文学导论知识点

poetry

（一）Elements of Poetry

Rhyme (Rime)

Rhyme is the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds 1. Single or Masculine rhyme单（阳）韵----rhyming sounds involve only one syllable.

E.g.

cold, bold;

thing, king;

day, way

1.Double or Feminine rhyme双叠（阴）韵----rhyming sounds involve two or more syllables.

E.g.

begin, again；

flatter, matter;

3. Triple rhyme三叠韵----a kind of feminine rhyme in which identical stressed vowel sounds are followed by two identical unstressed syllables.

E.g. machinery, scenery;

tenderly, slenderly;

spitefully, delightfully;

remember, September

4. Internal rhyme（行内韵）----at least one of the rhyming words are within the line. E.g. “Each narrow cell in which we dwell”; “the grains beyond age, the dark veins of her mother”

5. End rhyme(or Terminal rhyme)（行尾韵）----the both rhyming words occur at the ends of lines. (The commonest and most consciously sought-after sound repetition in English poetry.) E.g.

Under my window, a clean rasping sound

When the spade sinks into gravelly ground.

Let us roll all our strength, and all

Our Sweetness, up into one ball.

6. Beginning Rhyme行首词韵----rhyme that occurs in the first syllable or syllables of successive lines. E.g.

Why should I have returned?

My knowledge would not fit into theirs.

I found untouched the desert of the unknown.

7. Interlaced or Crossed Rhyme交错韵----Words in the middle of each line rhyme. It occurs in long couplets, especially the hexameter. E.g.

Laurel is green for a season, and love is sweet for a day,

But love grows bitter with treason, and laurel outlives not May.

8.Perfect or Exact rhyme（全韵）----differing consonant sounds are followed by identical stressed vowel sounds, and the following sounds are identical.

E.g.

foe, toe; meet, fleet; buffer, rougher; fix, sticks;

9 .Half rhyme or off rhyme, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, slant rhyme)（斜韵）----the feminine rhymes that do not rhyme completely. E.g.

frightful, slightly;

yellow, pillow；

mirth, forth；

trolley, bully

10.ye rhyme（视觉韵）----formed by words that look alike a rhymed unit but do

not have the same sounds. E.g. cough, bough；home, some; hear, bear

11. Approximate rhymes

Alliteration头韵----repetition of initial sounds. E.g.

a ll the a wful a uguries..

B ring me my b ow of b urning gold;

more often defined as the repetition of consonants. E.g.

a f ter li f e’s f it f ul f ever

（二）Rhyme scheme（押韵格式）

----the pattern of alternating end rhymes in a stanza or poem. In analysis of a rhyme scheme, each rhyme is represented by a small letter. E.g.

Love is a sickness full of woes, (a)

All remedies refusing; (b)

A plant that with most cutting grows (a)

Most barren with best using. (b)

Why so? (c)

（三）Stanza----

a group of lines of verse forming one of the units or divisions of a poem. （It is usually recurrent, characterized by a regular pattern, with respect to or under determination of, the number of lines, and arrangement of meter of rhyme.）Common stanza forms include the couplet, the triplet, and the quatrain

Couplet----two successive rhyming lines:

For thy sweet love rememb’red such wealth brings

That then I scorn to change my state with kings.