? Good.So, in this case, Uranium-Lead Dating was used to establish thathalf of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed. So because of this,this new way of doing Uranium-Lead Dating, we‘ve been able to determine thatone of our major assumptions about the Grand Canyon was wrong.Like I said before, Uranium-Lead Dating has been with us for a while. But, um… until recently, inorder to do it, you really had to study many individual grains. Andit took a long time before you got results. It just wasn‘t veryefficient. And it wasn‘t very accurate. But technical advances have cut down on the number of grains you have to study, so you get your results faster. So I‘ll predictthat Uranium-Lead Dating is going to become an increasingly popular dating method. There are a few pretty exciting possibilities forUranium-Lead Dating. Here is one that comes to mind. You know the theory that earth‘s continents were once joined together and only split apart relatively recently? Well, with Uranium-Lead Dating, we could prove that more conclusively.If they show evidence of once having been joined, that could reallytell us a lot about the early history of the planet‘s geology.Section 2ConversationNarratorListen to part of a conversation between a student and his professor.ProfessorHi Mathew, I‘m glad you can come in today. You‘ve been observingMr. Grable‘s third-grade classfor your approaches to education paper, right?StudentHmmm, yes. I go over the Johnson Elementary School, you know, to watch Mr. Grable teach thechildren in class. It‘s been amazing, I mean, I‘m just learning so much from just watching him.I‘mso glad the classroom observations are a requirement for the education pr ogram. I mean it‘s likethe best thing ever to prepare you to be a good teacher.ProfessorWell, I‘m glad to see you feel that way, Mathew. You know, that‘s the goal. So, I‘ve been readingover your observation notes and I‘m quite interested in what‘s going on, in particular what‘s theastronomy unit he‘s been teaching.StudentThe astronomy unit?ProfessorIt seems that Mr. Grable has mastered the interdisciplinary approach to teaching — the waywe‘ve been talking about in class.StudentOh! OK, yeah, so like when he was teaching them astronomy, he didn't just teach them thenames of the planets, he used it as a way to teach mythology.ProfessorReally! So, how did he do that?StudentWell, some of the students could already name the planets, but they didn‘t know that the nameshad any meaning — the stories behind them.ProfessorSo, he…StudentHe introduced Greek and Roman mythology as a way of explaining. Like, you know, how likeJupiter‘s the biggest planet, right, and how Jupiter was the nameof the king of the gods inRoman mythology, right? So since Jupiter, the planet, is the largest planet in our solar system, it‘slike the king of the planets, like Jupiter was the king of all the gods.ProfessorOh, Mathew, that‘s a great example.StudentYeah! And each student chose a planet and then did research on it to write a report and make a presentation. They went to the library to do the research, then they made presentations about the planet they chose.ProfessorSo, in one science unit, in which the focus was astronomy, the students also learned about the literature of Greek and Roman mythology, used research skills in the library, wrote a report and practiced their oral presentation skills.StudentExactly! He used this one topic to teach third-grades all thatstuff — how to use the books in thelibrary, to write reports, and even how to speak in public. Plusthey had a great time doing it.ProfessorYou know, Mathew, this is just what we‘ve been talking about in our clas s. I‘m sure everyone canlearn something from your experience. You know, Mathew, I‘d lovefor you to talk about thisastronomy unit in class on Wednesday.StudentReally?! Hmmm… ?cause I don‘t really think I‘ll have any time to write my paper by then.ProfessorOh, you won‘t need to write anything new just yet. For Wednesday, use your class observationnotes and explain the things we‘ve discussed today.StudentOk, that sounds all right.LectureNarratorListen to part of a lecture in an archeology class.ProfessorOK, we‘ve been talking about early agriculture in the near east. So let‘s concentrate on one siteand see what we can learn from it. Let‘s look at Catalhoyuk. Ah…I‘d better write that down.Catalhoyuk, that‘s about as close as we get in English. It‘s Turkish, really. The sites in modern dayTurkey, and who knows what the original inhabitants called it. Anyway, uh…Catalhoyuk wasn‘tthe first agricultural settlement in the near east, but it waspretty early, settled about 9000 years ago in the Neolithic period.And ... umm... the settlement...ah...town really, lasted about a thousand years and grew to a size of about eight or ten thousand people. That certainly makes it one of the largest towns in the world at that time.One of the things that make the settlement of this size impressiveis the time period. It‘s theNeolithic, remember, the late Stone Age. So the people that lived there had only stone tools, no metals. So everything they accomplished, like building this town, they did with just stone, plus wood, bricks,that sort of thing. But you got to remember that it wasn‘t just any stone they had,they had obsidian. And umm... obsidian is a black, volcanic, well, almost like glass. It flakes very nicely into really sharp points. The sharpest tools of the entire Stone Age were made of obsidian. And urrr... the people of Catalhoyuk got theirs from further inland, from central Turkey, traded for it, probably.Anyway, what I wanna focus on is the way the town was built. The houses are all rectangular, one storey made of sun dried bricks. Butwhat‘s really interesting is that there are no spacesbetween them, no streets in other words, and so generally no doorson the houses either. People walked around on the roofs and entered the house through a hatchway on the roof, down a wooden ladder. You canstill see the diagonal marks of the ladders in the plaster on the inside walls. Once you were in the house, there would be one main room and a couple of small rooms for storage. The main room had the hearths, for cooking and for heat. It would‘ve been prettycold during the winters. And it also looks like they made theirtools near the fire. There tends to be a lot of obsidian flakes andchips in the hearth ashes, but no chimney. The smoke just went out the same hatchway that people used for going in and out themselves. So there would have been an open fire inside the house with only one hole in the roof to let the smoke out. You and I would have found it a bit too smoky in there. You can see on the walls, which they plastered and decoratedwith paintings. They ended up with a layer of black soot on them, and so did people‘slungs. The bones found in the graves show a layer of soot on the inside of the ribs. And that‘s another unusual feat ure of Catalhoyuk, the burial sites. The graves have all beenfound under the houses, right under the floors. And it maybe this burial custom that explains why the houses were packed in so tightly without streets. I mean, you might think it was for protection or something, but there has been no evidence found yet of any violent attack that would indicate that kind of danger. It maybe they wanted to live as near as possible to their ancestors‘ graves and be buried near them themselves. But it makes a good point.Based on excavations, we can know the layout of the houses and the location of the graves, but we‘re only guessing when we tried to say why they did it that way. That‘s the way it is witharcheology. You are dealing with the physical remains that peopleleft behind. We have no sure access to what they thought and how they felt about things. I mean it‘s interesting to speculate.And the physical artifacts can give us clues, but there is a lot we can‘t really know. So, forinstance, their art. They painted on the plastered walls and usually they painted hunting scenes with wild animals in them. Now they did hunt and they also raised cereal crops and kept sheep, but we don‘t know why so many of the paintings are of hunting scenes. Was it supposed to havereligious or magical significance? That‘s the kind of thing we can only guess at based on clues.And hopefully, further excavation of Catalhoyuk will yield more clues. But we‘ll probably neverknow for sure.LectureNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a biology class.ProfessorFor today‘s discussion, we‘ll review the case study on how some animals have behaviorallyadapted to their environments. Now you had to read about two animal species, the Eastern marmot and the Olympic marmot. Marmots are rodents. They are large ground squirrels, about the size of an average house cat. And they live in a variety of habitats. And even though they spend the significant portion of the year hibernating, according to this case study, marmots are still considered excellent subjects for animal behavioral studies. Why is that?StudentWell, when they are not hibernating, you can find them in open areas. And they are pretty active during the day, which makes them easy to observe, right?ProfessorUh-ha, so first let‘s discuss the Eastern marmots. They reside throughout the eastern region ofNorth America where there is a temperate climate, where the growing season lasts for at least five months of the year, which is when they do all their mating, playing and eating.StudentOh, I see. At first I wasn‘t sure what growing season meant, just from the reading. But now I getit. It's the amount of time it takes for them to grow, right? So it would be five months?ProfessorUmm? Oh, uh… I‘m sorry but no. It h as nothing to do with that.It's not about the time it takesfor Eastern marmots to grow. It‘s when the food is available. That is when it‘s not covered insnow and there is no frost covering the grass and, umm, vegetative parts of a plant‘s herbs andthe flowers the marmots like to eat. So growing season refers to the availability of the food they eat, OK? So now how would you describe the Eastern marmots‘ social habits?StudentWell, they are really territorial, and loners, and just so aggressive even with other Eastern marmots. And their mating ritual is just so impersonal.ProfessorUh-ha? Now when they emerge in the spring from hibernation, the mating process begins. For them, well, they come together to mate and then they go their separate ways. Then about six to eight weeks after birth, the offspring leave their mothers.StudentReally? Just six weeks? Is that possible for the offspring to make it on their own so young?ProfessorWell, it‘s not as if they aren‘t ready for the real world beca use they are. Remember, they maturequickly and the weather‘s nice. Also they live in open fields where there is lots of ediblevegetation. So roughly six weeks after birth, Eastern marmots are just old enough to take their chances of surviving in the temperate environment. So how does this relate to their behavior?StudentOh, I get it. Since the climate‘s not too bad, the Eastern marmots don't have to rely on eachother too much and they really don't need to stay together as a family to survive either.ProfessorUh-ha. Any contrast, the Olympic marmots? What about them?StudentWell, they live together as a family and take care of their young until they are at least two years old. They‘re really friendly with each other. And what I really like is that they even have greeting ceremonies. And they are not at all aggressive and territorial like the Eastern marmots. So their social behavior is so different from Eastern marmots because of the climate where they live? That seems so bizarre.ProfessorWell, the Olympic marmots inhabit meadows high in the Olympic Mountains where the weather conditions are much harsher. So there is a lot more wind and snow. The growing season only lasts about two to three months. So in that much shorter period of time, all the Olympic marmots, male and female, eat, play, work and nurture the young together. Because the climate is so harsh, cooperation increases the survival rate of the Olympic marmots. They keep their young at home until they are physically able to survive on their own. This could explain why the social behavior of the Olympic marmots is so unlike that of the Eastern marmots.TPO-2TPO 02 – Listening PartConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a professor.StudentUh, excuse me, Professor Thompson. I know your office hours are tomorrow, but I was wondering if you had a few minutes free now to discuss something.ProfessorSure, John. What did you want to talk about?StudentWell, I have some quick questions about how to write up the research project I did this semester—about climate variations.ProfessorOh, yes. You were looking at variations in climate in the Grant City area, right? How far along have you gotten?StudentI‘ve got all my data, so I‘m starting to su mmarize it now, preparing graphs and stuff.But I‘m just. . . I‘m looking at it and I‘m afraid that it‘s not enough, but I‘m not sure what else toput in the report.ProfessorI hear the same thing from every student. You know, you have to remember now that you‘re theexpert on what you‘ve done. So, think about what you‘d need to include if you were going toexplain your research project to someone with general or casual knowledge about the subject, like . . . like your parents. That‘s usually my rule of thumb: would my parents understand this?StudentOK. I get it.ProfessorI hope you can recognize by my saying that how much you do know about the subject.StudentRight. I understand. I was wondering if I should also include the notes from the research journal you suggested I keep.ProfessorYes, definitely. You should use them to indicate what your evolution in thought was through time. So, just set up, you know, what was the purpose of what you were doing—to try to understandthe climate variability of this area—and what you did, and what your approach was.StudentOK. So, for example, I studied meteorological records; I looked at climate charts; I used different methods for analyzing the data, like certain statistical tests; and thenI discuss the results. Is that what you mean?ProfessorYes, that‘s right. You should include all of that. The statistical tests are especially important.And also be sure you include a good reference section where all your published and unpublished data came from, ?cause you have a lot of unpublished climate data.StudentHmm . . . something just came into my mind and went out the other side.ProfessorThat happens to me a lot, so I‘ve come up with a pretty good memory management tool. I carry a little pad with me all the time and jot down questions or ideas that I don‘t want to forget. Forexample, I went to the doctor with my daughter and her baby son last week and we knew we wouldn‘t remember everything we wanted to ask the doctor, so we actually made a list of five things we wanted answers to.StudentA notepad is a good idea. Since I‘m so busy now at the end of the semester, I‘m getting prettyforgetful these days. OK. I just remembered what I was trying to say before.ProfessorGood. I was hop ing you‘d come up with it.StudentYes. It ends up that I have data on more than just the immediate Grant City area, so I also included some regional data in the report. With everything else it should be a pretty good indicator of the climate in this part of the state.ProfessorSounds good. I‘d be happy to look over a draft version before you hand in the final copy, if youwish.StudentGreat. I‘ll plan to get you a draft of the paper by next Friday. Thanks very much. Well, see ya.ProfessorOK.LectureNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a philosophy class.ProfessorOK. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle—Aristotle‘s ethical theory.What Aristotle‘s ethical theory is all about is this: he‘s trying to show you how to behappy—what true happiness is.Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It‘s not just because it‘s something that all。
托福听力tpo64 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo64lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an economics class.The professor has been talking about international trade.Professor:OK,so let's recap from yesterday.Why do nations engaged in international trade?Well,it's often because of a surplus,more than they need,and they also trade for the opposite reason when they have shortages and can't produce everything they want or need domestically.So these explanations are good as far as they go.But there's another scenario we need to discuss.And that is what if a country is capable of producing something it wants or needs but it can also import the same product from another country?Now,how does the country decide whether to make the product itself or import it?OK,take an example.Um,think about the bananas that you buy in the supermarket.If you look closely,you'll see that most bananas in the United States are imported,imported from countries with tropical climates.But theUnited States has warm regions.It has greenhouse.Clearly,it would be possible to grow bananas here.So why doesn't the US do that?Scott?Student Scott:Well,it is like a lot cheaper and more efficient for countries with tropical climates,for tropical countries to grown bananas,isn't it?I mean,they don't need greenhouse to grow bananas,and they're not so limited to certain regions.Professor:Okay,good.That's exactly right.Tropical countries have what we call an absolute advantage in producing bananas.Absolute advantage is the term we use when a country can produce more of a product using fewer resources.They're the most efficient producer of something.And the United States can't be that with bananas.So it's better off specializing in other goods that it can make more efficiently.Let's take an example,say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well, you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.OK,so as I was saying,two countries,two products,one country can produce both products more efficiently than the other country.Should these two countries even trade at all?Student Scott:Uh,well,no,I mean,like what's in it for the more efficient country?Professor:Well,what is in it for them?Let's,um,well,let's call these countries um,X and Y.Country X makes both TVs and chairs more efficiently than country Y does.It has an absolute advantage in producing both commodities?No question.But what economists also look at is relative efficiency.And from that perspective,we see that country X is a lot more efficient at making TVs than it is at making chairs and in country Y,ah,well,it turns out they're more efficient at making chairs than TVs.So we say that country Y has a comparative advantage at chair making.And country X has a comparative advantage at TV making.So what should happen?Well,first,both countries should specialize in the production of just one thing.The product they're most efficient at making.Country X should make only TVs and country Y should make only chairs,then two of them should trade.Specialization and trade are going to lead to increase in production and increased overall supply of goods and generally lowerprices.Right?Student Scott:Professor,I still don't see how countries figure out when and where they have a comparative advantage.Professor:Well,you can't fully understand the concept of comparative advantage without also considering the related concept of opportunity cost.Opportunity cost is what you lose,uh,the options you have to give up in order to use your time and resources for something else,countries can determine where their comparative advantages lies,uh,like making TVs instead of chairs by figuring out what they can make with the lowest opportunity cost.Ah,you know,maybe this will be clear if we apply it on a personal level.Now think about when you go out to a movie,your direct monetary cost is the price of the movie ticket.Right?But you also spend two hours at the theater.Your opportunity cost includes both,uh,whatever else you could have spent your money on.Um,ten candy bars may be and whatever else you could have accomplished during the time you were watching the movies,uh,you might have completed your homework for this class,or you might have work two hours overtime at your job,thereby earning instead of spending money.See,these lost possibilities are your opportunity cost.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Advantages that countries can gain by making their own goodsB.Inequalities that lead to trade imbalances between countriesC.Cost and efficiency concepts that help determine trade decisionsD.Ways in which local surpluses can affect international trade2.Why does the professor talk about growing bananas in countries with tropicalclimates?A.To show how opportunity costs affect agricultural productionB.To explain how demand for a product determines its costC.To describe how domestic shortages are createdD.To illustrate the concept of absolute advantage3.According to the professor,what indicates that a country has an absolute advantage in trade?A.It can produce an item more efficiently than other countries.B.It is wealthy enough to import everything that it needs.C.It consistently exports more than it imports.D.It does not have to import any goods from other countries.4.The professor gives an example of two countries that produce televisions and chairs. What does she predict will happen if the economic decisions of both countries are based on the principle of comparative advantage?[Click on2answers.]A.The prices of televisions and chairs will go down in both countries.B.More chairs and televisions will be manufactured in each country.C.Imports of televisions and chairs will decrease in each country.D.The total supply of televisions and chairs will increase in both countries.5.Why does the professor talk about going to the movies?A.To demonstrate the difference between absolute and comparative advantageB.To provide an example to help explain the concept of opportunity costsC.To illustrate the advantages of specialization in the entertainment industryD.To show that economic theories do not always apply on a personal level6.Why does the professor say this:say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well,you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.A.To reassure the students that the example will help illustrate her pointB.To apologize to the students for using an example that is difficult to understandC.To prepare the class for a shift to a new topicD.To return to a point she made earlier答案C D A AD B A译文请听经济学课上的部分内容。
托福听力TPO学习宝典
How
Long time for rivalry to come down
TPO 24lecture 3—Archeology—Mega fauna
Structure
Content
Intro
Agreat variety of beasts
Two difference medium (reflect back)
2.Dolphins
1)Balancingin the head—no good
2)Melon
A.Fat—different purpose—matchthespped
B.Bursa—transferring sound to the melon into sea water
How
Criticism of the theory
1.No shortage of agricultural lands
2.No sudden population increase
TPO 22lecture 2—Astronomy—Faint Young Sun Paradox
Structure
1.Greenhouse gas effect
1)CO2 much higher than today but not enough to dothejob
2)Ammonia destroyed by the ultra-violet
2.Bright Young Sun
1)Mass loss—not enough to warm the earth
Natural movement from children
托福听力TPO学习宝典
Solution No.2
TheEffect of mountains and lands,i.e. Topography
Lake-effect snow
E.G. Great Lakes
The forming of clouds
The forming of snow
Closing
Talk to the boss
TPO18conversation1student—administrator—help
Structure
Student
Librarian
Opening
Transfer from Chicago
Interested intheprogram
International studies
TPO 20 conversation 1 Student—Librarian—help
Structure
Student
Librarian
Opening
Problem
Asked to return the book
To keep the book for thesis
Backgrounddetails
Prominentalumni
Advanced math course
TPO 21conversation 2student—professor—question
Structure
Student
Librarian
Opening
Learn a lot from the lecture
Work in the field
TPO文章结构—conversation
托福tpo听力最难的几篇
托福tpo听力最难的几篇托福考试是国际英语能力测试系统，它的听力部分被认为是考生最具挑战性的一部分。
尤其是TPo（TOEFL Practice Online）的听力部分，被很多考生视为其中最难的一部分。
本文将从几个不同的角度来分析TPo听力中的一些难点，以帮助考生更好地应对这一部分的挑战。
一、语速快、词汇量大TPo听力中最令考生头疼的一点是语速快、词汇量大。
在听力材料中，很多教授和学生会急匆匆地讲述不同的话题，同时使用许多高级词汇和专业术语。
这对考生的听力速度和词汇量都提出了很高的要求。
面对这种情况，考生可以通过以下方法来提高应对能力：首先，平时要多听英语材料，特别是一些较快的英语播客或录音，以适应快速语速。
其次，注重积累词汇，特别是和学术领域相关的词汇。
背单词和阅读一些学术文章可以很好地提高词汇量。
二、听力材料种类多样TPo听力材料涵盖了很多不同种类的内容，如学术讲座、学生讨论、课堂讲解等等。
对于不同种类的听力材料，考生需要有灵活的应对策略。
对于学术讲座，考生可以先浏览提纲，对即将听到的内容有一个大致的了解。
对于学生讨论和课堂讲解，考生可以通过注意听讲者的观点和逻辑关系来抓住重点。
三、听力材料难度递增TPo中的听力材料的难度是递增的，从易到难。
对于初学者来说，可能面对一些较简单的材料就感到困难重重。
因此，为了更好地应对TPo听力，考生需要加强听力训练，逐渐适应并提高自己的听力水平。
在平时的学习中，考生可以通过听一些容易的英语材料，如儿童故事、英语歌曲等，提高自己的听力。
四、听力技巧的运用在TPo听力考试中，考生需要有一些听力技巧的运用，以更好地理解听力材料。
首先，要注意利用上下文信息。
通常，听力材料中的信息是相互关联的，通过抓住上下文中的线索，可以更好地理解听力材料。
其次，要注意听力材料中的转折词和信号词。
转折词和信号词可以帮助我们捕捉重点信息和主旨。
最后，要注意听力材料中的态度和观点。
学习者可以通过注意讲者的语气和词语选择，来判断讲者的态度和观点。
托福听力 TPO听力题目与答案1-37全套汇总(附译文)
托福听力: TPO听力题目与答案1-37全套汇总(附译文)目前托福TPO内容已经更新到37套，很多同学在使用TPO听力内容时不是缺少音频资料就是内容不全，针对大家使用TPO听力内容的诸多不方便，小编特给出一份托福TPO 听力题目与答案1-37全套汇总(附译文)资料，同学们可以拿去好好练习一下，进而也可对比一下与之前内容的不同，所增加的套题与之前的区别。
托福TPO听力题目与答案1-37全套汇总(附译文)内容如下：1.Why does the student go to see the librarian?To sign up for a seminar on using electronic sources for researchTo report that a journal is missing from the reference areaTo find out the procedure for checking out journal articlesTo ask about how to look for resources for a class paper2.What does the librarian say about the availability of journals and articles in the library?They are not easy to find if a professor put them on reserveMost of them are accessible in an electronic formatMost of them can be checked out for three weeksPrinted versions from the past three years are located in the reference section3.What does the librarian suggest the student should do to save time?Choose an easier research topicConcentrate on five journalsRead the summaries of the articles firstInstall a new program on her home computer4.What can be inferred about why the woman decides to use the computer in the library?She thinks she might need additional help from the manShe does not have a computer at homeShe has to hand in her assignment by the end of the dayShe will be meeting a friend in the library later on5.Why does the woman say thisShe had forgotten about the informationShe is surprised she was not aware of the informationShe is annoyed that the information was published only recentlyShe is concerned that the librarian gave her incorrect informationStudentHi, um…, I really hope you can help me.LibrarianThat’s why I’m here. What can I do for you?StudentI’m supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but I’m… having a hard time finding articles. I don’t even know where to start looking.LibrarianYou said this is for your psychology course, right? So your focus is on …StudentDream Interpretation.LibrarianWell, you have a focus, so that’s already a good start. Hmmm… well, there’re a few things… oh wait… have you checked to see if your professor put any material for you to look at on reserve?StudentAha, that’s one thing I did know to do. I just copied an article, but I still need three more on my topic from three different journals.LibrarianLet’s get you going on looking for those then. We have printed versions of twenty or so psychology journals in the Reference Section. These are ones published within the last year. Now that I think about it… there’s a journal named Sleep and Dreams.StudentOh, yeah, the article I just copied is from that journal, so I’ve got to look in other sources.正确答案，D。
托福听力tpo49 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo49lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (21)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Alaska is fascinating to geologists because of its incrediblelandscapes.Uh,permafrost has a lot to do with this.That is,the areas where the ground—the soil—is always frozen,except for the very top layer—what we call the active layer of permafrost—which melts in the summer and refreezes again in the winter.The northern part of Alaska is covered in lakes—thousands of them—and most of these are what we call thaw lakes.T-h-a-w.Thaw lakes.I'm gonna show you a few sketches of them in a minute,so you'll have a good idea of what I'm talking about.So, how these thaw lakes are formed has to do with…OK,it starts with ice wedges.The top part of the ice wedge melts—Should I back up?Ice wedges form when water runs into cracks in the ground,the permafrost,then freezes.You ever see mud after it dries?Dried mud has cracks,because when it dries, it contracts,it shrinks.Well,in winter,permafrost behaves similarly.It shrinks in winter,because it freezes even more thoroughly then,and as it shrinks,it forms deep,deep cracks.Then in the summer,when the active layer—the top layer of the permafrost—melts,the melt water runs into those cracks in the permafrost,then freezes again—because that ground,the ground beneath the active layer,is still below freezing.So,you have wedges of ice in the permafrost.Now the ice wedges widen the original cracks in the permafrost,because water expands when it freezes.All right?OK,then in autumn,the active layer on top freezes again.Then in winter,the permafrost starts contracting again and the cracks open up even wider.So the next summer,when the active layer melts again and flows into the widened cracks…and…freezes…it makes the cracks even wider.So it’s sort of a cycle through which the cracks and the wedges grow wider and wider.So when the ice wedge reaches a certain size,its top part—in the active layer—turns into a little pond when it melts in the summer.And that's the beginning of your thaw lake.[pause]There are thousands of them in northern Alaska.One of the most fascinating things about these lakes—and this is important—is that they mostly havethe same shape.Like an elongated oval,or egg shape.And what's more,all the ovals are oriented in the same way.Here's an idea of what they look like,what the landscape looks like from an aerial view,with the lakes side by side.There's been considerable research done to try to figure out what causes them to be shaped and oriented this way.We know that the shape and orientation are caused by the way the lakes grow once they're formed,but the question is,what makes them grow this way?One theory sees winds as the cause.This region of Alaska has strong winds that blow perpendicular to the lakes.What happens is,wind blows straight into the longer side of the lakes.Now,wouldn’t that erode the lake bank in that direction?The same direction as the wind?Well…no.Actually,what happens is that the waves caused by the winds build a sorta protective layer of sediment—it's called a“protective shelf”—along the bank of the lake directly in front of them;so that bank is shielded from erosion,and the waves are diverted to the sides,to the left and to the right,and that’s why the left and the right banks start eroding.Get it?The bank straight ahead is protected,but the lake currents--the waves--erode the banks to the sides.That's the current model,um,the wind erosion model,which is generally accepted.But,there's a new theory that says that[deliberately]thaw slumping,not wind,is what shapes the thaw lakes.Thaw slumping,um…OK.Sometimes,in the summer,the temperature rises pretty quickly.So the active layer of permafrost thaws faster than the water can drain from the soil.So the sides of the thaw lakes get,like,mushy,and slump,or slide,into the lake.Then,the lake water spreads out more,and the lake gets bigger,OK?Also,in that part of Alaska,the terrain is gently sloped,so the lakes are all on an incline.Here.Now,this is an exaggeration of the angle—the hill isn't this steep—butsee how with the lake's banks,the side that is farther downhill…it's smaller,lower. This short bank thaws faster than the tall one does,so it falls into the lake—it slumps, much more and much faster than the other bank.When the short banks of many lakes slump,they move farther downhill and the lakes grow—all in the same downhill direction.This is a new theory,so it hasn't been tested much yet.In field studies,when we've looked at the banks of these thaw lakes,there's not much evidence of slumping. We'd expect to see cliff-like formations there,from the slumping,but we haven't really found many of those.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?[Click on two answers.]A.To contrast how different kinds of thaw lakes growB.To explain why a new theory of thaw lakes is gaining acceptanceC.To explain how processes in permafrost lead to the formation of thaw lakesD.To describe two competing theories about the growth of thaw lakes2.The professor explains thaw lake formation as a cycle of events that occur repeatedly.Summarize this cycle,starting with the event filled in below.[Click on a sentence.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.The first one is done for you. One sentence will not be used]A.Meltwater flows into cracks in permafrostB.Ice wedges inside permafrost completely meltC.Freezing water expands cracks in permafrostD.Ice in the active layer melts as temperatures riseE.Permafrost shrinks and cracks as temperatures drop..3.What is the significance of the'protective shelf'discussed by the professor?A.It prevents the slumping of lake banks.B.It shields the lake surface from strong winds.C.It redirects the waves to lake banks that do not face the wind.D.It allows the lakes to grow in the same direction as the wind blows.4.According to the thaw slumping model,which side of a thaw lake grows fastest?A.The side where the bank is shortestB.The side least exposed to windC.The side that is at the highest elevationD.The side opposite the protective shelf5.What is the professor's opinion of the thaw slumping model?A.He thinks it was urgently needed.B.He is not convinced that it has a firm basis.C.He thinks it would be better if it were simplified.D.He does not think it is very different from the old model.6.Why does the professor say this:You ever see mud after it dries?A.He wants some information from the students.B.He thinks that the students may find an example helpful.C.He realizes that he forgot to mention an important topic.D.He wants to point out an important difference between frozen ground and dry ground.答案CD EDACB C A B B译文听一段地质学的讲座。
托福听力tpo50 全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo50全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section1 (2)Conversation1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture2 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (18)Section2 (19)Conversation2 (19)原文 (19)题目 (21)答案 (23)译文 (23)Lecture3 (25)原文 (25)题目 (27)答案 (29)译文 (29)Lecture4 (31)原文 (31)题目 (33)答案 (35)译文 (36)Section1Conversation1原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and a political science professor.MALE STUDENT:I’m not sure if you know,but I was elected to student government this year…FEMALE PROFESSOR:Oh,congratulations!I was in student government myself as an undergraduate.It taught me a lot about the political process.In fact,the experience solved my problem of what to do with my life—it really cemented my interest in becoming a political scientist.MALE STUDENT:Cool.Anyway,um,the reason I came by is,we’re getting ready to conduct a straw poll on campus.You know,hold an informal vote,since the general election’s just a couple months away.We wanna get a feel for the student body’s political leanings.Like,who students are planning to vote for,which political party people identify with,that sorta thing.FEMALE PROFESSOR:Oh sure.I helped students run a straw poll once,years ago.It was a lotta work,mostly because we used paper ballots and stayed up all night counting‘em.But if you use computers.MALE STUDENT:Yeah,we’re creating a Web site for it where students’ll be able to vote online.Um,and we’re looking for a faculty advisor to help,actually.I was hoping you might be rested.FEMALE PROFESSOR:Oh,I’m flattered,John,but my schedule’s so jammed.I’m teaching two seminars,your intro course,finishing up my research…But,uh,what about Professor Klein?She’s new in our department.Plus,she’s a whiz with computers.MALE STUDENT:OK.I’ll ask her.FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,have you decided on a topic for your term paper yet?MALE STUDENT:Not really.FEMALE PROFESSOR:Why not write about your straw poll?Since the paper’s not due till after the election,you could include your results,maybe compare them with the real election results?MALE STUDENT:But would that be enough?I mean,just comparing numbers?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,no,you’d need to provide some analysis,too.But I was thinking—there’s a couple of local ballot questions this year,ya know,referenda that voters can either support or not support.MALE STUDENT:Right,there’s one on whether to ban smoking in restaurants,and another one,uh…I think it’s whether to spend tax dollars for a new sports arena in the city.FEMALE PROFESSOR:OK,here’s an idea…In regular elections,the vast majority of voters ignore referenda;they vote for their favorite candidates,but avoid ballot questions.We believe it’s because voters aren’t familiar with the questions or don’t understand them.But actively educating people on ballot questions right before they vote can improve referendum participation rates.MALE STUDENT:In that case,maybe we could have our straw-poll Web site provide information on the ballot questions,like how each proposal would affect students.FEMALE PROFESSOR:Exactly.And when you write your paper,you could compare the students’referendum voting rate to the general public’s,and include your own analysis of the results.Plus there’s plenty of published research on referendum voting behavior.MALE STUDENT:Thanks Professor Miller!I had no idea this straw poll could actually help me in my course work.题目1.Why does the man go to see the professor?A.To suggest an idea for his research projectB.To tell her about his election to student governmentC.To ask for her help on a political projectD.To discuss methods of gathering public opinion2.What is the professor's attitude toward her involvement in student government as an undergraduate?A.She is grateful that the experience helped inspire her career choice.B.She regrets that her involvement took time away from her studies.C.She wishes that she had been more active than she was.D.She is glad that her involvement enabled her to help other students.3.What is the student government's main reason for conducting a straw poll?A.To educate students on the candidates'positionsB.To remind students to vote in the upcoming electionC.To find out how students feel about the local referendaD.To get an idea of students'political preferences4.Why does the professor mention paper ballots?A.To show how a straw poll differs from an actual electionB.To stress the importance of keeping accurate recordsC.To indicate that conducting a poll may present challengesD.To suggest a way to improve communication between the student body and the student government5.Why does the professor discuss voting behavior on referenda?A.To encourage the man to vote on the local referendaB.To help the man develop a focus for his term paperC.To express her skepticism that voting behavior can be changedD.To let the man know about her current research project答案C AD C B译文旁白：请听一段学生和政治学教授之间的对话。
托福考试tpo是什么
托福考试tpo是什么TPO 都是 ETS 之前考过的真题，关于考生考前模拟和复习具有很大的价值。
那你知道〔托福〕考试tpo是什么吗?接下来我告诉你托福考试tpo是什么。
托福考试tpo是什么：1 测试的手段：其实在我们开始准备新托福考试的时候，无妨先做一套新托福突破口TPO来测试一下自己现阶段的水平。
很多考友当刚刚接触新托福考试的时候，第一个感觉就是感觉到自己的〔英语〕不好，以及关于自己的英语很弱感觉到深恶痛绝，但是有感觉到自己无从下手，一开始也就仅仅能想到背单词，但是关于自己接下来到底必须要做什么感觉到一筹莫展。
2 查缺补漏的手段:当我们准备一段时间的托福考试之后，显然就应该感觉到自己本身的提升，但是还是时会感觉到自己总还是有些漏洞的。
其实这个时候，又是该新托福突破口TPO出动的时候了，通过做几套新托福突破口TPO，然后横向比较自己常常容易出错的题型，其实就可以发现自己到底在哪些单项上还做得不够，接下来就应该在这些单项上进行发力。
3 熟悉托福考试的手段：托福考试虽然现在已经完全是一个能力水平测试，这个考试的核心就是快速准确。
准确这个是可以训练的，但是快速这一点，在最开始的时候，往往让众多考友猝不及防，因此如果是高手上阵，准备秒杀托福考试的，最好还是要在考前的1-2周，就大量的做新托福突破口TPO，之所以这样做事要通过这种方式来提升自己关于托福考试的适应程度，以防在考试的时候，面对突如其来的海量试题缺乏适应的能力。
4 模考的手段：关于很多学习方法很好的考友来说，其实新托福突破口TPO只是一个辅助的手段，因为单纯的做题并不能提升我们的托福分数，因此很多考友在准备托福考试的时候，都是在用最合适自己的方法在提升自己的实力，只有这样才干真正的提升自己的托福成绩，但是我们必须要注意的是，由于我们平常有可能都是在单纯的要么背单词，要么练听写。
考托福怎样使用TPO：1)把里面所有不熟悉的核心单词查出来，背熟;2)之后把整篇文章全都翻译一遍，然后对比一下《TPO1-26 套软件包原文翻译》里面给出的译文，看看自己到底哪里理解错误;3)接着将每一道题，而不仅仅是做错的题目，分析到底原文是怎么说，以及原文到底哪一句话得出了这道题的正确答案，如果是这道题你做错了你还要弄清一开始你为什么把这道题做错了，当时你是怎么理解的。
托福听力tpo41 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo41lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文FEMALE PROFESSOR:Many organisms have developed the ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions—extreme heat or cold,or,very dry conditions....Like, plants in the desert—your textbook doesn’t have much about the specifics on desert plants,but I think that desert plants are great examples of specialized adaptations to extreme environmental conditions.So with desert plants,there are basically three different adaptive strategies.And I should point out that these strategies are not specific to any particular species—many different species have developed each of the adaptations.So,first off,there are succulent plants.There are many different species of succulent plants,but they all can absorb and store a lot of water.Obviously,opportunities to get water in the desert are few and far between.Generally,rains are light and short,so the rain doesn’t seep too far down into the soil…and there's a limited window of time for any plant to get the water before it evaporates.But succulent plants have a spread-out and shallow root system that can quickly pull in water from the top inch of soil,though the soil has to be saturated,since succulents aren't good at absorbing water from soil that’s only a little moist.Succulent plants also are well suited to retaining water—important in an environment where rainy days are rare.Succulent plants can store water in their leaves,in their stems,or in their roots.And to keep that moisture from evaporating in the hot desert sun,most succulent plants have a waxy outer layer that makes them almost waterproof when their stomates are closed.They also preserve water by minimizing their surface area—the more of the plantthat’s out in the sun,the more potential there is to lose stored-up water—and that means that most succulent plants have few,if any,leaves.Now besides succulent plants,there are also drought-tolerant plants. Drought-tolerant plants are like bears in a way.You know how bears mostly sleep through the winter?They can survive without eating because their metabolism slows down.Well,drought-tolerant plants also go into a dormant state when resources—in their case,water—runs short.A drought-tolerant plant can actually dry out without dying.I said before that most desert rains are light and brief,but occasionally there's a heavy one.Drought-tolerant plants revive after one of these significant rainfalls—and they're able to absorb a good bit of the rainfall due to their deep roots.Actually the root system for drought-tolerant plants is more extensive than the root systems of many plants that live in wetter climates.Drought-tolerant plants can even absorb water from relatively dry soil because of their deep roots,in contrast to succulent plants.The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this—annual plants.An annual plant will mature and produce seeds in a single season that will become the next generation of annual plants.In desert conditions,annual plants grow in the fall or spring to avoid the heat of summer and the cold of winter.Of course,these plants could face a serious problem if a particular fall or spring happened to be very dry—they would have difficulty growing and could die before producing seeds.But they have a mechanism to prevent one year of low rainfall from wiping them out. Not all seeds an annual plant puts out will grow the following year.Some seeds remain dormant in the ground for several years.It's a type of insurance that protects the annual plants from a season of poor growing conditions,of unfavorable weather.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The growth rates of plants in different geographical regionsB.Different ways that plants have adapted to desert environmentsC.The different mechanisms that plant roots use to absorb waterD.Different kinds of succulent plants2.What are two features of succulent plants that help them survive in deserts?[Click on2answers.]A.Succulent plants store water in their leaves and stems.B.Succulent plants become dormant until the next rainfall.C.Succulent plants have short stems.D.Succulent plants have few leaves.3.Why does the professor mention bears?A.To remind students of information from a previous lectureB.To point out a feature common to all desert plantsC.To reinforce a point about drought-tolerant plantsD.To help students understand the concept of adaptation4.What is one ability that drought-tolerant plants have that succulent plants do not have?A.The ability to absorb water from dry soilB.The ability to absorb water through their leavesC.The ability to prevent moisture from being lost through their leavesD.The ability to shed leaves5.Why can annual plants grow in a desert even after a year of no rainfall?A.Annual plants have an extensive root system that can absorb water from far away.B.Annual plants produce seeds all year long.C.Seeds of annual plants can store water for a long time.D.Seeds of annual plants can survive in the ground for a long time without water.5.Listen again to part of the lecture.Then,answer the question.(PROFESSOR)The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this.Why does the professor say this: (PROFESSOR)Yes,there are plants that do this.A.To correct a previous statementB.To acknowledge a potentially surprising factC.To anticipate the types of questions that students might have about the topicD.To make sure that students are paying attention答案B ADC AD B译文教授：许多生物已经发展了在恶劣环境中生存的能力：酷热、严寒，或者非常干燥的环境。
托福听力tpo43 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo43lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:It's autumn,and as you know,in most parts of the United States the leaves on the trees are changing color from green…to yellow,orange,and lots of other colors.So this'll be a great time to talk about how and why some of these leaves turn one color in particular—and that's bright red.Well,before we discuss why leaves turn red,first let's,um—look,I know this is very old material,but just to play it safe—let's first go over why leaves are usually green.It’s chlorophyll, right?Leaves get their green color from chlorophyll—the chemical that's responsible for photosynthesis.The chlorophyll in the leaves collects energy from the Sun,in the form of sunlight,and it converts this energy into sugar,which is food for the plant. It's chlorophyll that makes leaves green most of the time.Now,the classic explanation for why leaves change color is this.In autumn,the leaves start preparing for the winter and stop synthesizing new chlorophyll.Since chlorophyll is sensitive to sunlight and to cold temperatures—both of which you get in autumn—the existing chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down.And since it's not being replaced by the new chlorophyll,the green color of the leaves gradually fades away.As this happens,the other pigments present in the leaf become visible.According to the classic theory,this is true for the red pigment as well.It was there in the leaf all along but it was hidden by the green chlorophyll.OK, so that's the classic explanation,and it's partially right.Why do I say“partially”?Well,it's probably true for pigments like yellow or orange,but it doesn't seem to hold for the red pigment.Let's back up a bit.Just what produces this red color in leaves?It's a red pigment called anthocyanin.Here's where the classic explanation doesn't seem to apply to red.What's interestingis that during the summer,there was very little if any anthocyanin in the leaves,but in the weeks before a tree is about to drop its leaves,the production of anthocyanins increases significantly.In other words,unlike those other pigments,anthocyanins are not just unmasked by the breakdown of chlorophyll in autumn;they're actually created at this time.So that raises a question.Why would a tree produce more anthocyanin just before dropping its leaves?Why does the tree spend so much of its resources doing this just before the leaves fall off?On the surface,this doesn't make sense.It'd be like spending money to,I don't know,to have your old car repainted when you know the car's not going to last more than a couple of months.All this extra anthocyanin in the autumn seems like a waste.But remember,nature is very economical with its resources,so that means anthocyanin must be serving some function that's important for the tree.Today there are some theories about what that function might be.One of them involves predatory insects;another involves fungi.You know,the more I read about these theories and the related research,it always created more questions for me than answers.So I was really glad to learn about a totally different theory…a new one.It seemed to come with research and data that give a full explanation.So here it is.Remember I said the chlorophyll breaks down?Well,in autumn,a whole lot of other chemical constituents of the leaf break down as well.I don't mean they're totally destroyed,'cause actually they break down into other,different chemicals that the tree can reabsorb from the leaves and reuse later.Now,this reabsorption process is very important for the tree,and—here's the key—it's sensitive to light,meaning that too much exposure to sunlight can interfere with this process.So where does anthocyanin fit in here?Well,anthocyanin's more stable than chlorophyll.It's not harmed as easily by the Sun or the cold.So it's still working long after the chlorophyll breaks down.But what doesit do?The theory is that anthocyanin protects the reabsorption process from the sunlight. For example,if you look closely at a red leaf on a tree,you'll notice that most of the red pigment is on the upper side of the leaf,the side facing the Sun.This new theory suggests that what the anthocyanin is doing there on top is shielding the rest of the leaf from the sunlight…and more importantly,allowing those important chemicals to be reabsorbed by the tree.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how the red pigment in leaves breaks downB.To show that leaf color varies based on the tree speciesC.To introduce a theory about why leaves turn a particular colorD.To explain how chlorophyll protects trees in autumn2.What does the professor imply when she explains why leaves are green?A.She wants to correct a common misconception about the topic.B.She thinks the students are probably already familiar with the material.C.She believes the process is too complicated to discuss in depth.D.She knows that students are often confused about the functions of chlorophyll3.What does the professor mean when she says that the classic theory is partially right?A.It describes what happens in the summer but not what happens in autumnB.It describes what happens in tree leaves but not what happens in leaves of other plantsC.It explains how pigments are synthesized but not how they break down.D.It explains some cases of color change in tree leaves but not all cases.4.Why does the professor mention painting a car?A.To question why a large amount of anthocyanin is produced just before leaves fallB.To explain why most leaves turn red instead of other colorsC.To remind students how cooler temperatures affect the color of leavesD.To show how anthocyanin absorbs sunlight to produce food for trees5.The professor mentions theories about why leaves turn red that involve predatory insects and fungi.What is her opinion about those theories?A.They are based on careful research.B.They do not completely explain the phenomenon.C.They have not received enough attention.D.They have been proved to be incorrect.6.According to the professor,why does anthocyanin appear on the upper side of some leaves?A.To help chlorophyll absorb the sunlightB.To maximize the leaf's utilization of sunlightC.To accelerate the breakdown of chlorophyllD.To protect an important process from the sunlight答案C BD A B D译文旁白：请听一部分植物学的讲座。
托福听力tpo53 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo53lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a film studies class.MALE PROFESSOR:Nowadays,we take sound in films for granted—I mean,you stillmight see black and white films occasionally,but you hardly ever see silent films anymore.So it's interesting to note that the use of recorded sound was originally controversial FEMALE STUDENT:What about all the sounds you hear in some silent movies?Like, you know a loud sound when somebody falls down or something?MALE PROFESSOR:OK,you're talking about a soundtrack added much later,which has,over time,become part of the film we know.But this recorded track didn't exist then.And it's not that most people didn't want sound in films;it's just that the technology wasn't available yet.Don't forget that instead of recorded sound there was often live music that accompanied movies in those days—like a piano player or a larger orchestra in the movie theater.Also,think of the stage,the live theater—it has used wonderful sound effects for a long time and,if wanted,these could be produced during the viewing of a film.You know,the rolling of drums for thunder or whatever.But that wasn't as common.Oh,and another thing that they might have in movie theaters in the early days was a group of live actors reading the parts to go along with the film.Or—and this seems a particularly bad idea to us now—one person narrating the action…an early example of a long tradition of movie producers—the ones concerned mostly about making money—not having much confidence in their audience,thinking that people somehow couldn’t follow the events otherwise.So,it finally became possible to play recorded sound as part of the film in the1920s. Trouble was,it wasn't always used to very good effect.First,it was,you know, amazing to see somebody's mouth move at the same time you hear the words…or hear a door close when you see it closing on-screen.But that luster wears off,of course,and if you're a director,a filmmaker,what's the next step?FEMALE STUDENT:Well,use sound to enhance the movie,right?Bring something more to it that wasn't possible…MALE PROFESSOR:Yes,that's exactly what directors who were more interested in cinema as art,not commerce,were thinking.But they also predicted that there would be a problem that sound would be misused, and,boy,was it ever…Because the commercial types,the producers and so on were thinking,OK,now that sound is possible,let's talk as much as possible and forget about the fact that we're making a movie,that we have this powerful visual medium.So,many of the films of the twenties were basically straight adaptations of successful shows from the stage,theater.The name they used for sound films then was"talking films,"and that was on the mark,since,well,all they pretty much did was talk.And talk.So,the remedy?Well,what was proposed by a number of filmmakers and theorists was the creative,expressive use of sound—what they generally called nonsynchronous sound.OK,synchronous sound means basically that what we hear is what we see. Everything on the soundtrack is seen on the screen.And everything was recorded simultaneously,which,well,since the sound technicians working on films often had experience with live radio,that made sense to them.Recording the sound separately and adding it in afterward—well that idea was less obvious.Anyway,synchronous sound means the source of the sound is the image on the screen.Nonsynchronous sound then,is…FEMALE STUDENT:The sound doesn't match the picture?MALE PROFESSOR:Right.Now we can look at this in various ways,but let's take it as literally as possible.Music—unless we see the radio or the orchestra—that's nonsynchronous.If the camera shot is of the listener rather than the speaker,that's nonsynchronous.If wehear,say,background sounds that aren't on the screen—that's nonsynchronous.So,that doesn't seem so radical,does it?But,again,those early producers didn't think their audiences could keep up with this.FEMALE STUDENT:Excuse me,but did you say earlier that some filmmakers actually advocated not using sound at all?MALE PROFESSOR:Well,yes,but that was a bit of an exaggeration,I guess.What I meant to say was that some filmmakers thought that the way the film sound was actually used was setting the art of filmmaking back.But everyone agreed that sound solved some very difficult issues,and offered potentially exciting tools.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The influence of theater on early sound filmsB.Conflicting views on uses of sound during the early days of sound filmsC.The great progress in cinema after the development of soundD.Viewer reactions to early sound films2.According to the professor,what types of sound were used in silent film theaters? [Click on3answers]A.Live music performed in the theaterB.Sound effects created in the theaterC.Recorded sound tracks played with the filmD.Live narration during the filmE.Musical entertainment offered before the film3.What is the professor's attitude toward early movie producers?A.He is critical of their influence on films.B.He thinks they had little influence on films.C.He thinks they understood what audiences wanted.D.He acknowledges that they made progress possible.4.According to the professor,what was characteristic of sound films in the1920s?A.Dialogues between characters were kept to a minimum.B.Many films were closely based on theater plays.C.Musical sound tracks were added to most films.D.Sounds were recorded separately and added to films later.5.What is an example of synchronous sound in a film?A.A character hearing a train that is not visibleB.A past conversation being replayed in a character's mindC.A character playing guitar and singing on screenD.A song playing at the end of a film as credits appear on the screen答案B ABD A B C译文Narrator：请听一段电影研究讲座的节选。
托福听力TPO刷题三步骤详解
托福备考资料杭州朗思教育
托福听力TPO刷题三步骤详解
托福听力TPO刷题三步法详解第一步：一小时模考
一套TPO听力，总共2个SECTION，严格在一小时之内做完。
做的时候注意三件小事：戴耳机听，不可以使用外音;使用A4纸记笔记，用铅笔记(这个笔记必须保留);做的时候在草稿纸记录不确定选项，尤其只剩最后两个选项，以便于之后分析。
托福听力TPO刷题三步法详解第二步：对答案，看错题
对完答案，算一下自己的得分，然后马上看自己的错题。
不要之后再分析，要现在就分析，因为你还记得你做题的思考过程。
分析错题，从三个角度分析：仔细读错题题干;查找对应的原文;回看错题的选项，尤其要找出干扰选项的干扰点在哪儿。
托福听力TPO刷题三步法详解第三步：精细地划出每一道题在原文的出处
不但要对错题进行分析，也要找出所有题的考点出处，这样才能锻炼自己对考点类型和位置的敏感度，所以必须到原文中划出每道题的答案，并在原文出处标注以下信息：
对应题号。
基本上托福听力的出题顺序和原文顺序一致，偶尔会有颠倒。
考点类型。
这是主题句，还是举例子，还是对比，还是下定义，还是人名等。
以上就是托福听力TPO刷题三步法详解的相关内容，大家可以在听力的备考中参考，充分发挥TPO资料的价值，希望大家都能在托福考试中考个好成绩。
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TPO文章结构—conversation
Solution No.1Classical music—jazz—classical In a broader context
Concert relates to music history Solution No.2Interview her Rewrite most of the paper
Closing Mother
Choir / solo
Question to ask my grandmother Other musicians? Earlier tomorrow
Background details The request from a professor Solution No.1Bring it back
Solution No.2What if the person renews it? Photocopy one chapter
Check back later for the rest Closing Right now Due date tomorrow
The case of some students
Fill the form
Background details Not much luck
Library for students with financial
aid Taken in the first week or two Working experience
Solution No.1Wait until next semester
Solution No.2Teach computer for new users
Job open?computer skills
customer service job in technology department
answering questions
helping people solving problems
extended hours vs mornings, nights, weekends
get studying done between calls
Closing Work sth out
TPO 14 conversation 1 student—library employee—help
reshelved
Job
Short of staff, no replacement
Flexible hours we want to work
Pay in the normal rates Closing Talk to Dr. Jenkins
eog-centric Solution No.2Where to find the chlld Educational sectary Closing
My information lost Include all the money Pao
Probably not in the system Fill all the forms again
Solution No.2Pay sooner?Shouldn’t count on that Closing Make sure the first check。