跨文化交际6
胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》课后习题详解(第6章 非语言交际)【圣才出品】
第6章非语言交际1．如果比较语言交际和非语言交际，你认为哪个更重要？为什么？答：非语言交际更重要，原因在于：（1）非语言交际通常与语言交际结合进行，在不同的情况下起着不同的作用，大致上起补充、否定、重复、调节、替代或强调的作用。
我们在机场欢迎客人，一边说：Welcome to Beijing，一边热烈握手。
这握手的动作是对所说的话的一种补充。
当你接到你不喜欢的礼物时，尽管嘴里说如何如何喜欢，但脸上的表情却流露出你的真实的不愉快的表情，也就是说，你的表情否定了你所说的话。
（2）一般说来，在语言交际和非语言交际传达的信息冲突时，人们倾向于相信后者。
我们有时一边说话一边用手势表达同样的意思。
例如，一边说要两杯饮料，一边伸出两个手指，重复已经发出的信息。
在两个人谈话时，常用眼神和语调表示下面该是谁讲话，调节相互的关系。
在有的情况下，无法用语言交流信息，必须用手势或其他办法。
例如，交通警察指挥机动车辆，股票交易所的交易员在嘈杂的大厅里传递买卖的信息和行情都使用非语言手段手势或指挥捧替代语言交际。
在人们讲话时，常常用手势加强语气，或强调某一个论点。
2．在非语言交际的各种手段中，你认为哪一种最容易引起误解？答：（1）在非语言交际的各种手段中，我认为手势最容易引起误解。
（2）各民族都用手势表达意义，但同一手势在不同文化中可以表示并不相同的意义例如，将手掌平放在脖子下面；在我国文化中是杀头的意思，但是在英语国家的文化中却可以表示吃饱了的意思。
即使在同一民族中，由于地区习俗的不同，同一手势也可能会具有不同意义，例如，在广东，主人给客人斟酒时，客人为了表现感谢，用食指和中指轻扣桌面，而在北方同一动作却表示不耐烦的情绪。
（3）有些手势是某一文化所特有的例如，英美人所用的一些手势我们并不使用。
美国人站在公路旁边向上伸出拇指，这是向过往的汽车司机表示，希望能搭他们的车。
英语thumb a ride表达的即是这个意思。
英美人把中指放在食指上面，表示希望事情能办成功。
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照Unit 1 Page 22The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict.It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
跨文化交际unit6-verbal-communication
❖ 引言:
❖
各民族的语言是自足的. 处于不同语言世界里的人,即使面对同一个现实面向,
也会在描述它时沿着各自的思路,采用不同的策略, 刻画出不同的版本.正如维特
根斯坦所言:我的语言就是我的疆界,跨出我生于其中的语言,冒险与隔膜就开始
了.
❖
语言与文化紧密相连, 不可分割; 语言是文化的一部分.
❖ Culture and language are intertwined and are shaping each other. Each time we select words, form sentences, and send a massage, either oral or written, we also make cultural choices.
❖ ( Beamer, L. and Varner, I Intercultural communication in the Global Workplace. New York, NY:
❖ Teaching objectives: ❖ In this part you are expected to understand some commonly observed differences
The power of verbal communication
Ⅰ. cultural differences on lexical level ❖ (cases) ❖ 1. types of lexical meaning ❖ Words are the basic units of meaning. Understanding
❖ farther and farther away from home.
跨文化交际实用教程unit6
communication.
asking their opinions
Interrupt others o make
and encouraging them your own points.
to elaborate.
7. Keep the conversation going by asking questions and showing interest in others’ ideas.
express
something helpful
understanding of their 6. Don’t share the talk
feelings.
stage with others, wrest
6. Include others in
it from them with
conversation by
Feminine Talk e talk to build and sustain rapport with others. 2. Share yourself and learn about others through disclosing 3. Use talk to create symmetry or equality between people
comments enhance depth of connection
7. Each person is on her or his own; it’s not your job to help others join in.
8. Use responses to make your own points and to outshine others.
Unit 6 跨文化交际
Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationThose who know do not talk. Those who talk do not know.---Lao ZiThere’s language in her eye, her cheek, her lip, Nay, her foot speaks”---William Shakespeare, Troilus and CressidaSpeech is silver; silence is golden.---English proverbACTIONS SPEAKS LOUDER THAN WORDS!!1. An Overview of Nonverbal Communication (p.191-199)We communicate with more than the words we speak.Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has come up with the following formula:Total communication = 7% verbal + 38% oral + 55% facial.Studies show that over half of your message is carried through nonverbal elements:Your appearanceYour body languageThe tone andthe pace of your voice.In face-to-face communication 65% of the information is communicated through nonverbal means (Samovar, 1981; Ross, 1974; Ray L. Birdwhistel, 1970)Support 1: Charlie Chaplin swept the world with his silent films. (Modern Times)Support 2: Robinson Crusoe “talked” with Friday without knowing his servant’s language.In the communication of attitudes, 93% of the message is transmitted by the tone of the voice and facial expressions, whereas only 7% of the speaker’s attitude w as transmitted by words (Levine, 1981, Mehranbian, 1968)Support: Lovers express emotions with sparkling eyes and blushing faces or touching, hugging and kissing.Words are too pale for them!The quality of a voice can communicate as much as the words. The same words can be tender, mocking, sarcastic or angry, depending on how they are said. e.g. Steven!; Steven?; Steven. (more p.191-192)When you speak, you communicate. When you don’t speak, you may still be communicating.A person who truly knows two languages uses both body languages too.A good example of this is New York's famous mayor, Fiorello La Guardia (p193), who communicated in English, Italian and Yiddish.When films of his speeches are run without sound, it's not too difficult to tell from his gestures the language being spoken.Class observationIn class, how can the teacher identify the concentrated students?They may show an interested look, wear a smile, make some notes or keep their eyes on the teacher.On the other hand, how can the teacher know the students are not interested in her class? They may consciously or unconsciously twist the body, bury the head, avoid the teacher’s eyes, wear a blank expression, knit the eyebrows or bite the pen.2. What is nonverbal communication?Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source (speaker) and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver (listener). --- (Larry A. Samovar, 1998)In other words, it is communication without words.2. What is nonverbal communication?It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including:the way we move,the gestures we employ,the posture we adopt,the facial expression we wear,the direction of our gaze,to the extent to which we touchand the distance we stand from each other.ClassificationBody language/Kinesics(体态语/身势语):posture, head movement, facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, handshaking, arm movement, leg movement, kiss, hug, touch etc.Paralanguage( 副语言): sound, pitch, tempo of speech, tone, volume, pause, silence, turn-taking etc.ClassificationObject language ( 客体语、物体语) :clothing, personal artifacts (adornment, jewelry, perfume, personal gear etc.) , hair, furniture,vehicle etc.Environmental language(环境语):time language/chronemics , spatial language/ proxemics (interpersonal distance), space, seating, territoriality, color, light, signs and symbols, architecture etc.Body language/KinesicsThe study of how movement communicates is called Kinesics.Kinesic behavior refers to communication through body movements like posture, head movement, facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, handshaking, arm movement, leg movement etc.Posture---bowPosture and sitting habits offer insight into a culture’s deep structure.In many Asian cultures, the bow is much more than a greeting. It signifies that culture’s concern with status and rank.In Japan, for example, low posture is an indicator of respect. Although it appears simple to the outsider, the bowing ritual is actually rather complicated.---Bow in JapanThe person who occupies the lower station begins the bow, and his or her bow must be deeper than the other person’s.The superior, on the other hand, determines when the bowing is to end.When the participants are of equal rank, they begin the bow in the same manner and end at the same time.---Wai in ThailandThe Thai people use a similar movement called the wai.The wai movement---which is made by pressing both hands close together in front of one’s body, with the fingertips reaching to about neck level---is used to show respect.The lower the head comes to the hands, the more respect is shown.---Crossing legs (1)The manner in which we sit also can communicate a message.In U.S.: normal to cross legs while seated; women cross at the angle while men cross with angle on the knee;Middle East: crossing the leg with angle on the knee is inappropriate;---Crossing legs (2)In Ghana and in Turkey, sitting with one’s legs crossed is extremely offensive;People in Thailand believe that because the bottoms of the feet are the lowest part of the body, they should never be pointed in the direction of another person; In fact, for the Thai, the feet take on so much significance that people avoid stomping with them.---SlouchingIn US, where being casual and friendly is valued, people often fall into chairs or slouch when they stand.In many countries, such as Germany and Sweden, where lifestyles tend to be more formal, slouching is considered a sign of rudeness and poor manners.---Feet on deskIn U.S. and Britain: lean back in the chair and put feet on the desk to convey a relaxed andinformal attitude.Middle East, Swiss and Germany: putting feet on the desk is rude.---Hands in pocketEverywhere in Europe, it is rude to talk with your hands in pocket. It’s something only a guilty child would do.In Turkey, putting one’s hands in one’s pockets is a sign of disrespect.In Germany, “it is impolite to shake someone's hand with your other hand in your pocket. This is seen as a sign of disrespect”In China & Japan, it’s rude to stand with hands thrust into the pocket.---Hands on hipsIn Mexico, it signals hostility.In Malaysia, it shows anger.In U.S., it means impatience.In Argentina, it indicates a challenge.Gestures (p204, p214)Gestures are an important component of non-verbal communication.This is mainly a matter of how we use our hands to convey a message.The language of the hands differs from country to country and a gesture which means one thing in one country may well mean something quite different to those living in another.Let’s look at the examples of how gestures communicate.GesturesThousands of cross-cultural examples prove that messages and meanings shift from culture to culture.An Arabic specialist once cataloged 247 separate gestures that Arabs use while speaking.And in a large study involving forty different cultures, Morris and his associates isolated twenty common hand gestures that had a different meaning in each culture.The ring gesture/OK signIn US &UK, it means OK. It’s great. Everything is fine and going well;In Japan and Korea, it means money;In France, it means zero or worthless;In Russia, it means zero/rudeness;In Brazil, Turkey, Venezuela, it means insult/vulgar;In Tunisia “I’ll kill you.”In Malta, it is an invitation to have a homosexual sex.Among Arabs this gesture is usually accompanied by a baring of teeth, and together they signify extreme hostility.In Mexico and Germany, it has a vulgar connotation.In Argentina, one twists an imaginary mustache to signify that everything is okay.The single finger beckon signIn U.S. & Britain: it simply means “come here” . (just waiving the index finger)In Yugoslavia & Malaysia: it is only used for beckoning animals.In Philippines: it is used for beckoning dogs and it’s considered very rude.In Indonesia & Australia: it is used for beckoning prostitutes. i.e. ladies for the night.In Singapore & Japan: it is a sign for death.Most often than not, in the U.S., when a person wants to signal a friend to come, he or she makes the gesture with one hand, palm up, fingers more or less together and moving toward his or her body.Koreans express this same idea by cupping “the hand with the palm down and drawing the fingers toward the palm.” When seeing this gesture, many Americans think the other person is waving good-bye. (palm not facing people, it is for beckoning the dog in Korea)In China, beckoning gesture: the hand is extended towards the person, palm open and facing down, with all fingers crooked in a beckoning motion.In the Middle East, the beckoning gesture is made by waving the hand with the palm down.In Portugal, it is made by waving the hand with the palm up.In Tonga, it is made by downward waving of the arm.In parts of Burma(缅甸), the summoning gesture is made palm down, with the fingers moving as though playing the piano.Filipinos often summon someone with a quick downward nod of the head.In Germany & much of Scandinavia, a beckoning motion is made by tossing the head back.For many Arabs, nonverbally asking someone to “come here” is performed by holding the right hand out, palm upward, and opening and closing the hand.The thumb-up signIn Britain: OK, good, great, well done; also used as a sign for hitch-hiking.To Chinese: excellent, number one.To Japanese: boss, father, husband.To Persian: discontent.To people in the Middle East: obscene gesture.In Greece it is an insult.In France, it means to show approval.In Afghanistan, Iran, Greece and most part of Italy: get out.Yet, to show approval, it is by raising one’s eyebrows in Tonga,by tilting one’s head in France,and by having two thumbs up in Kenya.The thumb-down signTo most Asian countries: Bad, dislikeU.S. & Canada: DisapprovalIn U.S. also for hitch-hikingGreece: a rude signThe ear-tug signIn Spain it means someone is a sponger, i.e. using other people’s money and never spending his own.In Greece it is a warning .In Italy it is used to call someone a homosexual.In Portugal it is used to express something wonderful.In Scotland it shows somebody doubts what you are saying.In Malta, it says someone is a sneak.The eyelid-pull signPulling down the lower lid of your eye with one finger is usually to indicate alertness.In France, England and Greece, it means: you can’t full me.In Spain and Italy, it means that you should be alert.In South America, it means he finds a woman very attractive.The V-signpalm to observer (palm upward):the number 2;Victory, peace or friend (around the world by peace and counter-culture groups)a gesture used in photographs (by many others, especially in Japan)In Greece: hold up the palm to so meone’s face means insult.palm to yourself(palm inward):the number 2offensive gesture, meaning insult, is often compared to the offensive gesture known as "the finger". (This usage is restricted largely to Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the UK)is equivalent to “the finger” (in countries where Spanish, Portuguese, or French are spoken, and especially in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, France, and also Italy, Poland, and countries under the influence of Russian culture, such as Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, but the majority of young people in these countries use the finger as an insult.the finger (the middle finger)In U.S. & most of Europe: a highly offensive gesture.In Western culture, the finger (as in “giving someone the finger”or “the bird” or “flipping someone off”) is an obscene hand gesture.It communicates moderate to extreme contempt, and is roughly equivalent in meaning to "fuck off", "fuck you", "shove it up your ass", "up yours" or "go fuck yourself."The cross-fingers/good luck signIn Italy, it means: “insulting”In Arab world, it means: “wait” or “slowlyIn Vietnam, it’s very rude as this gesture symbolize part of the female body.Anglo-American culture: to wish someone good luck.Germans wish others good luck by making two fists with thumbs inside and pounding them on an imaginary table.To wish some one good luck in Portugal, one would place the thumb between the index and third fingers.Moutza in Greece(all five digits with the palm facing forward)In Greece where the five fingers are spread wide and the palm is pushed towards the recipient: obscene gesture meaning "you have five fathers", thus calling someone a bastard私生子. While originally referring to the custom of punishing criminals by tying them to the backs of donkeys, this gesture has more recently take on a sexual connotation. The Moutza has many variations.The vertical horn gesture/Satanic salute/two-fingered saluteA positive connotation associated with the University of Texas Longhorn Football Team.In Norway: a salute to Satan. According to CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 加拿大广播公司) news, Norwegians were shocked by a gesture made by President Bush and his family during the inauguration.In Italy, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Colombia: an insulting connotation, meaning one’s wife is cheating on him;Venezuela, good luck;U.S. subculture: devil’s horn;In China, means number 6.Clasped-hands-over-the-head gestureused by Former Soviet Premier Khrushchev when visiting the US in the 1960s.---for Russians is a sign of international brotherhood;---for Americans it is an arrogant gestures usually used by prize-fighters after defeating an opponent.Left-handers---be carefulThe left hand is not used for eating, (even if you are left-handed) this is considered offensive and unclean in Middle East, India, Sri Lanka, Africa, Bangladesh because left hand is for toilet functions.Mannerly in India to break your bread only with your right hand (sometimes difficult fornon-Indians) .PointingIn the U.S. by extending the index finger;Germany with little finger;Japanese with entire hand (in fact most Asians consider pointing with index finger to be rude)In Mongolia, by pointing with the lips.In India, by pointing with the chins.In Guinea-Bissau几内亚比绍共和国, by pointing with the tongue.CountingThumb = 1 in Germany, 5 in Japan, middle finger for 1 in Indonesia.Chinese 8 gesture means 2 in Japan.Chinese 9 gesture means pick-pocket in Japan.Head movementsHead movements denoting acceptance and rejection take opposite forms in Thailand and the U.S.Greeks express “yes” with a nod similar to the one used in the U.S. ,but when communicating “no”, they jerk their he ads back and raise their faces. Lifting one or both hands up to the shoulders strongly emphasizes the “no”.To Nepalese, Sri Lankans, some Indians and some Eskimos, nodding the head means not “yes”, but “no”.The Indians have a habit of shaking their heads slightly when they talk to somebody. It doesn't mean "No", but "Yes".Facial Expressions (p194-199)In a very real sense, when it comes to using our faces, we are all actors because we all wear a variety of masks. To quote the poet T.S. Eliot, we “put on a face to meet the faces that we meet.”Cultural norms often dictate how, when, and to whom facial expressions are displayed.In many Mediterranean cultures, people exaggerate signs of grief or sadness. It is not uncommon in this region of the world to see men crying in public.Yet in the U.S., white males suppress the desire to show these emotions.Japanese men even go so far as to hide expressions of anger, sorrow, or disgust by laughing or smiling. In one study, Japanese and American subjects revealed the same facial expressions when viewing a stress-inducing film while they were alone. However, when viewing the film in the presence of others, the Japanese manifested only neutral facial expressions.The Chinese also do not readily show emotion for reasons that are rooted deeply in their culture---the Chinese concept of saving face being one of the most important. For the Chinese, displaying too much emotion violates face-saving norms by disrupting harmony and causing conflict.The smile is yet another emotional display that is rooted in one’s culture.In Korean culture, too much smiling is often perceived as the sign of a shallow person. Dressers notes that this “lack of smiling by Koreans has often been misinterpreted as a sign of hostility”. Thais, on the other hand, smile much of the time. In fact, Thailand has been called the “ Land ofSmiles.”Eye ContactEye contact is an important aspect of body language. One could draw up quite rules about eye contact: to look or not to look, when to look and how long to look, who to look at and who not to look at, etc. And these rules vary from culture to culture.Cultural Differences in Eye BehaviorIn English speaking world/Western cultures — see direct eye to eye contact as positive (advise children to look a person in the eyes) , if you fail to meet other people’s gaze, you can be interpreted as being dece ptive, weak, bored, or angry. ( Don’t trust anyone who don’t look you in the eye.)But within USA, African-Americans use more eye contact when talking and less when listening.A prolonged gaze is often seen as a sign of sexual interest.Arabic cultures make prolonged eye-contact— believe it shows interest and helps them understand truthfulness of the other person. (A person who doesn’t reciprocat e is seen as untrustworthy).Japan, Africa, Latin American, Caribbean avoid eye contact to show respect.Respect and attention is shown by looking away from the speakers in Latin America.Answer questions 5 &6 on p196.Touch (p.198-)Touch is culturally determined and each culture has a clear concept of what parts of the body one may not touch.In Western culture, handshake is common (even for strangers), hugs, kisses for those of opposite gender or of family (usually) on an increasingly more intimate basis.U.S.— Note differences between African-Americans and Anglos in U.S. Most African Americans touch on greeting but are annoyed if touched on the head (good boy, good girl overtones). Islamic and Hindu: typically don’t touch with the left hand. To do so is a social insult.Islamic cultures generally don’t approve of any touching between genders (even hand shakes). But consider such touching (including hand holding, hugs) between same-sex to be appropriate.Many Asians don’t touch the head, especially in Thailand (Head houses the soul and a touch puts it in jeopardy).Paralanguage (p.223-224)Paralanguage refers to how something is said rather than the content.Most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations:(1) vocal characterizers (laughing, crying, yelling, moaning, whining, belching, yawning);(2) vocal qualifiers (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance, tone);(3) vocal segregates (“un-huh,” “shh,” “uh,” “oooh,” “mmmh,” “humm”).For Israelis, increased volume reflects strong beliefs toward the issue under discussion.The Germans conduct their business with a “commanding tone that projects authority andself-confident.For Thai people, “a loud voice is perceived as being impolite.”In Japan, raising one’s voice often implies a lack of self-control. For them, a gentle and soft voice reflects good manners and helps maintain social harmony---two important values in Japanese culture.When interacting with Americans, people from cultures that speak softly often believe that Americans are angry or upset because of their relatively loud speech.Silence p.225-226Silence is a powerful communicator. It can communicate–Agreement.–Disagreement.–Confusion.–Respect.–Sadness.–Thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings.“Silence in Asia has commonly been entirely acceptable whereas in the West silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable.” – Oliver(1971)Examples---p.225-226Object LanguageObject language refers to communication through material artifacts, e.g. office design, furniture, clothing ,cars, flowers, tie, knife and fork etc.Furniture arrangement within the home communicates something about the culture.For example, people from France, Italy, and Mexico who visit the U.S. are often surprised to see that the furniture in the living room is pointed toward the television set. For them, conversation is important, and facing chairs toward a television screen stifles conversation. In their countries, furniture is positioned to encourage interaction.The Battle of the Ties:Romney’s Red VS Obama’s Blu e(posted on October 4,2012/blog/the-battle-of-the-ties-romneys-red-vs-obamas-blue/. ) Fashion in Politics:Obama “Out-Styles” Romney 4:2“Dress for Success” should have been on both candidates mind while getting dressed for las t night’s first Presidential debate.Overall both did a good job, but a closer look does indeed show some minor differences. After looking at how their suits fitted, what tie they chose to wear, how the ties were tied, how the shirt cut complemented the rest of the outfit, as well as a few other key points, I give the slight edge to President Obama – winning 4:2 over his opponent Governor Romney.In other words: Obama was the better dressed of the two.Hair Cut: Point Goes to RomneyObama showed up in his usually short buzz-cut while Romney impressed with his well manicured coif. Without doubt, Romney’s more “high maintenance” hair took at least 20 minutes to style –time that was, at least from my point of view, well spent.The Suit: Obama Takes This OneBoth men wore the classic charcoal gray, American cut suit (2 button, notch lapels, double vented, and pleated pants).While both men wore pants that were slightly too long, it was Obama’s suit that fit a b it better around the shoulders.It was a close call, but point goes to Obama.The Tie: Romney’s Red “Power Tie” Takes itConsistent with their parties colors, Obama wore a royal blue tie while Romney decided to dress up with a bold red striped piece.While I personally prefer the color and fine textu re of Obama’s tie, Romney did a better job choosing a bolder and more attention-grabbing color. Romney’s red “power tie” exudes confidence without being overly flashy. The stripes on the tie also added a more “business professional” look that is consistent with Romney’s persona. While Romney’s red tie was bold and attention grabbing it did not distract from his face. The clear winner here: Governor Mitt Romne.The Tie Knot: Obama Takes itObama tied his royal blue tie with a perfectly dimpled Four in Hand while Romney tied a slightly sloppy half Windsor.The shape of Obama’s tie knot perfectly complemented the collar style and the dimple gave the tie a nice textured look and better drape. Romney’s knot on the other hand appeared a bit sloppy. The knot was a tad too large for the collar, and the lack of the dimple certainly was an eyesore for every tie aficionado. Thus, the clear winner here is President Obama.The Dress Shirt: Points to ObamaIt should come to no surprise that both men wore the classic white dress shirt featuring classic medium spread collars and traditional barrel cuffs.While both shirts initially looks the same, a closer look shows Romney’s shirt having shorter collar points. While shorter collar points are more modern, it is a style that requires to be worn with the right suit and tie: a slim fit narrow lapeled suit and slightly narrower necktie – something Romney failed to do. Thus, points to Obama.Accessories: Romney Wins HereAs already seen on the campaign trail, both men keep accessories at a bare minimum. Neither man wears cufflinks, tie bars, or pocket squares (something JFK would have done), but instead opted for a simple and sleep look of wedding ring, wrist watch, and American flag pin.Because Romney chose a slightly larger and more visible flag pin, he deserves to win this point.Accessories: Obama Takes This One(Democratic Fashion: Obama vs. Biden)Unfortunately, politicians tend to dress in a somewhat boring fashion these days. Gone are the days when the president (think JFK) dressed in 3-piece suit, decorated with an elegant white pocket square and paired with a dapper skinny tie and matching tie bar.Instead outfits are conservative and, what some m ay call, even boring. Obama’s and Biden’s outfits are the perfect example. Both keep their accessories at an absolute minimum: No cufflinks, no tie bars, no pocket square, and Joe Biden doesn’t even appear to be wearing a wristwatch. The simple fact that Obama wore a sleek black leather band wrist watch gives him the lead when it comes to accessorizing.Object LanguageIn Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls or partitions.The supervisors and managers are positioned nearest the windows. This organization encourages the exchanges of information, facilitates multitask accomplishments, and promotes the Confucian concept of learning through silent observation.CLOTHINGSClothing can reflect subgroup identity.•Example:–US Army Combat Uniform（ACU）美国陆军作战服–Traditional clothing of Gambia and the minority groups in ChinaSmellUSA — fear of offensive natural smells (billion dollar industry to mask objectionable odors with what is perceived to be pleasant ) — again connected with “attractiveness” concept.Many other cultures consider natural body odors as normal (Arabic).Asian cultures (Filipino, Malay, Indonesian, Thai, Indian) stress frequent bathing — and often criticize USA of not bathing often enough!Environmental Language“Time talks. It speaks more plainly than words. The message it conveys comes through loud and clear.” (E. T. Hall)The study of how people use, structure, interpret and understand the passage of time is called chronemics.Space--differences in comfortable distance between people. “Space talks.” (E. T. Hall) Proxemics deals with how space influences the communication process.Cultures differ substantially in their use of perso nal space“ – Edward Hall(1959).Low-context cultures -- place relatively less emphasis on nonverbal cues; prefer much less sensory involvement, standing farther apart and touching lessHigh-context cultures -- place relatively more emphasis on nonverbal cues; preferring to stand close, touch, and experience a close sensory involvementChronemics–the study of our use of time.–ancient cultures have established their own system in measuring time which differs from one to another.–Example :•Muslims use moon-based calendar system–The usage of time varies from culture to culture.•Example :–Arabs engage in up to half an hour of informalconversation before turning to business.ExerciseMatching TaskThink over the following and make a proper match between cultures and gestures or the meanings they convey. (p.200)。
人民大2024跨文化交际教程教学课件Unit 6 Cultural Barriers in Inte
expectation and reality. 3. Feeling angry and fearful. 4. Wanting to shrink and give up.
Six
Ethnocentrism Vs Patriotism
Ethnocentrism believes one’s culture is superior to others’ and looks to down upon members in other groups and mocks at people in other groups when they see them have different social customs or behave differently.
Six
Unit 6
Cultural Barriers in Intercultural
Communication
Six Our Natural Cultural Context
We are like a fish in water.
Six Our Natural Cultural Context
Six
Manifestation of Ethnocentrism
1. The course book of each country all focuses on the history and culture of its own.
2. The map of each country always places itself in the center. 3. When mentioning the contribution to the world civilization, one
跨文化交际案例case study 6
Chapter 5 Verbal and Non-verbal CommunicationCase 1Two strangers have been chatting.A: So you’re been here for a year?B: Yes. One more year to go, then I’ll go back to china.A: What will you do back home?B: It’s hard to know. There’s a lot change at the moment.A: Yeah.Everything’s changing, everythere. Sometimes it’s difficult to keep up.B: That’s true. Maybe I’ll…(A’s mobile phone rings.)A: Excuse me, I’d better answer this. It’s probably work.B: Sure. Take your time.分析：有时在与人交谈中，难免要有什么原因要离开一会儿，或是去接一个电话，或要去洗手间。
礼貌再此被提出来。
出于礼貌起见，要记住做一些恰当解释再离开。
不管理由是什么，即便是要接一个手机电话，在打开电话回话前，向对方说声对不起。
如果只离开几分钟，没有必要找一个理由。
你说了对不起，就表明你确实是有事要离开一会儿。
Case 2One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Wang Lin on his way to the library met an American pro fessor who knew very little about China. After greeting him, Wang said: “It’s rather cold. You’d better put on more clothes.” But the professor didn’t appear happy on hearing this.分析：美国人以及大部分西方国家的人们不喜欢被告知要怎么做怎么做，他们比较喜欢独立，然而中国人则习惯关心别人，这个案例中王林的建议表达的就是一种对他人的关心，可是美国教授却不习惯这样的表达。
张桂萍跨文化交际第六单元课文翻译
张桂萍跨文化交际第六单元课文翻译Unit 6 Page 215
非言语交际被认为是不直接依靠语言使用的任何交际方式。
然而，一般来说，很难知道言语交际方式与非言语交际方式的区分到底在哪儿。
有些非言语交际方式，例如点头，总是伴随着言语，而且是语言使用时言语系统的一部分。
另一方面，像舞蹈和音乐等交际形式常常是没有任何言语成分的。
我们在这里想做的只是要引起大家对一个事实的注意，即人类交往的许多方面都依赖于那些不能轻易转换为言语、但却对我们相互理解至关重要的交际形式。
当然，我们不能不强调口语和书面语交际的重要性，然而我们也必须意识到许多交际的发生并不使用语言。
一个人出席会议时的穿着会可能是暗示其他与会者，他或她打算如何参与会议。
事实上，我们能运用我们行为或表现的任何方面来和他人进行交际。
跨文化交际例子
跨文化交际例子
以下是 6 条关于跨文化交际的例子：
1. 有一次我去国外旅行，在当地的餐厅吃饭。
我想要一杯热水，就跟服务员说“hot water”，结果服务员一脸茫然。
后来才知道，在那个国家，他们不说“hot water”，而是说“warm water”，哎呀，这就是跨文化交际的小插曲哇！
2. 还记得有个朋友跟我分享，他去参加一个国际会议。
别人跟他说“How do you do”，他很自然地就回答了自己的真实情况，却没意识到这只是一种打招呼的方式，闹了个小笑话呢，这可真是跨文化交际中让人忍俊不禁的事呀！
3. 我认识一个外教，每次和我们聊天的时候，他总是很难理解我们说的一些成语和俗语。
比如说“画蛇添足”，解释半天他还是似懂非懂的，这难道不是跨文化交际有趣的一面吗？
4. 有一回参加一个国际交流活动，和来自不同国家的人一起做游戏。
玩到一个猜谜语的环节，我们出的一些谜语对于他们来说简直是难如登天，而他们出的我们也一头雾水，哈哈，这跨文化的碰撞真让人印象深刻啊！
5. 咱身边有个同事找了个外国女朋友，有次女朋友过生日，他按照咱这儿的习惯送了一双鞋，没想到女朋友不太高兴。
后来才知道，在她的文化里送鞋不太吉利，你说这算不算跨文化交际中的意外呀！
6. 曾经在一部外国电影里看到，男主去女方家做客，按照自己国家的习惯大大咧咧地坐在沙发上，却没注意到在那个国家这是不礼貌的行为。
哎呀呀，跨文化交际就是这么充满未知呢！
观点结论：跨文化交际真是充满了各种意想不到和有趣的事情，需要我们不断学习和理解不同文化的差异呀！。
Unit_6Nonverbal Communication 跨文化交际 大学教学课件
Bowing in Japan
“bowing contest”
Bend slightly to one’s right
Becoming automatic movement, e.g. bow when making phone call
In Japan, mutual bowing is largely determined by rank.
answering a question Korean – rarely do, too much smiling is a sign
of shallowness “The man who smiles a lot is not a real man.” Thailand – “the land of smiles”
regulatingaheadnodtoindicatethatitishisherturntospeak交际中话语插入轮流发言以及交际双方的情绪反应态度变化等借助非语言交际来完成?5
Unit Six
Nonverbal communication
Learning objectives :
Warm-up Activities
You don’t just “ read ” others’ language;
You observe, analyze and interpret before you decide the possible meaning!
Sitting or Standing?
In western countries, people who stand are more important than those who sit (unless there is a table between them), because the former could control the latter.
跨文化交际的分类
跨文化交际的分类
1. 语言类跨文化交际呀！就像学英语的你和说英语的外国人交流，互相理解对方的意思，哎呀，那可真是奇妙又充满挑战呢！比如你去国外旅行，跟当地商贩讨价还价，多有意思呀！
2. 非语言类跨文化交际呢！比如说肢体语言，你点头表示同意，可在有的地方点头却是不同意呀，哇，是不是很神奇？就像你和一个来自不同文化的朋友聊天，他的一个手势让你摸不着头脑，哈哈！
3. 风俗习惯类跨文化交际！这就好像你去到一个新地方，发现他们的节日庆祝方式和你完全不同，惊奇不？就像春节在我们这儿热热闹闹，而在别的地方可能有完全不一样的庆祝呢！
4. 价值观类跨文化交际哟！不同文化对于成功、家庭的看法可能天差地别呢，这不就是人生的奇妙之处吗？比如你和一个外国人探讨职业选择，你看重的他可能完全不理解呢，真有趣呀！
5. 宗教信仰类跨文化交际呀！这可不能小瞧，信仰的力量可是很大的呢！像不同宗教的仪式和禁忌，哎呀，可得小心别冒犯了。
就像你突然去到一个宗教氛围很浓厚的地方，得花时间去了解呀！
6. 教育类跨文化交际呢！不同文化下的教育方式那差别可大了，这多值得探索呀！比如你看到国外孩子的学习方式，会惊叹原来还可以这样呀！
7. 艺术审美类跨文化交际！艺术无国界呀，但审美却可以很不同哟！像不同文化的绘画、音乐风格，哇，那真的能让你大开眼界。
你想想听一场异域风格的音乐会，是不是超震撼？
8. 社交礼仪类跨文化交际呀！见面打招呼的方式、用餐礼仪等等都不一样呢，这多好玩呀！就像你在国外参加一场正式晚宴，得按他们的礼仪来，是不是感觉既新鲜又紧张呢！
我觉得呀，跨文化交际真的是丰富多彩、充满惊喜和挑战的呢！我们应该多多去了解和体验不同文化，让世界变得更加多元和有趣！。
跨文化交际实用教程unit_6
women men
No differences
Who is more intelligent more decisive better at listening more emotional more self-centered better able to do many things at one time
Gentle and conservative
England
Joke appreciation for cultural diversity
4. Before the man saying sorry, the woman gurgled and put her hand on the man’s shoulder: “Sir, if you do not mind, you can buy me a red rose to show your apology.” Then the man bought her a rose and they went to a hotel together to study more about the skirt.
G. reading romance novels
H. chatting on the internet I. washing clothes
A survey has been conducted to ask the same questions to males and females: “If you had a car, what would be the first thing you like to do with it?” Most females’ answers were like this: “If I had a car, the first thing I prefer to do would be taking a ride. While most males answer more or less like this: “If I had a car, I would check the engine first.” or :” If I had a car, I would consider if I could clean it every Saturday.”
跨文化交际论文范文
跨文化交际论文范文关于跨文化交际论文（通用6篇）关于跨文化交际论文（通用6篇）【摘要】在全球经济一体化发展的背景下，跨文化交际逐渐的呈现出全球化趋势。
在跨文化交际中，不同的国家及民族之间价值所体现的差异性很容易给双方交流带来障碍，为此，对这种差异性进行研究，有助于不同文化背景的人在跨文化交际中避免或减少误解和冲突，本文以中美价值观为例，对这两种价值观产生的文化差异进行对比分析，以利于更好的了解中美价值观，促进中美跨文化交际。
【关键词】一、引言二、跨文化交际视阈下中美价值观的对比分析而在美国人的生活中“个人主义”扮演着非常重要的角色，他们非常崇尚自我意愿和个性化发展，这种特性在进行跨文化交际中表现的尤为显著，美国人往往会表达出强烈的自信和肯定，并且在表达观点时，喜欢标新立异和独辟蹊径，希望能够别具一格。
他们在生活中追求个性自由和个人享受，自由的抒发自我意志和发展自我思想。
这种差异在跨文化交际中表现为，中国人认为在公众场合自由的发表观点是“对人”的产物，很容易引起一些不必要的误会，而美国人认为即使在交际时争论的面红耳赤，也仅仅是“对事”的产物。
(2)中国的“和”、“稳”和美国的“争”、“变”。
孔子的《论语》中有讲“以和为贵”。
《孟子公孙丑下》中也有说到“天时不如地利，地利不如人和”。
由于受到这些传统思想的影响，中国人自古以来就非常崇尚“万事和为贵”，在交际中往往给人一种和睦和气、谦恭温顺的形象，同时，在“知足常乐”思想的影响下，中国人即使在遭遇困境时也能苦中作乐和泰然处之，由此可见，这种安于现状的思想让中国人缺乏了主动竞争的意识，表现在行为上比较保守，不愿冒险和拼搏，比较喜欢从事稳定的职业，容易产生满足的心理。
相比之下，仅有两百多年历史的美国却已然成为世界超级大国，美国人勇敢、爱好自由并且重视竞争，他们很难满足于现状，希望能够通过不断的奋斗和尝试来获取更大的发展和达到更高的目标。
这种积极的心态和强烈的竞争意识与中国人知足常乐和安于现状的思想有着显著的差异。
跨文化交际英语教程课后答案.doc
跨文化交际英语教程课后答案【篇一：新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit 6 】ture and nonverbal communicationreading ian overview of nonverbal communication comprehensionquestions1. can you speak each of the following sentences in differentways to mean differently?1) she is my best friend.2) you?ve done really good job. 3) come here,please.4) that?s all right.speaking the same sentence with the stress on differentwords may mean different things. for instance, if the stressfalls on “she”in the first sentnece, it means it is she, not youor somebody else, that is my best friend. but if the stress fallson “my”, it implies that she is my, not your or somebody?sbest friend.2. speakers of british english use loudness only when theyare angry, speakers of indian english use it to get the floor, achance to speak. so when an indian speaker is trying to get thefloor, what would the british speaker think of the indian andwhat would the british behave in response?the british speaker may think that the indian gets angry withhim or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain aboutthe indian?s rudeness or even return his rudeness as aresponse.3. what differences in body language use have you noticedbetween your chinese teachers and foreign teachers?there are really some differences between chinese teachersand foreign teachers in their use of body language. forinstance, chinese teachers in general do not use gestures asmuch as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions oftenseem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. do you know any gestures we often use that might bemisunderstood by people from other cultures?for example, the way we chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some western countries to mean bye-bye.5. how do we chinese people use eye contact in communication?during a conversation between two chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. how much eye- contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. how will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the united states or people from japan?while talking with americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. however; while talking with japanese, we are not expected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the adam?s apple.7. do you often smile at others? why or why not?it depends. for instance, it seems that we chinese, as well as people of other eastern asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as americans.8. what function(s) may laughter serve in our culture? does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding?laughter in our culture may serve various functions. sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, and sometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. do you often touch others while talking with them? whom do you touch more than others?we chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. in small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think of to greet another person. is touching always part of a greeting?no. touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places? why or why not?many people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who arestrangers to each other should not touch. however, whetherpeople will apologize or not depends on the situations. if aperson accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowdedplace, he or she may not apologize for it.reading iigender and nonverbal communication comprehensionquestions1. what may often happen to those who do not conform totheir culture?s accepted gender “script ”?there are often severe social penalties for those who act inviolation of their culture?s accepted gender ―script.2. does touch have any connotation in different situations?can you give some specific examples?touch, like physical closeness, may be considered anexpression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. forinstance, in some cultures, it may be all right for womenfriends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, andhug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon,for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. what will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciablytaller than the man?taller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouchand round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as littlespace as possible.4. are men and women required to have the same facial expressions? does smile mean the same things to both menand women?men and women are not usually required to have the samefacial expressions. smile may mean different things to menand women. for females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while malesmay resist any nonverbal display of expression to others inorder to appear more masculine, because being faciallyexpressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. why are the african-american women less deferential thanwhite women and less inclined to smile?african-american women are found to be less deferential thanwhite women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simplybecause it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. in what ways may direct eye contact between individualsbe interpreted?looking directly into another person?s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation, or a desire for honestand open communication.7. what was found in a study of nonverbal communicationamong hispanic couples? in a study of nonverbalcommunication among hispanic couples, it was found thatmany puerto rican wives never looked directly at theirhusbands.8. how does clothing manifest and promote culturaldefinitions of masculinity and femininity?through clothing and make-up, the body is more or lessmarked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. males andfemales have to dress themselves appropriately according totheir cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.case studycase 21sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns ( 故障) in cross-cultural communication. for example, one of the verycommon manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result inconflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. among middle-class north american men, it iscustomary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. whenwanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in theunited states may, while shaking hands, grasp with his lefthand his friend?s right arm. however, to people of middleeastern countries, the left hand is profane ( 亵渎的) and touching someone with it is highly offensive. therefore, invernon?s eyes, kenneth was actually an extremely offensivemessage to him.case 22in puerto rican culture, as in some other latin american andeastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in theunited states, failing of meeting other person?s eye accusinghim or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. as theprincipal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. generallyspeaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is oftenconsidered as an insult in some cultures, but may signifyrespect for authority and obedience in other cultures.case 23just like smile, laughing does not always serve the samefunction in different cultures.interestingly, for us chinese, laughing often has a specialfunction on some tense social occasions. people may laugh torelease the tension or embarrassment, to express theirconcern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to helpyou come out of the embarrassment. in this case, the peoplethere were actually wishing to laugh with the american ratherthan laugh at her. their laughing seemed to convey a numberof messages: don?t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it?snothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. unfortunately the american wasunaware of this. she thoughtthey were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly andangry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion wouldbe interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating andnegative.case 24it is obvious that there exists some difference between thebritish and germans in their use of touch. the lack of touch thatseems to be natural in britain may be considered strange bygermans. what is required (in this case, shaking hands witheach other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary inanother.the appropriateness of contact between people varies fromcountry to country. figures from a study offer some interestinginsight into this matter. pairs of individuals sitting and chattingin college shops in different countries were observed for atleast one hour each. the number of times that either onetouched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: inlondon, 0; in florida, 2; in paris, 10; in puerto rico, 180. thesefigures indicate that touch is used very differently in differentcultures.【篇二：新编跨文化交际英语教程答案详解】很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
跨文化交际的种类
跨文化交际的种类1.引言1.1 概述概述:跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行的交流和互动过程。
随着全球化进程的加快，不同文化之间的接触和交流变得越来越频繁和紧密。
跨文化交际的重要性也因此倍受关注。
在今天的世界中，人们经常需要与来自不同文化背景的人进行合作、沟通和交往，了解和掌握跨文化交际的技巧成为一个必备的能力。
跨文化交际的种类多种多样，它们可以根据不同的标准进行分类。
一种常见的分类是根据交际的形式，其中包括面对面交流、书面交流和虚拟交流。
面对面交流是指直接的个人互动，包括面谈、会议和社交活动等。
书面交流则是通过书信、报告、邮件等书面形式进行的交流。
虚拟交流是指通过互联网和其他技术手段进行的交流，如社交媒体、在线聊天和视频会议等。
另一种常见的分类是根据跨文化交际的目的和内容。
在这方面，跨文化交际可以包括商务交际、教育交际、旅游交际、国际合作和文化交流等。
商务交际是指在商业领域进行的跨文化交流，包括谈判、销售、合作等。
教育交际是指在教育领域进行的跨文化交流，包括教学、研讨会和学术会议等。
旅游交际是指旅游活动中的跨文化交流，包括游客与当地居民的互动和交流。
国际合作是指不同国家之间的合作和交流，包括政治、经济和科技等领域。
文化交流则是指在文化领域进行的跨文化交流，包括语言、艺术、风俗习惯等方面的交流。
跨文化交际的种类多样化，每一种形式都有其独特的特点和挑战。
了解和掌握这些不同形式的跨文化交际对于有效地进行跨文化沟通和合作至关重要。
本文将对跨文化交际的种类进行详细的探讨和分析，帮助读者更好地理解和应用跨文化交际的技巧。
1.2文章结构1.2 文章结构本文将按照以下结构来探讨跨文化交际的种类：1. 引言部分将概述整篇文章的内容，并阐述跨文化交际的重要性和目的。
2. 正文部分将首先给出跨文化交际的定义和重要性。
随后，重点分析跨文化交际的各种种类，具体探讨每一种种类的特点、应用场景以及对个人和社会的影响。
3. 结论部分将对整篇文章进行总结，并展望未来跨文化交际的发展趋势。
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U6
Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationSome Ideas Related to Nonverbal Communication1. Nonverbal languageWhat is not said is often as important as what is said. Nonverbal communication is communication through means other than language — for example, facial expression, personal space, eye contact, use of time, and conversational silence.(Hall, E.T. The Silent Language, New York: Doubleday, 1959)2. Different expressions of nonverbal languageKinesics: our body languageThe term refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movements, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication — yawning, stretching, and relaxing, staring, walking slumped over, raising a clenched fist, showing a victory sign.The human communication process is more complex than it initially seems. Much, if not most, of our messages in face to face contact are transmitted through paralanguage. These auxiliary communication techniques are highly culture bound. Communication with people from other societies or ethnic groups is fraught with the danger of misunderstanding if their culture and paralanguage is unknown to you or ignored.3. Significance of nonverbal languageIt accounts for much of the meaningwe derive from conversations.Cognitive content.Affective content.It spontaneously reflected the subconscious. Normally we control over our words. But the nonverbal behavior may leak our true feelings.We cannot communicate without it. Even if we choose silence, the nonverbal dimension of our communication is always present. Even if we remove bodily from the scene of interaction, our absence may speak loudly.4. Relationship between verbal and nonverbal languageAccent: to lay emphasis by tone of voice, intonationsReinforce/Complement: to strengthen and supplyContradict: betray the verbal expressionsRegulate: looking behavior, vocal inflections, gestures, general cues of readiness or relaxation all help to signal a person’s conversational intentionsSubstitute: head nods or shakes, hand gestures,facial display and body movementReading IAn Overview of Nonverbal Communication Comprehension questions1. Can you speak each of the following sentences in different ways to mean differently?1) She is my best friend.2) You‟ve done really good job.3) Come here, please.4) That‟s all right.Speaking the same sentence with the stress on different words may mean different things. For instance, if the stress falls on ―she in the first sentence, it means it is SHE, not you or somebody else, that is my best friend. But if the stress falls on ―my‖, it implies that she is MY, not your or some body‘s, best friend.2. Speakers of British English use loudness only when they are angry, speakers of Indian English use it to get the floor, a chance to speak. So when an Indian speaker is trying to get the floor, what would the British speaker think of the Indian and what would the British behave in response?The British speaker may think that the Indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain about the Indian‘s rudeness or even return his rudeness as a response.3. What differences in body language use have you noticed between your Chinese teachers and foreign teachers?There are really some differences between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers in their use of body language. For instance, Chinese teachers in general do not use gestures as much as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions often seem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. Do you know any gestures we often use that might be misunderstood by people from other cultures?For example, the way we Chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some Western countries to mean bye-bye.5. How do we Chinese people use eye contact in communication?During a conversation between two Chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. How much eye-contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. How will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the United States or people from Japan?While talking with Americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. However; while talking with Japanese, we are not expected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the Adam‘s apple. 7. Do you often smile at others? Why or why not?It depends. For instance, it seems that we Chinese, as well as people of other Eastern Asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as Americans.8. What function(s) may laughter serve in our culture? Does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding?Laughter in our culture may serve various functions. Sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, and sometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. Do you often touch others while talking with them? Whom do you touch more than others?We Chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. In small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think ofto greet another person. Is touching always part of a greeting?No. Touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. Will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places? Why or why not?Many people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who are strangers to each other should not touch. However, whether people will apologize or not depends on the situations. If a person accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowded place, he or she may not apologize for it.Reading IIGender and Nonverbal Communication Comprehension questions1. What may often happen to those who do not conform to their culture‟s accepted gender “script”?There are often severe social penalties for those who act in violation of their culture‘s accepted gender ―script.2. Does touch have any connotation in different situations? Can you give some specific examples?Touch, like physical closeness, may be considered an expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance, in some cultures, it may be all right for women friends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, and hug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon, for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. What will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciably taller than the man?Taller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouch and round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as little space as possible.4. Are men and women required to have the same facial expressions? Does smile mean the same things to both men and women?Men and women are not usually required to have the same facial expressions. Smile may mean different things to men and women. For females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while males may resist any nonverbal display of expression to others in order to appear more masculine,because being facially expressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. Why are the African-American women less deferential than white women and less inclined to smile?African-American women are found to be less deferential than white women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simply because it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. In what ways may direct eye contact between individuals be interpreted?Looking directly into another person‘s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation, or a desire for honest and open communication.7. What was found in a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couples?In a study of nonverbal communication among Hispanic couples, it was found that many Puerto Rican wives never looked directly at their husbands.8. How does clothing manifest and promote cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity?Through clothing and make-up, the body is more or less marked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. Males and females have to dress themselves appropriately according to their cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.Case StudyCase 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend‘s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane and touching someone with it is highly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon‘s eyes, Kenneth was actually a n extremely offensive message to him.Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing o f meeting other person‘s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generally speaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 23Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures. Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you comeout of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don‘t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it‘s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.Case 24It is obvious that there exists some difference between the British and Germans in their use of touch. The lack of touch that seems to be natural in Britain may be considered strange by Germans.What is required (in this case, shaking hands with each other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary in another.The appropriateness of contact between people varies from country to country. Figures from a study offer some interesting insight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different countries were observed for at least one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: in London, 0; in Florida, 2; in Paris, 10; in Puerto Rico, 180. These figures indicate that touch is used very differently in different cultures.。
跨文化交际案例分析演示
Analysis:
Japan
Exchanging gift is a strongly rooted social tradition. Don't want to owe others. Fear of causing trouble to others.
America
Donating their used household items to church or community frequently.
Group Discussion:
From the case, I think Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts. Yes, for Keiko probably doesn't konw that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable.
Like helping others without asking for return. Not feel troublesome. Be ready to help others.
Answer：
Q1: What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?
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Chinese: personal quality, abstract, prudent “宝宝真聪明”、“你妈妈好能干”、 “这是我同事,他就要去美国留学呢。”
Social status: Westerner: high social status Men of higher status make praises and judgments Chinese: Man of lower status compliment those of high ranks (pure compliments) “刘经理真行,既有管理能力,又有组织能力.”
Compliments
4.Dispel Misunderstanding in Cross - cultural Communication
Wolfson: “In particular ,what counts as a compliment may differ very much from one society to another.”
• Wang Hong: What a beautiful carpet you've got! • He1en: It is beautiful, isn't it? It's my birthday present. I love it. • Wang Hong: It must be very expensive. How much does it cost? • Helen: I don't know. My sister gave it to me. • Wang Hong: How much do you think it costs?
Compliments
Common structures (Westerners) : • 'what a ... ' What-a-adjective-noun. 'what a nice hat' or 'what a gorgeous necklace.' (A bit formal) 'I like your…' or 'I love your…,' (casual) • 'that's a ... ' That's-a-adjective-noun. 'That's a beautiful flower arrangement,'
Summary: Differences in American English and Chinese Speakers:
American Accepting the Compliment Yes (39.3%) Returning the Compliment Yes (18.5%) Thanking and Denigrating No Deflecting Yes (29.5%) Rejecting the Compliment Yes (12.7%)
Culture & Verbal Communication
Oct., 2008
How do you greet others in daily life?
Are you familiar with such a case?
• Litz: Dick, how long is your mum going to stay? • Dick: I don’t know. I haven’t asked her. • Litz: Why not ask her? • Dick: What do you mean by asking her? • Litz: I mean what I said. Just ask her how long she’s going to stay.
Chinese: Man : I haven’t seen you for years ,You still look so young. Woman: No, don’t joke on me.
A: Xiaoming is very clever. B: You’re just praising him. A: Your wife looks pretty today. B: Oh ,she just likes to show off .
Politeness
Compliments
1.Difference in Using Language (语言使用形式上)
• Chinese : respectful “您贵姓?” “您尊姓大名?” “恭喜您大厦落成” “恭喜您喜得贵子” • Westerners: simple equal “Can I have your name ?” “What’s your name ?” -------“You have a lovely name” Simple adj: “good、great 、nice” Humorous tone: “terrific” “awfully”, “You’re awfully nice. ”
• Westerner: Personal feelings, unique viewpoints, “self assertive” ------individuality • Chinese: observant, sensitive; reserve, cautious ------collectivity
Compliments
2.Difference in Response Formulas(应答)
Westerner: 1.A simple “thank you” A: What a lovely room you have. B :Thank you ! I’m really satisfied with it myself . 2. Avoid to answer directly A: You’re wearing a lovely skirt. B :Well I happened to see it when I was shopping. A: What a lovely suite! B: Well, we would have liked to have a bigger one. / We wish the neighborhood would be quieter. 3. Partly accept A: Your French is very good. B :Well my listening is not bad ,but I still have problem with speaking.
From a Chinese to an American: • A: Your necklace is pure gold ,isn’t it ? • B : Yes, it is. My husband bought it for me. • A: You are lucky to have a husband who earns so much. His money makes you more attractive. From an American to a Chinese: “You’re as wise as an owl”, Owl: China: unlucky west: wise
Are you familiar
with such a case?
Helen is from Ireland and now studying Chinese in China. Wang Hong, a Chinese girl, is her tutor. Helen has invited Wang Hong to come to her house. • Helen: Hi! I was just expecting you. Come in please. Oh, you got a new coat! You look so pretty in it. • Wang Hong: Not really. It is an ugly, ugly coat. I bought it when it was on sale. It is very cheap. • Helen: Really? Well, it looks marvelous.
Chinese Yes (1.0%) No Yes (3.4%) No
Yes (95.7%)
------This difference appears to be related to differences of social values between the two cultures, particularly in their respective beliefs regarding what constitutes selfimage.
Politeness Principle
----By Leech
A. Tact Maxim (in impositives and commissives) a. Minimize cost to other; b. Maximize benefit to other. B. Generosity Maxim (in impositives and commissives) a. Minimize benefit to self; b. Maximize cost to self. C. Approbation Maxim (in expressives and assertives) a. Minimize dispraise of other; b. Maximize praise o.Difference in Target(恭维目标) of Compliment Ability and Achievements