Power distribution design for high-rise building fire

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EDA Power Distribution System Design For High Speed Boards The integrity of Power Distribut

E D AOnBoard Technology June 2004 - page 58Power Distribution System Design For High Speed BoardsThe integrity of Power Distribu-tion Systems (PDS) is becoming very critical as the clock frequen-cies and power consumption of high-end ASICs/microprocessors continue to increase rapidly. In fact, as more functionality is in-tegrated into modern ASICs and high-end microprocessors, they are consuming increasingly more power than ever before. This fact, coupled with faster operating fre-quencies and shorter clock edge rates, make the design of PDS ever more challenging. Moreover, as the core supply voltages are low-ered to around a volt and half, only very small percentage of ripple on the Power Supply voltages can be tolerated.Consider the following example: a high end processor or a modern Network Search Engine ASIC will have transient power requirements of 25A on a supply of 1.6V/1.2V with total allowable ripple voltage less than 60mV over a frequency range of DC to a hundreds of MHz. The PDS design should be ad-equate to cater to the power sup-ply needs of the devices over a wide frequency spectrum. Failing to do so, the high speed boards would behave unpredictably. In general, the PDS design for high speed and high transient power boards extends beyond just decoupling by thumb rules which is often the only design measure considered adequate.Design methodology There are two design method-ologies or approaches that can be followed for PDS design: empiri-cal and tool (Cadence Specctra-quest)-based. The criteria for both approaches is to set target imped-ances that need to be met over the complete frequency spectrum of interest, ranging from DC to sev-eral hundreds of MHz. References to practical experiences with a live project, that used Spectraquest power integrity tool, are made wherever relevant.Target impedance Target impedance is deﬁned as the ratio of voltage tolerance to tran-sient current. For example: for a supply voltage of 1.2V with 5% maximum ripple tolerance require-ment and transient current of 20A,the target impedance will be 3m Ω (1.2 X 5%/20A). The PDS should have an impedance less than the target impedance over the entire frequency spectrum of interest or the upper cut off frequency. The upper cut off frequency is deter-mined by thefrequency that cannot escape the substrateparasitics of the device. Accord-ing to the generalrule of thumb,this is half the rise time of the transient current pulse. Thus if the transient cur-rent pulse has a rise time of 1ns, the upper cut-off frequency could be 500MHz. This limit could be further reduced by the substrate parasitics and varies from device to device.The PDS consists of switching regulators or voltage regulator modules (VRM), decoupling ca-pacitors, PCB and the device being decoupled, by virtue of its ability to ﬁlter out high frequency noise through substrate parasitics. Each of the above components of the PDS has a sphere of inﬂuence in a particular frequency band, as il-lustrated in Figure 1.The high current switching power supplies, with their slow load re-sponse times (typically of an A/µs), are effective from low frequencies to over hundreds of KHz.Bulk capacitors are effective from hundreds of KHz to a couple of by Vishnu Jwalapuram,WiproFigure 1 – Sphere of inﬂuence of components in particular frequency bandsFigure 2 – Loop formed by capacitor ESL, power planes, vias and connecting tracesE D AOnBoard Technology June 2004 - page 59MHz. In this range of frequencies, the equivalent series resistance (ESR) ofthe capacitors plays a dominating role with respect to the other parasitics. Capacitors with low ESR, high capacitance and ﬂat impedance response are preferred. Several vendors offer multiple anode capacitors with very low ESR, less than 10m Ω, which exhibit excellent ﬂat imped-ance versus frequency response. The amount of bulk capacitance required in this frequency range iscalculated by:C = I dt/dVwhere dt is the slowest rise time ofthe transient current. For example if there is a load transient current requirement of 20A to which the switching supply responds in 20µs and the PDS must remain within 5% of the supply voltage of 1.2V, this requires a bulk capacitance of 6666µF to supply the required current to the load as the power supply ramps up. The user needs to use several bulk capacitors in parallel to meet the capacitance value and the combined ESR of the combi-nation to meetthe target im-pedance.Ceramic ca-pacitors play a dominantrole in the fre-quency range from several tens of MHz to hun-dreds of MHz. Capacitors with low equivalent series inductance (ESL) should be chosen for effective de-coupling in this frequency band. The maximum allowable Induc-tance in this frequency range is given by:L = V dI/dtwhere dt is the fastest rise time of the transient current. For a tran-sient current requirement of 20A with rise time of 1ns and with PDS that must remain within 5% of the supply voltage of 1.2V, the maxi-mum allowable inductance is 3pH. PCB Power and GND plane pairs ﬁlter frequencies from close to a GHz and over, as they form em-bedded capacitance.Mounted inductance The mounted Inductance of the loop formed by the capacitor ESL,power p lanes, v iasand the connect-ing traces need to be minimisedfor the effective performance of the PDS at high frequencies. The ESL referred to above is only a part of the total loop inductance of the PDS as shown in Figure 2.Thecapacitor ESL can be minimised by choosing capacitors with low ESL from dif-ferent vendors. The length of the traces connecting the capacitor pads to the vias can be minimised either by building the via in the pads or routing the traces (Figure 3). Conventional routing of the traces from the capacitor pads to the vias (parallel to the length of capacitor) will increase the loop area. Though vias in the pad are a better option, this solution comes with an additional premium in terms of manufacture and assem-bly of the board. Mounted induc-tance can also be minimised by us-ing a PCB stack up that has Power and GND planes adjacent to the component layer.One of the following approaches can be followed for the design of PDS.Empirical approachThis is a simple and less time consuming approach and suits the majority of applications. With this approach, the target imped-ance of the PDS based on the load transient current requirement is determined ﬁrst and then the necessary bulk capacitance for the lowest frequency component is calculated. For bulk capacitors, high capacitance, low ESR capaci-tors should be chosen to reduce ripple voltages. The maximum al-lowable inductance for the highest frequency component (fastest rise time) of the circuit must be found, and capacitors with the lowestESL must be chosen to reduce theFigure 3 – Mini-mising the length of traces con-necting capacitor pads to vias Figure 4 – Results of Single-Node simulation for a 1.2V power plane, 20A transient current and 5% ripple toler-ance Figure 5 – Results of a Multi-Node simulationE D AOnBoard Technology June 2004 - page 60number needed in parallel to meet the target impedance.Approach using Specctraquest The power distribution analyses can be done using the Cadence Specctraquest Power Integrity tool. The tool supports two simu-lation modes, Single-Node and Multi-Node simulations, akin to pre-layout and post-layout simu-lations of signal integrity. The Single-Node simulation validates whether the number of capacitors that have been chosen can main-tain the target impedance over the frequency band of interest. Al-though decoupling capacitors over entire frequency range are consid-ered in Single-Node simulations, their placement is not. Multi-Node simulation considers the place-ment of decoupling capacitors, board stack up, mounted induc-tance, loop inductance as well as noise source and power supply module placement.The output of a Single-Node simu-lation is a BOM-like report of ca-pacitors and a graph showing the response of the PDS over a range of frequencies. The output of the Multi-Node simulations is a graph showing the response of PDS after capacitor placement. The criterion for satisfactory performance is to get all the curves in the graph below the target impedance. The graph of Figure 4 shows the re-sults of Single-Node simulation for a 1.2V power plane, 20A transient current, 5% ripple tolerance.The blue graph shows the imped-ance of the power plane withoutthe decoupling capacitors andthe black one shows the imped-ance after considering the effectof the decoupling capacitors and the response of the switching sup-ply or VRM. The cut off frequency is shown by the dotted line and stands at 276MHz. The Single-Node simulation doesn’t take into account the placement and the corresponding parasitics, which include the ESL and mounted in-ductance.Table 1 shows some of the impor-tant parameters of the report ﬁlegenerated from Single Node simu-lations. The Single-Node simulation gives a complete list of decoupling capaci-tors that need to be placed around the device in question (Table 2). Once the Single-Node simulation has been performed and the tar-get impedance requirements are met, all the capacitors need to beplaced around the device being decoupled. The Multi-Node simu-lations need to be performed after placing all the capacitors around the device.The graph of Figure 5 shows the results of a Multi-Node simula-tion. Multi-Node simulations take into account the capacitors and the transient current sourceplacement, parasitics, including mounted inductance, ESL and the effective decoupling radius of the capacitor etc. The tool divides theentire power plane area around thedevice into zones or grids and pro-duces a wave for each of the zones (the graph reports many of these waves). These zones are user de-ﬁned rectangular or square areas on the power plane. If the wave is under the target impedance in the graph, the decoupling is adequate for that particular zone. If any one of the waves exceeds the target impedance limit, as shown in thegraph, the capacitors need to bere-arranged to keep the impedancebelow this limit. The Power Integ-rity Analyses on the device need tobe performed at the beginning ofthe layout phase, before routing.Practical considerations The question of when to do the comprehensive Power Integrity Analyses using EDA tools is a tricky issue. One guideline is the differ-ence in the rate at which the power supply responds to the transient load current requirement. Gener-ally all the switching power sup-plies respond slowly (in an A/µs) against several Amps per nanosec-ond requirements of advanced high end ASICs or microprocessors.Another important practical con-sideration is the limit imposed by the vendor on the total capacitanceand the combined ESR at the in-ternal switching frequency of the power supply at the output of the module. EDA tools may not con-sider this limit and, exceeding it,may break the power supply intooscillations.The cost of decoupling is another factor that should be taken into consideration right from the start of ASIC design stage. For example decoupling a 20A/ns transient cur-rent (with a power supply respond-ing in 20µs) requires close to 600 caps to ﬁlter the frequencies up to 300MHz on the board. This could add up an additional cost for de-coupling. Table 1 – Important parameters from the report generated from a Single-Node simulationTable 2 – Sample table of decoupling capacitors.。

PDB-8F8R 电源分布器说明书

PDB-8F8R Power Distribution for Access Control with Fire Interface moduleSecuritron Magnalock CorporationstDoc.# 500-33045 Rev. A: Installation specifications subject to change without noticeASSA ABLOY, the global leader in door opening solutions.Phone: (800) MAGLOCK***************************PDB-8F8R Power Distribution for Access Control with Fire Interface module Controls and Distributes Power with 8 Control Relays with an EOL Fire trigger Interface Power Interface for Access Control, CCTV, Fire, HVAC, Elevator,and general low voltage system controlNote: Fire, HVAC and Elevator Control has not been evaluated by ULFeatures:∙8 Heavy duty Relays with individual Inputs and Status LED’s∙Each Relay Input can be Activated from Low Current Open Collector,Normally Closed or Normally Open Switch∙EOL End of Line Resistor Fire Interface Master Trigger de-energizes allOutput Relays that are Enabled∙Universal 11 – 27.5Vdc power input∙Available with Fuses or PTC Circuit BreakersNote: Only the 500mA fuse version of the board has been evaluated by ULNote: The outputs of the PDB-8F8Rare power limited when connected tothe AQD3 power-Limited power supply∙Each Output may be Individually Configured for:o Fire Trigger (FT) Enabled or (FTD) Disabledo FUSE model can provide optional Dry Contactso N/O or N/C Option Configures the Relay Switched Output∙Each Output 1-8 has a protected, continuous Output and a Relay controlledOutput∙TRG LED Green Indicates Trigger Status∙Control Power and Main Lock Power may be Isolated(Separate Power Supplies) at Users OptionNote: Dual/separate power source configuration has not been evaluated by UL andcannot be configured for UL Listedproducts∙All Terminal Blocks are Pluggable by Channel & Function∙Made in the USA with a Lifetime WarrantyDescription / InstructionsThe PDB-8F8Ris a versatile, compact way to distribute and control power for Access Control Systems with Fire Alarm Interface. The PDB-8F8Ris an 8 position power distribution board with individual Relays with input (IN) control for each output (OUT). An EOL resistor triggerinput (TRIG), will force all output relays to de-energize that are selected (FT). In a typical installation, the TRIG would be connected to a Fire Alarm panel via a set of contacts. When the Fire Alarm trips, all enabled relays would be forced to be de-energized to unlock electric doors, shut down air systems, and or return elevators to ground floor.Input / Output Terminals, Jumpers and LEDDetails and SpecificationsControl Power (- CONTR +) Two position un-pluggable terminal block is used to power the coils of the relays. The control voltage must be between 11 and 27.5 Vdc. Each relay energized will draw 20ma of current. By default, Control Power and Main Power are connected together with jumpers J1 & J2 so no connection would be made here unless you were using Dual/separate power as described below. Note Dual/separate power source configuration has not been evaluated by UL and cannot be configured for UL Listed products.Main Power (- POWER +) Two position un-pluggable terminal block provides the power to the outputs to be distributed and power to Control through J1 & J2. In anormal application the Power must be between 11 and 27.5 Vdc and would be connected here.Dual/Separate Power J1 & J2 Jumpers Note Dual/separate power source configuration has not been evaluated by UL and cannot be configured for UL Listed products. J1 Connects (-) Power to (-) Control, J2 Connects (+) Power to (+) Control. By default J1 & J2 are connected together. When J1 & J2 are cut, you must supply 11 to 27.5Vdc to Control power, then you may connect any voltage to 32V AC or DC to the Main Power Terminals. See Dual/Separate Power application figure below.Inputs (1-8 IN C) Eight, two position un-pluggable terminal blocks. When IN & C are shorted together, the like number output relay will energize. Each relay can also be energized by an open collector that is common to thecontrol power, sinking 20ma for each input. Each of the C’s (common) are connected to control negative power. Input LED’s (1-8) Whenever an input is active (relay energized) the associated input red LED will illuminate.FDT/FT (1-8) Jumpers - These are three pin headers adjacent to each fuse with a shunt with handle that shorts the center pin to FTD or FT.FTD = Fire Trigger Disabled - When selected, theTrigger will not effect that output.FT = Fire Trigger – When selected Triggering will force that Input Relay to De-Energize.Dry/Wet Option (1-8 Fuse Models) Through a Fuse, the (+ Power) is connected to the swing arm of each Relay to distribute power to its output. Removing the Fuse, removes the power from the relay. The (+) now becomes the Common Swing Arm and the “O” is the N/O or N/C contact as selected with jumper.Outputs (1-8 OUTPUT C, +, O) Eight, Three position un-pluggable terminal blocks. “C” is Power Common and is connected to (- power). “+” is connected to fused (+power) and the relay swing arm. “O” is the relay switched output as selected with N/O or N/C selector jumperOutput Relay Contacts Selector (1-8 NC/NO) Jumpers These 3 pin headers with shunt selectors are located just above each output which selects whether the N/C or N/O contacts are connected to the “O” switched output terminal. With N/C selected, output would be normally ON, or connected to swing arm. With N/O selected, output would turn ON, or close when input is activated. Fire Alarm Interface Trigger (2.2K EOL TRIG) Two position un-pluggable terminal block. This input must see the 2.2K ohm EOL (End Of Line) resistor to be in the normal condition. The EOL is to be placed in a Listed fire alarm panel. See Fig 1 illustrating that shorting or opening the EOL will cause the PDB-8F8R to trigger.TRIG LED (TRIG) Green LED normally ON. Whenever the Trigger is active the LED will be OFF.Ordering InformationPDB-8F8R “ACI” module only with 500ma Fuses Note: Only the 500ma fuse version of the board has been evaluated by UL No other fuse size or PTC’s can be used with a AQD3 .SpecificationsControl (-contr+) ........................... 11–27.5Vdc @ 160mA Normally no connection is made here. Note: You must add this current to your total device load calculations to be sure your load will be within the rating of the power supply as configuredMain Power (-power+) .................................... 11-27.5Vdc Note: Must cut J1 & J2 when not using 11-27Vdc power See Dual/Separate power source configuration NoteDual/separate power source configuration has not been evaluated by UL and cannot be configured for UL Listed products.Total Amps would be equal to the total current of the outputs load plus the module draw of 160ma Fused/Wet Outputs (12v operation):Max. Output Current..................330mA,12V (each output) 2.64 A (total all outputs)Fused/Wet Outputs (24V (each output):Max. Output Current .............. 155mA, 24V (each output): 1.24 A (total all outputs)Dry Outputs:Max. Output Current ............................................ 3A, 30V As evaluated with UL with 500ma fusesTerminal blocks un-pluggable... 5mm spacing 14–22 awg Fused Outputs 1-8 .............................................. 500mA Littlefuse P/N 217.500 20mm replacementThe fused outputs of the PDB-8F8Rare power limited when connected to the AQD3 power-Limited power supply Output Relays 1-8 Dry Contacts are not to exceed ................................................................... 7A or 100VA Trigger Input .................................................... 2.2K EOL Operating Temperature .................................. 0o to+49o C Mounting Holes ......................................... (4) 3.4” x 4.5” Module Size: ................................ 4.82”w x 3.84h x 1.4”d Weight: ..................................................................... 8oz Mounting Note: Secure 4, #6-32 female/female hex standoffs 7/16” long onto 4, #6-32 studs provided in distribution option space to the right of AQD3 inside E-1485 cabinet back. Place PDB-8F8Ron stand offs with input terminals on top. Secure module with 4, #6-32 x ¼” pan head screws. No metal hardware should be larger than .28” in Diameter.Note: All interconnected devices must be UL Listed.UL Approvals for PDB-8F8RUL 294 Access Control System UnitPDB-8F8R Typical ApplicationsSingle Power Source Application Fig 1Dual/Separate Power Supplies Fig 3。

易用型逻辑PM2120电能表说明书

T h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d i n t h i s d o c u m e n t a t i o n c o n t a i n s g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n s a n d /o r t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e p r o d u c t s c o n t a i n e d h e r e i n .T h i s d o c u m e n t a t i o n i s n o t i n t e n d e d a s a s u b s t i t u t e f o r a n d i s n o t t o b e u s e d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g s u i t a b i l i t y o r r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e s e p r o d u c t s f o r s p e c i f i c u s e r a p p l i c a t i o n s .I t i s t h e d u t y o f a n y s u c h u s e r o r i n t e g r a t o r t o p e r f o r m t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a n d c o m p l e t e r i s k a n a l y s i s , e v a l u a t i o n a n d t e s t i n g o f t h e p r o d u c t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e r e l e v a n t s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n o r u s e t h e r e o f .N e i t h e r S c h n e i d e r E l e c t r i c I n d u s t r i e s S A S n o r a n y o f i t s a f f i l i a t e s o r s u b s i d i a r i e s s h a l l b e r e s p o n s i b l e o r l i a b l e f o r m i s u s e o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d h e r e i n .Product data sheetCharacteristicsMETSEPM2120EasyLogic PM2120, Power & Energy meter,up to the 15th harmonic, LED display, RS485,class 1MainRange EasyLogic Product name EasyLogic PM2100Device short name PM2120Product or component typePower meterComplementaryDevice application Sub billingPower monitoring Power quality analysis Total harmonic distortion Up to the 15th harmonicType of measurementApparent power min/max, totalActive and reactive power min/max, total Current min/max, avg Voltage min/max, avg Frequency min/max, avgTotal current harmonic distortion THD (I) per phase Total voltage harmonic distortion THD (U) per phase Power factor min/max, avg Apparent energy totalActive and reactive energy totalMetering typeCurrent I, I1, I2, I3Peak demand power PM, QM, SMActive, reactive, apparent energy (signed, four quadrant)Peak demand currents Active power P, P1, P2, P3Calculated neutral currentVoltage U, U21, U32, U13, V, V1, V2, V3Unbalance currentReactive power Q, Q1, Q2, Q3Demand power P, Q, SApparent power S, S1, S2, S3Accuracy classClass 1 active energy conforming to IEC 62053-21Class 1 reactive energy conforming to IEC 62053-24Class 5 harmonic distorsion (I THD & U THD)Measurement accuracyApparent power +/- 1 %Active energy +/- 1 %Reactive energy +/- 1 %Active power +/- 1 %Voltage +/- 0.5 %Power factor +/- 0.01Current +/- 0.5 %Frequency +/- 0.05 %Measurement current 5…6000 mAMeasurement voltage35…480 V AC 50/60 Hz between phases20…277 V AC 50/60 Hz between phase and neutral 480…999000 V AC 50/60 Hz with external VT Frequency measurement range 45…65 Hz[Us] rated supply voltage44...277 V AC 45...65 Hz +/- 10 %44...277 V DC +/- 10 %Network frequency50 Hz60 HzRide-through time100 Ms 120 V AC typical400 Ms 230 V AC typical50 ms 125 V DC typicalLine Rated Current1 A5 AMaximum power consumption in VA6 VA 277 V ACMaximum power consumption in W 3.3 W (power lines (AC))2 W at 277 V (power lines (DC))Input impedance Current (impedance <= 0.3 mOhm)Voltage (impedance > 5 MOhm)Tamperproof of settings Protected by access codeDisplay type7 segments LEDDisplay colour RedMessages display capacity 3 fields of 4 charactersDisplay digits12 - 0.56 in (14.2 mm)Demand intervals Configurable from 1 to 60 minInformation displayed Demand current (past value)Demand current (present value)Demand power (past value)Demand power (present value)VoltageCurrentFrequencyEnergy consumptionHarmonic distortionPower factorActive powerApparent powerReactive powerUnbalanced in %Control type 3 x buttonLocal signalling Red LED: output signal 1...9999000 pulse/ k_h (kWh, kVAh, kVARh)Green LED: module operation and integrated communicationNumber of inputs0Number of outputs0Communication port protocol Modbus RTU 4800 bps, 9600 bps, 19200 bps, 38.4 Kbps even/odd or none - 2wires 2500 VCommunication port support Screw terminal block: RS485Data recording Time stampingMin/max for 8 parametersFunction available Real time clockSampling rate64 samples/cycleCybersecurity Enable/disable communication portsCommunication service Remote monitoringProduct certifications CE IEC 61010-1CULus UL 61010-1CULus conforming to CSA C22.2 No 61010-1RCMEACC-TickMounting mode Clip-onMounting position VerticalMounting support FrameworkProvided equipment 1 x Installation guideMeasurement category Category III 480 VCategory II 480…600 VElectrical insulation class Double insulationClass IIFlame retardance V-0 conforming to UL 94Connections - terminals Current transformer screw connection bottom) 6Voltage inputs screw connection top) 4Material PolycarbonateWidth 3.78 in (96 mm)Depth Total 3.00 in (76.09 mm)Embedded 2.43 in (61.64 mm)Height 3.78 in (96 mm)Net Weight10.58 oz (300 g)Compatibility code PM2120EnvironmentService life7 year(s)IP degree of protection IP54 front: conforming to IEC 60529Body IP30 IEC 60529Relative humidity5…95 % 122 °F (50 °C)Pollution degree2Ambient air temperature for operation14…140 °F (-10…60 °C)Ambient air temperature for storage-13…158 °F (-25…70 °C)Operating altitude<= 6561.68 ft (2000 m)Electromagnetic compatibility Electrostatic discharge conforming to IEC 61000-4-2Radiated radio-frequency electromagnetic field immunity test IEC 61000-4-3Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test conforming to IEC 61000-4-4Surge immunity test IEC 61000-4-5Conducted RF disturbances conforming to IEC 61000-4-6Magnetic field at power frequency conforming to IEC 61000-4-8Voltage dips and interruptions immunity test IEC 61000-4-11Emission tests conforming to FCC part 15 class AOvervoltage category IIIOrdering and shipping detailsGTIN03606480800146Nbr. of units in pkg.1Package weight(Lbs)10.67 oz (302.5 g)Packing UnitsUnit Type of Package 1PCEPackage 1 Height 3.78 in (9.6 cm)Package 1 width 2.65 in (6.72 cm)Package 1 Length 4.00 in (10.16 cm)Unit Type of Package 2BB1Number of Units in Package 21Package 2 Weight14.25 oz (404 g)Package 2 Height 4.53 in (11.5 cm)Package 2 width 3.43 in (8.7 cm)Package 2 Length 4.72 in (12 cm)Unit Type of Package 3S03Number of Units in Package 318Package 3 Weight17.04 lb(US) (7.73 kg)Package 3 Height11.81 in (30 cm)Package 3 width11.81 in (30 cm)Package 3 Length15.75 in (40 cm)Offer SustainabilitySustainable offer status Green Premium productREACh Regulation REACh DeclarationEU RoHS Directive Compliant EU RoHS DeclarationMercury free YesRoHS exemption information YesChina RoHS Regulation China RoHS DeclarationEnvironmental Disclosure Product Environmental Profile Circularity Profile End Of Life Information。

电力配电设备及系统1

Copyright © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Fundamentals of Distribution Systems
Large Generation Stationn 230-750 kV
Subtransmission 69-169 kV
Primary Distribution 4-35 kV
Secondary Distribution 120/240 V
2
Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems
Cost of electricity Cents per kilowatt-hour
40
20
0 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
FIGURE 1.1 Cost of U.S. electricity adjusted for inﬂation to year 2000 U.S. dollars. (Data from U.S. city average electricity costs from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.)
ties. In addition, large industrial facilities often need their own distribution systems. While there are some differences in approaches by each of these types of entities, the engineering issues are similar for all. For all of the action regarding deregulation, the distribution infrastructure remains a natural monopoly. As with water delivery or sewers or other utilities, it is difﬁcult to imagine duplicating systems to provide true competition, so it will likely remain highly regulated. Because of the extensive infrastructure, distribution systems are capitalintensive businesses. An Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) survey found that the distribution plant asset carrying cost averages 49.5% of the total distribution resource (EPRI TR-109178, 1998). The next largest component is labor at 21.8%, followed by materials at 12.9%. Utility annual distribution budgets average about 10% of the capital investment in the distribution system. On a kilowatt-hour basis, utility distribution budgets average 0.89 cents per kilowatt-hour (see Table 1.1 for budgets shown relative to other benchmarks). Low cost, simpliﬁcation, and standardization are all important design characteristics of distribution systems. Few components and/or installations are individually engineered on a distribution circuit. Standardized equipment and standardized designs are used wherever possible. “Cookbook” engineering methods are used for much of distribution planning, design, and operations. Distribution planning is the study of future power delivery needs. Planning goals are to provide service at low cost and high reliability. Planning requires a mix of geographic, engineering, and economic analysis skills. New circuits (or other solutions) must be integrated into the existing distribution system within a variety of economic, political, environmental, electrical, and geographic constraints. The planner needs estimates of load

Energy_and_Buildings，2024-310

ＡＩＬｉꎬｅｔａｌ.ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＧｒｅｅｎａｎｄＬｏｗＣａｒｂｏｎＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＭｕｌｔｉ￣ｓｔｏｒｅｙａｎｄＨｉｇｈ￣ｒｉｓｅＦａｃｔｏｒｙＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓ７　结语本文基于工业上楼的背景ꎬ以绿色低碳为导向ꎬ本着减少厂房建筑能耗和提升人员办公舒适性的原则ꎬ结合多高层厂房运营使用的潜在问题ꎬ针对声环境设计㊁光环境设计㊁风环境设计㊁热环境设计㊁可再生能源设计提出绿色低碳技术ꎬ通过模拟分析ꎬ验证了技术的可行性ꎬ将绿色建筑的理念与工业建筑结合起来ꎬ使多高层厂房不再是一个单一的生产空间ꎬ而可以是舒适的办公活动场所ꎮ碍于篇幅和研究的局限性ꎬ本文提出的绿色设计策略侧重对原理的阐述ꎬ缺少相关参数的定量分析ꎬ希望在后续的研究中可以进一步量化相关技术的影响ꎬ为多高层厂房的节能减排和舒适健康目标提出更加详细具体的参考意见ꎮ参考文献:[１]中国建筑节能协会.２０２２中国城乡建设领域碳排放系列研究报告[Ｒ].北京ꎬ２０２２.[２]周国义ꎬ林伟ꎬ周书东ꎬ等.绿色生态导向的工业上楼设计研究以东莞松湖智谷产业园为例[Ｊ].重庆建筑ꎬ２０２２ꎬ２１(９):１３－１４.[３]０８Ｊ９３１ꎬ建筑隔声与吸声构造[Ｓ].２００８.[４]康玉成.实用建筑吸声设计技术[Ｍ].北京:中国建筑工业出版社ꎬ２００７.[５]周治宏.重庆单层厂房天窗优化设计策略研究[Ｄ].重庆:重庆大学ꎬ２０１５.[６]吕帅ꎬ林波荣.基于天然采光性能的建筑中庭形体设计导则研究[Ｊ].南方建筑ꎬ２０１８ꎬ(２):５５－５９.[７]闫玮.建筑自然采光与空间组织策略[Ｊ].建筑技艺ꎬ２００９ꎬ(６):９４－９７.[８]陈益明ꎬ胡晓峰ꎬ田智华ꎬ等.苏州某办公厂房的绿色建筑亮点技术分析[Ｊ].绿色建筑ꎬ２０１３ꎬ５(５):３７－４０.[９]白胜芳.建筑遮阳技术[Ｍ].北京:中国建筑工业出版社ꎬ２０１３.[１０]张康.绿色工业建筑风环境设计研究[Ｄ].苏州:苏州科技大学ꎬ２０１６.[１１]宋宇辉ꎬ曲冠华ꎬ原野ꎬ等.高层办公建筑风环境性能优化设计研究与实践[Ｊ].建筑节能ꎬ２０２０ꎬ４８(１０):３９－４５.[１２]吴梅艳ꎬ欧阳金城ꎬ刘艳华.工位空调研究的现状及前景[Ｃ]//中国制冷学会２００９年学术年会ꎬ中国天津ꎬ２００９.[１３]倪欣ꎬ鲍茂超ꎬ白国强ꎬ等.绿色技术在西安某工业建筑中的应用[Ｊ].工业建筑ꎬ２０１７ꎬ４７(１):１８４－１８７.[１４]罗涛ꎬ魏振力ꎬ杨玺.光伏建筑一体化(ＢＩＰＶ)在工业厂房的应用分析[Ｊ].智能建筑与城市信息ꎬ２０２１ꎬ(１):７０－７１.[１５]王文举.工业建筑隔声技术的应用探讨[Ｊ].建筑工程技术与设计ꎬ２０１８ꎬ(８):５５７６.作者简介:艾荔(１９９４)ꎬ女ꎬ重庆人ꎬ毕业于东南大学ꎬ建筑学专业ꎬ硕士研究生ꎬ研究方向:绿色建筑(ｔｗｉｎｋｌｅａｉｌｉ＠１２６.ｃｏｍ)ꎮә通讯作者:唐可峙(１９７３)ꎬ男ꎬ重庆人ꎬ毕业于天津大学ꎬ正高级工程师ꎬ研究方向:建筑设计㊁智能建筑㊁绿色建筑(１０５０１３１４８９＠ｑｑ.ｃｏｍ)ꎮｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｂｌｅｅｎｅｒｇｙｄａｔａｉｍｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｓｕｓｉｎｇｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｐｈｙｓｉｃｓｉｎｓｉｇｈｔｂｙＡｎｔｏｎｉｏＬｉｇｕｏｒｉꎬＭａｔｉａｓＱｕｉｎｔａｎａꎬＣｈｕｎＦｕꎬｅｔａｌꎬＡｒｔｉｃｌｅ１１４０７１Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ:Ｍｉｓｓｉｎｇｄａｔａａｒｅｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｂｙｐｒａｃｔｉｔｉｏｎｅｒｓａｎｄｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓｉｎｔｈｅｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｅｎｅｒｇｙｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ.Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｒｅｇａｒｄꎬａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｄａｔａ￣ｄｒｉｖｅｎｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓꎬｓｕｃｈａｓＤｅｅｐＬｅａｒｎｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｓꎬａｒｅｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄｔｏｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｔｈｅｎｏｎ￣ｌｉｎｅａｒｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｓｅａｎｏｍａｌｉｅｓ.ＡｓａｎｏｎｇｏｉｎｇｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏＤｅｅｐＬｅａｒｎｉｎｇꎬａｍｏｄｅｌｓａｐｐｌｉｃａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｄａｔａｓｅｔｔｉｎｇｓｃａｎｂｅｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｄｂｙｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｐｒｉｏｒｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｉｎｔｈｅｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ.Ｔｈｉｓｓａｍｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｃａｎａｌｓｏｌｅａｄｔｏｍｏｒｅｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｂｌｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓꎬｈｅｎｃｅｆａｃｉｌｉｔａｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ.ＦｏｒｔｈａｔｐｕｒｐｏｓｅꎬｔｈｅａｉｍｏｆｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｉｓｔｏｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ￣ｉｎｆｏｒｍｅｄＤｅｎｏｉｓｉｎｇＡｕｔｏｅｎｃｏｄｅｒｓ(ＰＩ￣ＤＡＥ)ｆｏｒｍｉｓｓｉｎｇｄａｔａｉｍｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓ.Ｉｎｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒꎬｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｍｅｔｈｏｄｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｓｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ￣ｉｎｓｐｉｒｅｄｓｏｆｔｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔｓｔｏｔｈｅｌｏｓｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆａＤｅｎｏｉｓｉｎｇＡｕｔｏｅｎｃｏｄｅｒ(ＤＡＥ).ＩｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｑｕａｎｔｉｆｙｔｈｅｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔꎬａｎａｂｌａｔｉｏｎｓｔｕｄｙｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔＤＡＥｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎｓｉｓｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ.ＦｉｒｓｔꎬｔｈｒｅｅｕｎｉｖａｒｉａｔｅＤＡＥｓａｒｅｏｐｔｉｍｉｚｅｄｓｅｐａｒａｔｅｌｙｏｎｉｎｄｏｏｒａｉｒｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅꎬｈｅａｔｉｎｇꎬａｎｄｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｄａｔａ.ＴｈｅｎꎬｔｗｏｍｕｌｔｉｖａｒｉａｔｅＤＡＥｓａｒｅｄｅｒｉｖｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎｓ.ＥｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙꎬａｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｍａｌｂａｌａｎｃｅｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｉｓｃｏｕｐｌｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｌａｓｔｍｕｌｔｉｖａｒｉａｔｅｃｏｎｆｉｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎｔｏｏｂｔａｉｎＰＩ￣ＤＡＥ.Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙꎬｔｗｏｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙｕｓｅｄｂｅｎｃｈｍａｒｋｓａｒｅｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄｔｏｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｈｅｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ.ＩｔｉｓｓｈｏｗｎｈｏｗｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｉｎａｍｕｌｔｉｖａｒｉａｔｅＤｅｎｏｉｓｉｎｇＡｕｔｏｅｎｃｏｄｅｒｃａｎｅｎｈａｎｃｅｔｈｅｉｎｈｅｒｅｎｔｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｍｉｚｅｄｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ￣ｂａｓｅｄｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｓ.ＷｈｉｌｅｎｏｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｉｓｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｒｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｅｒｒｏｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄＰＩ￣ＤＡＥꎬｉｔｓｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄｒｏｂｕｓｔｎｅｓｓｔｏｖａｒｙｉｎｇｒａｔｅｓｏｆｍｉｓｓｉｎｇｄａｔａａｎｄｔｈｅｖａｌｕａｂｌｅｉｎｓｉｇｈｔｓｄｅｒｉｖｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ￣ｂａｓｅｄｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｓｃｒｅａｔｅｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｆｏｒｗｉｄｅｒａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｎｄｔｈｅｂｕｉｌｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ.Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:Ｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ￣ｉｎｆｏｒｍｅｄｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓꎻＤｅｎｏｉｓｉｎｇａｕｔｏｅｎｃｏｄｅｒꎻＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｅｎｅｒｇｙｄａｔａＩｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙꎻＭｉｓｓｉｎｇｄａｔａ[ＯＡ](２)ＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｈｙｇｒｏｔｈｅｒｍａｌｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆｒａｗｅａｒｔｈｅｎｖｅｌｏｐｅａｔｏｖｅｒａｌｌｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓｃａｌｅｂｙＹａｓｓｉｎｅＥｌｉａｓＢｅｌａｒｂｉꎬＭｏｈａｍｍｅｄＹａｃｉｎｅＦｅｒｒｏｕｋｈｉꎬＮａｂｉｌＩｓｓａａｄｉꎬｅｔａｌꎬＡｒｔｉｃｌｅ１１４１１９Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:ＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎꎻＲａｗｅａｒｔｈꎻＥｎｅｒｇｙｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎꎻＨＡＭ￣ＢＥＳＣｏ￣ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ[ＯＡ](３)ＯｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆＰＣＭｅｍｂｅｄｄｅｄｒａｄｉａｎｔｃｈｉｌｌｅｄｃｅｉｌｉｎｇｕｓｉｎｇａｒｕｌｅ￣ｂａｓｅｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｂｙＳｅｙｅｄｍｏｓｔａｆａＭｏｕｓａｖｉꎬＢｅｈｚａｄＲｉｓｍａｎｃｈｉꎬＳｔｅｆａｎＢｒｅｙꎬｅｔａｌꎬＡｒｔｉｃｌｅ１１４１２６Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:Ｐｈａｓｅｃｈａｎｇｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ(ＰＣＭ)ꎻＲａｄｉａｎｔｃｏｏｌｉｎｇꎻＲｕｌｅ￣ｂａｓｅｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌꎻＴｈｅｒｍａｌｃｏｍｆｏｒｔꎻＥｎｅｒｇｙｆｌｅｘｉｂｉｌｉｔｙꎻＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ[ＯＡ](４)ＡｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｏｃｃｕｐａｎｃｙｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｄａｔａｂａｓｅｓｉｍｐａｃｔｏｎｄｙｎａｍｉｃｅｎｅｒｇｙｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓｂｙＲｏｂｅｒｔｏＲｕｇａｎｉꎬＭａｒｃｏＰｉｃｃｏꎬＧｉａｃｏｍｏＳａｌｖａｄｏｒｉꎬｅｔａｌꎬＡｒｔｉｃｌｅ１１４１１４Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:ＥｎｅｒｇｙꎻＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇＰｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎꎻＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｄｅｓｉｇｎꎻＯｃｃｕｐａｎｃｙꎻＥｎｅｒｇｙＣｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ[ＯＡ](５)Ｓｍａｒｔｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓｔｏｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｉｓｅｇｒｉｄｆｌｅｘｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｐｒｏｖｉｓｉｏｎ:ＡｖｉｒｔｕａｌｅｎｅｒｇｙｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｂｙＮａｓｅｒＨａｓｈｅｍｉｐｏｕｒꎬＲａｑｕｅｌＡｌｏｎｓｏＰｅｄｒｅｒｏꎬＰｅｄｒｏＣｒｅｓｐｏｄｅｌＧｒａｎａｄｏꎬｅｔａｌꎬＡｒｔｉｃｌｅ１１４０７８Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:ＥｎｅｒｇｙｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓꎻＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｇｒｉｄꎻＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｏｐｔｉｍｉｓａｔｉｏｎꎻＰｏｗｅｒｆｌｏｗａｎａｌｙｓｉｓꎻＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｗａｒｍｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ(２０２４－０５－１５«建筑节能(中英文)»编辑部侯恩哲摘录)０１。

Power distribution for high-speed integrated circu

专利名称：Power distribution for high-speedintegrated circuits发明人：Kevin Horn,Forest Dillinger,Otto RichardBuhler,Karl Sauter申请号：US11565818申请日：20061201公开号：US07919804B2公开日：20110405专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：An improved technique for power distribution for use by high speed integrated circuit devices. A mixture of high dielectric constant, Er and low Er materials are used in adielectric layer sandwiched between the voltage and ground planes of a printed circuit board that is used to fixture one or more integrated circuit devices. The low Er material is used in an area contained by the location of the integrated circuit device and its corresponding decoupling capacitors located nearby. High Er material is used in areas between the regions of low Er material. The low Er material improves that speed at which current from an adjoining decoupling capacitor can propagate to a power pin of the integrated circuit device. The high Er material mitigates cross-coupling of noise between the low Er regions.申请人：Kevin Horn,Forest Dillinger,Otto Richard Buhler,Karl Sauter地址：Brighton CO US,Golden CO US,Boulder CO US,Pleasanton CA US国籍：US,US,US,US代理机构：Brooks Kushman P.C.更多信息请下载全文后查看。

媒体之星 AVP 2000 3000 编码器手册说明书

The AVP 2000 / 3000 Encoder has been designed specifically to address the demands of today’s broad range of Contribution, DSNG, and Primary Distribution (C&D) applications delivering the most flexible solution in the market. Based on a compact 1RU form factor chassis with up to six hot swappable option slots with a single power supply unit (PSU), making it an ideal solution for the whole spectrum of high resilience to high density requirements. For applications demanding higher service resiliency then there is an option to have dual power supplies ensuring the unit delivers maximum performance, flexibility and reliability.A comprehensive range of processing options are available in the AVP Encoder including MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC which depending on the modules deployed enable operators to encode multiple formats as ASIand/or IP outputs. An integrated satellite modulator option offers high order DVB-S/S2/S2X modulation on both IF and L-Band outputs.Standard definition, high definition and ultra high definition in 4:2:0 and 4:2:2 modes are supported and for highest quality feeds the unit supports both 10-bit precision and p50/59.94 frame rates.A key aspect of the AVP is usability and it features a fully functional front panel to meet the demand of the contribution environment, including ease of operations, and quick menu access. In addition for those configuring the unit by PC a simplified user interface is available with all the commonly used controls on a single page. Overall the AVP offers broadcasters and network operators the most advanced video and audio compression technology available today and is key part of MediaKind’s C&D portfolio which also include receivers, and control and management software for scheduling.AVP 2000 / AVP 3000EncoderBase Unit Features• Six slot single PSU AVP2000/BAS/1AC/A • Four slot dual PSU AVP2000/BAS/2AC/A • Six slot dual PSU with Flying Leads AVP2000/BAS/2ACFL/ABase Chassis Functionality• Control via 2x electrical Ethernet (100/1000BaseT) • Data I/O via 4x electrical Ethernet (100/1000BaseT)with optional in-band control over Data I/O• License keys stored with option cards for maximumportability• Multiplexing and MPEG-2 Transport Stream generation • SMPTE 2022-1/-2 (Pro-MPEG) FEC on a single SPTS/MPTS • Encryption of output MPEG-2 Transport Stream usingBasic Interoperable Scrambling System (BISS) forsecure contribution links Supports BISS modes 0,1and E• SI table generation• Service level Remux (Requires AVP/HWO/ASI/IO/A)Platform Processing Capacities• Up to four CE-HEVC modules • Multiple concurrent I/O optionsBasic Modulation Value Pack 1• DVB-DSNG 8PSK and 16QAM modulation • DVB-S2 QPSK and 8PSK• Enable extended symbol rate range from 45 Msym/s to66 Msym/sAdvanced Modulation Value Pack 1• DVB-S2X MODCODs and FECs.• Higher order modulation support of DVB-S2 QPSK,8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK and 64APSKProduct OverviewHigh Flexibility, Reliability and ServiceabilityThe AVP Encoder is the basis for the most efficient video compression engines available to the broadcast market. The platform itself is designed to address both the need for density with up to six option slots and the need for high resilience by making all the option slots hot swappable and the addition of a dual PSUversion of the chassis. A standard IP interface and a wide range of separate I/O options provide interfacing to multiple hybrid networks concurrently. This includes an integrated DVB-S and DVB-S2 satellite modulator providing high order modulation on IF and L-Bandoutputs. The AVP allows in-field serviceability, portability and system reconfiguration to address the widest range of C&D applicationsLeading High Quality CompressionThe AVP Encoder supports the CE-HEVC encodermodule providing support for HEVC and MPEG-4 AVC video compression. Each module can encode a single UHD (4k) video service or up to 4 HD video services. It supports 4:2:2 or 4:2:0, 8or 10-bit video, and can provide low and super low end to end latency encoding modes.So the AVP Encoder pushes encoding efficiency, serviceability and upgradeability to new levels of excellence.Efficient Use of SpectrumIt also supports DVB-S2 and DVB-S2X high ordermodulation on both IF and L-Band outputs. DVB-S2 gives a 30 % performance gain compared to DVB-S, and DVB-S2X gives up to 20% performance gain compared to DVB-S2.Front Panel OperationsA front panel provides complete unit control in mobile environments. Its unique ergonomic new design is the result of development based on industry feedback and includes:• Rotary control for fast selection and key-pad for easyvalue insertion• Quick access menus specifically designed for mobileoperations with customizable shortcuts and ample configuration storage• Audio metering1 Only available when the when theHardware OptionsCE-HEVC Series Encoder Modules(CE/HWO/CE-HEVC/BNC/A)(CE/HWO/HEVC/SFP/B)• Up to four modules per chassis depending on configuration• 4 x 3G/HD/SD-SDI, video input/BNC variant co-axial cable inputs/SFP variant has SFP slots• 1 UHD or 4 HD encodes per module2• HEVC and MPEG-4 AVC encoding capabilities2• 4:2:0 and 4:2:2 chroma sampling modes• 8 or 10-bit precision• 1 Mb/s to 100 Mb/s video bit-rate2• Multiple low latency modes• Up to 32 stereo pairs of audio encoding and pass-through2• VANC data extraction and support for generic VANC (SMPTE 2038)External Synchronisation Module(CE/HWO/EXTSYNC/A)• One slot per module. Up to one module per chassis • Supports synchronization of all encoders in the chassis to support single PCR operation• 10 MHz or HSYNC inputASI I/O Module(CE/HWO/ASI/IO/A)• One slot per module• 2 x ASI MPEG-2 Transport Stream outputs configuredas mirrored or independent (230Mbps max sharedbetween 2 outputs, 200Mbps max on any 1 output).• 2 x ASI inputs for Transport Stream pass-through toSatModG703 Module(CE/HWO/G703/A)• One slot per module• Supports E3 and DS3 output connectivityGPI Module(CE/HWO/GPI/A)• One slot per module• Supports GPO relay triggers for “Alarm” and “Failure”modes• Supports manual SCTE-35 splice point insertionSatellite Modulator(AVP/HWO/SATMOD/A)• SatMod card for DSNG2 Exact capabilities depend on module and Value Packs; pleaseSpecificationsTransport Stream InterfacingSatellite ModulatorManagement2x Electrical Ethernet (100/1000BaseT)SNMP v1/v2/v3, for alarm trapsUser management via web browserFully functional front panel controlSupport by nCompass Physical and PowerEnvironmental ConditionsCompliance。

MIC2033 高精度高侧固定电流限制电源分布开关说明书

MIC2033 Evaluation BoardHigh-Accuracy, High-Side, Fixed Current Limit Power SwitchMicrel Inc. • 2180 Fortune Drive • San Jose, CA 95131 • USA • tel +1 (408) 944-0800 • fax + 1 (408) 474-1000 •General DescriptionThe MIC2033 is a high-side MOSFET power distribution switch providing increased system reliability using 5% current limit accuracy.The MIC2033 has an operating input voltage range from 2.5V to 5.5V, is internally current limited, and has thermal shutdown to protect the device and system. The MIC2033 is offered with either active-high or active-low logic level enable input controls. It has an open drain fault status output flag with a built-in 32ms delay that asserts low during overcurrent or thermal shutdown conditions.The MIC2033 is available with several different fixed current limit options: 0.5A, 0.8A, 1A, and 1.2A. A capacitor-adjustable soft-start circuit minimizes inrush current in applications using high capacitive loads.The MIC2033 is offered in both 6-pin SOT-23 and 6-pin 2mm x 2mm thin DFN packages. It has an operating junction temperature range of −40°C to +125°C. RequirementsThe MIC2033 evaluation board requires a single power supply to provide V IN . The V IN power supply must be able to deliver a minimum of 2.5V and more than 1.5A capability. The output load can either be active or passive. PrecautionsThe evaluation board does not have reverse polarity protection. Applying a negative voltage to the V IN terminal can damage the device. In addition, the maximum V IN operating voltage of the MIC2033 evaluation board is 5.5V. Exceeding 5.5V on V IN can permanently damage the device.Getting Started1. Connect an external supply to the V IN terminal .Apply the desired input voltage to the V IN and ground terminals of the evaluation board, paying careful attention to polarity and supply voltage. The user can place an ammeter between the input supply and the V IN terminal to the evaluation board. Make sure that the supply voltage is monitored at the V IN terminal. The ammeter and/or power lead resistance can reduce the voltage supplied to the input.2. Connect the load to the V OUT and ground terminals.The load can be either passive (resistive) or active (as in an electronic load). The user can place an ammeter between the load and the V OUT terminal. Make sure that the output voltage is monitored at the V OUT terminal.3. Enable the switchThe MIC2033-12AYxx evaluation boards are configured for default enable using a 10k Ω pull-up resistor from the ENABLE pin to VIN. To disable the switch, place a jumper short across the jumper pins at TP2. The MIC2033-05BYxx evaluation boards are configured for default disable. To enable the switch, place a jumper short across the jumper pins at TP2. 4. Fault detectionThe MIC2033 is equipped with an error flag, FAULT/. TP3 is provided to monitor the FAULT/ pin.Ordering InformationPart Number DescriptionMIC2033-05BYM6 EV Evaluation board featuring the MIC2033-05BYM6 500mA Switch MIC2033-12AYM6 EV Evaluation board featuring the MIC2033-12AYM6 1.2A Switch MIC2033-05BYMT EV Evaluation board featuring the MIC2033-05BYMT 500mA Switch MIC2033-12AYMT EVEvaluation board featuring the MIC2033-12AYMT 1.2A SwitchApplication InformationSoft-StartSoft-start reduces the power supply input surge current at startup by controlling the output voltage rise time. The input surge appears while the output capacitor is charged up. A slower output rise time draws a lower input surge current.During soft-start, an internal current sink discharges the external capacitor at CSLEW to ground to control the ramp of the output voltage. The output voltage rise time depends on the value of C CSLEW, the input voltage, output voltage, and the current limit. Micrel recommends that the value of the CSLEW external capacitor be in the range of 0.1µF to 1µF. For the MIC2033 evaluation board, CSLEW = C3 = 0.1µF. Output VoltageThe MIC2033 evaluation board is available with either a 0.5A or 1.2A fixed current limit. If the output current exceeds the current limit, the MIC2033 switch enters constant current limit mode. The maximum allowable current limit can be less than the full specified and/or expected current if the MIC2033 is not mounted on a circuit board with sufficiently low thermal resistance. The MIC2033 responds to short circuits within 10µs to limit the output current. It also provides an output fault flag that asserts (low) for an overcurrent condition that lasts longer than the overcurrent fault response delay time (t FAULT/), which is typically 32ms.MIC2033-xxxYMx Evaluation Board SchematicsMIC2033-xxxYMT Evaluation BoardMIC2033-xxxYM6 Evaluation BoardBill of MaterialsNumber Manufacturer Description Qty. Item PartC1608X5R0J105K TDK(1)C1, C21.0µF/6.3V ceramic capacitor, X5R, 0603 206036D105KAT2A AVX(2)06033C104KAT2A TDK0.1µF/25V ceramic capacitor, X7R, 0603 1C3C1608X7R1E104K AVXR1, R2 CRCW060310K0FKEA Vishay/Dale(3) 10.0kΩ, film resistor, 0603, 1% 2U1 MIC2033-xxxYMx Micrel(4)High-accuracy, high-side, fixed current limit power switch 1Notes:1. TDK: .2. AVX: .3. Vishay: .4. Micrel, Inc.: .Evaluation Board PCB LayoutMIC2033-xxxYMT Evaluation Board – Top LayerMIC2033-xxxYMT Evaluation Board – Bottom LayerEvaluation Board PCB Layout (Continued)MIC2033-xxxYM6 Evaluation Board – Top LayerMIC2033-xxxYM6 Evaluation Board – Bottom Layer。

NCE40H12K 枪型电容电流防护电阻的商品说明书

NCE N-Channel Enhancement Mode Power MOSFETDescriptionThe NCE40H12K uses advanced trench technology and design to provide excellent R DS(ON) with low gate charge. It can be used in a wide variety of applications.General Features● V DS =40V,I D =120AR DS(ON) <4.0m Ω @ V GS =10V R DS(ON) <7m Ω @ V GS =4.5V● High density cell design for ultra low Rdson ● Fully characterized avalanche voltage and current ● Good stability and uniformity with high E AS ● Excellent package for good heat dissipation ● Special process technology for high ESD capabilityApplication● Load switching● Hard switched and high frequency circuits ● Uninterruptible power supply100% UIS TESTED!100% ∆Vds TESTED!Schematic diagramMarking and pin assignmentTO-252-2L top viewPackage Marking and Ordering InformationDevice MarkingDeviceDevice PackageReel SizeTape widthQuantityNCE40H12K NCE40H12K TO-252-2L-- -Absolute Maximum Ratings (T C =25℃unless otherwise noted)Parameter Symbol Limit UnitDrain-Source Voltage V DS 40 V Gate-Source Voltage V GS ±20 V Drain Current-ContinuousI D 120 ADrain Current-Continuous(T C =100℃) I D (100℃) 85 A Pulsed Drain Current I DM 330 A Maximum Power Dissipation P D 120 W Derating factor0.8 W/℃Single pulse avalanche energy (Note 5)E AS 1080 mJOperating Junction and Storage Temperature RangeT J ,T STG-55 To 175℃Thermal CharacteristicThermal Resistance,Junction-to-Case (Note 2)R θJC1.25/W ℃Electrical Characteristics (T C =25℃unless otherwise noted)ParameterSymbolCondition Min Typ Max UnitOff CharacteristicsDrain-Source Breakdown Voltage BV DSS V GS =0V I D =250μA 40 45 - V Zero Gate Voltage Drain Current I DSS V DS =40V,V GS =0V -- 1 μA Gate-Body Leakage Current I GSS V GS =±20V,V DS =0V - - ±100 nA On Characteristics (Note 3) Gate Threshold VoltageV GS(th) V DS =V GS ,I D =250μA 1.2 1.8 2.5 V V GS =10V, I D =20A - 3.6 4.0Drain-Source On-State Resistance R DS(ON) V GS =4.5V, I D=10A - 5.8 7.0 m ΩForward Transconductance g FSV DS =10V,I D =20A 26 - - SDynamic Characteristics (Note4) Input Capacitance C lss - 5400 - PF Output CapacitanceC oss - 970 - PFReverse Transfer Capacitance C rssV DS =20V,V GS =0V,F=1.0MHz- 380 - PF Switching Characteristics (Note 4) Turn-on Delay Time t d(on) - 15 - nSTurn-on Rise Time t r - 18 - nS Turn-Off Delay Time t d(off) - 52 - nSTurn-Off Fall Time t fV DD =20V,I D =2A,R L =1Ω V GS =10V,R G =3Ω - 23 - nSTotal Gate Charge Q g - 75 nCGate-Source Charge Q gs - 10.5 nCGate-Drain ChargeQ gd V DS =20V,I D =20A,V GS =10V- 17 nC Drain-Source Diode Characteristics Diode Forward Voltage (Note 3) V SDV GS =0V,I S =40A -1.2 V Diode Forward Current (Note 2)I S - - 120 A Reverse Recovery Time t rr - 42 - nS Reverse Recovery Charge Qrr TJ = 25°C, IF = 40Adi/dt = 100A/μs (Note3)- 45 - nCForward Turn-On Timet onIntrinsic turn-on time is negligible (turn-on is dominated by LS+LD)Notes:1. Repetitive Rating: Pulse width limited by maximum junction temperature.2. Surface Mounted on FR4 Board, t ≤ 10 sec.3. Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300μs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%.4. Guaranteed by design, not subject to production5. E AS condition : Tj=25℃,V DD =20V,V G =10V,L=1mH,Rg=25Ω，I AS =46.5ANCE40H12K Test circuit1) E AS Test Circuit2) Gate Charge Test Circuit3) Switch Time Test CircuitTypical Electrical and Thermal Characteristics (Curves)Vds Drain-Source Voltage (V)Figure 1 Output CharacteristicsVgs Gate-Source Voltage (V)Figure 2 Transfer CharacteristicsI D - Drain Current (A)Figure 3 Rdson- Drain CurrentT J -Junction Temperature(℃)Figure 4 Rdson-JunctionTemperatureQg Gate Charge (nC)Figure 5 Gate ChargeVsd Source-Drain Voltage (V)Figure 6 Source- Drain Diode ForwardR d s o n O n -R e s i s t a n c e (m Ω)I D - D r a i n C u r r e n t (A )I D - D r a i n C u r r e n t (A )N o r m a l i z e d O n -R e s i s t a n c eV g s G a t e -S o u r c e V o l t a g e (V )I s - R e v e r s e D r a i n C u r r e n t (A )Vds Drain-Source Voltage (V)Figure 7 Capacitance vs VdsVds Drain-Source Voltage (V)Figure 8 Safe Operation AreaT J -Junction Temperature (℃)Figure 9 Power De-ratingT J -Junction Temperature(℃)Figure 10 V GS(th) vs Junction TemperatureI D - D r a i n C u r r e n t (A )C C a p a c i t a n c e (p F )Square Wave Pluse Duration(sec)Figure 11 Normalized Maximum Transient Thermal Impedancer (t ),N o r m a l i z e d E f f e c t i v e T r a n s i e n t T h e r m a l I m p e d a n c eP o w e r D i s s i p a t i o n (W )TO-252 Package InformationDimensions In Millimeters Dimensions In Inches SymbolMin.Max.Min.Max.A 2.200 2.400 0.087 0.094A1 0.000 0.127 0.000 0.005b 0.660 0.860 0.026 0.034c 0.460 0.580 0.018 0.023D 6.500 6.700 0.256 0.264D1 5.100 5.460 0.201 0.215 D2 4.830 TYP. 0.190 TYP.E 6.000 6.200 0.236 0.244e 2.186 2.386 0.086 0.0940.386 0.409L 9.80010.400L1 2.900 TYP. 0.114 TYP.L2 1.400 1.700 0.055 0.067 L3 1.600 TYP. 0.063 TYP.L4 0.600 1.000 0.024 0.039 Φ 1.100 1.300 0.043 0.051 θ0°8°0°8°h 0.000 0.300 0.000 0.012V 5.350 TYP. 0.211 TYP.Attention:■Any and all NCE power products described or contained herein do not have specifications that can handle applications that require extremely high levels of reliability, such as life-support systems, aircraft's control systems, or other applications whose failure can be reasonably expected to result in serious physical and/or material damage. Consult with your NCE power representative nearest you before using any NCE power products described or contained herein in such applications.■ NCE power assumes no responsibility for equipment failures that result from using products at values that exceed, even momentarily, rated values (such as maximum ratings, operating condition ranges, or other parameters) listed in products specifications of any and all NCE power products described or contained herein.■Specifications of any and all NCE power products described or contained herein stipulate the performance, characteristics, and functions of the described products in the independent state, and are not guarantees of the performance, characteristics, and functions of the described products as mounted in the customer’s products or equipment. To verify symptoms and states that cannot be evaluated in an independent device, the customer should always evaluate and test devices mounted in the customer’s products or equipment.■ NCE power Semiconductor CO.,LTD. strives to supply high-quality high-reliability products. However, any and all semiconductor products fail with some probability. It is possible that these probabilistic failures could give rise to accidents or events that could endanger human lives, that could give rise to smoke or fire, or that could cause damage to other property. When designing equipment, adopt safety measures so that these kinds of accidents or events cannot occur. Such measures include but are not limited to protective circuits and error prevention circuits for safe design, redundant design, and structural design.■ In the event that any or all NCE power products(including technical data, services) described or contained herein are controlled under any of applicable local export control laws and regulations, such products must not be exported without obtaining the export license from the authorities concerned in accordance with the above law.■No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of NCE power Semiconductor CO.,LTD.■Information (including circuit diagrams and circuit parameters) herein is for example only ; it is not guaranteed for volume production. NCE power believes information herein is accurate and reliable, but no guarantees are made or implied regarding its use or any infringements of intellectual property rights or other rights of third parties.■ Any and all information described or contained herein are subject to change without notice due to product/technology improvement, etc. When designing equipment, refer to the "Delivery Specification" for the NCE power product that you intend to use.■This catalog provides information as of Sep.2010. Specifications and information herein are subject to change without notice.。

超高层建筑中新大厦供配电系统设计

BUILDINGELECTRICITYAbstract:In view of the particularity andproject characteristics of super high⁃rise buildings,this paper introduces the design idea of power supplyand distribution system of Suzhou China⁃SingaporeTower,including medium⁃voltage power supply anddistribution system,low⁃voltage power distributionsystem,power distribution system of air defensebasement,electric energy saving,etc.,realizing thepurpose of green energy saving under the premise ofensuring safety and reliability.Key words:super high⁃rise building;powersupply and distribution system;load classification;power supply scheme;diesel generator set;airdefense basement;protective unit;energy saving摘要:针对超高层建筑的特殊性及项目特点,介绍苏州中新大厦供配电系统的设计思路,包括中压供配电系统、低压配电系统、防空地下室配电系统、电气节能等,在确保安全可靠的前提下,实现绿色节能的目的。

关键词:超高层建筑;供配电系统;负荷分级;供电方案;柴油发电机组;防空地下室;防护单元;节能中图分类号:TU852文献标识码:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-8493.2019.10.0020引言苏州中新大厦位于中国-新加坡苏州工业园区独墅湖畔,是继东方之门、苏州中心之后园区又一地标性建筑。

METHOD TO DETERMINE HIGH LEVEL POWER DISTRIBUTION

专利名称：METHOD TO DETERMINE HIGH LEVELPOWER DISTRIBUTION AND INTERFACEPROBLEMS IN COMPLEX INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS发明人：Jesse Conrad Newcomb申请号：US13451530申请日：20120419公开号：US20120266121A1公开日：20121018专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A computer software implemented method of automatically determiningadequacy of an integrated circuit electrical power distribution and signal protection schemes, based on netlist data, which does not rely on other a-priori data. The method determines which nets are power supply nets, their connectivity to different types of power supplies. The method automatically traverses the nested block structure of the circuit, ascending and descending in block hierarchy as needed, and automatically determines (often based on an inspection of the power needs of the individual block devices) the type of power supply needed to power that block, power supply adequacy, and adequate protection of signal interfaces to other blocks. The method can present the analysis in a high level report, such as a graphical map, that can make root cause sources of power and power related signal interface problems immediately evident, and which suppresses most irrelevant details.申请人：Jesse Conrad Newcomb地址：Daly City CA US国籍：US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

ITinPowerDistribution它的功率分布课件

IT IN SYSTEM PLANNING
IT in System Planning Load forecast is an important parameter for
system planning Requires accurate data of the system like
energy consumption for last 10 years, maximum demand Methods of load forecast Trends: The trends for the growth in energy and consumption are computed based on the past data are To forecast the future demand / energy
NEED OF THE HOUR
▪ Distribution system forms the ultimate link in the power system between the utility and end user. Customer expectations also have gone up to provide
IT IMPLEMENTATION INITIATIVES
New Trends Automated Meter Reading Web Based Servicing Trouble Call Management System SCADA Consumer Analysis Tool (CAT)
IT is used in energy audit, Estimation of baseline losses & Substation /Distribution automation

PDU12IEC 1.9 3.8KW单相120-240V基本P Du详细介绍说明书

1.9-3.8kW Single-Phase 120–240V Basic PDU, 14 Outlets (12 C13 & 2 C19), C20 16A Input, 1U Rack-MountMODEL NUMBER:PDU12IECDelivers 120–240V single-phase AC power to multiple loads from a utility outlet, generator or UPS system in a high-density IT environment. Ideal for networking, telecom, security, audio/video and sound reinforcement applications.DescriptionThe PDU12IEC 1.9/3.8kW Single-Phase 120–240V Basic PDU is the perfect no-frills unit for networking, telecom, security, audio/video and sound reinforcement applications. Perfectly suited for high-density IT environments, the PDU12IEC features a single load bank with 14 total outlets—eight rear C13, two rear C19 and four front C13. The C20 inlet accepts a variety of user-provided power cords that connect to your facility’s compatible AC power source, generator or protected UPS to distribute power to connected equipment.The switchless design prevents an accidental shutdown, which could lead to costly downtime. Dual 16A circuit breakers protect connected equipment from dangerous overloads. The reversible all-metal housing mounts in 1U of space in EIA-standard 19-inch racks, as well as on a wall or workbench or under a counter. With a compatible rack and a PDUSIDEBRKT accessory (sold separately), you can adapt the PDU12IEC for vertical 0U rack-mounting.FeaturesReliable Single-Phase Power DistributionIdeal no-frills PDU for networking, telecom, security, audio/video and sound reinforcement applications q14 total outlets—8 rear C13, 2 rear C19 and 4 front C13—in one load bankqBuilt-in 16A circuit breakers protect outlets against overloadsqC20 inlet accepts wide variety of user-supplied power cordsqRear-panel grounding lugqSwitchless DesignPrevents accidental shutdowns and costly downtimeqVersatile Installation OptionsMounts horizontally in 1U of EIA-standard 19 in. 2- and 4-post racksq HighlightsC20 inlet accepts wide variety of user-supplied power cordsq14 total outlets—8 rear C13, 2rear C19 and 4 front C13qSwitchless design preventsaccidental shutdownqReversible all-metal housingqInstalls in rack, on wall or under counterqPackage IncludesPDU12IEC 1.9/3.8kW Single-Phase 120–240V Basic PDUqMounting hardwareqOwner’s manualqSpecificationsReversible all-metal housing faces front or rear in rackq Ready for toolless 0U vertical installation with optional PDUSIDEBRKT (sold separately)q Also mounts on wall, workbench or under a counterq© 2023 Eaton. All Rights Reserved. Eaton is a registered trademark. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.。

Wall Energy Systems Consulting LLC 分发系统特点、分发实践和与微源

Distribution System Characteristics, Distribution Practices, and Relevance to DER and Composite Load ModelingReigh WallingWalling Energy Systems Consulting, LLCIncreasing Importance of T –D Interface •Distribution system operators/planners/etc. need to recognize the distribution impacts on the bulk system–Transmission system is not the “infinite bus” conventionally assumed–DER interconnection requirements and standards–Providing accurate information to transmission planners for model development–Implementation of UFLS (under-frequency load shedding)•Transmission planners can benefit from better understanding of distribution –Facilitates improved mutual understanding with distribution operators and planners–Better parameterization of composite load and DER modelsDistribution is Not Transmission at a Lower Voltage!Characteristic Transmission DistributionEngineering Custom engineering design of everyaddition & modification Engineering by standards, application typically by non-engineersConfiguration Heavily networked, configuration fixed Completely radial, with very limitedexceptions. Configuration often modified inthe course of operationNumber of nodes Very finite Thousands of nodes per distribution system;load nodes frequently modeled as lumped oras a continuumStandardization Transmission design is relativelystandardized across the continent Distribution design practices vary greatly between utilitiesOperational visibility Highly monitored by SCADA and EMS Traditionally, very little monitoring and muchuncertainty. Increasing application of DMSBranch characteristics Relatively high X/R ratio, line charging issignificant, particularly for UG cables Low X/R ratio, line charging is almost always insignificantProtection Sophisticated protection schemes,particularly at the bulk transmission levelSimple overcurrent protectionDistribution ConfigurationsInternational Distribution Practices•Local delivery concept–Used in North America–Medium voltage (4 –35 kV) primary system brought near the loads–Relatively small distribution transformers step down to low voltage (< 1 kV) secondary system for short-distance delivery to a small number of customers•Central delivery concept–Used in Europe and elsewhere (particularly where previously colonized by Europe)–Medium voltage brought to a central delivery point (e.g., one point for a village or an urban neighborhood)–Large transformers (typically 3-ph) at these delivery points–Extensive secondary main system carries power over moderate distance to a large number of customersPrimary Distribution Substations•Step down from transmission voltage (HV) to primary voltage (MV)•Range from a few MVA per bus, to as great as ~50 MVA per bus Transmission LinesTransmission Lines Breakers Power Transformer Transformer Breaker High-Voltage BusDistribution Feeders Feeder BreakersTransmission LinesDistribution FeedersDistribution BusBus Tie BreakerOne-Transformer Sub Two-Transformer SubRadial Primary Distribution Configuration•Topology is dendritic•Main feeder is 3-ph, andmay have branches•Primary laterals feedfrom main feeder–Often 1-ph or 2-ph–Typically fused•Service transformerson both mainfeeder and laterals •Feeders mayhave reclosers,sectionalizers, orswitches provideprotection and allowreconfiguration •Main feeder conductor RKeyFeedercircuitbreakerMainfeederFeederlateralRCircuitrecloserFuseDistributiontransformerVoltagereglatingtransformerPrimary Feeder Reconfiguration•Except in some rural areas, it is common for primary feeders to have a normally-open tie to an adjacent feeder•Sectionalizers, reclosers, or manual switches at various points along a feeder allow a faulted section to be isolated•Closing in the tie to another feeder allows section downstream of faulted section to be restored via the “back door feed”FAULTFAULTPre-FaultImmediate Post-FaultAfterReconfigurationGreen = Closed or LiveRed = Open or DeenergizedSecondary Area Networks•Extreme reliability, but at a significant cost•Typically applied in dense urban areas•Secondary is 208Y/120 VKeySubstation busFeeder circuit breakerPrimary feederSecondary mainNetwork transformer withprotectorCustomer ServicesService Voltages and Number of Phases •Residential customers–1-ph (center tapped) 240/120 V–Some large apartment buildings served by 3-ph transformers with each apartment receiving 120 V single phase or 120 V single phase (ph-neutral) and 208 V (ph-to-ph)•Moderate to large customers–3-ph 208Y/120 V or 480Y/277 V•Large customers and utility-scale DER facilities–3-ph primary service (e.g., 13.2 kV)–Customer often owns transformer•ANSI C84.1 voltage ranges at service point–Range A –normal steady state: 0.95 –1.05 p.u.–Range B –“limited in extent, frequency and duration”: 0.917 –1.058 p.u.Distribution Service Transformers •Distribution transformers serve few loads–Single medium/large commercial customer per transformer–Residential: typical average of 4 customers/transformer, as few as 1–Served loads are not diversified•Total distribution service transformer capacity on a distribution system is several times greater than the peak diversified load•Impedances–Residential: 1.5% -2.5%, very low X/R (1 –2)–Commercial: 3% -6%, impedance tends to increase with kVA rating up to 750 kVAVoltage and Reactive ManagementNominal Primary Voltages•Standard nominal voltages specified by ANSI C84.1• 5 kV class (obsolete; almost no utilities expand 5 kV systems)– 4.16 kV, 4.8 kV•15 kV class (most common class)–12.47 kV (most common nominal voltage)–13.2 kV (widely used in the Northeast)•25 kV class (second most common class)–22.9 kV–24.94 kV•35 kV class (a few utilities went big for 35 kV, some have retreated)–34.5 kV•Additional oddball voltagesDistribution Voltage Drop•Distribution feeders have a low X/R ratio (0.5 –3 for overhead distribution)–Small conductors = higher R–Close phase spacing = lower X–Resistance plays a much more prominent role in distribution voltage profile than fortransmission•Voltage drop approximation; quite accurate for distribution:•Phasor comparison –low X/R (distribution) to high X/R (transmission)∆V ≅I p R +I q X =P V R +QV X I I ⋅R V 1V 2jI ⋅X I I ⋅RV 1V 2jI ⋅X P: active power toward load Q: reactive power toward loadV: scalar voltage magnitudeDistribution Voltage Profile•Voltage profile over distribution system tends to be a declining curve if:–No shunt capacitor banks–No feeder voltage regulators–No DER output greater than local load demand•Unlike transmission, distribution systemstypically have a significant amount ofphase imbalance–Primarily due to load current imbalance–Transferring load phase connection is theusual mitigation when imbalance is too severe•Objective is to hold remote feeder end primaryvoltage to minimum service voltage plusallowance for service transformer andsecondary cable dropsVoltage Regulation Equipment•Substation transformer bank on-load tapchanger•Feeder voltage regulator–Low-ratio variable autotransformer–Boost or buck voltage up to ±10%•Feeder capacitor–Rating typically on the order of a few hundred kVAR–Switched for fixed Pole-Mounted Single-PhaseVoltage RegulatorPoletop Switched Capacitorwith 2 regulatorsno regulatorsBank LTC and Voltage Regulator Controls•Control changes taps to regulate load-side voltage•Line-drop compensation–Voltage objective adjusted based on the magnitude of active and reactive current flow –Effectively results in the voltage to be regulated constant at some distance down the feeder from the actual regulator or substation bus–Example: LDC on substation bank will boost bus voltage under high load conditions in order to maintain adequate remote-end voltageCapacitor Application•Objectives:–Correct power factor to release feeder capacity for kW delivery and decrease losses (conventionally, the primary objective)o Raw load power factor may be as low as 0.8 –0.9 (75 kVAR for every 100 kW)o Capacitor banks added to raise power factor to an economically optimized objective; typ. 0.97–Regulate feeder voltage–Reactive support to transmission (very limited effectiveness due to transformer X)•Capacitors typically deployed at locations along the feeders•Often a mix of fixed and switched capacitors–Manually switched –typically seasonal–Remotely switched (e.g., via SCADA, pagers, etc.)–Automatically switchedDistanceCapacitor Controls•Timer–Switch on for peak load hours; subject to becoming out of synch•Ambient temperature–Based on assumption that air conditioner load is primary cause of high loading and low pf •Current magnitude–Scalar current, independent of P, Q proportions•Reactive current–Requires a voltage transformer as well as a current transformer•Voltage–Requires coordination with other voltage regulatorsDistribution Engineering and Planning•“Cookbook” design standards allows circuit additions to be executed by field crews without specific engineering involvement•Economy is a key objective; low cost “throwaway” equipment•Planning analysis–Three-phase loadflow analysis requires dedicated distribution analysis software–Limited modelso Some utilities have no distribution system modelso Secondary systems rarely incorporated into modelso Keeping models current is challenging–Considerable uncertainty regarding nodal loading; typically, only total feeder loading is known –Dynamics are rarely considered in distribution planning•Reliability performance metrics–SAIFI: System Average Interruption Frequency Index –how often the average customer experiences an outage (US median = 1.1 outages / year)–SAIDI: System Average Interruption Duration Index –how much time the average customer is out of service during a year (US average = 280 minutes / year)Distributed Energy Resources (DER)Sectors of DER•Residential behind-the-meter (BTM)–Almost all is PV–Some energy storage is appearing (CA modifications of BTM tariffs)–Typically, 5 –10 kW range•Commercial/agricultural BTM–PV –10’s of kW to several MW–Cogeneration, a.k.a. combined heat and power (CHP) 100’s of kW to MW’s–Waste gas generation (sewer plants, manure digesters, landfills)–Some energy storage appearing in this sector•Utility scale generation –facilities exclusively for power export–Predominately PV,–Small hydro–Energy storage; driven by mandates–100’s of kW to > 10 MW•Community solar–Technical characteristics are essentially the same as utility-scale DERLarge majority of DER capacity in the East and Midwest is utility-scalePriorities for Location of Utility-Scale PV1.Available land2.Cost of land3.Zoning, other regulatory issues, NIMBY4.Cost of interconnection (distribution upgrades)•••99.Distance to substationUtility-scale DER are often located far from substation, in the midst of loadDER Interconnection Policies•Distribution utility attitudes regarding DER–Inherently highly conservative–Historically, significant hostility (justified and unjustified) to DER–“Attitude adjustment” has been “encouraged” by regulators–Overwhelming fixation on DER islanding concerns•Technical characteristics of DER are governed by the distribution utility policies applicable at time of interconnection, not “vintage”–Many (most?) utilities have not yet adopted IEEE 1547-2018–IEEE 1547-2018 default parameters are just suggested values–“Volt-var” function is frequently not enabledo Substantial issues integrating with other distribution voltage regulationo Concern that it will cause sustained islands (disproven)–Primary frequency regulation (“frequency-watt) not allowed in some jurisdictions•Many utilities apply their own switchgear in series with U-DER interconnections –Trip settings can nullify voltage ride-through of DER–Quote at a state DER WG meeting “We have no problem with DER, we set our reclosers for 0.9 p.u.instantaneous trip. We don’t like ride through; anything happens on the system,those damn things are gone!”Aggregate Modeling of Load & DERFeeder Equivalent Impedance•Impedance of feeder equivalent should be to the centroid of the load –If the topology were a single linear feeder with no branching, no size taper, and uniformly distributed load, the equivalent feeder impedance is 50% of the actual feeder’s impedanceplus equivalent service transformer impedance–Reality if far more complicated; extensive study would be required to derive the feeder equivalent impedance from circuit topology and impedances–Reasonable approach is to determine an impedance thatgives the appropriate voltage drop with peak loadand no DER–“Appropriate voltage drop” depends on voltagecontrol strategyo With no voltage regulators, drop < 10%/2o With multiple regulators, drop in model should be much greater–Software that limits voltage drop to 10% by overridingfeeder impedance can introduce error in attempt to avoiduser errorQuestions?Brian Seal , EPRI -DER IntegrationAbrez Mondal , EPRI and IEEE P1547.10 WG ChairJose Cordova , EPRI and SPIDERWG Coordination Co-lead Jens Boemer , EPRI and IEEE SC21 Standards CoordinatorFebruary 2nd, 2023DER Gateways Overview with NERC SPIDER WGDER Gateways –Always Needed, Rarely DiscussedUtility Comm’s Gateway Plant Comm’s GatewayAggregator Comm’s Gateway Residential/Small Commercial Comm’s GatewayScope of Rule 21-based CommunicationsDirect Path to Residential / Small Commercial System Aggregator Mediated CommunicationsDirect Path to Commercial / Industrial System IEEE 1547-2018CSIPGateways –Always Used for Integration of Critical DevicesWhat is at the “DER Site”?DER ManagingEntitiesDER Devices andPlantsDER Management SystemsDER SiteDER SiteDERDERPrimary Factors Driving DER Gateways•Security•Manageability•Edge IntelligenceSecurityDER Managing Entities DER SiteTrustedNot Trusted•DER are treated as not trusted. Diverse sources of supply, customer selected, no traceability, not patchable/upgradeableo Susceptibility to outside/network attacks (inadvertent vulnerabilities) o Internal malicious features (intentional, anywhere in the supply chain) •DER gateways bring trust, can be patched readily, and can be discarded & wholesale replaced when neededManageabilityAggregation NetworksDER Managing EntitiesIndividual DER(Diverse)DER Gateways(Uniform)Edge IntelligenceScheduling(Coordination withnext revision of IEEE 1547 and CA SIWG Phase 3)Availability at Night andDuring OutagesReport Unexpected DERSettings ChangeMulti-Master Scenarios and Command Prioritization(RBAC)Communication ProtocolTranslation(Coordination with IEEE 1815.1-2015)Event Logging & RetrievalCentralized ManageabilitySmart Inverter Function Implementation for LegacyDERCybersecurity (Coordination withIEEE 1686-2013and IEEE P1547.3)Alarms Logging & Retrieval Logging & Retrieving IntervalDataReal Time “Status” MonitoringCommunication Network Performance Monitoring (Coordination with IEEE 1686-2013)DER Lost Energy CalculationTransparent Smart InverterFunction HandlingLoss of Master Detection andReversion of Settingsto DefaultsAdvanced Notification & Synchronized ActionsBuffering Monitored Interval Data During Network OutagesContinuous Monitoring & Report by ExceptionSupervision for Voltage SagsIEEE 1547.10Recommended Practice for DER Gateway PlatformsIEEE P1547IEEE P1547.10 (tentative)LocationComment Week of April 3, 2023Wed/Thu, Apr 5-6, 2023Houston, TX (1898& Co./ Burns & McDonnell)TentativeSummer 2023Summer 2023100% virtualTentativeFall 2023Fall 2023Chicago, IL (TBD)Tentative2024+2024+Atlanta, GA (TBD)TentativeGetting Involved https:///ieee/1547.10/10940/Upcoming Meetings:Together…Shaping the Future of Energy®Jens Boemer: **************** Brian Seal: **************Abrez Mondal: ****************Jose Cordova: *****************ScenariosDER Managing EntitiesDER SiteTrustedNot TrustedNo “Cyber Security” atthe local DERInterface:“Cyber Security”required at the localDER Interface:Secured interfaceInsecure interface using a cybersecurity protocolOpenly insecure interfaceVendor modemcard added“Cyber Security”required at the localDER Interface(integratedimproperly):Vendor modemcard addedTrusted gatewaymissingSafe HardwareUnsafe HardwareSource: https:///news/features/2018-10-04/the-big-hack-how-china-used-a-tiny-chip-to-infiltrate-america-s-top-companiesCircuit Board-Level Hardware Source: https:///news/features/2018-10-04/the-big-hack-how-china-used-a-tiny-chip-to-infiltrate-america-s-top-companies•In 2015, Amazon was evaluating Elemental Technologies video compression technology. It had helped stream the Olympic Games online, communicate with the International Space Station, and funnel drone footage to the Central Intelligence Agency.•AWS hired a third-party to access Elemental’s servers that customers installed in their networks. These servers were assembled by Super Micro Computer, Inc. one of the world’s biggest suppliers of server motherboards. The testers found a tiny microchip that wasn’t part of the original design.•Investigators determined that the chips had been inserted at factories run by manufacturing subcontractors and allowed the attackers to create a stealth doorway into any network that included this hardware..Chip-Level Hardware•Electricity metering example •Custom semiconductor chip (ASIC)•Modifications made in the silicon tocreate a backdoorIf it is worth the time for a meter, which is a sensor, not a control, would an attacker make the effort for DER that are active parts of the grid?。

功率因数校正拓扑和控制技术教程设计高功率因数离线电源

Designing High-Power Factor Off-Line Power Supplies
The purpose of this paper is to provide a tutorial on power factor correction topologies and control techniques. The first part of the paper concentrates on identifying the trade-offs between various operating modes. A framework is developed to compare losses and device stresses in the CCM and CRM boost topologies. The second part provides an overview of the main design choices as well as design equations. The power stage and control circuitry design equations are explained and presented.
Class C is lighting equipment, Class D is personal computers and television receivers and Class A is basically everything else.
There are other reasons for wanting to limit harmonic currents, these include being able to use the full rated current from the available power source. For example, if you have a typical 15-A service (single phase 120 V) and your rectifier is 98% efficient with 55% power factor (PF) the maximum load you could power is 970 W. This assumes using 100% of the rated breaker current, which is unlikely. If the PF is improved to 99% the load increases to 1746 W, an increase of almost 80%. This increase in power can be reason enough to employ PFC circuits.

IR电源设计 Designing a Power Supply Using the IRIS40xx Series

Introduction
Power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power, where real power is the time integral of the instantaneous power measured over a full period and the apparent power is simply the product of the rms voltage and rms current measured over the entire period.
Real Power =
1 VIN I IN dt T∫ 0
பைடு நூலகம்
T
(1) (2) (3)
I rms =
∑I
n =1
∞
2 rmsn
(6)
Apparent Power = VinRMS ⋅ I inRMS
PF =
PREAL PAPPARENT
THD =
2 2 I rms − I rms 1 2 I rms1
This Application Note describes the design methodology of a Continuous Conduction Mode Power Factor Correction circuit utilizing a boost converter and featuring the IR1150S PFC IC. The IR1150 is based on International Rectifier’s proprietary “One Cycle Control” technique for PFC converter control. This application note presents a complete, step-by-step, design procedure including converter specifications and necessary design tradeoffs.

汽车中央配电盒的设计和开发

1中央配电盒设计概述中央配电盒(又称熔断丝盒或保险盒)是整车用电器的电力分配集中装置,一般由基体和熔断丝、继电器、拔片器、汇流条、PCB (Print Circuit Board )、塑料支架、接线柱和插接件等构成。

集中式布置有利于节约整车的空间、降低成本和维护方便。

一辆汽车一般来说拥有两个中央配电盒,发动机舱和驾驶室各有一个,有些车型在蓄电池正极上会挂接一个小型的配电盒,负责整车大电流的分配。

在较高端的车型中,中央配电盒的数量会增至3~4个,比如在行李厢布置一个,或者驾驶室布置两个。

按照项目整体的控制成本和对产品性能稳定的要求,在能够满足新开发车型熔断丝、继电器回路要求的情况下,尽量优先考虑直接借用现有产品。

这不仅能降低开发成本和管理成本、缩短开发周期、同时也能保证产品的品质;如果不能直接借用现有产品,可以考虑在现有的产品基础上进行局部更改,这样也可以缩短一定的开发周期和后续试验周期;对于没有借用可能,需要全新开发的产品,一定要经过严格的各种试验才能装车投入市场。

中央配电盒是整车电路的心脏,设计的合理与优劣对整车的电气性能会产生很大的影响,而它的设计也是一项极为复杂的工作,需要注意的要点很多,我们将在下面的内容中逐一阐述。

2中央配电盒的设计2.1中央配电盒的选型中央配电盒较为常见的有4种,分别为插线式配电盒、汇流条式配电盒、PCB 板式配电盒和智能配电盒,这4种配电盒均有各自的优点和缺点,也均有各自的使用领域,我们应依据车型的状况和客户的要求来选择合适的配电盒。

2.1.1插线式配电盒该配电盒可以定义为:以配电盒为母体,将压接好导线的端子穿入配电盒内,然后安装相应的熔断丝和继电器。

继电器和熔断丝之间的相互关系完全靠线束来完成,图1就是一款典型的插线式配电盒。

图1典型的插线式配电盒汽车中央配电盒的设计和开发谷孝卫,王胜利,陈海涛,蒋廷云(河南天海电器有限公司线束研发中心,河南鹤壁458030)摘要:较系统地介绍了汽车中央配电盒的设计流程。

亚特蘭电源分布监控与控制提升技术数据TD152027EN说明书

Product snapshotEaton’s Power Distribution Monitoring and Control Enhanced allows the user to monitor, diagnose and control devices installed in low voltage and medium voltage switchgear as well as low voltage motor control centers, from outside the arc flash boundary. Designed to aggregate data from Eaton trip units, meters, relays, starters, variable frequency drives, and other I/O and diagnostics devices.Product overview• Communicates to Eaton’s INCOM™, Modbus® RTU and Modbus TCP devices• Visualization through a password-protected web interface; available 15-inch and 21-inch HMI in wall-mounted enclosure or optional switchgear/MCC-installed.• Upstream Modbus TCP and BACnet/IP support for integration with third-party monitoring solutionsAdditional reference information• Quick Start Guide IB150015ENH01—an overview of the power distribution monitor and control user interface• Installation Guide MN150009EN—information on mounting and connecting the power distribution monitor and control processorFeatures and benefitsRugged, industrial design• Designed specifically for industrial environments, the power distribution monitor and control has a compact design that only requires convection cooling• Stringent EMI design requirements ensure that the power distribution monitor and control will function in the most difficult EMI situations to deliver high reliability• Mounting options are provided for panel mounting or DIN rail, allowing for installation flexibilitySmart configuration and user interface• As an out-of-the-box, plug-and-play device, there isno additional software required to configure and view downstream devices• Configuration and operation through intuitive graphical user interface Optional apps increase functionalityOptional apps are available for enhanced functionality, enabled at the factory or ordered separately forfield installation.• Control app provides control of breaker trip units and protective relays to allow open/close and Arcflash Reduction Maintenance Mode (ARMS) activation• Setpoints app provides Power Defense™ PXR 20/25, DigitripE 1150 and Digitrip OPTIM 750 and 1050 set point viewing and programming with settings file management. Digitrip 810, 910, and 520 settings may be viewed withthe app• Remote Racking app provides control of MR2 remote racking device to allow motorized insertion and removal of drawout circuit breakers• Transfer Scheme app provides a user interface to Eaton’s PLC based main-tie-main transfer system. The app monitors status of the controller and allows mode changes, timer changes and manual controlSecure cyber communicationControlling access to the Power Distribution Monitoring and Control Enhanced is a vital component in any effort to secure it. Many regulatory agencies and standards organizations now recommend/require Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) password management and previous login notification aspart of any access control effort. Some of the cyber security methods include:• Password protection and managementRBAC is part of any access control effort. To support this, the power distribution monitor and control has a robust set of tools you can use to create the set of users and role-based permissions as well as a comprehensive set of password management features you need to comply with security policies in effect at your site• Secure Web browsingSSL Encryption option ensures that information and passwords exchanged with the power distribution monitor and control’s Web server cannot be intercepted on the LAN • Access control / trusted host listProvides an additional method of security by limiting access to the communication ports by authorized trusted hosts’IP addressesPower Distribution Monitoring and Control Enhanced2Technical Data TD152027ENEffective November 2022Power Distribution Monitoring and Control EnhancedEATON Time synchronizationEaton’s Power Distribution Monitoring and Control Enhancedsupports synchronization of clocks on INCOM devices that support the set time and date command. Additionally, the power distribution monitor and control can be combined with a network time server for accurate time stamping via NTP .Save and restore configuration settingsEaton’s Power Distribution Monitoring and Control Enhanced provides the ability to save the power distribution monitor andcontrol throughout the document device and network configuration settings to a configuration file. This file can be used to restore settings to any power distribution monitor and control throughout the document to facilitate configuration of similar systems.Technical specificationsT able 1. P ower Distribution Monitoring and Control Enhancedpart numbers DescriptionEaton catalog numberPower Distribution Monitoring and Control Enhanced with no apps installedPXDB-PROCESSOR-0000To order factory installed apps, use this scheme: C = Control App S = Setpoints AppR = Remote Racking App T = Transfer Scheme AppAll combinations are acceptable, e. g. to order a Power Distribution Monitoring and Control Enhanced with Control and Setpoint apps: PXDB-PROCESSOR-CS00PXDB-PROCESSOR-CSRT T able 2. Field installable apps Description Eaton catalog number Control app PXDB-APP-CONTROL Setpoints appPXDB-APP-SETPOINT Remote racking app PXDB-APP-REMRACK Transfer scheme appPXDB-APP-TRANSFERT able 3. Enclosures, HMI and power supply DescriptionEaton catalog number Wall mount enclosure 15-in HMI PXDB-WALL-ENCL-15Wall mount enclosure 21-in HMI PXDB-WALL-ENCL-2115-inch HMI PXDB-HMI-1521-inch HMIPXDB-HMI-21Power supply—24 VdcPSG60N24RPMemory• Flash: 8 GB •RAM: 2 GBCommunication ports•Network ports: Three 10/100BASE-T RJ-45 connectors • Network 1—not used• Network 2—Main network connection •Network 3—Modbus TCP device sub net•Serial ports:• Two RS-485 ports for Modbus RTU devices•Three INCOM ports for Eaton INCOM devices•Configuration port: One mini USB port (After loading the USB driver connect to IP address 192.168.200.101)Network protocols supported• Modbus TCP/IP: Supports data access from Modbus TCP clients •Web server: Supports data access from Web browsers(HTTP and HTTPS)• DHCP: Supports automatic IP address assignments, if enabled •NTP: Supports time synchronization via a network time server for PXDBP synchronization•BACnet/IP: Supports data access from BACnet clients Serial protocols supported• INCOM •Modbus RTU Web browsers recommended•Google ChromePower input• Input voltage, nominal: 24 Vdc; 0.3 A minimum •Input voltage range: ±10% nominal Power consumption•8 W maximumOperating temperature•+32 to +140 °F (0 to +60 °C)Ambient storage temperature•–40 to +185 °F (–40 to +85 °C)Relative humidity•5 to 95% noncondensing at 122 °F (50 °C)Size (H x D x L) in inches•2.00 x 4.50 x 9.00Weight•1.9 poundsRegulatory and standards compliance• ULT 508, Standard for Programmable Controller Equipment • FCC, Class A, Part 15, Subpart B, Sections 15.107b and 15.109b •EN55022:2010/A1:2011 Class A and EN55024:2010 Information Technology Equipment•EN 61326-1:2006 and EN 61326-2-2:2006 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) in Industrial Environmentsote: N Features and specifications listed in this document are subject tochange without notice and represent the maximum capabilities of the product with all options installed. Although every attempt has been made to ensure the accuracy of information contained within, Eaton makes no representation about the completeness, correctness, or accuracy and assumes noresponsibility for any errors or omissions. Features and functionality may vary depending on selected options.3Technical Data TD152027ENEffective November 2022Power Distribution Monitoring and Control Enhanced EATON Panel mountingFront viewSide viewPower StatusWebBridge Com2Com1INCOM1INCOM2INCOM3DHCPNTP USBconnection for local capabilityINCOMconnectionsRS-485connections24 Vdcinput powerRJ-45 connections with link speed and activity indicatorsEaton1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122 United States © 2023 EatonAll Rights Reserved Printed in USA Publication No. TD152027EN January 2023Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks are propertyof their respective owners.Power Distribution Monitoring and Control EnhancedTechnical Data TD152027EN Effective November 2022。

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Power distribution d esign for high-rise building fire [Abstract] This paper analyzes China's current power supply and distribution of tall buildings in several fire design, combined with specification and engineering examples for the distribution of the current high-rise building design to explore the problems and propose appropriate solutions.[Key words] high-rise building fire Supply Emergency Power Supply Power Supply As China's national economic development, building more and more land, more and more precious land resources, prompting the development of various types of construction to the high-level, so high-rise building fire safety is increasingly a cause-oriented. For the characteristics of high-rise building fires, high-rise building fire safety design should be based on self-defense self-help, while the fire service for the distribution is to ensure the normal operation of the key fire-fighting facilities, directly related to high-rise building fire safety. Therefore, this article from the fire power configuration, fire distribution, fire electrical wiring for high-rise building power supply and distribution reliability analysis, propose appropriate solutions to ensure high-rise building fire safety standards.1. High-rise building fire power scheme1.1 specification power supply requirements for fireAccording to "fire protection design of tall buildings" (hereinafter referred to as "high regulation") provides high-rise building fire power should be the current national standard "for power distribution system design specifications," the requirements of the design, a class of construction by a load of required power supply, second-class high-rise buildings should be two power load requirements. According to "civil electrical specifications" (JGJ/T16-92) provides a load consists of two power supply, when a power failure, the other at the same time the power outage Buzhi Yu; a load is especially important in load, in addition to the above-mentioned two power supplies, theMust also be an additional emergency power supply of the third power; 2 load power should make sure that when the power transformer failure or circuit common failure, without interruption of power supply (or the rapid recovery after the interruption), the load is relatively small or regional power supply The difficult conditions, the two loads can be more than a return to 6KV dedicated overhead power lines or cables.1.2 The composition of high-rise building fire powerFire power is to ensure that high-rise building and fire normally fire-fighting equipment under normal electricity supply. Generally considered the main power supply and pose a fire emergency power supply. When the main power failure, emergency power supply can continue to supply to the fire-fighting equipment. Commonly used in emergency power supply are: (1) independent of the normal power-generating units (2) power supply network, independent of the normal power supply dedicated feeder circuit. (3) battery; (4) dry batteries.1.3 common Fire Power1.3.1 Dual Power high-voltage single-supply bus is not sub -Dual power high-voltage power supply section is not a single bus, two-loop high-voltage power supply at the same time, prepare a normal one to use, in this way to reduce contact between cabinets and a voltage transformer cabinet, saving infrastructure investment, reducing the high voltage distribution Electric room building area is beneficial to both, this approach requires two-way are guaranteed 100% of the load of electricity, when the cleaning bus or bus failure will cause all the power outages, poor reliability of their electricity supply is generally not used in high-rise construction.1.3.2 Dual Power high-voltage single-supply busbar sectionDual power supply high-pressure single-busbar sub-way, two-loop high-voltage power supply at the same time, each other back. High reliability of this approach, particularly for electrical equipment, fire two power requirements at the last and easy to implement the provisions of a switch, which is relatively common wiring.1.3.3 3 power supply high-pressure single-bus sub -Three sub-power high-voltage single power supply bus, three-loop high-voltage powersupply, the normal dual-use when a preparation, this approach has a high reliability, suitable for a larger load capacity of the important users.1.3.4 a main high voltage power supply, 380V power supply for the city, emergency power supply networkSmaller building, was not by the consumption, the local access to two power supplies and difficult, in the vicinity have 380V power supply when the main power supply can be used a high-voltage power supply, 380V power supply for emergency power supply. If the economy can also be allowed if the use of diesel generator sets for emergency power supply.1.4 plus the idea of diesel-powered generator setsAt present high-rise buildings, international and domestic universal power supply is based on the dual-power supply was equipped with a diesel generator as an emergency power supply, which is especially important to meet a load of power supply load requirements (Figure 1 does not include the dotted line part of the ). However, dual power plus the power supply of diesel generating sets in most parts of northern China are still subject to weather conditions. As a long time in the north in winter, the temperature low. As an emergency power supply diesel generator sets at low temperatures is difficult to immediately start power supply, and some even two or three minutes can not start.The dual power supply in most parts of 10KV substation quoted from the same strict sense, its essence is a power failure when the substation, the two power supplies also failed, causing power supply system completely paralyzed. In fire cases, this will expand the fire, causing serious losses is not allowed. Therefore, I envisage the dual power on diesel generator sets based on the season, plus a power supply, G 柴油发电机组季节电源图1 三电源加柴油发电机组供电方式and enable it to their own independent power supply.In the case of low winter temperatures, reducing the reliability of diesel generators, we will connect the power this season, for increasing theElectric system reliability. When the temperatures rise, we stopped the season to the power supply department reported that power supply, you can save running costs. And this season there are three power options: First, quoted all the way from the substation 10KV high voltage power supply as the season (Figure 1), the advantage of high reliability power supply, the shortfall is that the higher investment in infrastructure; second is from a nearby high-rise buildings along 10KV transformer high-voltage end of the quoted or cited all the way low end of the season as a 380/220V power supply; third all the way from the city network cited as the season 380/200V power supply.1.5 Building Configuration Thinking of diesel generator sets"High regulation" fire-fighting equipment supply should be provided "for the power distribution system design specifications" GB50052-95 requirements of the design, and the specification of a load is especially important in load did not involve the fire load in their fire power as long as there two power supplies can meet the requirements of "high regulation" also requires a class of high-rise building fire load electricity requirements should be a power supply, and a distribution box office in the final automatic switching device to ensure that fire safety facilities in When the fire power and reliable, able to function properly. In the "high regulation" is not clearly defined one, second-class high-rise buildings need to configure the diesel generators.Thus in recent years, newly emerging high-rise building fire load does not require allocating additional diesel generators. However, the specific power supply design, the vast majority of high-rise buildings from the electricity grid connection of two-way line of 10KV power into electricity, which can not meet the specifications where two power supply requirements. System blackout caused either by an internal fault, some caused by power failures, as a regional power grid in the main grid voltage of the upper part is a grid, so the user either from electric power lineto take a few back into the line also can not be in the strict sense of the two an independent power supply, power grid failures can cause a variety of all the power into the line at the same time a result of loss of power supplyBlackout. In fact, the Road 10KV high voltage power supply taken from a different substation is very difficult, and diesel generating sets to configure a small investment, the use of good results and will comply with regulatory requirements, so the design of high-rise building shall be fitted with diesel-powered generator sets. I think that explicit requirements specification which can be high-rise buildings should be equipped with diesel generators.2. High-rise building fire distribution2.1 common Fire Distribution ProgramFire distribution methods are commonly used in radiation type, tree type, chain, four kinds of hybrid(1) The radial distribution of the failure of any one line to each other affect each other, the equipment is easy to manage a high supply reliability. However, more than qualifying non-ferrous metals consumed in large quantities, switching equipment, and more investment in higher operating costs for a single piece of equipment of large capacity, power supply reliability high. (Figure 2 a)(2) The trunk-type distribution when the route failure, a larger sphere of influence, but coupled with alternate routes and to achieve switching to improve power supply reliability for a more uniform distribution of places. (Figure 2 b)(3) chain and the trunk-type is basically the same, but the low-reliability than the trunk, when the middle of a piece of equipment failures associated equipment in the back will lose power. (Figure 2 c)（）放射式树干式（）链式（）混合式图2 常用配电方式(4) Mixed type, including two kinds of radiation type and tree-type distribution method is the victory of more high-rise building in a ligand distribution method. (Figure 2 d)2.2 The current issue of widespread distribution(1) of the fire electrical equipment such as fire control room, fire pump fire power instead of using a dedicated power supply, while the use of general load on the socket for the power lines, so that in case of fire in the building off the main power supply After the fire power the device's power also will be without electricity and fire-fighting equipment paralyzed, its fire immeasurable loss.(2) Some spare each other, such as fire pumps, fire fighting equipment at the end of the focus on two power each vote, there is no use of the equipment are radiation from the fire power supply power distribution room, but from the power distribution room leads to a main line, in the Preparation of the end of each parallel equipment. The result is that once the main line causing the problem (and the main line caused a great chance of failure) in each stand to lose power devices are unable to start, without achieving the desired results.(3) sharing power distribution equipment, fire linkage, there is no requirement of the end of the distribution box is located two-way automatic switching devices, or automatic switching devices of poor quality, low reliability. In the fire case,the standby power can not automatically switch to emergency power supply, power supply interruption. Some use the manual switch, when the firefighters reached the scene and then look for the power switching devices to switch, which will delay aircraft, resulting in heavy losses.2.3 The solution to the problem(1) Normal working power supply and emergency power supply shall be self-made system, independent distribution. When the power supply and lighting separately, then the power and lighting should be available to work the power distribution system and emergency power distribution system. Ensure that a class load of fire, electricity and other conditions in the fire, by the emergency power supply a continuous power supply, second-class load to ensure two-loop switching power supply.(2) In the fire power distribution design and installation of electricity, the power consumption of the large or a higher concentration of fire power equipment, such as fire control room, fire pumps, power distribution room should be the introduction of radial supply, and to ensure that the main equipment and standby equipment, power lines independent of each other.(3) Fire system equipment, power distribution share should be in the most power distribution boxes located at the end of two-way automatic switching device, and install high-quality power supply automatic switching devices. If you are installing a manual switching device, it is desirable that the equipment room distribution box. So that in case of emergency fire personnel can be easy to find and achieve in a short time to switch.3. Guanfang Hotel Fire Design and Analysis of Power Supply and Distribution3.1 Basic InformationGuanfang Hotel is located in Lijiang City, Snow Mountain Road, basement, ground floor 21, is a five-star hotel, belongs to a class of tall buildings. 10kv high voltage power supply to its dual-supply single-bus sub-power supply, auto-switching. Normal working hours, while two-way power supply, each other back and each shoulder 50% of the load. Power failure the way, another way for the full load power. No dieselgenerator sets. Route high-pressure system and low-voltage power distribution systems approach basically uses radiology systems, floor distribution system is a composite style, power distribution wiring the main trunk with Caine wells.Set up their fire power devices are used end of the dual power automatic switch device.3.2 Reliability Analysis of Power Supply and DistributionAccording to the "high regulation" in requiring the construction of tall buildings is a class, according to "civil construction for the distribution design standards" should be equipped with two power supplies to power. In the actual design and construction which uses a dual-supply single-busbar sub-10kv power supply, the fire control room, fire and other fire-fighting equipment lift the power supply distribution box office at the last one set up automatic switching device. Seems to meet the specification requirements, but the two power substations with the quote from Xiangshan, its essence is a grid of two loops, rather than two separate power supplies. When the substation failure on the entire power supply system is paralyzed. The Lijiang city alone, within a substation, from another independent quoted a power substation is very difficult, plus Lijiang Xiangshan substation is Daito hydropower electricity, hydroelectric power supply by the seasonal impact of the dry season, a power generation a small amount of the allocation of power followed by scoring city, stopped a battery compartment for a time. This will significantly affect the building power supply system reliability.At the same time as two-way 10kv power supply, spare each other, according to the capacity of transformers included in the regular standby fire pumps, spray pumps and other fire-fighting facilities to choose the load, while the building's fire load of about 900kw, non-fire load of about To 3000kw, its infrastructure investment in high operating cost more. This is just one company rather than a compliant design of the economy.In the power supply system installed in an automatic removal of loading device, when the system automatically removed when the fire with the fire of non-electrical equipment, transformer fire on a bus load of electrical equipment to prevent thespread of fire and fire electric shock accident occurred.The building is divided into 8 by function power partitions, each partition also on the electrical load level, the function of each layer according to power, lighting, two separate power distribution systems. The fire district for each power supply are two power supply electrical equipment, and a distribution box office at the last auto-switching, so that the design complied with the specifications, in the case of fire, firefighters in time understand the fire parts of the site-specific, accurate and starting the fire pump, sprinkler pump and other fire-fighting facilities, the timely removal of parts of the fire power.3.3 The improved design of the programWas equipped with an auto-start diesel generators as an emergency power supply. The two parts to the fire-fighting equipment from the power supply, the first part is from the mains supply, the second part of the power supply from diesel generators, and the last one automatically switch distribution box office. When the main power fails, by diesel-powered generator sets to the entire building. As the working electric power supply and power backup power, diesel generators only power supply and backup power at work when no electric starter. This will greatly enhance the power supply system reliability.Two-way 10kv power supply can be designed into the way to work all the way back. Power Supply by line consideration, according to the work of standby power after the power failure to maintain the main building elevator, room lighting load calculation. When a fire removal of non-fire power, auto-connected to fire pumps, sprinkler pump and other fire-fighting facilities. This will reduce the transformer capacity, was equipped with diesel generator set up for supply reliability. Such infrastructure investment, high economic efficiency.In various fire-fighting equipment of the power supply on the power distribution according to the respective features, fire pumps, spray pumps, fire lifts, fire control room, smoke fans, etc. due to large capacity, high reliability requirements, can be designed dual power supply, radial distribution, and at the end automatic switching; fire, emergency lighting, fire linkage control equipment, fire alarmcontroller, etc. are widely distributed, and distributed evenly, can be designed dual power supply, tree-type distribution.4. High-rise building fire safety equipment, electrical wiring4.1 specification for electrical equipment, fire safety requirements of power distribution linesAccording to the "high regulation" provides that the fire distribution lines shall meet the following requirements:(1) When using dark laying should be laid without burning body structure, and the protective layer thickness of not less than 30mm.(2) When using the laying out, they should use metal pipe or metal trunking painted fire-resistant coating to protect.(3) When the use of insulation and sheath extension for non-fuel materials, cables, may from time to wear a metal pipe protection, but it should be laid in cable wells.4.2 Common Fire wiring methods4.2.1 Protection of fire-resistant coatingExterior painted in an ordinary fire retardant coating to protect cables, the most commonly used fire coatings, such as T60-1 decorative fireproof coatings.4.2.2 PVC protection for surfaceWear of metal pipe or PVC plastic pipe out deposited in the wall, the outer wall of fire-resistant coating to protect brushing.4.2.3 PVC protection, ConcealedWear of metal pipe or PVC plastic pipe is located in the dark without burning body structures.4.2.4 use of fire-resistant, fire-retardant insulationWire insulation layer or jacket with a high oxygen index (usually "30) of flame-retardant material or the use of a non-combustible inorganic materials as fire-resistant type insulation.4.3 high-rise building fire electrical wiring problems and solutions4.3.1 Electrical circuit conductor selection based on the lack of securityAs the current "high regulation" on the fire limits of distribution lines and timelimits of high-temperature requirements are not clearly defined, which led to the construction unit will be an opportunity, in order to get some small interest, we chose to buy ordinary wires, the fire performance greatly reduced , and even to buy counterfeit goods for wiring installation.4.3.2 Electrical wiring while ignoring its fire-resistant coating is validThe most common wiring is painted fire-resistant coating fire protection, fire-resistant coating, but the general validity of short, often a few years will lose fire resistance. The related specifications are not provided in this regard, therefore, whether merchants or functional departments are not taken seriously enough, over the past few years, virtually on its fire risk increases.4.3.3 Electrical wiring systems use products do not meet the requirements. Designers according to design specifications is generally selection. The problem is a small number of fake and shoddy products, either on the wire itself or circuit switching equipment, are lower than the national standard, in practice there is a systematic operation of fire danger.From the above analysis of the problems, mainly because the relevant provisions of the specification is inadequate. Therefore, specifications should clearly define the limits of the fire wiring for high-temperature and time limit put forward corresponding measures. For in terms of investment in construction businesses, the entire investment in wiring the fire relative to total investment is minimal, but the incident caused the loss of wiring is immeasurable, so the configuration should be of high quality wire & cable, and lines to carry out regular maintenance maintenance.第11 页共11 页。