文学导论知识点
文学理论知识点
▲第三章文学创作第一节文学创作的主体与客体一、文学创作与主体【学习目标】认识文学创作活动中的主体，创作活动对主体的规定，主体从事文学创作必须具备的条件。
重点掌握文学创作的动机对创作活动的影响，思想准备、生活积累和艺术修养对创作的意义，其构成了主体进入文学创作状态的必备条件。
【知识点】1、文学创作对主体的规定。
2、创作动机在创作中的地位。
3、创作主体必须具备的条件二、文学创作与客体【学习目标】认识文学创作活动中的客体特点。
创作客体并不是一般意义上的生活对象，而是表现主体审美追求的、与主体发生审美关系的对象。
社会生活、自然景观和心理现象都可以是创作客体，前提是它们都必须与创作主体发生关系，即成为主体表现的对象。
文学创作是创作主体与创作客体的统一。
【知识点】1、文学创作对客体的规定。
2、创作客体在创作中的地位。
3、文学创作是主体与客体的统一第二节文学创作中的构思与传达一、文学创作的准备【学习目标】掌握文学创作准备阶段的特点，注意艺术积累的涵义和具体内容。
艺术积累包括生活素材的积累、人生体验的积累和艺术素养的积累。
在这三种积累中，都有一个对象化的问题，即上述积累都离不开创作主体的体认。
了解创作准备是文学创作不可缺少的前提。
【知识点】1、艺术积累的涵义。
2、生活素材的积累。
3、人生体验的积累。
4、艺术素养的积累二、文学创作的实施【学习目标】掌握文学创作实施的一般过程，其具体包括艺术触发、艺术构思和艺术传达三个步骤。
注意艺术构思活动中的心理特点，艺术思维与一般思维活动的不同，以及形象孕育在艺术构思中的地位。
艺术传达并不是对思维结果的简单表达，其中包含着言意之间的矛盾。
【知识点】1、文学创作实施的一般过程。
2、艺术触发的特点3、艺术构思的特点。
4、艺术传达的特点第三节创作心理和艺术思维【知识点】1、灵感的特征。
2、艺术思维的特点。
3、情感在创作中的作用4、理智在创作中的作用。
5、想象在创作中的作用第四节创作个性与文学风格【学习目标】认识创作个性的意义及其形成的原因，认识创作个性与心理学所说的个性的不同，注意创作个性与文学创作实践的关系。
文学导论期末重点归纳总结
文学导论期末重点归纳总结一、文学的定义和特点1. 文学的定义：文学是人们运用语言文字来表达思想、情感和审美体验的艺术形式。
2. 文学的特点：- 主观性：文学作品是作家个人思想、情感和审美的表达。
- 艺术性：文学作品经过艺术加工和创作，具有独特的艺术形式和美感。
- 可读性：文学作品适合阅读和欣赏，能够触发读者的共鸣和思考。
二、文学的分类1. 根据体裁分类：- 散文：以叙述为主，形式较自由，主题广泛。
- 诗歌：具有韵律和节奏，表达情感和思想。
- 小说：以故事叙述为主，情节完整，人物丰满。
- 戏剧：通过对话和表演来展现剧情，具有冲突和张力。
2. 根据内容分类：- 精神文学：关注人类的内心世界、思想、信仰和道德。
- 社会文学：反映社会现象、风俗习惯和社会问题。
- 民族文学：表达某一民族的文化、习俗和价值观。
- 科幻文学：通过想象构建未来世界或超现实的故事情节。
三、文学的发展历程1. 古代文学：- 古代经典：《诗经》、《论语》、《尚书》等。
- 古代散文：《汉书》、《资治通鉴》、《庄子》等。
- 古代戏剧：京剧、昆曲、豫剧等。
2. 现代文学：- 19世纪的浪漫主义文学：莎士比亚、雨果、拜伦等。
- 20世纪的现代主义文学：福楼拜、庞德、卡夫卡等。
- 当代文学：鲁迅、金庸、莫言等。
四、文学批评方法1. 传统批评方法：- 文学理论批评：关注文学的本质、目的和意义。
- 文学史批评：探讨作品的历史背景和发展趋势。
- 人物导向批评：分析作品中的人物性格和行为动机。
2. 结构主义批评方法：- 结构分析：关注作品的结构组织、符号体系和意义关联。
- 语言分析：研究作品中的语言方式、表现手法和象征意义。
3. 解构主义批评方法：- 语言游戏：关注作品中的词语、符号的多义性和相互关系。
- 意义的解构：研究作品中的意义模糊、矛盾和互相抵消。
五、文学与社会1. 文学的社会功能：- 反映社会现实：文学作品可以揭示社会问题和矛盾。
- 塑造社会价值观：文学作品对人们的思想和价值观有一定的影响。
文学导论英语知识点总结
文学导论英语知识点总结Literary studies, as an academic discipline, encompasses various aspects of the English language and its application in the context of literature. This comprehensive summary aims to provide a detailed overview of the key knowledge points in literary studies, covering areas such as literary history, literary theory, critical analysis, and literary genres. By examining these key knowledge points, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the English language and its role in shaping literary works.Literary HistoryLiterary history is an essential component of literary studies, as it provides the foundation for understanding the development of literature in the English language. This knowledge area encompasses the study of different periods and literary movements, as well as the works and writers that have shaped the literary landscape over time.Key knowledge points in literary history include:- The major periods of English literature, such as the Old English period, the Middle English period, the Renaissance period, the Romantic period, the Victorian period, and the Modernist period.- The characteristics and key works of major literary movements, such as medieval literature, the Elizabethan era, the Romantic movement, the Victorian novel, and modernist literature.- The influential writers and their works from different periods, such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, John Milton, Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and Virginia Woolf.By studying literary history, readers can gain insight into the evolution of English literature, as well as the social, cultural, and historical contexts that have influenced literary works. Literary TheoryLiterary theory is another crucial aspect of literary studies, as it provides the tools and frameworks for interpreting and analyzing literature. This knowledge area encompasses a range of theoretical approaches and methods for understanding literary works, as well as the various schools of thought that have emerged in the field of literary criticism.Key knowledge points in literary theory include:- The major schools of literary theory, such as formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism, psychoanalytic theory, feminist theory, Marxist criticism, and cultural studies.- The key concepts and principles of literary theory, such as textuality, intertextuality, the author-function, the reader-response, and the role of ideology in literature.- The application of different theoretical approaches in analyzing literary works, such as the use of structuralist methods in understanding narrative structure, or the application of feminist theory in examining gender representation in literature.By understanding literary theory, readers can develop the critical tools and frameworks for interpreting and analyzing literature from various perspectives.Critical AnalysisCritical analysis is a fundamental skill in literary studies, as it involves the evaluation and interpretation of literary works through a critical lens. This knowledge area encompasses the methods and techniques for analyzing different elements of literature, as well as the approaches for writing critical essays and papers.Key knowledge points in critical analysis include:- The analysis of narrative elements, such as plot, character, setting, and point of view, and their significance in shaping the meaning and message of a literary work.- The examination of literary devices and techniques, such as imagery, symbolism, metaphor, and irony, and their role in conveying themes and ideas in literature.- The evaluation of thematic elements, such as the representation of love, death, power, or justice, and their cultural and philosophical implications in literary works.- The development of critical writing skills, such as formulating a thesis statement, providing textual evidence, and constructing a cohesive argument in a critical essay.By mastering critical analysis, readers can deepen their understanding of literary works and develop the skills for effectively interpreting and evaluating literature.Literary GenresLiterary genres are a key aspect of literary studies, as they encompass the different categories and types of literary works that exist within the English language. This knowledge area encompasses the study of various genres, such as poetry, drama, fiction, and non-fiction, as well as the conventions and characteristics that define each genre.Key knowledge points in literary genres include:- The characteristics of different genres, such as the use of verse and poetic language in poetry, the elements of dramatic structure and dialogue in drama, and the narrative techniques and storytelling conventions in fiction.- The examination of sub-genres within each category, such as epic poetry, lyric poetry, tragedy, comedy, the novel, the short story, and the essay, and their unique features and conventions.- The analysis of genre conventions and their historical and cultural significance, such as the development of the novel as a literary form, or the evolution of dramatic genres in different historical periods.By studying literary genres, readers can gain insight into the diverse forms and traditions of literary expression within the English language, as well as the conventions and techniques that have shaped the development of different genres.ConclusionIn conclusion, literary studies encompass a wide range of knowledge points related to the English language and its application in the context of literature. By examining the key knowledge areas of literary history, literary theory, critical analysis, and literary genres, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the English language and its role in shaping literary works. This comprehensive summary provides a foundation for further exploration and study in the field of literary studies, as well as the critical tools and frameworks for interpreting and analyzing literature from various perspectives.。
《文学概论》导论复习要点
导论一、《文学概论》课程的性质《文学概论》建立在文学理论这门学科的基础上。
（一）文艺学的三个分支及其关系文艺学（研究文学的学科的统称，也叫“文学学”。
）文艺学的三个分支：文学发展史、文学批评、文学理论。
文学发展史：以文学的产生、发展、演变的状况以及文学发展的经验和规律为研究对象。
文学批评：主要以同时代的作家、作品、文学运动、文学思潮为评论对象。
文学理论：以人类社会历史的现实的一切文学现象作为研究对象，以美学方法论为总的指导，从理论高度和宏观视野上阐明文学的性质、特点和一般规律。
M·H·艾布拉姆斯关于文学四要素的观点：作品、艺术家、世界（自然、生活）、欣赏者。
二、学习《文学概论》课程的目的要求（一）准确掌握基本理论和基础知识（二）提高分析文学作品的能力三、学习《文学概论》课程的具体方法（一）掌握原理，注重理解（二）抓住重点，融会贯通（三）联系实际，培养能力（四）学习教材，攻读原著（马克思主义经典作家关于文艺问题的著作、中国古代传统的文艺论著、中国现代的文学理论、西方的文学理论）第一章文学观念第一节文学观念的嬗变【文学四要素和文学活动】波兰现象学派美学家英加登提出作为作品存在的层次论，认为作品的构成是四个层面，即语音层、意义单元层、再现的客体层、图式化的外观层。
美国现代学者艾布拉姆斯在《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》中提出文学四要素理论，即作品、艺术家、世界、欣赏者（一切文学作品都有源泉，这就是生活，即“世界”；生活要经过“艺术家”的加工改造，这样才能创造出具有意义的文本，即“作品”；作品如果束之高阁，不跟读者、即“欣赏者”见面，也还不能构成完整的文学活动）。
世界——作家——文本——读者这四个要素，其间包含了体验、创作、接受三个过程，这才构成完整的文学活动；文学活动不仅是指文学四要素所形成的流程，更重要的是人与对象所建立的诗意关系，是人的本质力量的全部展开。
【历史上六种主要的文学观念】再现说（在文学四要素中强调“世界”与“作品”的对应关系，即认为作品是对世界的摹仿或再现。
外国语言文学导论期末重点
外国语言文学导论期末重点外国语言文学导论第一节：语言和文学语言：语言是符号系统，是以语音为物质外壳，以语义为意义内容的，音义结合的词汇建筑材料和语法组织规律的体系。
语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具，是进行思维和传递信息的工具，是人类保存认识成果的载体。
语言具有稳固性和民族性。
（语言的重要性；人类对语言的崇拜）文学：文学是指以语言文字为工具形象化地反映客观现实的艺术，包括戏剧、诗歌、小说、散文等，是文化的重要表现形式，以不同的形式（称作体裁）表现内心情感和再现一定时期和一定地域的社会生活。
文学是一种对语言使用的重新认识，它以一种特殊的方式，将日常语言，通过各种修辞手法，将世界呈现在我们面前。
对于一部好的文学作品，无论其年代多么久远，读者和作者之间能通过语言这座桥梁产生共鸣。
两者间的关系：从时间顺序上来看，似乎是先有语言，然后才有文学：苏美尔人创造的“楔形文字”，距今五千多年。
所谓学术上来讲，是先有文学，然后再有语言研究。
语言对文学的影响“语言是文学的第一要素”，没有语言就没有文学。
最好的文学作品是用最优美的语言写成的。
语言修养是文学家的起码条件。
——高尔基诗人卡西尔说，诗人不可能创造一种全新的语言。
他必须使用现有的词汇，必须遵循语言的基本规则（工具论）。
不同的文学样式对语言材料的各种功能在使用上各有侧重。
戏剧侧重于语言的会话功能，小说侧重于语言的叙事功能，诗歌则侧重于语言的抒情功能语言的演变对文学的影响（如诗歌）句式变化上古汉语中（弹歌）这类原始歌谣，一词为一字，两字一拍，全篇四句八字：断竹，续竹，飞土，逐肉；西周《诗经》：关关雎鸠,在河之州。
窈窕淑女,君子好逑。
唐宋：五言体和七言体格律变化：萨丕尔在语言论说，大概没有别的东西比诗的声律更能说明文学在形式上依靠语言了。
语言的表达局限对文学的影响。
文学是用语言写成的，文学的物质媒介是语言。
文学在一定程度上依赖语言，同时又是超语言的（难以言传，以及语言的言外之意）。
文学导论
文学导论1.诗经中婚恋诗的思想内容我国最早的情诗汇集在第一部诗歌总集《诗经》里，此类婚恋诗表现了出了丰富的思想内容，主要包括四个方面。
一歌唱男女相悦之情。
《关雎》“窈窕淑女，寤寐求之”男子沉迷其中，醒着睡着都不能自拔，男主人公夜夜思念。
“琴瑟友之”“钟鼓乐之”都是出于男主人公的想象，他希望将来能和自己的心上人过上幸福快乐的生活，“友之”“乐之”他幻想着一旦追求到这位“窈窕淑女”，将会千方百计让她高兴快乐。
这首诗的感情热烈率真，基调健康积极。
二情人因分离而生的相思苦楚。
《子衿》传递的是一种近乎心碎的相思。
通过描写女子在城楼等待男子归来，终未见而驻足瞭望，独自徘徊的情景，发出了“一日不见，如三月兮”的感慨。
表达了女子的悠悠相思情和对待爱情的执着和专一。
这短短几行诗句把女子的相思之苦表现的如泣如诉、缠绵悱恻，女子的细腻心思也被表现的淋漓尽致。
三情人相约的动人画面。
《静女》是《诗经》中很典型的情人邀约诗。
“静女其姝，俟我于城隅”如此平实的话语点出了约会的地点和人物。
“爱而不见，搔首踟蹰”写出了恋爱中男子焦急、不安的心理。
表达出古人对待爱情的认真。
“匪女之为美，美人之怡”因为是爱人送的才显得这般艳丽。
把恋人间的一些很细微的动作语言都表现出来，富于生活化和细节化。
四女子被弃之后的悲歌。
《氓》是弃妇诗的翘楚。
此诗以直叙的手法写女子从恋爱到结婚，从婚后的劳作再到被丈夫抛弃的全部婚姻过程，直抒胸臆地表述出女子对负心男子的怨恨和控诉。
从而体现出封建女子的不幸和坚强。
2．史记的史学成就和文学成就《史记》对后世史学和文学的发展都产生了深远影响。
史学成就：1开创了“纪传体”体例。
后世人都仿效这种体裁而修史。
2开创了政治、经济、民族、文化等各种知识的综合纂史方法.。
《史记》第一次把政治、经济、文化各个方面都包容在历史学的研究范围之内，从而开拓了历史学研究的新领域，推动了我国历史学的发展。
3秉笔直书。
所谓秉笔直书，就是史学家必须忠于历史史实，既不溢美，也不苛求，按照历史的本来面貌撰写历史。
文学导论课后参考答案
文学导论课后参考答案文学导论课后参考答案文学导论是一门非常重要的课程，它帮助我们了解和理解文学的起源、发展和演变。
通过学习这门课程，我们可以更好地欣赏和分析文学作品，提高我们的文学素养。
以下是一些关于文学导论的参考答案，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
一、文学的定义和特点文学是人类用语言表达思想和情感的艺术形式。
它通过文字和语言来创造形象、塑造人物、展示情节，表达作者的思想和情感。
文学作品可以是诗歌、小说、散文、戏剧等形式，它们都具有艺术性、创造性和表现性。
二、文学的分类文学可以按照不同的标准进行分类。
按照体裁来分类，文学可以分为诗歌、小说、散文、戏剧等。
按照内容来分类，文学可以分为现实主义文学、浪漫主义文学、唯美主义文学等。
按照时代来分类，文学可以分为古代文学、现代文学等。
三、文学的起源和发展文学起源于人类语言的发展。
人类最早的文学作品是口头传承的民间文学，比如神话、传说、民谣等。
随着文字的出现，人类开始用文字记录文学作品，这是文学发展的重要里程碑。
古代文学如《诗经》、《论语》等为后世文学奠定了基础。
随着社会的变革，文学也不断发展，现代文学如鲁迅的小说、余华的小说等反映了当代社会的变化和人们的思想情感。
四、文学的意义和价值文学对个人和社会都有重要的意义和价值。
对个人来说，文学可以满足人们的审美需求，丰富人们的内心世界，提高人们的情感和智慧。
对社会来说，文学可以反映社会现实，传递社会价值观念，推动社会进步。
文学作品还可以成为人们交流和沟通的桥梁，促进不同文化之间的相互理解和尊重。
五、文学批评的方法和理论文学批评是对文学作品进行分析和评价的过程。
常用的文学批评方法包括形式主义、结构主义、后现代主义等。
形式主义注重作品的形式和结构，强调语言的美感和艺术性。
结构主义关注作品的结构和符号，强调作品的意义和象征。
后现代主义则质疑传统的文学观念和规范，强调多元性和相对性。
六、文学与其他艺术形式的关系文学与其他艺术形式如绘画、音乐、电影等有着密切的联系。
文学导论杨金才教师用书
文学导论杨金才教师用书引言文学导论是一门研究文学的学科，旨在探讨文学作品的意义、形式和历史背景。
本文旨在介绍杨金才教师用书《文学导论》的相关内容，分析其在教学中的重要性，以及其中涉及的一些重要概念和理论。
教材概述《文学导论》是杨金才教师编写的一本教材，内容涵盖了文学的各个方面。
该教材分为多个章节，包括文学的定义、文学史、文学批评等内容。
此教材以其全面、系统的介绍文学的特点和研究方法而著称。
1. 文学的定义1.1 文学的概念文学是指以语言为媒介表达情感、思想和想象力的艺术形式。
它包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等各种文体，可以反映社会现实、揭示人类内心世界。
1.2 文学与其他艺术的关系文学作为一种艺术形式，与视觉艺术、音乐等有着密切的联系。
文学通过语言表达，传递给读者丰富的人类情感和思想。
与其他艺术相比，文学更加抽象、内敛，具有独到的表达方式和独特的审美价值。
1.3 文学与生活的关系文学是生活的反映和诠释，它通过虚构的故事和人物来探索人类存在的意义和价值。
文学作品可以引起读者的共鸣，帮助他们更好地理解和面对现实生活中的困惑和挑战。
2. 文学史2.1 文学史的研究方法文学史研究的是不同时期、不同国家和不同文化背景下的文学发展。
研究文学史可以帮助我们了解文学作品的发展脉络，掌握不同时期文学的特点和演变。
2.2 中国文学史中国文学史悠久而丰富，可以追溯到先秦时期的《诗经》。
从古代汉族文学到现代文学，中国文学经历了多个时期和流派的发展。
通过研究中国文学史，我们可以了解中国文化的演变和文学作品的精髓。
2.3 西方文学史西方文学史源远流长，包括古希腊罗马文学、中世纪文艺复兴、浪漫主义、现代主义等各个时期和流派。
了解西方文学史可以帮助我们拓宽视野，更好地理解和欣赏西方文学作品。
3. 文学批评3.1 文学批评的定义文学批评是对文学作品进行评价和分析的活动。
批评家通过细致的阅读、分析和解读，从不同角度和层面对文学作品进行评价和解释。
文学概论背诵知识点总结
文学概论背诵知识点总结一、文艺创作基本概念1.文学的概念文学是指用语言文字来表现和反映人类社会生活、思想感情以及审美情趣的艺术形式的统称。
2.文学作品的基本特征文学作品具有艺术性、表现性、综合性、历史性等特征。
3.文学形式与内容文学作品的形式包括小说、诗歌、散文等，内容包括人生、爱情、自然、社会等方面的内容。
4.文学艺术的分类文学艺术可以分为小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等不同的艺术形式。
5.文学作品的表现形式文学作品的表现形式有叙事、抒情、议论等不同的表现形式。
二、文学流派1.古代文学流派古代文学流派包括诗、赋、曲、剧等不同的文学流派。
2.现代文学流派现代文学流派包括现代诗歌、现代小说、现代散文等不同的文学流派。
3.文学流派的传承与发展文学流派在传承发展的过程中，形成了不同的风格和特点。
三、文学理论1.文学理论的概念和分类文学理论是对文学现象和规律的总结、分析和探讨。
文学理论可分为文学美学理论、文学批评理论等不同的理论。
2.文学批评方法文学批评方法包括文本批评、历史批评、意识形态批评等不同的方法。
3.文学批评流派文学批评流派包括形式主义、结构主义、后现代主义等不同的批评流派。
四、文学史1.世界文学史世界文学史可分为古代文学、中世纪文学、近代文学、现代文学等不同的历史时期。
2.中国文学史中国文学史可分为先秦两汉、魏晋南北朝、唐宋元明清等不同的历史时期。
3.文学史的发展演变文学史在发展演变中形成了不同的文学周期、文学流派和文学作品。
以上是文学概论的重要知识点总结，通过学习文学概论，可以全面了解文学的基本概念、流派、理论和历史，有助于深入阅读和理解文学作品，对于开阔视野、提升人文素养有着重要的意义。
文学导论知识点
文学导论知识点文学是一门流芳百世的艺术，它不仅凝聚了历史文化和人类价值观念，也传达了人类思想与感情。
理解文学的知识点和技巧，可以更好地欣赏、鉴赏和创作文学作品。
本文以文学导论为主题，介绍一些文学知识点。
一、文学的定义和分类文学的定义有多种，可以简单理解为艺术形式的书面表现。
文学作品反映了人类社会、文化和精神，被视为人类智慧的结晶。
文学可以按体裁分类，例如小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、传记等；也可以按主题分类，如爱情、历史、哲学等；此外还可以按语言、地域、时代等因素进行分类。
二、文学元素文学包含了丰富多彩的元素，其中最基本的有主题、情感、人物、情节和风格。
主题是文学作品传达的核心思想和主旨，它可以是关于人生、社会、自然等深刻的问题。
情感是文学作品生动形象的情感体验，包括作者的情感、人物的情感以及读者的情感反应等。
人物是文学作品中的具体形象，作者通过人物形象来表现主题、展示情感和推动情节发展。
情节是文学作品的故事情境，是人物经历的一系列事件和冲突，也是故事发展的动力。
风格是文学作品的艺术表现形式，包括语言、修辞、节奏、比喻等等方面，它体现了作者的风格和作品的特色。
三、文学批评和理论文学批评是对文学作品进行评价和阐释的学术领域，它主要包含文学批评和文学理论两个方面。
文学批评是对文学作品的解读和评价，它可以从各种角度来阐释作品，如形式、内容、语言、主题等方面。
文学理论是对文学的系统化研究和认识，它关注文学现象的本质、规律和意义。
文学理论涵盖了多种学派和理论，如形式主义、结构主义、后现代主义等等。
四、文学史和文学名著文学史是对文学发展历程的呈现和梳理，它反映了文学成就和文学演变的各个阶段。
文学名著是具有艺术价值和影响力的文学作品，它们成为文学史上的重要作品，代表了不同时代的文化和思想。
如中国古代的《红楼梦》、《水浒传》、《西游记》等；西方文学的《哈姆雷特》、《红与黑》、《百年孤独》等等。
五、文学的意义和价值文学在人类文化中具有极为重要的意义和价值。
文学导论知识点.doc
poetry（一）Elements of PoetryRhyme (Rime)Rhyme is the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds 1. Single or Masculine rhyme 单（阳）韵----rhyming soundsinvolve only one syllable.E.g.cold, bold;thing, king;day, way1.Double or Feminine rhyme双叠（阴）韵----rhyming sounds involve two or more syllables.E.g.begin, again；flatter, matter;3. Triple rhyme 三叠韵----a kind of feminine rhyme in which identical stressed vowel sounds are followed by two identical unstressedsyllables.E.g. machinery, scenery;tenderly, slenderly;spitefully, delightfully;remember, September4. Internal rhyme（行内韵）----at least one of the rhyming words are within the line. E.g. “Each narcroewll in which we dwell”; “thgerainsbeyond age, the dark veinsof her mother ”5. End rhyme(or Terminal rhyme)（行尾韵）----the both rhyming words occur at the ends of lines. (The commonestand most consciouslysought-after sound repetition in English poetry.) E.g.Under my window, a clean raspingsoundWhen the spade sinks into gravellyground.Let us roll all our strength, andallOur Sweetness, up into oneball.6. Beginning Rhyme 行首词韵----rhyme that occurs in the first syllable or syllables of successive lines. E.g.Why should I have returned?My knowledge would not fit into theirs.I found untouched the desert of the unknown.7. Interlaced or Crossed Rhyme 交错韵----Words in the middle of each line rhyme. It occurs in long couplets, especially the hexameter. E.g.Laurel is green for aseason, and love is sweet for a day,But love grows bitter withtreason, and laurel outlives not May.8.Perfect or Exact rhyme（全韵）----differing consonant sounds are followed by identical stressed vowel sounds, and the following sounds are identical.E.g.foe, toe; meet, fleet; buffer, rougher; fix, stic;ks9 .Half rhyme or off rhyme, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, slant rhyme) （斜韵）----the feminine rhymes that do not rhyme completely. E.g.frightful, slightly;yellow, pillow；mirth, forth；trolley, bully10.ye rhyme（视觉韵）----formed by words that look alike a rhymed unit but donot have the same sounds. E.gc.ough, bough；home, some; hear, bear11. Approximate rhymesAlliteration 头韵----repetition of initial sounds. E.g. al lthe awful auguries..Bring me my bow of burning gold;more often defined as the repetition of consonants. E.g.af ter life’fsitful fever（二）Rhyme scheme（押韵格式）----the pattern of alternating end rhymes in a stanza or poem. In analysis of a rhyme scheme, each rhyme is represented by a small letter. E.g.Love is a sickness full of woes, (a)All remedies refusing; (b)A plant that with most cutting grows (a)Most barren with best using. (b)Why so? (c)（三）Stanza----a group of lines of verse forming one of the units or divisions of a poem.（It is usually recurrent, characterized by a regular pattern, with respectto or under determination of, the number of lines, and arrangement of meter of rhym）e. Common stanza forms include the couplet, the triplet, and the quatrainCouplet----two successive rhyming lines:For thy sweet love rememb ’red such wealth bringsThat then I scorn to change my state with kings.（The couplet is one of the main verse units in Western literature, and is a formof great antiquit y. Chaucer was one of the first English poets to use it and it ’sgenerally thought that Chaucer developed the form）.Triplet----a stanza of three lines; an individual poem of three lines. E. g.When as in silks my Julia goesThen, then (methinks) how sweetly flowsThat liquefaction of her clothes.Next, when I cast mine eyes and seeThat brave vibration each way free;O how that glittering taketh me!Quatrain ----a stanza or an individual poem of four lines rhymed or unrhymed.It occurs as the commonest of all stanzaic forms in Eastern and Western poetries,and lends itself to wide variation in meter and rhyme. E.g.I envy not in any moodsThe captive void of noble rage,The linnet born within the cageThat never knew the summer woods;I envy not the beast that takesHis license in the field of time,unfettered by the sense of crime,To whom a conscience never wakes.Other Stanzaic forms：Quintain----a stanza or an individual poem of 5 lines.Sexain, or sixain, sextain, hexastich/`he?kstik/ ----a stanza of 6 linesHeptastich/`hept?stik/ ----a stanza or an individual poem of 7 lines.Sonnet----a 14-line poem./（四）Metrical RhythmAccents and pausesIn poetry, the end of a line of verse is itself a mark of punctuation.If the last word of a line is followed by no punctuation and is part of a continuing grammatical unit like a prepositional phrase, we call the linreun-on, or enjambed. （跨行连续）E.g. so much dependsupona red wheelbarrowglazed with rainwaterbeside the whitechickens.(William Carlos Williams)Metrical RhythmMeter ( 韵律，格律)---- derived from the Greek word “metron”meaning “measure”R.efers to the regular pattern of stressed(marked as O or /) and unstressed syllables (marked as o or ~; u; x etc.).E. g.morning O o (or: / ~)verbalize O o o (or: / ~ ~)tomorrow o O o (or: ~ / ~)again o O (or: ~ /)Metrical RhythmNames for Meters:1. Iamb /`ai?mb/(Iambic /ai`?mbik/ adj.): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.抑扬格（英）；短长格（西、拉）o O (~ /) (da-dum) E. g. again o O (or: ~ /)Shall I compare thee to a summer ’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperateo O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summer ’s day?o O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate.2. Trochee /`tr?uki:/(trochaic /tr ?u`keiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable.扬抑格（英）；长短格（西、拉）O o (/ ~ ) (dum-da)E. g. morning O o (or: / ~)Tiger! Tiger! burning brightIn the forests of the night.O o O o O o OTiger! Tiger! burning brightO o O o O o OIn the forests of the night.OR:/ ~ / ~ / ~ /Tiger! Tiger! burning bright/ ~ / ~ / ~ /In the forests of the night.3. Anapest or Anapaest/`?n?pi:st/ (Anapestic or Anapaestic /?n?`pi:stik/ adj.):two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed sylla抑bl抑e扬格（英）；短短长格（西、拉）. o o O (~ ~ /) (da-da-dum)E. g. beneficial⋯the old inn and the lights, and the fireAnd the fiddler ’s old tune and the shuffling of feeto o O o o O o o O⋯the old inn and the lights, and the fireo o O o o O o o O o o OAnd the fiddler ’s old tune and theflisnhguof f feet4. Dactyl /`d?ktil/(Dactylic /d?k`tilik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by twounstressed syllable扬s.抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ ~ ~)E. g. verbalize O o o (/ ~ ~)O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riband to stick in his coa–t5. syllables扬. 抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ ~ ~)E. g. verbalize O o o (/ ~ ~)O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riband to stick in his coa–t6. Spondee /`sp?ndi:/(Spondaic /sp?n`deiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed byanother stressed syllable扬.扬格O O (/ /) most often used as a substitute foran iamb or trocheeE. g.Smart lad, to slip betimes awayO O o O o O o O（五）Foot诗的音步----A unit of poetic meter of stressedand unstressedsyllables is called a foot.Names for feet:Monometer/m?`n?mit ?(r)/ : one foot单音步诗行Dimeter/`dimit ?(r)/ : two feet 二音步诗行；二步格诗行Trimeter/`trimit ?(r)/ : three feet 三音步诗行Tetrameter/te`tr?mit ?(r)/ : four feetPentameter/pen`t?mit?(r)/ : five feetHexameter/hek`s?mit?(r)/ : six feetHeptameter/hep`t?mit?(r)/ : seven feetOctameter/?k`t?mit ?(r)/ : eight feetNonameter/n?`n?mit ?(r) : nine feet( lines containing more than seven feet do not often occur in English verse)Illustrations of metrical rhythms: iambic pentametero O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summer ’s day?o O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate.o O o O o O o O o ORough winds do shake the darling buds of May,o O o O o O o O o O And summe’r s lease hath all too short a date:Two terms marking the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme of a poem:Scansion（音律分析：将诗行分成音步，标出重音位置，算出音节）----tomark the stressed and unstressed syllables and rhyme scheme is to scan.Caesura/si:`zju?r ?/(诗行中根据意思而作的）主要停顿---- a pause in aline of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than by metrics is called caesura, which is often marked with‖”“Illustration of caesurae:Mean while, ‖declining from the noon of dayThe sun obliquely ‖shoots his burning ray;The hungry judges ‖soon the sentence signAnd wretches hang‖that jurymen may dine ⋯Kinds of Poetry1. Ballad2. Lyric3.Narrative Poem4.Epic5.Sonnet6.Ode7.Elegy 8.Pastoral9.Blank Verse 10.Free VerseNarrative Poem （叙事诗）:A. If a poem mainly tells a relatively complete story,it is called a narrative poem. B. widespread in many literatures andcontinue to be written and read.Epic （史诗）:a) one of the ancient types of poetry.b) plays a very important role in early development of literature andcivilizationc) long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about heroes who areusually warriors or even demigodsd) deals with noble characters and heroic deedse) incorporates myth, legend and folk talef)reflects national history, thus more cultural than literarySonnet（十四行诗）:a) one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry inEurope----popular in RenaissanceItaly, and thereafter in Spain, Portugaland other European countries.b) German and English Romantics revived the form, which remains popular.c) a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic /ai` ?mbik/ pentameter /pen't?mit ?/ , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.Sonnet: there are three prominent types of sonnet, all named after their foundersor perfecters1) Shakespearean Sonne莎t 士比亚体十四行诗also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet.structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameterwith the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.2) Petrarchan Sonnet彼特拉克体十四行诗also called Italian sonnet----originated in Italy in the 13th century.consummated by Francesco Petrarch, a crowned laureatecontains an octav/e`?ktiv（/ 意大利十四行诗的前八行）with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet/ses`te（t/ 十四行诗的最后六行）of various rhymepatterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd3) Spenserian Sonne斯t 宾塞体十四行诗is considered by some a variation of Shakespearean sonnet.comprises three quatrains and a coupletin iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee.some poets write sonnets on a single subject or under one controlling ideaand thus create a sonnet sequence or sonnet cycle(六)Elements of Poetry----Tone1) the poise, mood, voice, attitude and outlook of the poet2) the speaker or the poet’asttitude toward his subject, his audience or evenhimself.3) personality reflected4) discussed usually in ordinary vocabulary. i.e. cold, eager, uncertain, boastful,protesting, indifferent, positive, optimisticJudged by synthetic analysis of all the elementsinvolved in the poem(imagery, metaphor, understatement, etc), especially its diction andsentence patternsElements of Poetry----Image1) a word picture to evoke sense impressions in the reader ’s mind2) representation of sense experience through language3) the soul of poetry as language is the body of poetry4) One image is frequently the result of the cooperation of the severalsenses and sometimes can be rather abstract. i.e. freshair----cooperation; death/coffin----abstract5) imagery6) All the images formed into a meaningful whole in a poem Functions of imagery:1. to create the atmosphere2. to provide an internal pattern3. focus the theme of the poemElements of Poetry----Themecontrolling idea or its central insightA novel: thought-provokingA poem: emotion-arousing.Elements of Poetry----Poetic Devices（1）Simile: a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually like, as, thanor a verb such asresembles.Your fingers are like mine.Your fingers are like sausages.e.g.O my Love’s like a red, red rose, That’s newlysprung in JuneO my Love’s like the melodie That’s sweetly playedin tune.（2）Metaphor: a statement that one thing is something else, which, in a literalsense, it is not.Your fingers are sausages.e.g. Oh, my love is a red, red rose.Oh, my love has red petals and sharp thorns.Oh, I placed my love into a long-stem vaseAnd I bandaged my bleeding thumb.（3）Conceit: originally means “concept”or “idea”and later came to mean “a fanciful idea ”.It is a metaphor or simile that is made elaborate(far-fetched), often extravagant.e.g. two lover ’s souls are compared to the legs of the compasses.（4）Personification: a figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or anabstract term (I.e. truth, nature) is made human.e.g. The Wind by James StephensThe wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his hand.And said he ’dll kaind kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.（5）the pun: often subjected to abuse as a “low”form of wit, the pun isessentially a kind of metaphor that can be used lightly and facetiously orfor more serious purposes.e.g. Customer: Do you serve crab here?Waiter: Yes Sir, we serve everyone!（6）apostrophe: a way of addressingsomeoneor something invisible or not ordinarily spoken to. Such as an inanimate object (spade!), some dead orabsent person (Milton!), an abstract thing( Return, delights!) , or a spirit(soul). A poet uses apostrophe to announce a lofty and serious tone, givinglife to the inanimate and giving life to the intangible (a way of speaking to itperson to person).e.g. Death, ain ’t you got no shame?（7）metonymy(换喻，转喻): the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.e.g. the White House decided.（8）synecdoche提( 喻): a kind of metonymy, is the use of a part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa.e.g. the famous port used to be a harbor which was crowded with masts.All the plants in the cold country are turning green in this smiling year.（9）transferred epithet(转喻): another kind of metonymy, a device of emphasisin which the poet attributes some characteristic of a thing to another thingclosely associated with it.e.g. drinking night.（10）oxymoron: a device in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined.e.g. deafening silence.dully brightlove-hate relationshipliving death, creative destruction,tearful joysour-sweet day（11）paradox: occurs in a statement that at first strikes us as self-contradictory but that on reflection makes some sense.e.g. the faster he tried to finish, the longer it seemed to take him.In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorlylargely because they teach grammar so well.（12 ）hyperbole or overstatement: a statement of emphasis containing exaggeratione.g. For she was beautiful----her beauty madeThe bright world dim, and everything besideSeemed like the fleeting image of a shade.（13）understatement: the opposite of overstatement, implying more than is saide.g. she was not without ambition.（14）ambiguity: the state or situation in which more thatn one interpretation is possible.（15）onomatopoeia:the formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.e.g. a donkey heehaws a cat mews bees buzz。
专业的文学导论
专业的文学导论文学作为一门学科，涵盖了广泛的文化和艺术领域。
它从不同角度探讨人类的情感、思想和价值观，是对人类经验的高度抽象和表达。
本文将深入探讨文学导论的主要内容和意义。
一、文学的定义及起源文学是一种通过语言和形象来表达思想和感情的艺术形式。
它可以包括诗歌、小说、戏剧、散文和更多形式的文本，这些作品聚焦于人性、社会和自然等主题。
文学最早起源于人类口头传统，随着文字的进步而转化为书面形式。
二、文学的分类及特点文学可以根据不同的风格、题材和表现手法进行分类。
比如诗歌可以分为抒情诗、叙事诗和讽刺诗等。
每种文学形式都有其独特的特点，例如诗歌强调韵律和节奏，小说注重情节和人物塑造。
文学作品通常具有以下共同特点，即表达作者的情感、借助形象和符号来传递意义、以叙述、抒情和论述等手法展现。
三、文学的研究方法文学导论作为一门学科，探究文学的研究方法至关重要。
常见的研究方法包括文本分析、历史研究、比较研究和批评性分析等。
文本分析是研究作品内部结构和语言运用的重要方法。
通过分析文学作品的情节、人物和语言表达，揭示其深层含义和艺术手法。
历史研究关注作品与历史背景之间的关系。
通过研究作品时代的政治、社会和文化背景，可以更好地理解作品的意义和作者的意图。
比较研究涉及将不同时期、不同地域的文学作品进行对比分析。
通过比较不同文学传统和文化之间的共通之处和差异，可以揭示出文学对于各种人类经验的普遍性和特殊性。
批评性分析则是评价文学作品的价值和质量。
通过运用不同的批评方法，如形式主义、结构主义和后现代主义等，对作品进行评判和解读。
四、文学导论的意义文学导论为学生提供了全面认识文学的机会，有助于培养批判性思维、文学鉴赏能力和创造力。
通过学习文学导论，学生可以理解文学作品的内涵和外延，深入探究作品与时代、文化和社会之间的关系。
此外，文学导论也有助于拓宽学生的视野，提升他们对自身和世界的认知。
通过接触不同国家和地区的文学作品，学生可以更好地理解多元文化和全球化的现象。
文学导论 知识点总结
文学导论知识点总结一、文学的定义和特点1. 文学定义：文学是以语言文字为工具，通过描述、描绘、揣摩和表达人类生活和情感的一种艺术形式，是人类精神生活的重要组成部分。
文学的定义有广义和狭义之分，广义的文学包括文学艺术、文学作品和文学现象；狭义的文学指人们用语言文字创造的艺术性作品。
2. 文学的特点：文学具有语言艺术性、情感表现性、历史性和社会性等特点。
其中最重要的特点是语言艺术性，即文学作品是通过语言的艺术表现来进行情感和思想的传达。
二、文学的分类1. 文学作品的分类：文学作品包括小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧等多种形式。
2. 文学类型的分类：根据作品内容和表现形式的差异，文学可以分为现代文学、古典文学、民间文学、宗教文学、儿童文学等多种类型。
三、文学的发展历程1. 古代文学：古代文学从口头文学向书面文学的过渡，见证了人类语言和文字的发展过程，内容以神话、史诗、传奇等为主。
2. 中世纪文学：中世纪文学主要体现在宗教文学和骑士文学上，作品大多以宗教信仰和骑士精神为主题。
3. 文艺复兴和近代文学：文艺复兴时期的文学作品主要体现了人文主义思想和艺术追求，近代文学则在政治、思想和文学风格上有了很大的变化和发展。
4. 现代文学：20世纪以来，随着社会的变革和思想的解放，现代文学作品更加关注个人情感、社会现实和文学语言的创新，呈现出多种不同的文学风格和表现形式。
四、文学批评理论1. 古代文学批评：古代文学批评理论主要见于希腊罗马时期，如亚里士多德的诗学等。
2. 文艺复兴文学批评：文艺复兴时期的文学批评理论主要关注作品创作技法、意义和主题等问题，代表有达·芬奇、莎士比亚等人。
3. 近代文学批评：近代文学批评主要集中在形式主义批评、马克思主义批评和结构主义批评等理论上，分别强调文学作品的言语形式、社会现实和文本结构。
五、文学与社会1. 文学写作与社会现实：文学作家在创作作品时往往会受到社会现实的影响，而作品也反映了社会现实的某些方面。
部编版七年级下册文学导论
部编版七年级下册文学导论1. 文学的定义和特点文学是一种创作性的艺术形式，它以语言为媒介，通过文字的表达来创造虚构的世界和塑造人物形象。
文学作品可以是小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等多种形式，它们常常反映着作家对现实生活的观察、思考和想象。
文学作品具有以下几个特点：- 艺术性：文学作品注重艺术表达，通过鲜明的形象描写、生动的语言和独特的结构安排来吸引读者。
- 主观性：文学作品是作家主观思想和情感的表达，呈现了独特的个人视角和价值观。
- 可感性：文学作品通过情节、人物和语言的组织，引起读者的感情共鸣和思考。
2. 部编版七年级下册文学导论内容概述部编版七年级下册文学导论主要介绍了中国古代文学和现代文学的发展历程以及代表作品。
通过对这些作品的研究，学生们可以更好地理解和欣赏中国文学的魅力，并提升自己的语言表达和文学素养。
具体内容包括：- 古代文学：介绍了古代文学的起源、发展和特点，阐述了古代文学作品的艺术魅力和文化价值。
- 诗歌：重点介绍了唐诗和宋词等中国传统诗歌的特点和代表作品，使学生们对古代诗歌有更深入的理解和欣赏。
- 小说：介绍了中国四大名著和其他古代小说作品的故事情节和主要人物形象，激发学生们对古代小说的兴趣。
- 现代文学：介绍了中国现代文学的兴起和发展，涵盖了现代散文、小说、诗歌和戏剧等领域的代表作品。
3. 研究文学的意义和价值研究文学对学生有着重要的意义和价值：- 增长见识：通过研究文学作品，学生可以了解不同的文化背景和思想观念，拓宽自己的眼界。
- 培养情感：文学作品能够激发学生的情感共鸣和共情能力，培养他们的情感表达和情感理解能力。
- 提升语言表达能力：通过欣赏和分析文学作品，学生可以研究到丰富的词汇和表达方式，提升自己的语言表达能力。
- 培养审美能力：研究文学可以培养学生的审美能力，提高他们对艺术作品的欣赏水平。
研究文学不仅在学生的语文课程中具有重要地位，也是培养学生综合素质的重要途径之一。
在部编版七年级下册文学导论的研究中，学生们将不断提升自己的阅读理解能力和文学素养，享受文学带来的美的享受。
文学概论必考知识点总结
文学概论必考知识点总结一、文学的定义与特点1. 文学的定义：文学是指人们通过语言文字来表达思想、情感和审美情趣的艺术形式。
2. 文学的特点：言语性、创造性、审美性、社会性、情感性、历史性、综合性等。
二、文学的分类1. 根据形式分类：散文、诗歌、戏剧等。
2. 根据内容分类：文学作品可以分为现实主义文学、浪漫主义文学、象征主义文学、现代主义文学等。
三、文学的发展阶段1. 原始文学：口头文学、神话、传说等。
2. 古代文学：中国古代文学、希腊罗马古典文学等。
3. 中世纪文学：骑士文学、宗教文学等。
4. 文艺复兴文学：人文主义、启蒙思想等。
5. 近代文学：现代主义文学、后现代主义文学等。
四、文学流派1. 古典主义：古希腊罗马的古典精神、规范和形式为准则。
2. 浪漫主义：强调个性、感情、想象和自然。
3. 现实主义：注重描写日常生活和社会现实。
4. 自然主义：研究人的本性、环境对人的影响。
5. 象征主义：强调象征和寓意。
6. 现代主义：对传统文学形式和主题进行颠覆和创新。
7. 后现代主义：批判现代社会、文学和文化的种种问题。
五、文学理论1. 结构主义：强调文学作品的结构和符号的意义。
2. 形式主义：注重文学作品的形式美和意义构成。
3. 修辞学：研究文学语言的修辞特征和修辞手法。
4. 印度诗学：又称考试齐拉善论，强调文学作品的修饰和词藻。
5. 文学批评：根据文学作品的要素和价值进行评判。
6. 话语分析：研究文学文本的语言和符号的构成和意义。
六、文学批评方法1. 形式主义批评：注重文学作品的形式美和意义构成。
2. 结构主义批评：强调文学作品的结构和符号的意义。
3. 修辞学批评：研究文学语言的修辞特征和修辞手法。
4. 印度诗学批评：又称考试齐拉善论，强调文学作品的修饰和词藻。
5. 文化批评：从文化视角分析文学作品的意义和作用。
6. 心理批评：研究文学作品中人物的心理特征和行为动机。
七、文学作品分析1. 作品内容：主题、情节、人物、环境和情感等。
文学导论戴炜栋教材课后答案
文学导论戴炜栋教材课后答案
一、基本概念
1、文艺学：研究文学及其规律的学科。
2、文学活动：把文学理解为一种活动，由作品、作家、世界、读者等要素组成，就是人类的一种高级的特殊的精神活动。
3、文学理论：对文学的原理、文学的范畴与判断标准等问题的研究。
4、文学批评：以文学理论所阐明的基本原理概念、范畴与方法为指导，专门地去具体分析与评论一个个作家、作品。
5、文学史：就是一门以研究主流文学为对象的，清理并描述文学演变过程，探讨其规律的一门学科。
二、思考问题
1、试从学科归属、对象任务与学科品格三个角度，说明文学理论的性质。
答：文学理论的学科归属。
文学理论就是文艺学中的三个分支之一，与其她分支有密切的联系，它通过对文学问题的审视，侧重于研究文学中带有一般性普遍规律，它力图指导、制约其她分支的研究。
从对象任务上瞧，文学活动作为人类的一种精神活动，它有一个历史发展过程，它就是随着时代的发展而发展的，显示出不同历史阶段的特征。
它作为人类的一种特殊的精神活动，从总体上来研究文学活动区别于其她活动的特殊性质。
社会生活就是一切种类的文学艺术的源
泉。
经过作家的艺术创造，成为文学文本。
研究作品的构成因素与相互关系，文本一定要经过阅读、鉴赏、批评。
从学科品格上瞧，具有实践性与自身独特的价值取向。
2、文学理论的几种基本形态及划分依据。
答：基本形态有，文学哲学，文学社会学，文学心理学，文学符号学，文学价值学，文学信息学，文学文化学。
划分依据就是：文学创作--文学作品--文学接受与文学创造--艺术价值--文学消费。
文学理论学习重点(整理)
第一篇导论第一章文学理论的性质和形态文学理论的学科归属我们对文学理论的学科归属有了一个总的概念：文学理论是文艺学中三个分支之一，它与其他分支有极其密切的联系，它通过对文学问题的审视，侧重于研究文学中带一般性的普遍的规律，它力图指导、制约着其他分支的研究，但它本身又必须建立在对特殊的具体的作品、作家和文学现象的研究基础上。
文学理论的任务第一，文学活动作为人类的一种精神活动，它有一个历史的发展过程，它是随着时代的发展而发的，从而显示出不同历史阶段的不同的特征，那么文学发展的根由是什么呢？我们今天处于社会主义初级阶段，那么社会主义初级阶段的文学发展又有何规律呢？这就构成了“文学活动发展论”。
第二，文学作为人类的一种特殊的精神活动，必然与人类的其他活动不同，在性质上必然有其独特之处，而从总体上来研究文学活动区别于其他活动的特殊性质，这就形成了文学活动本质论。
第三，“世界”就是我们所指的社会生活，社会生活是一切种类的文学艺术的源泉，但社会生活本身还不是文学，社会生活的原料必须经过作家的艺术创造，才能变成文学文本，而研究作家如何根据生活进行艺术创造的过程和规律，就形成了文学创作论。
第四，作家创作出来的文学文本在阅读、研究和批评中变成了作品，文学作品是一个复杂的结构，其中像题材、形象、语言、结构、类型、风格等都是作品构成中的重要问题，而研究作品的构成因素及其相互关系，这就形成了作品构成论。
第五，作家笔下的文字作为文本如果被束之高阁，不与读者见面，那还是死的东西，还不是活的审美对象，文本一定要经过读者的阅读、鉴赏、批评，才能变成有血有肉的活的生命体。
文学理论体系中的活动论、本质论、创作论、作品论、接受论恰好是与文学四要素构成的文学活动的结构和发展关系相对应的。
文学活动的结构和发展关系规定了文学理论的任务。
文学理论应有的品格（一）文学理论的实践性文学理论是对古今中外一切文学活动实践的总结，它的出发点和基础只能是文学活动的实践。
文学导论部分复习资料整理
文学导论部分复习资料整理来源：陈渭的日志文学导论作家与作品——小说部分1.The Story of an Hour——Kate Chopin2.The Astronomer’s Wife——Kay Boyle3.Everyday Use——Alice Walker4.A Rose For Emily——William Faulkner5.Haircut——Ring Lardner (1885-19336.A Clean Well-lighted Place——Ernest Hemingway7.The Tell-Tale Heart——Edgar Allen Poe8. The Fly——Katherine Mansfield.9. The Lottery ——Shirley Jackson诗歌部分1. The Loveliest of Trees-A.e.Housman2. My Papa’s Waltz-Theodore Roethke3. The Chimney Sweeper-William Blake4. On Stella’s Birthday-Jonathan Swift5. My Last Duchess-Robert Browning6. The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock7. This is Just to Say-William Carlos Williams8. The Red Wheel Barrow-William Carlos Williams9. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud-Willliam Wordsworth10.It Is a Beauteous Evening-William Wordsworth11.A Little Learning Is a Dangerous Thing-Alexander Pope12.Ah,Are You Digging on My Grave?-Thomas Hardy13.London-William Blake14.Disillusionment-Wallace Stevens15.Fire and Ice-Robert Frost16.Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?-William Shakespeare17.Oh,My Love Is Like a Red,Red Rose-Robert Burns[未完待续｝文学导论复习资料一，课文理解——Stories• The Story of an Hou_rKate Chopin• Analysis of the StoryQuestion 1:“When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease –of joy that kill s.”What do you think of the doctor’s diagnosis?• Analysis of the StoryMrs. Mallard, the young “repressed” woman who began to look at her widowhood a s a rebirth, similar to the “new spring” outside her window, did not die from the e xcitement of seeing her husband alive. She expired (died) from “a heart problem”—an instantaneous knowledge that her momentary glimpse into a “life she would li ve for herself,” a “life that might be long,” was not to be.• Analysis of the storyCritics say that the strength of Kate Chopin’s work comes from “what may be descr ibed as a native(天生的) aptitude（才能，资质，天资）for narration amounting almo st to genius.”• Analysis of the StoryQuestion 2:What’s the difference between heart trouble and heart disease?It refers to the spiritual condition, but not the medical condition.• Analysis of the StoryQuestion 3:How do we account for her reaction to the news of her husband’s death?“She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyze d inability to accept its significance.”• Analysis of the StoryShe wept at once, but she was not paralyzed at the idea of living alone for the res t of her life.“She was young, with a fair face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certai n strength.”Other examples from the text?• Analysis of the StoryQuestion 4: What is the conflict that causes the story to happen?Conflict between husband and wife? Or conflict between women and the institution of marriage?• Analysis of the character Mrs. MallardMrs Mallad is a typical woman in Kate Chopin’s style.She lives a dual life.• The Astronomer’s Wife_Kay Boyle• The Conclusion• The subject of “Astronomer’s Wife” is a feminist(女权主义的) one: as descr ibed by critics, it “deals with the loss and recovery of a woman’s sense of self in a n oppressive marriage, a subject that at the time, was a dilemma widely experience d by women but not widely discussed.• EpiphanyThe protagonist is transformed in a small but profound way by her encounter with the plumber who comes to fix her house’s clogged drain. The ordinariness and unre markable nature of the transf ormation bears much similarity with the “epiphany” (顿悟)theory of James Joyce.James Joyce’s epiphany signifies a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Stephen Dedalus• Narrative technique of the story:Begins in the middle of things (medias res), with no exposition to introduce the reader to the characters, no explanation of their situation.The narration of this story is in the third-person limited. The narrator is someone o utside the scene, not a part icipant. Through the narrator’s description, we see into t he mind of Mrs. Ames, but only hers.Sometimes, the voice of the narrator merges with the voice of Mrs. Ames’ thoughts. At times like this, Boyle uses stream-of-consciousness narrative technique to record the exact thoughts of her character.Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, William FaulknerEveryday Use• ConclusionThe story can be read, in fact, as a cautionary(告诫的，警告的) tale the author tells herself, a parable, so to speak, about the perils （dangers）of writing one's impove rished （very poor）past from the vantage(有利形势) of one's privileged present. The deracination of Wangero, that is, can represent the fate of anyone who, like th e author, goes from sharecropper's daughter to literary sophisticate.That Walker also represents herself in the backward, disfigured (毁容的) Maggie if o ne remembers that the author was herself a disfigured child, an eye having been s hot out with a BB gun.But how many of Walker's post-Color Purple readers recognize its gifted author in t he Maggie of the earlier story? Indeed, as Walker's literary reputation grows, her re aders may with increasing frequency identify the apparently successful and prospero us sister of "Everyday Use" as some kind of distorted reflection of the author.A rose for Emilyß Themes of the Storyß Among other themes, it emphasizes the differences between the past, with it s aristocracy （贵族）–Colonel Sartoris’ gallantry (polite unselfish attention paid by a man to a woman), the Griersons’ aloofness and pride, and the board of old alder men’s (地方官员)respect for Miss Emily –and the modern generation’s business-like mentality （心态）, embodied in the board of new aldermen and the many modern conveniences we hear about.As Frank A. Littler writes in Notes on Mississippi Writers, “A Rose for Emily” has be en “… read variously as a Gothic horror tale, a study in abormal asychology, an all egory (寓言) of the relations between North and South, a meditation on the nature of time, and a tragedy with Emily as a sort of tragic heroine.”Why such a title for the story?When asked at a seminar （讨论课，研讨会）at the University of Virginia about the meaning of the t itle “A Rose for Emily,” Faulkner replied, “Oh, it’s simply the poor woman had no life at all. Her father had kept her more or less locked up and the n she had a lover who was about to quit her, she had to murder him.It was just ‘A Rose for Emily’ –that’s all.” In another interview, asked the same qu estion, he replied, “I pitied her and this was a salute(致意), just as if you were to make a gesture, a salute, to anyone; to a woman you would hand a rose, as you would lift a cup of sake to a man.”ß Plot of the StoryOne way of explaining the excellence of “A Rose for Emily” is by considering its lac k of chronological order. Such a dissection (分解)of the short story initially （一开始）might appear to weaken it, but this approach allows us to see Faulkner’s genius at work –particularly his own unique way of telling a story.In the manner that Faulkner tells it, he leaves us horrified as we discover, bit by bi t, why this so-called noble woman is now a “fallen monument.”ß Point of View of the Story“A Rose for Emily” is a successful story not only because of its intricately （错综复杂地）complex chronology （时间顺序）, but also because of its unique narrative poi nt of view. The story is told by an unnamed narrator in the first person collective. By using the “we” narrator, Faulkner creates a sense of closeness between readers and his story.The narrator-as-the-town judges Miss Emily as a fallen monument, but simultaneousl y as a lady who is above reproach, who is too good for the common townspeople, and who holds herself aloof.While the narrator obviously admires her tremendously –the use of the word “Grier son” evok es a certain type of aristocratic behavior –the townspeople resent her arr ogance an her superiority; longing to place her on a pedestal (当成十全十美的人) a bove everyone else, at the same time they wish to see her dragged down in disgra ce.Nevertheless, the town, including the new council members, shows complete defere nce （顺从）and subservience （卑躬屈膝）toward her. She belongs to the Old So uth aristocracy, and, consequently, she has special privileges.• Haircut• “Haircut” is one of Lardner's darkest satires. Told by the town barber, wh o insists to the end that Jim Kendall was basically a good man who was just a littl e wild, it is a story about moral blindness.The reader listens to the barber as he describes Jim‘s pranks （恶作剧）, all of whi ch are distasteful （令人倒胃口的，令人生厌的）jokes meant to make Jim feel powe rful at the expense of others.“Haircut,” published in 1925, is written as a rambling (漫无边际的) monologue (唱片独白)) by Whitey, the town barber. It’s a classic small town story where friends wh o grew up together become blind to each other’s flaws –and in the case of Jim K endall the flaws are enormous.In fact, Kendall is a deeply disturbed （心里不正常的）man: angry, vindictive (怀恨的,报复的) self-centered （自私的）, and prone (有…倾向的) to cruelty..The beauty of “Haircut” is that the reader starts out on the side of Whitey and sett les in to listen to a story about a poor man and his death. We believe Whitey whe n he tells us that Kendall’s death has been a blow to the small town.But as Whitey continues with his story, the character of Kendall unravels (make cle ar) and it begins to dawn on the reader that Kendall is anything but a nice man. I n fact, he’s quite the opposite.Whitey remains clueless that Kendall was murdered and not killed by accident. But t he reader is blissfully aware.• A Clean Well-lighted Place——Ernest Hemingway(1898-1961)• ConclusionHemingway's theme in A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is a theme that runs through all of his literature: there is no God, no meaning to this world, and man must conseq uently find something to distract himself from his horrible truth. For the older waite r, a clean, well-lighted café is such an escape. This is an artificial light, made by m an for man, yet it is the only way to step out of the darkness of reality: that life i s filled with nothing meaningful.This completely nihilistic worldview glorifies individuals, like the veteran waiter and t he elderly drinker, who find a method of coping with life's hardships in a graceful, dignified manner. Though the old man is drunk, he isn't rude or unruly, but polite and well behaved. Despite the obvious hardships in his life (since he attempts suici de), he doesn't lose his cool, but stays in control of himself, exhibiting grace under pressure. Such grace, Hemingway asserts, should be the goal of every individual. • Topics for Discussion:The Telll_Tale HeartFrom what point of view is Poe’s story told? Why is this point of view particularly e ffective for “The Tell-Tale Heart”?Point to details in the story that identify its speaker as an unreliable narrator. What do we know about the old man in the story? What motivates the narrator to kill him?What type of irony is used in the story? What is the tone of the story?How do you account for the police officers’ chatting calmly with the murderer instea d of reacting to the sound that stirs the murderer into a frenzy(发狂，狂乱）?The Tly• “The Fly,” by Katherine Mansfield, is a short story which can be understoo d best as social criticism. It has long been an example of literature for authors to v eil social criticism with allegory and symbolism in subtle ways, thus forcing the read er to determine for himself what a story may actually mean.• Interpretation of the story:I. The story makes little sense if taken at face value, but the scene begins to mak e sense once it is acknowledged that the boss and the fly, as well as the situation itself, are symbols best understood in the context of World War One.The boss: leader of the company.His son: soldier killed in WWI.The boss’s attitude towards the fly; the boy’s photograph; his imagination the boy unblemished by war.II. Autobiographical statement:TuberculosisThe work is often interpreted as the author's autobiographical statement in her final months of life and how she viewed herself as a helpless victim of dark and unkno wn forces.III. Fate of human beingsThe boss is symbol of malignant forces that are base and motiveless, a god-like fig ure who, in the words of King Lear, toys with the lives of human beings for sport（joking fun).• The Lottery (1948)“The Lottery” is considered one of the most haunting and shocking short stories of modern American fiction and is one of the most frequently anthologized. Jackson he rself received lett ers concerning “The Lottery” until the time of her death.Some critics criticized the flatly drawn characters (不栩栩如生的), unrevealing dialogu e, and detached narrative style. They contended that because Jackson did not provi de many details about the villagers, readers are unable to identify with or feel emo tionally attached to the characters.Others, however, argued that’ “The Lottery” is a modern-day parable （寓言）, a st ory intended to teach a lesson, and that the qualities disparaged (贬低）by some cri tics are consistent with that type of literature.“The Lottery” has also been read as a psychological horror story because of its focu s on the willingness of people to engage collectively in abhorrent （令人憎恨的）be havior.“The Lottery” was published in 1948, shortly after the end of World War II, but Jac kson set the story in an indeterminate （不固定的）time and place. Many critics, h owever, have maintained that Jackson modeled the village after North Bennington, Vermont, where she and her husband lived after their marriage in 1940.After the story was published, some of Jackson’s friends and acquaintances also sug gested that many of its characters were modeled after people who lived in North B ennington.Jackson herself, who throughout her life said little about the meaning behind or the circumstances surrounding the story, noted: “I hoped by setting a particularly bruta l ancient rite （仪式）in the present and in my own village, to shock the story’s rea ders with a graphic （生动的）dramatization of the pointless （无意义的，不值得做的）viol ence and general humanity in their own lives.”。
文学理论导论
枕而泣矣。似此步步写来，故疑而信， 由浅入深，何等层次，几多细腻：不然， 将求叠字之巧，必贻堆砌之讥，一涉堆 砌，则叠字不足云巧矣。故觅觅不可改 在寻寻之上，冷冷不可移植清清之下， 而戚戚又必居最末也。
且也，此等心情．惟女儿能有之，此等笔墨，
惟女儿能出之。设使其征人为女，居者为男， 吾知其破题儿便已确信伊人之不在迩也，当 无寻寻觅觅之事，男儿之心粗故也。能词之 士，多昂藏丈夫勉学莺莺燕燕者，故不能下 如此之十四叠字耳。---傅庚生《中国文学欣 赏举隅》
共鸣
《牡丹亭》中的戏文使黛玉 心痛神痴，潸然泪下。
歌德的《少年维特之烦恼》 问世之后，许多青年读者如痴 如狂。
闻一多《宫体诗的自赎》云：“如果刘希夷是卢、骆的狂风 暴雨后宁静爽朗的黄昏，张若虚便是风雨后更宁静更爽朗的 月夜。”“在这种诗面前，一切的赞叹是饶舌，几乎是渎 亵。”……一个更深沉、更寥廓，更宁静的境界！在神奇的 永恒面前，作者只有错愕，没有恐惧，只有憧憬，没有悲 伤。”“有限与无限，有情与无情──诗人与“永恒”猝然相 遇，一见如故，……对每一个问题，他得到的仿佛是一个更 神秘的更渊默的微笑，他更迷惘了，然而也满足了。于是他 又把自己的秘密倾吐给那缄默的对方……这里一番神秘而又 亲切的、如梦境的晤谈，有的是强烈的宇宙意识，被宇宙意 识升华过的爱情，又由爱情辐射出来的同情心。这是诗中的 诗，顶峰上的顶峰。”
红楼世界
历史的意蕴
陈忠实
史诗般的《白鹿原》
哲学的意蕴
饮 酒
陶渊明 结庐在人境，而无车马喧。 问君何能尔？心远地自偏。 采菊东篱下，悠然见南山， 山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。 此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。
审美意蕴
海 棠
苏 轼
东风袅袅泛崇光，
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poetry（一）Elements of PoetryRhyme (Rime)Rhyme is the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds 1. Single or Masculine rhyme单（阳）韵----rhyming sounds involve only one syllable.E.g.cold, bold;thing, king;day, way1.Double or Feminine rhyme双叠（阴）韵----rhyming sounds involve two or more syllables.E.g.begin, again；flatter, matter;3. Triple rhyme三叠韵----a kind of feminine rhyme in which identical stressed vowel sounds are followed by two identical unstressed syllables.E.g. machinery, scenery;tenderly, slenderly;spitefully, delightfully;remember, September4. Internal rhyme（行内韵）----at least one of the rhyming words are within the line. E.g. “Each narrow cell in which we dwell”; “the grains beyond age, the dark veins of her mother”5. End rhyme(or Terminal rhyme)（行尾韵）----the both rhyming words occur at the ends of lines. (The commonest and most consciously sought-after sound repetition in English poetry.) E.g.Under my window, a clean rasping soundWhen the spade sinks into gravelly ground.Let us roll all our strength, and allOur Sweetness, up into one ball.6. Beginning Rhyme行首词韵----rhyme that occurs in the first syllable or syllables of successive lines. E.g.Why should I have returned?My knowledge would not fit into theirs.I found untouched the desert of the unknown.7. Interlaced or Crossed Rhyme交错韵----Words in the middle of each line rhyme. It occurs in long couplets, especially the hexameter. E.g.Laurel is green for a season, and love is sweet for a day,But love grows bitter with treason, and laurel outlives not May.8.Perfect or Exact rhyme（全韵）----differing consonant sounds are followed by identical stressed vowel sounds, and the following sounds are identical.E.g.foe, toe; meet, fleet; buffer, rougher; fix, sticks;9 .Half rhyme or off rhyme, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, slant rhyme)（斜韵）----the feminine rhymes that do not rhyme completely. E.g.frightful, slightly;yellow, pillow；mirth, forth；trolley, bully10.ye rhyme（视觉韵）----formed by words that look alike a rhymed unit but donot have the same sounds. E.g. cough, bough；home, some; hear, bear11. Approximate rhymesAlliteration头韵----repetition of initial sounds. E.g.a ll the a wful a uguries..B ring me my b ow of b urning gold;more often defined as the repetition of consonants. E.g.a f ter li f e’s f it f ul f ever（二）Rhyme scheme（押韵格式）----the pattern of alternating end rhymes in a stanza or poem. In analysis of a rhyme scheme, each rhyme is represented by a small letter. E.g.Love is a sickness full of woes, (a)All remedies refusing; (b)A plant that with most cutting grows (a)Most barren with best using. (b)Why so? (c)（三）Stanza----a group of lines of verse forming one of the units or divisions of a poem. （It is usually recurrent, characterized by a regular pattern, with respect to or under determination of, the number of lines, and arrangement of meter of rhyme.）Common stanza forms include the couplet, the triplet, and the quatrainCouplet----two successive rhyming lines:For thy sweet love rememb’red such wealth bringsThat then I scorn to change my state with kings.（The couplet is one of the main verse units in Western literature, and is a form of great antiquit y. Chaucer was one of the first English poets to use it and it’s generally thought that Chaucer developed the form.）Triplet----a stanza of three lines; an individual poem of three lines. E. g.When as in silks my Julia goesThen, then (methinks) how sweetly flowsThat liquefaction of her clothes.Next, when I cast mine eyes and seeThat brave vibration each way free;O how that glittering taketh me!Quatrain ----a stanza or an individual poem of four lines rhymed or unrhymed. It occurs as the commonest of all stanzaic forms in Eastern and Western poetries, and lends itself to wide variation in meter and rhyme. E.g.I envy not in any moodsThe captive void of noble rage,The linnet born within the cageThat never knew the summer woods;I envy not the beast that takesHis license in the field of time,unfettered by the sense of crime,To whom a conscience never wakes.Other Stanzaic forms：Quintain----a stanza or an individual poem of 5 lines.Sexain, or sixain, sextain, hexastich/`heksəstik/ ----a stanza of 6 linesHeptastich/`heptəstik/ ----a stanza or an individual poem of 7 lines.Sonnet----a 14-line poem./（四）Metrical RhythmAccents and pausesIn poetry, the end of a line of verse is itself a mark of punctuation.If the last word of a line is followed by no punctuation and is part of a continuing grammatical unit like a prepositional phrase, we call the line run-on, or enjambed. （跨行连续）E.g. so much dependsupona red wheelbarrowglazed with rainwaterbeside the whitechickens.(William Carlos Williams)Metrical RhythmMeter (韵律，格律)----derived from the Greek word “metron” meaning “measure”. Refers to the regular pa ttern of stressed (marked as O or /) and unstressed syllables (marked as o or ~; u; x etc.). E. g.morning O o (or: / ~)verbalize O o o (or: / ~ ~)tomorrow o O o (or: ~ / ~)again o O (or: ~ /)Metrical RhythmNames for Meters:1. Iamb /`aiæmb/(Iambic /ai`æmbik/ adj.): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. 抑扬格（英）；短长格（西、拉）o O (~ /) (da-dum)E. g. again o O (or: ~ /)Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperateo O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summer’s day?o O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate.2. Trochee /`trəuki:/(trochaic /trəu`keiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable. 扬抑格（英）；长短格（西、拉）O o (/ ~ )(dum-da)E. g. morning O o (or: / ~)Tiger! Tiger! burning brightIn the forests of the night.O o O o O o OTiger! Tiger! burning brightO o O o O o OIn the forests of the night.OR:/ ~ / ~ / ~ /Tiger! Tiger! burning bright/ ~ / ~ / ~ /In the forests of the night.3. Anapest or Anapaest/`ænəpi:st/ (Anapestic or Anapaestic /ænə`pi:stik/ adj.): two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable抑抑扬格（英）；短短长格（西、拉）. o o O (~ ~ /) (da-da-dum)E. g. beneficial… the old inn and the lights, and the fireAnd the fiddler’s old tune and the shuffling of feeto o O o o O o o O… the old inn and the lights, and the fireo o O o o O o o O o o O And the fiddler’s old tune and the shuf fling of feet4. Dactyl /`dæktil/(Dactylic /dæk`tilik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ ~ ~)E. g. verbalize O o o (/ ~ ~)O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riband to stick in his coat –5. syllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ ~ ~)E. g. verbalize O o o (/ ~ ~)O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riband to stick in his coat –6. Spondee /`spɔndi:/(Spondaic /spɔn`deiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by another stressed syllable. 扬扬格O O (/ /) most often used as a substitute for an iamb or trocheeE. g.Smart lad, to slip betimes awayO O o O o O o O（五）Foot诗的音步----A unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllables is called a foot. Names for feet:♦Monometer/mɔ`nɔmitə(r)/ : one foot 单音步诗行♦Dimeter/`dimitə(r)/ : two feet 二音步诗行；二步格诗行♦Trimeter/`trimitə(r)/ : three feet 三音步诗行♦Tetrameter/te`træmitə(r)/ : four feetPentameter/pen`tæmitə(r)/ : five feet♦Hexameter/hek`sæmitə(r)/ : six feet♦Heptameter/hep`tæmitə(r)/ : seven feet♦Octameter/ɔk`tæmitə(r)/ : eight feet♦Nonameter/nɔ`næmitə(r) : nine feet( lines containing more than seven feet do not often occur in English verse) Illustrations of metrical rhythms: iambic pentametero O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summer’s day?o O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate.o O o O o O o O o O Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,o O o O o O o O o OAnd summer’s lease hath all too short a date:Two terms marking the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme of a poem: ♦Scansion（音律分析：将诗行分成音步，标出重音位置，算出音节）----to mark the stressed and unstressed syllables and rhyme scheme is to scan.♦Caesura/si:`zjuərə/(诗行中根据意思而作的）主要停顿---- a pause in a line of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than by metrics is called caesura, which is often marked with “‖”Illustration of caesurae:Mean while, ‖declining from the noon of dayThe sun obliquely ‖shoots his burning ray;The hungry judges ‖soon the sentence signAnd wretches hang ‖that jurymen may dine …Kinds of Poetry1. Ballad2. Lyric3.Narrative Poem4.Epic5.Sonnet6.Ode7.Elegy 8.Pastoral9.Blank Verse 10.Free VerseNarrative Poem （叙事诗）:A. If a poem mainly tells a relatively complete story, it is called a narrative poem. B. widespread in many literatures and continue to be written and read.Epic （史诗）:a)one of the ancient types of poetry.b)plays a very important role in early development of literature andcivilizationc)long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about heroes who areusually warriors or even demigodsd)deals with noble characters and heroic deedse)incorporates myth, legend and folk talef)reflects national history, thus more cultural than literarySonnet（十四行诗）:a)one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry inEurope----popular in Renaissance Italy, and thereafter in Spain, Portugal and other European countries.b)German and English Romantics revived the form, which remains popular.c) a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic /ai` æmbik/ pentameter /pen'tæmitə/ , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.Sonnet: there are three prominent types of sonnet, all named after their founders or perfecters1)Shakespearean Sonnet莎士比亚体十四行诗♦ also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet.♦ structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet♦ in iambic pentameter♦ with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.2) Petrarchan Sonnet彼特拉克体十四行诗♦ also called Italian sonnet----originated in Italy in the 13th century.♦ consummated by Francesco Petrarch, a crowned laureate♦ contains an octave/`ɔktiv/（意大利十四行诗的前八行）with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet/ses`tet/（十四行诗的最后六行）of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd3) Spenserian Sonnet斯宾塞体十四行诗♦ is considered by some a variation of Shakespearean sonnet.♦ comprises three quatrains and a couplet♦ in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee.♦ some poets write sonnets on a single subject or under one controlling ideaand thus create a sonnet sequence or sonnet cycle(六)Elements of Poetry----Tone1)the poise, mood, voice, attitude and outlook of the poet2)the speaker or the poet’s attitude toward his subject, his audience or evenhimself.3)personality reflected4)discussed usually in ordinary vocabulary. i.e. cold, eager, uncertain, boastful,protesting, indifferent, positive, optimisticJudged by synthetic analysis of all the elements involved in the poem (imagery, metaphor, understatement, etc), especially its diction and sentence patternsElements of Poetry----Image1) a word picture to evoke sense impressions in the reader’s mind2)representation of sense experience through language3)the soul of poetry as language is the body of poetry4)One image is frequently the result of the cooperation of the severalsenses and sometimes can be rather abstract. i.e. freshair----cooperation; death/coffin----abstract5)imagery6)All the images formed into a meaningful whole in a poem Functions of imagery:1.to create the atmosphere2.to provide an internal pattern3.focus the theme of the poemElements of Poetry----Themecontrolling idea or its central insightA novel: thought-provokingA poem: emotion-arousing.Elements of Poetry----Poetic Devices（1）Simile: a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually like, as, than or a verb such as resembles.Your fingers are like mine.Your fingers are like sausages.e.g.O my Love’s like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in JuneO my Love’s like the melodieThat’s sweetly played in tune.（2）Metaphor: a statement that one thing is something else, which, in a literalsense, it is not.Your fingers are sausages.e.g. Oh, my love is a red, red rose.Oh, my love has red petals and sharp thorns.Oh, I placed my love into a long-stem vaseAnd I bandaged my bleeding thumb.（3）Conceit: originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “a fa nciful idea”. It is a metaphor or simile that is made elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant.e.g. two lover’s souls are compared to the legs of the compasses.（4）Personification: a figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or an abstract term (I.e. truth, nature) is made human.e.g. The Wind by James StephensThe wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his hand.And said he’d ki ll and kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.（5）the pun: often subjected to abuse as a “low” form of wit, the pun is essentially a kind of metaphor that can be used lightly and facetiously or for more serious purposes.e.g. Customer: Do you serve crab here?Waiter: Yes Sir, we serve everyone!（6）apostrophe: a way of addressing someone or something invisible or not ordinarily spoken to. Such as an inanimate object (spade!), some dead or absent person (Milton!), an abstract thing( Return, delights!) , or a spirit (soul). A poet uses apostrophe to announce a lofty and serious tone, giving life to the inanimate and giving life to the intangible (a way of speaking to it person to person).e.g. Death, ain’t you got no shame?（7）metonymy(换喻，转喻): the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.e.g. the White House decided.（8）synecdoche(提喻): a kind of metonymy, is the use of a part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa.e.g. the famous port used to be a harbor which was crowded with masts.All the plants in the cold country are turning green in this smiling year.（9）transferred epithet(转喻): another kind of metonymy, a device of emphasis in which the poet attributes some characteristic of a thing to another thing closely associated with it.e.g. drinking night.（10）oxymoron: a device in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined.e.g. deafening silence.dully brightlove-hate relationshipliving death,creative destruction,tearful joysour-sweet day（11）paradox: occurs in a statement that at first strikes us as self-contradictory but that on reflection makes some sense.e.g. the faster he tried to finish, the longer it seemed to take him.In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach grammar so well.（12）hyperbole or overstatement: a statement of emphasis containing exaggeratione.g. For she was beautiful----her beauty madeThe bright world dim, and everything besideSeemed like the fleeting image of a shade.（13）understatement: the opposite of overstatement, implying more than is saide.g. she was not without ambition.（14）ambiguity: the state or situation in which more thatn one interpretation is possible.（15）onomatopoeia: the formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.e.g. a donkey heehaws a cat mews bees buzz。