SAE J 417硬度换算
硬度换算表、公差、表面粗糙度值(打印清晰版)
HRAHRC HRA HRC HRA HRC HRA HRC 86.670.0103778.555.059937070.540.037726928.027486.369.5101778.254.558936570.339.537226627.527186.169.099777.954.057936070.039.036726327.026885.868.597877.753.557035538.536226026.526485.568.095977.453.056135038.035125726.026185.267.594177.152.555134537.535225425.525885.067.092376.952.054334137.034725125.025584.766.590676.651.553433636.534224824.525284.466.088950176.351.052533236.033824524.024984.165.587249476.150.551732735.533324223.524683.965.085648875.850.050932335.032924023.024383.664.584048175.549.550131834.532423722.524083.364.082547475.349.049331434.032023422.023783.163.581046875.048.548531033.531623221.523482.863.079546174.748.047830633.031222921.023182.562.578045574.547.547030232.530822720.522982.262.076644974.247.046329832.030422520.022682.061.575244273.946.545629431.530022219.522381.761.073943673.746.044929131.029622019.022181.460.572643073.445.544328730.529221818.521881.260.071342473.245.043628330.028921618.021680.959.570041872.944.542928029.528521417.521480.659.068841372.644.042327629.028121117.021180.358.567640772.443.541727328.527880.158.066440172.143.041179.857.565339671.842.540579.557.064239171.642.039979.356.563138571.341.539379.056.062038071.141.038878.755.560937570.840.5382黑色金属材料 硬度值换算表布氏硬度HB 洛氏硬度维氏硬度HV 布氏硬度HB 洛氏硬度维氏硬度HV 布氏硬度HB 维氏硬度HV 注:1.布氏硬度:主要用来测定铸件、锻件、有色金属制件、热轧坯料及退火件的硬度,测定范围≯HB450。
SAE J417 REV DEC.1983 硬度检测方法 XZW
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (412) 772-8512 FAX: (412) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (412) 776-4970 FAX: (412) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS 2.References 2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest version of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1SAE P UBLICATION —Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J423—Methods of Measuring Case DepthANQQ-H-201—Army-Navy Approximate hardness Tensile Strength Relationship of Carbon and Low AlloySteels (published in the 1943 SAE Handbook)2.1.2ASTM P UBLICATION —Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM E 10—Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsASTM E 18—Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materialse of Conversion Tables—The conversions given in the accompanying Tables 1, 2, and 3 arerecommended for use in converting the results of one form of hardness test to another only on flat surfaces and only when the specific test procedures and precautions outlined in the several hardness test methods are followed. Attention is called to the limitation in ASTM E 10 (Brinell Hardness Tests) on the use of the standard steel ball to hardness values less than 450 HB, and the use of a tungsten carbide ball to hardness values less than 630 HB. The Rockwell Superficial and Vickers Hardness tests require especially smooth surfaces for accurate results. In all tests, a specimen should be of sufficient thickness to avoid anvil effect—which thickness is roughly 10 times the depth of the indentation. It is important that conversions from Brinell Hardness to shallow impression type tests, such as Rockwell Superficial and Vickers Hardness tests, be made only on materials that are of uniform hardness to a depth at least 10 times that of the indentation. Such hardness conversions should not be made on surface hardened, coated, or decarburized surfaces. Although the Rockwell Hardness and the Rockwell Superficial Hardness values in the tables are given to tenths of a point in order to maintain exact relationships between the various scales, it is customary to report these values to the nearest point. Experience has shown that even under carefully controlled conditions, some deviations from the conversion relationships will occur.The numbers given in parentheses in the tables are values beyond the practical range of usefulness of the type of' test under which they appear and have no strict application. They are included in the tables as a matter of information only, and should not be used for specifications.4.Vickers Hardness (HV), Table I—Vickers Hardness is determined by forcing a square base diamond pyramidhaving an apex angle of 136 deg into the test specimen under loads usually of 3-50 kg and measuring the diagonals of the recovered indentations. The Vickers Hardness is defined as the load per unit area of surface contact in kilograms per square millimeter as calculated from the average diagonal as follows:(Eq. 1)where:HV = Vickers Hardnessd = length of average diagonal in millimetersa = apex angle = 136 degL = load in kilogramsFor further information on standard methods of Vickers Hardness Testing, refer to ASTM E 92-72.HV 2L a 2--sin d2---------------------=5.Brinell Hardness—Tables 2 and 35.1Test Ball—The diameter of the ball shall be 10.00 ± 0.005 mm (0.3937 ± 0.0004 in). The load applied shall be3000 kg (6614 lb) for at least 15 s on iron and steel. The standard ball is hardened steel; a tungsten carbide ball is used to test hard materials.5.2Test Impression—The average diameter of the impression shall be obtained from two measurements at rightangles to each other, made with an instrument having a reading error not over 0.01 mm (0.0004 in).5.3Test Specimen—The surface of the specimen should be flat and reasonably free from scratches. Thespecimen shall be taken deep enough to represent the true composition of the material to be tested, and the test surface shall be maintained in a plane normal to the direction of the testing load.5.4Exceptions—This test should not be used on soft steels less than 10 mm (3/8 in) thick or on areas smallenough to permit deflection of the edges of the specimen owing to the flow from the ball depression.For further information on standard methods of Brinell Hardness testing, refer to ASTM E 10. For Brinell Hardness Numbers for Various Loads, see Table 3.6.Rockwell Hardness—Table 46.1Principle of Test—The Rockwell Hardness tester is essentially a machine that measures hardness bydetermining the depth of penetration of a penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions of test. The penetrator may be either a steel ball or a diamond sphero-conical penetrator. The hardness value as read from the dial (more recent testers incorporate digital readings) is an arbitrary number which is related to the depth of indentation, and since the scales are reversed, the number is higher the harder the material. A minor load of 10 kg is first applied which causes an initial penetration which sets the penetrator on the material and holds it in position. The dial is set at zero on the black figure scale and the major load is applied. After the major load is applied and removed, according to standard procedure, the reading is taken while the minor load is still in position.6.2Preparation of Surfaces—Concordant results are dependent on surface roughness being much less than thesize of the impression. Surfaces that are ridged perceptibly to the eye by rough grinding or machining offer unequal support to the penetrator. The degree of surface preparation then depends, to some extent, on the requirements of testing, whether they be production or research.6.3Thickness of Specimens—The minimum allowable thickness of any specimen varies according to thehardness, the load applied, and the kind of test point or penetrator used. See Tables 2 and 3 of ASTM E 18 for selection of Rockwell scales for a given hardness and thickness of specimen.6.4Curved Surfaces—Data for hardness tests on a highly curved surface should be accompanied by a statementof the radius of curvature. In testing small rounds, the effect of curvature can be eliminated by making a small flat spot on the specimen. See Tables 5 and 6 of ASTM E 18 for corrections for tests on cylindrical specimens.6.5Case Hardened Parts—The following information defines the minimum effective case depths which will allowthe accurate determination of indentation surface hardness measurements for standard and superficial hardness tests. These practices are for fully hardened cases either as quenched or with low [approximately 175 °C (350 °F)] temperature temper. T empering to lower hardness levels may require less indention load than described.Effective case is defined as the depth to 50 HRC or its equivalent (see SAE J423). These practices will not avoid errors caused by surface metal of reduced hardness resulting from decarburization, retained austenite, grinding damage, etc. These recommendations may be used for all levels of core hardness.It is recommended that surface hardness be specified and measured with a scale which has indentation loads no greater than the following:6.6Rockwell Scales—In the dial type tester, the black figures are used only for the diamond brale penetrator withvarious loads. Scale A applies when the major load is 60 kg, scale D when it is 100 kg, and scale C when the load is 150 kg. The red figures are used for readings obtained with ball penetrators regardless of size or magnitude of major load; scale B applies when the major load of 100 kg is applied to the 1.6-mm (1/16-in) steel ball penetrator. All data should be accompanied by a letter showing whether the values are on the A, B, C, or D scale.6.7Testing Cast Iron-—Materials such as cast iron with graphite particles and some nonferrous materials whose crystalline aggregates are comparatively large, must be tested with a penetrator of sufficient size to overcome local or grain hardness in order to secure mass hardness.6.8Superficial Hardness Tester—The Rockwell Superficial Hardness tester utilizes the same principle as the regular Rockwell tester, but employs a light minor load of 3 kg and a light major load of 15, 30, or 45 kg in conjunction with a more sensitive depth measuring system. It is recommended for use on thin strip or sheet material, nitrided or lightly carburized pieces, finished pieces on which large test marks would be undesirable,areas near edges, extremely small parts or sections, and shapes that would collapse under the comparatively heavy test loads of the regular Rockwell tester. When the 120 deg diamond cone penetrator is used, readings are designated by the letter N prefixed by the major load (that is, 15-N, 30-N, or 45-N). Similarly, the letter T prefixed by the major load is applied to readings taken with the 1.6-mm (1-1/16-in) steel ball. Special penetrators for very soft metals or nonmetallic materials include 3.2-mm (1/8-in), 6.4-mm (1/4-in), and 12.7-mm (1/2-in) steel balls, designated by the letters W, X, and Y , respectively. In using the Rockwell Superficial Hardness tester, the general methods prescribed for the regular Rockwell tester should be observed.For further information on standard methods of Rockwell hardness testing of metallic materials, refer to ASTM E 18.7.Shore Hardness—The Shore hardness number is the reading obtained on an arbitrary scale ranging from0–120 by the rebound of a small diamond pointed hammer dropped from a fixed height. Two types of instruments are in common use, one in which the rebound is read directly on a vertical scale and the other on which the reading is registered by the instrument on a recording dial.CAUTION—Shore (and other testers based on the rebound principle) readings are affected by variations inmass, form, surface, composition, and physical condition of different specimens being tested.Minimum EffectiveCase Depth on PartsScale 0.18 mm (0.007 in)H R15N 0.25 mm (0.010 in)H R30N 0.31 mm (0.012 in)H R45N 0.38 mm (0.015 in)H RA 0.46 mm (0.018 in)H RD 0.53 mm (0.021 in)H RC8.Notes8.1Marginal Indicia—The change bar (l) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locatingareas where technical revisions have been made to the previous issue of the report. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the report.PREPARED BY THE SAE IRON AND STEEL TECHNICAL COMMITTEESAE J417 Revised DEC83Rationale—Not applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.Application—This report lists approximate hardness conversion values; test <P methods for Vickers Hardness, Brinell Hardness, Rockwell Hardness Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Shore Hardness; and information regarding surface preparation, specimen thickness, effect of curved surfaces, and recommendations for Rockwell surface hardness testing for case hardened parts.The tables in this report give the approxim1te relationship of Vickers Brinell, Rockwell, and Scleroscope hardness values and corresponding approximate tensile strengths of steels. It is impossible to give exact relationships because of the inevitable influence of size, mass, composition, and method of heat treatment. Where more precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part.The accompanying conversion tables for steel hardness numbers are based on extensive tests on carbon and alloy steels, mostly in the heat treated condition, but have been found to be reliable on practically all constructional alloy steels and tool steels in the as-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered conditions, provided they are homogeneous. Such special cases as high manganese steel, 187o chromium87o nickel steel and other austenitic steels, and nickel base alloys, as well as constructional alloy steels and tool steels in the cold worked condition, may not conform to the relationships given with the same degree of accuracy as the steels for which the tables are intended.All numbers in these tables given in bold face type were prepared jointly by the American Society for Testing and Materials, the American Society for Metals, and SAE from carefully checked data. The values given in regular face type were taken from the Army-Navy Approximate Hardness Tensile Strength Relationship of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels (ANQQ-H-20 1) published in the 1943 SAE Handbook, with only minor adjustments.Reference SectionSAE J423—Methods of Measuring Case DepthANQQ-H-201—Army-Navy Approximate hardness Tensile Strength Relationship of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels (published in the 1943 SAE Handbook)ASTM E 10—Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsASTM E18—Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials Developed by the SAE Iron and Steel Technical Committee。
各种硬度换算表
336
336
68.4 (109.0) 52.3 78.3 55.9
35
345
327
34
336
319
33
327
311
32
318
301
31
310
294
30
302
286
29
294
279
28
286
271
27
279
264
26
272
258
25
266
253
24
260
247
23
254
243
22
248
237
21
243
注（2）：
近似值是根 据JISZ8413 及Z8438换 算表，由 Psi换算而 来;
327
67.9 (108.5) 51.5 77.7 55.0
319
67.4 (108.0) 50.8 77.2 54.2
311
66.8 (107.5) 50.0 76.6 53.3
301
66.3 (107.0) 49.2 76.1 52.1
52 1215(124) 39
51 1180(120) 38
50 1160(118) 37
49 1115(114) 36
37.2 36.1 34.9 33.7 32.7 31.3 30.1 28.9 27.8 26.7 25.5 24.3 23.1 22.0 20.7 19.6
-
-
48 1080(110) 35
-
543
78.0
-
66.1 87.4 72.0
-
525
各种硬度换算表
258
63.3 (102.5) 44.6 72.8 46.8
253
62.8 (101.5) 43.8 72.2 45.9
247
62.4 (101.0) 43.1 71.6 45.0
243
62.0 100.0 42.1 71.0 44.0
237
61.5 99.0 41.6 70.5 43.2
231
61.0 98.5 40.9 69.9 42.3
Scaleload: 15 kgf
100kgfBallof 00kgfDiamon
30-N ScaleLoad:
30kgf
DiamondCon 1.6mm dConicaPenet
ica Penetrator (1/16in)Dia rator
-
-
85.6
-
76.9 93.2 84.4
-
-
85.0
-
维氏硬度 （HV) Vickers Hardness
940 900 865 832 800 772 746 720 697 674 653 633 613 595 577 560 544 528 513 498 484 471 458 446 434 423 412 402 392 382 372 363 354
-
543
78.0
-
66.1 87.4 72.0
-
525
77.4
-
65.4 86.9 71.2
(500) 512
76.8
-
64.6 86.4 70.2
(487) 496
76.3
-
63.8 85.9 69.4
(475) 481
硬度换算公式
硬度換算公式1.肖氏硬度(HS)=勃式硬度(BHN)/10+122.肖式硬度(HS)=洛式硬度(HRC)+153.勃式硬度(BHN)= 洛克式硬度(HV)4.洛式硬度(HRC)= 勃式硬度(BHN)/10-3硬度測定範圍:HS<100HB<500HRC<70HV<1300(80~88)HRA, (85~95)HRB, (20~70)HRC洛氏硬度中HRA、HRB、HRC等中的A、B、C为三种不同的标准，称为标尺A、标尺B、标尺C。
洛氏硬度试验是现今所使用的几种普通压痕硬度试验之一，三种标尺的初始压力均为98.07N(合10kgf)，最后根据压痕深度计算硬度值。
标尺A使用的是球锥菱形压头，然后加压至588.4N(合60kgf)；标尺B使用的是直径为1.588mm(1/16英寸)的钢球作为压头，然后加压至980.7N(合100kgf)；而标尺C使用与标尺A相同的球锥菱形作为压头，但加压后的力是1471N(合150kgf)。
因此标尺B适用相对较软的材料，而标尺C适用较硬的材料。
实践证明，金属材料的各种硬度值之间，硬度值与强度值之间具有近似的相应关系。
因为硬度值是由起始塑性变形抗力和继续塑性变形抗力决定的，材料的强度越高，塑性变形抗力越高，硬度值也就越高。
但各种材料的换算关系并不一致。
硬度表示材料抵抗硬物体压入其表面的能力。
它是金属材料的重要性能指标之一。
一般硬度越高，耐磨性越好。
常用的硬度指标有布氏硬度、洛氏硬度和维氏硬度。
1.布氏硬度(HB)以一定的载荷(一般3000kg)把一定大小(直径一般为10mm)的淬硬钢球压入材料表面，保持一段时间，去载后，负荷与其压痕面积之比值，即为布氏硬度值(HB)，单位为公斤力/mm2 (N/mm2)。
2.洛氏硬度(HR)当HB>450或者试样过小时，不能采用布氏硬度试验而改用洛氏硬度计量。
它是用一个顶角120°的金刚石圆锥体或直径为1.59、3.18mm的钢球，在一定载荷下压入被测材料表面，由压痕的深度求出材料的硬度。
机加工热处理硬度转换对照表
维氏硬度 布氏硬度 HV HB
599 589 579 570 561 551 543 534 525 517 509 501 493 485 478 470 463 456 449 443 436 429 423 417 411 405 399 393 388 382 370 365 360 355 350 345 341 336 332 327 323 318 314 310 306 302 298 294 291 287 283 280 276 273
洛氏硬度 HRA HRC
28.0 27.5 27.0 26.5 26.0 25.5 25.0 24.5 24.0 23.5 23.0 22.5 22.0 21.5 21.0 20.5 20.0 19.5 19.0 18.5 18.0 17.5 17.0
维氏硬度 HV
274 271 268 264 261 258 255 252 249 246 243 240 237 234 231 229 226 223 221 218 216 214 211
HRC
70.0 69.5 69.0 68.5 68.0 67.5 67.0 66.5 66.0 65.5 65.0 64.5 64.0 63.5 63.0 62.5 62.0 61.5 61.0 60.5 60.0 59.5 59.0 58.5 58.0 57.5 57.0 570.0
HRC
40.0 39.5 39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.0 36.5 36.0 35.5 35.0 34.5 34.0 33.5 33.0 32.5 32.0 31.5 31.0 30.5 30.0 29.5 29.0 28.5
维氏硬度 布氏硬度 HV HB
501 494 488 481 474 468 461 455 449 442 436 430 424 418 413 407 401 396 391 385 380 375
硬度换算表
126
688
46.5 459 448 448 61.2
394 73.4
127
690
46.8 463 451 451 61.6
396 74
129
692
47 466 455 455 61.9
398 74.5
130
694
47.3 469 458 458 62.2
400 75
131
142
696
47.5 473 461 461 62.6
426 81.1
149 144 162
722
50.8 520 505 505 67.1
428 81.5
151 145 163
724
51.1 524 508 508 67.4
430 81.9
152 147 165
726
51.3 528 512 512 67.8
432 82.4
154 148 166
728
156
714
49.8 505 491 491 65.7
420 79.8
145 140 157
716
50.1 509 495 495 66
422 80.2
146 141 159
718
50.3 513 498 498 66.4
424 80.7
148 143 160
720
50.6 516 502 502 66.7
374 67.7
116
670
44.1 429 420 420 58.2
376 68.3
117
672
44.4 433 423 423 58.5
378 68.9
各种硬度相互转换
洛氏硬度（HRC）、布氏硬度（HB）等硬度对照区别和换算硬度是衡量材料软硬程度的一个性能指标。
硬度试验的方法较多，原理也不相同，测得的硬度值和含义也不完全一样。
最普通的是静负荷压入法硬度试验，即布氏硬度(HB)、洛氏硬度(HRA，HRB，HRC)、维氏硬度(HV)，橡胶塑料邵氏硬度(HA,HD)等硬度其值表示材料表面抵抗坚硬物体压入的能力。
最流行的里氏硬度（HL）、肖氏硬度(HS)则属于回跳法硬度试验，其值代表金属弹性变形功的大小。
因此，硬度不是一个单纯的物理量，而是反映材料的弹性、塑性、强度和韧性等的一种综合性能指标。
1、钢材的硬度：金属硬度(Hardness)的代号为H。
按硬度试验方法的不同，●常规表示有布氏（HB）、洛氏（HRC）、维氏（HV）、里氏（HL）硬度等，其中以HB及HRC较为常用。
●HB应用范围较广，HRC适用于表面高硬度材料，如热处理硬度等。
两者区别在于硬度计之测头不同，布氏硬度计之测头为钢球，而洛氏硬度计之测头为金刚石。
●HV-适用于显微镜分析。
维氏硬度(HV)以120kg以内的载荷和顶角为136°的金刚石方形锥压入器压入材料表面，用材料压痕凹坑的表面积除以载荷值，即为维氏硬度值(HV)。
●HL手提式硬度计，测量方便，利用冲击球头冲击硬度表面后，产生弹跳；利用冲头在距试样表面1mm处的回弹速度与冲击速度的比值计算硬度，公式：里氏硬度HL=1000×VB（回弹速度）/ VA（冲击速度）。
●目前最常用的便携式里氏硬度计用里氏（HL）测量后可以转化为：布氏（HB）、洛氏（HRC）、维氏（HV）、肖氏（HS）硬度。
或用里氏原理直接用布氏（HB）、洛氏（HRC）、维氏（HV）、里氏（HL）、肖氏（HS）测量硬度值。
时代公司生产的TH系列里氏硬度计就有此功能，是传统台式硬度机的有益补充！”（详细情况请点击《里氏硬度计TH140/TH160/HLN-11A/HS141便携式系列》）2、HB - 布氏硬度；布氏硬度(HB)一般用于材料较软的时候，如有色金属、热处理之前或退火后的钢铁。
最全的硬度对照、换算表
抗拉强度与硬度上海国华公司专营宝钢产品:冷板、热板、镀锌板. 电话：021-******** 宝钢资源抗拉强度与维氏、布氏、洛氏的硬度对照表根据德国标准DIN50150,以下是常用范围的钢材抗拉强度与维氏硬度、布氏硬度、洛氏硬度的对照表。
硬度试验是机械性能试验中最简单易行的一种试验方法。
为了能用硬度试验代替某些机械性能试验，生产上需要一个比较准确的硬度和强度的换算关系。
实践证明，金属材料的各种硬度值之间，硬度值与强度值之间具有近似的相应关系。
因为硬度值是由起始塑性变形抗力和继续塑性变形抗力决定的，材料的强度越高，塑性变形抗力越高，硬度值也就越高。
下面是本站根据由实验得到的经验公式制作的快速计算器，有一定的实用价值，但在要求数据比较精确时，仍需要通过试验测得。
选用不同品种钢材作塑料模具，其化学成分和力学性能各不相同，因此制造工艺路线不同；同样，不同类型塑料模具钢采用的热处理工艺也是不同的。
本节主要介绍塑料模具的制造工艺路线和热处理工艺的特点。
一、塑料模具的制造工艺路线1.低碳钢及低碳合金钢制模具例如，20，20Cr，20CrMnTi等钢的工艺路线为：下料→锻造模坯→退火→机械粗加工→冷挤压成形→再结晶退火→机械精加工→渗碳→淬火、回火→研磨抛光→装配。
2.高合金渗碳钢制模具例如12CrNi3A，12CrNi4A钢的工艺路线为：下料→锻造模坯→正火并高温回火→机械粗加工→高温回火→精加工→渗碳→淬火、回火→研磨抛光→装配。
3.调质钢制模具例如，45，40Cr等钢的工艺路线为：下料→锻造模坯→退火→机械粗加工→调质→机械精加工→修整、抛光→装配。
4.碳素工具钢及合金工具钢制模具例如T7A～T10A，CrWMn，9SiCr等钢的工艺路线为：下料→锻成模坯→球化退火→机械粗加工→去应力退火→机械半精加工→机械精加工→淬火、回火→研磨抛光→装配。
5.预硬钢制模具例如5NiSiCa，3Cr2Mo（P20）等钢。