中文Week_1 An Introduction to Multinational Enterprises and International Finance
Note_1_Introduction_to_EI
Emotional Intelligence Workshop (EIDC)Chapter 1 Introduction to EI(1) 情绪智能（即情商）是通过有效综合思考与情绪而达成最佳决策的能力。
(2)情商发展简史我国古代：•我国古代学者曾对情绪进行过研究和分类。
早在秦汉以前，《礼记》提出人有七情之分，即喜、怒、哀、惧、爱、恶、欲；东汉班固等编撰的《白虎通》则把情绪分为六情，即喜、怒、哀、乐、爱、恶。
•1944年，我国著名心理学家林传鼎从《说文解字》一书找出了354个描述人的情绪表现词，按其释义分为18类，即安静、喜悦、恨怒、哀怜、悲痛、忧愁、愤急、烦闷、恐惧、惊骇、恭敬、抚爱、憎恶、贪欲、嫉妒、傲慢、惭愧、耻辱。
他认为，人类丰富多变的情绪主要就是由18类基本情绪所组合而成，一个人在某一时刻可能体会到其中的一种情绪，也可能同时产生多种情绪。
•《中庸》有云：喜怒哀乐之未发谓之中，发而皆中节谓之和。
•西方历史：•1920年，桑代克提出了“社会智力”的概念，这是一种理解他人并能“对人际关系作出明智反应”的能力。
•1935年，美国心理学家亚历山大在他的《智力：具体与抽象》一文中提出了“非智力因素”的概念。
•1940年，韦克斯勒提出一般智力中的非智力因素，并于1943年提出非智力因素是预测个人成功的关键因素。
•1948年，利珀指出，情绪思维是一般智力的组成部分并对逻辑思维起促进作用。
•1983年，加德纳发展了多元智力理论，该理论中的八种智力包含了两种情绪维度成分：内省智力和人际智力。
•1990年，梅耶和沙洛维提出将情绪智力作为一种独立的智力成分，它是个体准确、有效加工情绪信息的能力集合。
情绪智力被界定为“觉知和表达情绪、情绪促进思维理解和分析情绪以及调控自己与他人情绪的能力”。
•1995年，戈尔曼在其《情绪智力》一书中讲情绪智力界定为五个方面，认为情绪智力对个体成就的作用比智力的作用更大，而且可以通过经验和训练得到明显的提高。
多维教程 探索课文+翻译
Unit 1 travel language旅行通用语The Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted. The law covers even technical applications. For example, in theory, it is now compuslory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail, etc. the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac, the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as "internet" or "byte stream" just to name a couple. The mind boggles at what the world might face. 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。
几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。
就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing 也变成了credit-bail。
学术英语(社科)-Unit1含答案ppt
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
What is the author trying to prove?
What is the author assuming I will agree with?
Do you agree with the author?
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Critical reading and thinking
Activities
Example 2: water vs. diamond
Why is water so cheap, while diamonds are so
expensive?
water
Necessary for survival
diamond
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Example 3: a seat belt law
American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Key terms
marginal cost: 边际成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activity
新时代研究生学术英语教程1第一单元
新时代研究生学术英语教程1第一单元Here is an essay with over 1,000 words on the topic "New Era Graduate Academic English Course 1 Unit 1":In the new era of globalization and technological advancements, the acquisition of academic English proficiency has become increasingly crucial for graduate students. As they embark on their research journeys, the ability to effectively communicate their ideas, findings, and insights to an international audience has become a critical skill. The "New Era Graduate Academic English Course 1 Unit 1" aims to equip students with the necessary tools and strategies to thrive in this dynamic academic landscape.The first unit of this course focuses on the fundamental aspects of academic writing, a cornerstone of graduate-level research and scholarship. Students will be introduced to the core elements of academic discourse, including the organization and structure of research papers, the use of appropriate language and tone, and the importance of coherence and clarity in their written communication.One of the primary objectives of this unit is to help students develop a strong foundation in the conventions of academic writing. Thisincludes understanding the purpose and structure of different sections within a research paper, such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and discussion. By mastering these components, students will be better equipped to effectively convey their research objectives, contextualize their work within the existing body of knowledge, and present their findings in a logical and compelling manner.Furthermore, this unit emphasizes the significance of academic voice and tone. Graduate students are expected to adopt a formal, objective, and impersonal style in their writing, demonstrating their depth of understanding and critical thinking abilities. Through targeted exercises and feedback, students will learn to avoid common pitfalls, such as the overuse of personal pronouns, colloquial language, and emotional appeals, and instead cultivate a more academic and authoritative writing style.In addition to the structural and stylistic aspects of academic writing, this unit also addresses the fundamental principles of effective paragraph and sentence construction. Students will explore techniques for developing coherent and well-structured paragraphs, including the use of topic sentences, supporting evidence, and logical transitions. They will also delve into the nuances of sentence structure, exploring ways to vary sentence length, complexity, and rhythm to enhance the overall flow and readability of their work.One of the key focuses of this unit is the development of critical thinking and analysis skills. Graduate students are expected to engage in in-depth research, synthesize complex information, and formulate original arguments. This unit will guide students in honing these essential skills, teaching them how to critically evaluate sources, identify key themes and patterns, and construct persuasive and well-reasoned arguments.Furthermore, this unit emphasizes the importance of academic integrity and proper citation practices. Students will learn how to effectively incorporate and cite sources, ensuring that they avoid plagiarism and maintain the highest standards of scholarly ethics. They will be introduced to various citation styles, such as APA and MLA, and will practice implementing these guidelines throughout their academic writing.Another crucial aspect of this unit is the development of research skills. Graduate students are expected to be proficient in searching for, evaluating, and integrating relevant literature into their work. This unit will equip students with strategies for effectively navigating academic databases, identifying authoritative sources, and synthesizing the existing body of knowledge to support their research objectives.In addition to the core components of academic writing, this unit also addresses the importance of audience awareness and professional communication. Students will learn how to tailor their writing style and tone to specific academic or professional contexts, ensuring that their work is accessible and impactful to their intended readers. This includes strategies for effectively communicating complex ideas to both specialist and non-specialist audiences.Throughout this unit, students will have ample opportunities to apply the concepts and skills they have learned through a series of practical exercises and writing assignments. These activities will not only reinforce their understanding of academic writing but also provide valuable feedback and guidance from experienced instructors.By the end of this unit, students will have developed a comprehensive set of academic writing skills that will serve them well throughout their graduate studies and beyond. They will be equipped with the confidence and competence to effectively communicate their research, engage in scholarly discourse, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.In conclusion, the "New Era Graduate Academic English Course 1 Unit 1" is a crucial stepping stone in the academic journey ofgraduate students. By mastering the fundamental principles of academic writing, critical thinking, and research skills, students will be well-positioned to excel in their graduate programs and to make meaningful contributions to the global academic community.。
新视野大学英语第三册课后翻译及十五选十（含翻译）答案
TranslationUnit 1:1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充分的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。
(no matter how)No matter how experi enced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficultymaking a speech at such a noisyrecept ion.2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关心吉米一样，吉米也关心他们。
(just as)Just as all his sister's friend s caredabouthim, Jimmycaredabout them.3.汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。
(track down)Car manufacture rs stamp a vehicl e identi ficat ion number at severa l places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicl es.4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。
(tell on)If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won't say a word to you any more.5.有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。
(on one’s own)Some elderly people prefer to live on theirown whilethe greatmajori ty choose to live with their childr en.6.现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。
人教版英语选修六第一单元知识点
U1(选修六)1.Abstract1)Adj.深奥的，抽象的Astronomy is an abstract subject. 天文学是一门深奥的学科。
The word “honesty〞is an abstract noun.Beauty is abstract but a house is not .美是抽象的，房子是具体的。
2〕V.○1“提炼〞“抽取〞The workers are abstracting metal from ore.工人们正在由矿砂提炼金属。
Rubber is abstractedfrom trees.橡胶是从树木提取的。
Salt can be abstracted from sea water.盐是从海水中提取出来的。
○2“转移〔注意〕等distract one’s attention from sth从……上转移开某人的注意力Nothing can distract his attention from his work.○3“概括，写摘要〞He is abstracting a story for a book review.他在为一篇书评撰写故事摘要。
3〕n.an abstract of a lecture一个演讲的摘要2.Would you rather have Chinese or Western-style paintings in your home?would rather do sth情愿做….would rather sb did sth情愿sb做…情愿做….而不愿意做…：would rather do sth than do sth= would do sth rather than do sth= prefer to do sth rather than do sth= prefer doing sth to doing sthI would rather stay at home today. 我今天宁愿待在家里。
研究生英语系列教程_多维教程_探索_课文答案
1. One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the most important factors in language learning.2. In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided to lease English films in the original to them.3. On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shops, big or small, will come up with it by putting up more discount notices.4. When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in socie they will gradually be~ by the public.5. The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by management deficiency.6. Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertise to attract customers.7. It is argued that we should withhold the speed of language change; otherwise we may have to learn a new language every twenty years.8. I feel gratitude to him because every time I encountered difficulties in my study he would help me.9. It will take great pains to improve/change the financial situation of the factory.10.Those who advocate the purity of a language protect the language for the sake of their culture.2单元1. Different people have different opinions about whether lying is always bad and whether it should be avoided.2. The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with the skyscrapers of New York.3. The point at which people draw the line between an acceptable lie and a bad lie varies from individual to individual and culture to culture.4. Mothers who spoil their children often turn a blind eye,t~-~re faults of their children.5. The country needs a leader who will hold the nation togetherwhen violence breaks out.6. A selfish man categorizes all people into two groups, those he likes and those he dislikes.7. She felt offended at my remarks, but it wasn't my intention to hurt her.8. It is wrong for teachers to stereotype naughty students.9. In some foreign countries, a person who intentionally leaves his job can find it easy to step aside for a while, supported by unemployment insurance and other benefits.10. She has gone through tremendous pain since her husband died.那些常常说谎又没有充足理由的人被称为病态说谎者。
L01-An Introduction
I-2. Speech sound: English VS Chinese
Chinese speech sounds : meaning distinctive Tone 汤里放点糖，汤淌了，别烫了。 汤里放点糖，汤淌了，别烫了。 Stress 我不会说法语。 我不会说法语。(stress on different word) intonation 这个花瓶是她打碎的。 （？） 这个花瓶是她打碎的。/（？） English
English Indo-European Starting from the invasion of Jutes，Saxons and Anglos, ， More than 1,500 years alphabetic language (拼音 拼音 文字） 文字） 3 periods: Old English: (also called Anglo-Saxon) (449-1100) Middle English: （11001500) Modern English: （1500present） ）
• • • •
Examples-1
1) a fish/ a hill / a well / a book / a marriage / a limited view / a good intention 2) He has an eye for beauty / an ear for music. 3) Johnson is the man for the job. / This is the drink for hot weather. 4) This was the period when Einstein n the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity. 5) To the Chinese, theirs was not a civilization, but the civilization.
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译完整版
Unit 1 Chemic al Indust ry化学工业1.Origin s of the Chemic al Indust ryAlthou gh the use of chemic als datesback to the ancien t civili zatio ns, the evolut ion of what we know as the modern chemic al indust ry starte d much more recent ly. It may be consid eredto have begunduring the Indust rialRevolu tion, about1800, and develo ped to provid e chemic als roe use by otherindust ries. Exampl es are alkali for soapma king, bleach ing powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbon ate for glassm aking. It will be notedthat theseare all inorga nic chemic als. The organi c chemic als indust ry starte d in the 1860swith the exploi tatio n of Willia m HenryPerkin‘sdiscov ery if the firstsynthe tic dyestu ff—mauve. At the startof the twenti eth centur y the emphas is on resear ch on the applie d aspect s of chemis try in German y had paid off handso mely, and by 1914 had result ed in the German chemic al indust ry having 75% of the worldmarket in chemic als. This was basedon the discov ery of new dyestu ffs plus the develo pment of both the contac t proces s for sulphu ric acid and the Haberproces s for ammoni a. The laterrequir ed a majortechno logic al breakt hroug h that of beingable to carryout chemic al reacti ons undercondit ionsof very high pressu re for the firsttime. The experi encegained with this was to standGerman y in good stead, partic ularl y with the rapidl y increa sed demand for nitrog en-basedcompou nds (ammoni um saltsfor fertil izers and nitric acid for explos ivesmanufa cture) with the outbre ak of worldwarⅠin 1914. This initia ted profou nd change s whichcontin ued during the inter-war years(1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
研究生英语多维教程课后翻译(全)
Unit oneTranslation and WritingAIn the past, when explorers or merchants went out into the world to find new lands or markets or sources of raw materials, they often did not share a language with the people with whom they came into contact. When this situation was encountered, one of three solutions was adopted: (1) the foreigners learned the language of their host (or vice versa), (2) they used some third language commonly employed in the region for trading purposes, or (3) a new language emerged, made up of elements from the various native languages of its users. Language that are used for communication among speakers of different language used in the Mediterranean region and based largely on Romance languages (Italian, French, and Spanish) but also containing elements of Greek, Arabic, and Turkish. In the modern world, it is fair to say that English is the most important lingua franca, since it is used as a means of communication between large numbers of people who do not otherwise share a common language.在过去，当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。
学术综合英语1-5课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations，language may be the most remarkable。
Through language we share experience, formulate values，exchange ideas, transmit knowledge，and sustain culture。
Indeed，language is vital to think itself. Contrary to popular belief］, language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality ［by giving meaning to events］.在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言来分享经验，传递价值观,交流思想,传播知识，传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker's craft。
They have special uses，just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately，clearly,vividly,and appropriately。
新时代研究生英语综合教程1四单元
第一节 My First Week at University1.1 IntroductionAs a freshman in university, the first week was an exciting but overwhelming experience for me. It was a whole new beginning in my life, and I was eager to explore and adapt to this new environment.1.2 Orientation DayOn the first day, I attended the orientation program organized by the university. The program included introductions to the faculty, the campus facilities, and academic resources av 本人lable to students. It gave me aprehensive understanding of what to expect during my time at the university.1.3 Meeting New PeopleDuring the first week, I was introduced to a wide variety of people from different backgrounds. I had the opportunity to make new friends and learn about their cultures and experiences. This was a valuable experience that broadened myperspective and made me more open-minded.1.4 Academic ChallengesThe academic challenges during the first week were also significant. I was introduced to the syllabus for my courses and had to manage my time effectively to stay on top of my assignments and readings. It was a steep learning curve, but I was determined to succeed.1.5 ConclusionOverall, my first week at university was a mix of emotions –excitement, nervousness, and curiosity. It was a crucial period of transition, and it l本人d the foundation for the rest of my time at the university. I look forward to the journey ahead and the opportunities for growth and learning.第二节 Understanding Academic Expectations2.1 Coursework and AssignmentsOne of the key aspects of the first unit of the New EraGraduate English Comprehensive Course is understanding the academic expectations of university-level coursework and assignments. This includes learning how to manage deadlines, conduct research, and write effectively.2.2 Critical Thinking and AnalysisIn addition to mastering the language skills, the course also emphasizes the development of critical thinking and analysis. This involves evaluating and synthesizing information, making reasoned arguments, and engaging in discussion and debate.2.3 Communication SkillsEffectivemunication is another area of focus in the course. This includes not only writtenmunication but also oral presentation and interpersonal skills. The course 本人ms to develop students' ability to express themselves clearly and confidently in a range of academic and professional settings.2.4 ConclusionThe first unit of the New Era Graduate EnglishComprehensive Course provides a solid foundation for academic success. By understanding the academic expectations and developing crucial skills, students are better prepared to excel in their studies and make the most of their university experience.第三节 Language Proficiency and Fluency3.1 Language Proficiency LevelsThe New Era Graduate English Comprehensive Course is designed to cater to students at different language proficiency levels. The course recognizes that students may have varying degrees of familiarity with the English language and 本人ms to support their development accordingly.3.2 Vocabulary and GrammarA key focus of the course is to enhance students' vocabulary and grammar skills. This involves expanding their range of vocabulary, refining their understanding of grammar rules, and practicing these skills in context.3.3 Listening and SpeakingThe course also emphasizes the development of students' listening and speaking skills. This involves activities such as listening to lectures, participating in discussions, and delivering presentations. By honing these skills, students can engage more effectively in academic and professional contexts.3.4 ConclusionLanguage proficiency and fluency are criticalponents of the New Era Graduate English Comprehensive Course. By addressing the diverse needs of students and focusing on key language skills, the course sets a strong foundation for students' linguistic development and success in their academic pursuits.第四节 Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity4.1 Diversity and InclusivityThe New Era Graduate English Comprehensive Course recognizes the importance of cultural awareness and sensitivityin the academic environment. It promotes a culture of inclusivity and respect for diversity, recognizing the value of different perspectives and experiences.4.2 Intercultural CommunicationThe course encourages students to engage in interculturalmunication and exchange. This involves learning about different cultures, customs, and traditions, and developing the skills to navigate cultural differences effectively.4.3 Global PerspectivesIn a globalized world, the course also 本人ms to cultivate a global perspective among students. This involves exploring global issues, understanding international perspectives, and developing the skills to engage with a diverse and interconnected world.4.4 ConclusionCultural awareness and sensitivity are integralponents of the New Era Graduate English Comprehensive Course. By fosteringa culture of inclusivity and promoting global perspectives, the course equips students with the skills and mindset to thrive in an increasingly diverse and interconnected world.结语新时代研究生英语综合教程1四单元提供了全面而有针对性的学习内容，包括适应大学生活的挑战、理解学术期望、语言能力和流利度的培养以及文化意识和敏感性的培养。
21年英语6级第一套作文题目中文
21年英语6级第一套作文题目中文In the modern era, technology has become an integral part of our lives. It shapes the way we communicate, work, and even think. The 2021 English Level 6 examination posed a question that remains relevant today: "How has technology influenced personal relationships?" This essay will explore the multifaceted impact of technology on personal relationships, delving into both its positive and negative effects.The advent of social media platforms and instant messaging apps has revolutionized the way we connect with others. These tools have made it possible to maintain relationships over long distances, allowing friends and family to share moments and communicate seamlessly across the globe. For instance, video calls enable face-to-face interactions, which are crucial for fostering a sense of closeness and understanding. This digital connectivity has also expanded our social circles, introducing us to people from diverse backgrounds and cultures, thus enriching our social experience.However, the reliance on technology for communication has its drawbacks. The convenience of digital interaction often comes at the cost of in-person connections. Text messages and emails lack the nuances of tone and body language, leading to misunderstandings and a sense of emotional distance. Moreover, the constant barrage of notifications can be distracting, hindering the quality of our interactions. Instead of engaging in meaningful conversations, we may find ourselves multitasking, which diminishes the depth of our relationships.The impact of technology on personal relationships extends beyond communication. Online platforms have become arenas for comparison and competition, where individuals curate their lives to portray an idealized image. This phenomenon can lead to feelings of inadequacy and jealousy, as people compare their behind-the-scenes with others' highlight reels. The pressure to maintain a certain online presence can also strain relationships, as individuals may prioritize their virtual image over genuine connections.On the other hand, technology has provided new avenues for support and community building. Online forums and support groups offer a space for individuals to find otherswho share similar experiences or challenges. These virtual communities can provide a sense of belonging and understanding that might be difficult to find in one's immediate environment. For those dealing with niche interests or uncommon situations, the internet can be a lifeline, connecting them with like-minded individuals and resources.In conclusion, technology's influence on personal relationships is complex and multifaceted. While it has facilitated connections and provided new forms of support, it has also introduced challenges that affect the quality of our interactions. As we navigate this digital landscape, it is crucial to find a balance that preserves the essence of human connection. By being mindful of the way we use technology, we can enhance our relationships rather than undermine them. The key lies in using technology as a tool to complement, not replace, the irreplaceable value of face-to-face interactions and the emotional richness they bring to our lives.This essay has explored the various dimensions of technology's impact on personal relationships without resorting to a simplistic linear structure. Instead, it has woven a narrative that reflects the complexity of the topic, ensuring a coherent and engaging discussion throughout. The language used has been precise, vivid, and concise, maintaining a consistent tone and smooth flow, thereby meeting the high standards of document quality. 。
WEEK 1 WINDOWS
WEEK 1 WINDOWSBEGINNINGS.The first two weeks will be taken up with the system the Personal Computers use.A lot of people like to skip this thinking they can do without it, but it really is important so please stick with it.So without further ado, here to help you on your way is a crash course on Windows.In the early days of workplace computers, to gain entry you were trained and allowed time to gain experience. Computer software seemed foreign almost purpose-built to bamboozle.Things have changed dramatically in the intervening years. Computers are common in many homes, and essential tools in the work place. Now you are expected to not only be able to use a multitude of different systems and programs, but also to carry out tasks that in the past would have been sent out to experts. You have the paint, the easel, and brushes so why aren’t you an artist.OPERATING SYSTEMComputers use the operating system to manage all the related tasks needed to run the computer and its input (Keyboard, mouse, sound etc) and output (monitor printer speakers etc) devices.The diagram below depicts an operating system managing aThe operating system translates the computer language (0's and 1's) into information. One method of presenting this information is via a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI allows the user to input information by clicking icons or symbols rather than typing lines of code.The Windows operating systems is one such graphical user interface (GUI) Elements of a GUI include such things as windows, menus, buttons, scroll bars, icons and the desktop. The desktop is the primary GUI generated by the Windows operatingSTARTING WINDOWS:Computers like any appliance are started with an On Off switch: Usually a large button near the centre of the front of the computer box.Make sure it is turned on at the wall first, and then push the switch and the computer will start, accompanied by some sounds and flashing lights.Computers may be either stand alone. (The same as a home computer everything is contained in the box on your desk), or networked linked with cables to other computers in the organisation with shared storage and often printing facilities. (The same as the school computers.)On a stand-alone computer you may just start Windows, or you may have to enter a username and password before it starts.On a networked computer, you inevitably have to enter a username and password before it starts.Usernames and passwords are usually set when Windows is installed. If you need one and don’t have one, you will need technical assistance from where you purchased your computer, or the person who looks after the system to get started. At the school, the Tutor enters the information on each computer before the class starts, so you do not need to.DESKTOPThe Desktop serves as the home base for just about everything you will do on the computer. From the desktop, you can manage files, store documents, launch programs, adjust the way the computer works, and personalize the workspace. Most importantly from the desktop you can access the Start Menu.Each operating system has a unique desktop appearance.VERSIONS OF MICROSOFT WINDOWSOn November 10, 1983, Microsoft announced Microsoft Windows, an extension of the MS-DOS operating system that would provide a graphical operating environment for PC users.Most work places will use a version of Windows issued in or after 1995. There is an older version, Windows 3.1, but it is now very old, and has a very different screen layout.Windows3.1: Put picture symbols on the screen that you can click on with a mouse. Called a Graphical User Interface, or GUI. It was easier to use than the original DOS system which was not really graphical.Windows NT is a version of Windows intended mainly for large organisations. It is more robust (less likely to crash) than the Windows versions normally found on individual computers.Windows 95 intended to be easier to use than Windows 3.1 It hid the much older DOS program away so that the user goes straight into the Windows 95 program.Windows 98 The Microsoft browser, Internet Explorer, is integrated with Windows 98.Windows 2000 is development of Windows NT and Windows98. Windows Millennium also known as Windows ME has the look and feel of Windows 98 with some additional fixes and features.Windows XP Windows XP is short for Windows Experienced. It combines Windows 98 with Windows 2000. and is said to be designed more for users who may not be familiar with all of Windowsfeatures.DESKTOPSWindows 95 Windows 98Windows ME Windows XPWindows NT and 2000 are the same as for Windows 98.The interface differences between Windows 95, 98, ME, NT and 2000 are minor. Graphics improved (changed) the look of icons, and there were improvements on the technical insides, but the basics remained the same.The Desktop always contained at least 4 icons. My Computer, Network Neighbourhood, Internet Explorer and the Recycle Bin.TASK BARLocated at the bottom of screen, and displays all open programs. Includes the START Button. When a program is running on your computer, it will be shown on the task bar.Clicking on these buttons will display the program windows on the screen.CLOCKLocated at the right hand side of the Task bar it displays the time of day.Hold your mouse on the clock and today's date will pop up automatically.XPThe Windows XP Interface differs from previous versions of Windows, although it contains the same features in the same places. Most of the icons were removed from the desktop. Taskbar buttons became Window Tabs.To switch between programs simply move the mouse pointer over the button for the icon of the program you want to use and click once.SYSTEM TRAYLocated at the right hand side of the Taskbar, just to the left of the clock.It's generally used to keep "utility" type programs running and out of the way. Most of the little icons you see sitting in it are programs that are currently running behind the scenes.Usually, if you double-click or right-click them, they'll open up or bring up a menu QUICK LAUNCH BARWindows 98 introduced a new feature to the Taskbar. Located at the left hand side of the Taskbar, just to the right of the Start button.As its name implies it is an area where icons can be placed to allow quick access to the program. Some programs add an icon there automatically when installed, or you can Drag and Drop icons into it.By default, Windows XP has the quick launch bar hidden, if you want to use the quick launch bar you need to activate it, to do this simply right click on the taskbar, hover the mouse pointer over toolbars and then put a tick in the box next to Quick Launch.GROUPINGA new feature in Windows XP is taskbar grouping. This groups similar types of windows under one button.A new feature that appeared after Windows 98 was released was the idea of displaying only the menu items you used recently on menus. The menus can be expanded to show all the choices by clicking on the arrows at the bottom of each menu. XP kept this, and took it a step further.Unlike previous versions of windows when the taskbar fills up with window tabs XP can consolidate all files/windows within a program into just one window tab.In other words, if you have 2 documents open in Word you will only have one tab on the taskbar (instead of 2). You can then access each document by left clicking on the tab and selecting the file/window you want from the menu that appears.To see the names of the grouped windows click on the arrow.Then click the name of the window to open the window.This feature can be switched off by right clicking on the taskbar, clicking on Properties and then un-checking the box next to Group similar taskbar buttons.START BUTTONYou use the Start Button to get to menus of the things you can do. Below is a picture of a typical Windows 95, 98, NT 2000.The area shown in grey at the top can have different menu items inserted. If you are using a computer in Company, it is likely to have menus of programs that are of special value to you. If you are using your own computer it is likely to have picture icons in it put there by software you have installed.START MENUA new feature of Windows 95 was the self opening menus. Rest the mouse pointer on Windows Menu items and if there is another menu, it will automatically appear.The Problem is to use the new menu you have to move the mouse pointer on to it, by ‘sliding’ horizontally across the screen. Slide above or below the listing and the new menu will vanish, or be replaced by a different one. It takes a bit of practice to master confidently.When you hover the mouse over Programs (All Programs in XP) a menu opens. From this menu you can access the programs currently installed on your PC. After installing new software it will (normally) appear on the programs menu.To open a program left click on its name.Some menu options contain a sub -menu. When you hover on it, the sub-menu opens. Move the mouse in a straight horizontal line into the sub-menu and click on the name of the program you want.You can rename or remove any program on the menu by right clicking on it and selecting rename or delete from the menu that appears.Note. This does not affect the program; it just renames the shortcut icon for it from the Program Menu. Deleting it from the programs menu will not uninstall the software.XP START MENUThe XP Start Menu is a two-columned Start Menu & Desktop all-in-one.HOW TO SHUT DOWNShutting down the computer turns the system off completely. Before shutting down the computer you should save and close all open programs.To safely shut down a Windows computer, click on the Start Menu, move the mouse pointer up to select "Shut Down..."and click once.If you are running the Windows XP Home user version you will see “Turn off computer” rather than Shut down.The "Shut Down Windows" dialog window will appear. From this window you can choose to Restart or turn off your computer. The computer will automatically shut itself off. It does not require you to push the power button.RECYCLE BINWhen you delete a file, Windows will place the file into the recycle bin. This allows you to restore the file in case you deleted it by mistake.To recover a file double click on the recycle bin icon to see its contents. Right click on the file you want and select Restore.WINDOWSWindows are resizable work spaces for each open program or function. Windows OS utilizes windows as part of its interface. Windows allow you to view many applications simultaneously.Each application is contained within its own window and you may have several windows open at one time. Although you are able to see the contents of several open windows, only one window may be active at a time. Any commands you execute (such as cut, paste, or print) apply only to the active window.PARTS OF THE WINDOWAll windows include a Control menu, Title Bar, Minimize, Maximize and Close buttons, menu bar, and Scrollbars (right and left).ACTIVATING WINDOWSThe image below displays two windows.You can distinguish the active window from the inactive window by looking for the window with the darker colour. The window at the top of the image (the "My Computer" window) is inactive and the window at the bottom of the image (the "Microsoft Word" window) is active.To make a window active, click anywhere inside the window or on the title bar. As windows are opened, a button for that window will appear on the task bar and the button for the active window will appear recessed. Notice the task bar at the bottom of the image.MOVING A WINDOWA window can be moved by clicking and dragging the title bar. A window can be placed anywhere on the desktop.To move the window, place the mouse pointer over the title bar and click and drag to the new location.RESIZING A WINDOWThe window can be resized using any of the borders. The border depicted in this example is the right border.Place the mouse pointer over the right border. The mouse pointer changes to a double headed arrow.While holding the mouse button down, drag the window with the mouse.Once you have adjusted the border to the new size, release the mouse button.The window will expand or contract to fit the newly sized window.MAXIMIZE A WINDOWMaximizing a window expands the active window to fill the entire screen.To maximize a window, place the mouse pointer over the maximize button and click once.After clicking on the maximize button, the window expands to fill the entire screen. Once maximized, the maximize button changes to a restore button.You can also maximize a window by double-clicking on the title bar.RESTORE A WINDOWTo restore the window to its custom size, click on the Restore Button. Place the mouse pointer over the restore button and click once.The window will be restored to its original state, and the restore button will change back to the maximize button.You can also restore a window by double-clicking on the title bar.MINIMIZE A WINDOWMinimizing a window reduces the window to a button on the task bar. Minimizing a window does not change or destroy its contents, it simply allows the computer to use the resources it would have used to display the window for other purposes.To minimize a window, place the mouse pointer over the minimize button and click once.The minimized window will be placed as a button on the task bar.To expand the minimized window, click on the corresponding button on the task bar.SCROLLINGScrolling allows you to move the objects in the window either left, right, up or down. There are three different ways to scroll:Click the scroll arrows to scroll up/down or left/right.ORDrag the scroll box up/down or left/right.ORClick in the spaces above/below or right/left of the scroll box.CLOSING AN OPEN WINDOWAgain there are three options available to you for closing a window.Place the mouse pointer in the close box and click once.From the File Menu, select the File / Close option.Press the Ctrl and W keys at the same time.EXERCISES.Before we go on let us see what you have picked up, and what you already know.Don’t worry if you do not know all the answers. They will be answered as you proceed. Part of the test is to let you discover that there may be things about Windows that you may not know.What is windows?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………What is a shortcut? How do you make one work?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Use the following screen shot to answer these questions:Where is the task bar?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………How many icons are there in the quick link bar? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… At what time was this screen shot taken? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… How many windows are open? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is the title of the active window? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… How many windows are minimised? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Name 3 shortcuts visible on the Desktop ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Name the first folder listed in My Documents. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Name 3 documents visible in Windows Explorer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… How many folders are expanded in the tree view? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… How many windows are using the Details view? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………A window that is partly hidden by another can be brought to the front by two ways. What are they? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………MENUS AND DIALOG BOXESWhen you use Windows you work extensively with menus and dialog boxes. All windows have a Menu bar with a list of available menus. Each menu title contains a list of commands. Where a menu command requires more information before it can be executed, a dialog box is shown.MENU BARMENUSMenus are a way to access information. Menus are unique to the application or window they are in. To access commands you open or “pull-down” the menu.TO PULL-DOWN A MENU USING THE MOUSEMove the mouse pointer to the menu bar and click once on the word with the left mouse button The pull-down menu will be displayed.Some menu items will display a symbol along side.A tick indicates the item can be toggled on or off. In the above example, the Status bar option is turned on.A dot indicates a chosen selection. In the above example, the Large Icons option is activated as opposed to Small Icons, List or Details.An arrow head following a command indicates a submenu will be displayed.TO PULL-DOWN A MENU USING THE KEYBOARDWhen you press the Alt key, the first menu (File) on the Menu bar is activated. One character in each menu will be underlined indicating the key used to open the menu Press the Alt key then press the underlined letter of the desired menu titleFor example: Press Alt then V to pull-down the View menuSelect the command required by pressing the appropriate letter on the keyboard Some menu items show a keyboard shortcut after them. Indicating this menu item can be executed by pressing the corresponding characters on the keyboard. (In this case, pressing Ctrl+A).UNAVAILABLE MENU ITEMSMenu items may be dimmed or gray, indicating the item can not be selected at this time.SHORTCUT (CONTEXT) MENUShortcut menus are especially useful because they anticipate the commands you will probably want when working on a particular task. They dynamic, meaning they change depending on when and where you open them.Access a shortcut menu by right-clicking the appropriate part of the screen. Shortcut menus are also To access a shortcut menu, move the mouse pointer over the item whose shortcut menu you want to view and right-click.TO CANCEL A MENU SELECTED IN ERRORClick with the mouse pointer anywhere off the menuORClick once more on the same menu title and it will be deselectedORPress Esc twiceWIZARDSSome actions in Windows are completed with the help of a wizard. A wizard is a series of dialog boxes that prompt you to supply the information needed to complete the task.An example: The Add Printer wizardYou move forward through a wizard by clicking the Next button. If you decide to change any information you entered, you can click Back.DIALOG BOXESMenu commands followed by three dots indicate that the command will need more information via a dialog box to work.Dialog boxes contain many features for entering information.Related commands are grouped together in panels. Many have more than one page, indicated by tabs at the top of the box. Click the tab to show that page.To move a dialog box Point to the dialog box Title bar and drag it to another part of the screen. : Note You cannot resize or minimise a dialog box.DIALOG BOX CONTENTS Dialog boxes come inmany different typesbut there are standard objects within eachone. Each will containa selection of thefollowing objects.You can also use the keyboard to enter information into adialog box. Thefollowing are some ofthe more useful keysfor use within dialog boxes.TOOLBARSTo bypass menu commands you can click buttons on a toolbar A window may have one or more toolbars. Some applications may have many. Before you can do this however, the toolbar needs to be displayed.TO DISPLAY A TOOLBARClick on View on the menu line and Select ToolbarTO DISPLAY ONE OF SEVERAL TOOLBARSFrom the View menu, select Toolbars as before. This time a submenu is displayed showing which toolbars are available.The main toolbar is usually referred to as the Standard.TO SELECT A COMMAND FROM A TOOLBAREach command is identified by an icon and, in some cases, a text description.Icons vary from application to application, but they tend to use similar icons for common tasks, such as Open (a folder with an arrow) or Cut (a pair of scissors).If you do not know what a toolbar button does, hold your mouse pointer over the button (No mouse buttons depressed) until you see a small yellow ScreenTip text box describing the button's functionTO VIEW ALL BUTTONSIf the window is not maximised or if it does not fit on-screen, the end of the toolbar may be cut off. In this case, you can click the chevron arrows at the end of the toolbar to display and select from the missing buttons.Windows - 21 LIST BUTTONSSome buttons may have an arrow beside them. Click the arrow to view further available commands. On clicking a list of further commands or a palette of more toolbar buttons is displayed.MOVING TOOLBARSMost toolbars can be in one of two states.Docked:The toolbar is forms part of the top bottom or side of a window.OrFloating:The toolbar is anywhere on the screen.And can be moved and resized in the same manner as any windowMOUSE TIPSClick, double click or right click? Many users become confused about single-clicks double-clicks, and the right click. What follows is a guide to all forms of clicking:SINGLE-CLICK Menu items to activate them.Buttons such as the Start button, program buttons in the Taskbar, and all buttons in dialog boxes.Icons to highlight (or select ) them.DOUBLE-CLICK A folder or program icon to activate it.In File Open and File Save dialog boxes to navigate from folder to folder or to open a file.RIGHT-CLICK Single-clicking with the right mouse button gives a context-sensitive menu (that is, a menu whose contents change depending on which item you click).Test out right-clicking everywhere: on a vacant spot on the Windows Desktop; on a program icon; on a folder icon; on a document icon; on a menu or toolbar in an application; in a dialog box. You won’t always find a menu available.No programs use a double-click of the right mouse button – it’s always a single right click.SELECTING MULTIPLE ITEMSYou can simultaneously select objects on the Desktop, in Windows Explorer and folder windows, and in some application’s File Open dialog boxes. This is useful when you want to perform the same action on a number of files:Method 1To select a contiguous series of files in a folder or Explorer window, single-click the first file, move the mouse pointer to the last file you want in the list and hold down the shift key while you single-click that file.Method 2Point to a vacant spot beside one of the icons and drag the mouse. You’ll see a rectangle appear surrounding the items. Release the mouse button when you’ve enclosed all the items you want to select.Method 3To select random files in a file list, hold down the Ctrl key while you single-click each file you want. You may release the Ctrl key after you’ve made each selection, or keep it depressed while you make a series of selections.Once you’ve selected a group of objects you can act on all the objects at once by dragging and dropping any one of the objects, or by right-clicking any of the objects and selecting an option from the menu.Note that the right-click menu contains some actions, such as Rename, that don’t apply to multiple file selections. Selecting any of these actions will perform the action on the specific file you’ve clicked.DESELECTINGTo deselect one or more items while leaving all the others selected, hold down the Ctrl key and single-click each item you wish to deselect.To deselect all items in a group, single-click anywhere in a vacant spot in the window or Desktop.22 - WindowsWindows - 23 IMPORTANTThe manuals and examples used in the course are prepared on a different system from the school, and from your computer at work or home. Because of this some detail in the screen images will not match what you may this should not be aproblem, as the features and process will be the same. Concentrate on the feature or process being explained do not concentrate on or try to match the detail of the content in the images.EXERCISESIdentify these Window’s elements.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........…………………….24 - WindowsWhere is the Close Application button found?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………How do you move a dialog box, and why would you want to?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Where will you find, and how will you start Microsoft Access on the Computer you are sitting at? Do not do it just explain how to.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Set up the screen so it looks like this, with the .game in the bottom right corner.You will find Solitaire under the Start Menu, WordPad is found underSTART/Programs/Accessories/WordPad .Why would you want to be able to resize a Window?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Your mouse indicator changes from an arrow to this .What are you pointing to and what are you trying to do? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What does it mean to “run a program?” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Where would you find the Accessories menu? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………How do you close a window? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What does the Maximise button look like, and what does it do? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Open Notepad. (START/Programs/Accessories/Notepad) and arrange the screen so it looks like the screen shot below. The Find dialog box is found under the SEARCHmenu line option.Windows - 25KEYBOARD26 - WindowsThe majority of the keys (about 50) are used for typing in letters, numbers, and symbols. Some of the other keys are labelled in the picture above. These keys have the following functions:Escape (Esc)This can be used to stop various things from happening. It generally has the same effect as pressing "Cancel", or "Stop".Caps LockIf you want to type a lot of capital letters, press Caps Lock, then press it again to stop. The Caps Lock indicator light tells you whether Caps Lock is on.ShiftHold down Shift while pressing a letter key to make that letter a capital (unless Caps Lock is on). Also, if you want a symbol which is shown above another symbol on the keyboard (e.g. "!" is above "1"), hold down Shift to type in that symbol.Control (Ctrl)Holding don Ctrl and pressing another key achieves various things, depending which program you are using. Ctrl+S usually saves your work, and Ctrl+P prints it. To find out what does what, look at a menu, and beside the text it will often say something like "Ctrl+N". You can then use this key combination as a shortcut. The same is true for Alt and Function keys.Windows logo keyWindows - 27。
22版：Unit 1 Art（步步高）
Ⅱ.重点单词(每小题2分，共20分)
10._r_e_p_u_t_a_ti_o_n_
n.名誉；名声
11._r_a_n_k_
n.地位；级别；行列
vt.&vi.把……分等级
12._p_u_r_c_h_a_s_e_
vt.购买；采购
n.购买；购买的东西
13._e_m_e_r_g_e_
vi.&vt.出现；浮现；暴露
7.exhibition n.展览；(技能、感情或行为的)表演 →exhibit v.展示；陈列；展览 8.recognition n.承认；认出；赞誉 →recognize vt.辨认出；承认；公认 9.expansion n.扩张；扩展；扩大 →expand vt.扩展；扩大；(使)膨胀
Ⅳ.核心短语 1.in particular尤其；特别 2.set apart from使与众不同；使突出；使优于…… 3.be fond of喜爱；喜欢 4.bring...to life赋予……生命；使……鲜活起来 5.be worthy of值得
14._su__b_je_c_t_iv_e_
adj.主观的
15._p_e_r_m_a_n_e_n_t_
adj.永久的；永恒的
16._d_e_c_li_n_e_
17._e_n_tr_y_ 18._g_u_a_r_a_n_t_ee_ 19._c_o_n_te_m__p_o_r_a_r_y_
n.(数量、价格、质量等的)减少；下降；衰落 vi.&vt.减少；下降；衰落；衰弱；谢绝 n.加入；进入；参与 vt.保证；确保；肯定……必然发生 adj.当代的；现代的；属同时期的 n.同代人；同辈人
默写巩固 基础知识·夯实
词汇默写
新教材选择性必修修第一册课文(全部)中英文翻译
人教版新教材(选择性必修第一册)课文及录音(Unit 1 Reading and Thinking)TU YOUYOU AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE 屠呦呦获诺贝尔奖6 October 年10 月 6 日This year' s Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria・ Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to improved health for millions of people・ Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600, 000 die from it. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alone・今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了屠呦呦(共同获奖者)，她的研究促使了青蒿素的发现。
这是一种至关重要的治疗疟疾的新疗法。
青蒿素挽救了数十万人的生命，并改善了数百万人的健康状况。
全世界每年有超过2亿人罹患疟疾，约60万人死于疟疾。
青蒿素已成为治疗疟疾的重要组成部分，据认为仅在非洲一年就能挽救10万人的生命。
Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955・ After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing・ In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen・In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients・ In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease・ Her team examined over 2, 000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280, 000 plants for their medical properties・From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria・屠呦呦，一位坚左而耐心的科学家，1930年12月30日岀生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学院。
大学体验英语一周一练第四版答案
Key to Model Test (1) Band FourPart I. WritingSample Writing:A Reply to A FriendDear John,I received your letter yesterday. In reply to your inquiry about applying for admis -sion to my university, I would like to give you the following suggestions.My school is a comprehensive university with such disciplines as science, engi-neering, the arts, economy, management, law and education. Among all the majors, Isuggest that you should apply for the major of computer science and technology. Thereare some reasons for this suggestion. First, the computer personnel are in great demandowing to the widespread use of computers in every field. Therefore, you can find a jobeasily if you have a degree in this major. Second, my university has first-rate facilitiesand excellent teachers in this field. You will definitely benefit from studying in my uni -versity. There are some requirements for this major. To begin with, you must have a goodfoundation in math and English. Knowledge in these two subjects is essential for do -ing well in this major. In addition, you have to pay a higher tuition fee than students ofother majors.Of course, you have to make some preparations for the test. On the one hand, youneed to learn something about the computer. On the other hand, you should have basic knowledge about English before coming to the university. Otherwise, you will have dif -ficulty in learning well in this major.I hope the above suggestions helpful to you. Wish you good luck.Yours Sincerely,DavidPart II. Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)1-7 Y Y N Y NG N Y8. face-to-face and respect 9. a favor or debt should never be forgotten10. to make friends and keep themPart III. Listening Comprehension11. C. 该题考查说话人所处的地点. 根据对话中的关键词books, return, overdue 可以确定对话地点在图书馆。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
泰铢
Management
Management
Funding
子公司 3
Investment
Funding
子公司. 2
Investment
China
1-10
Thailand
Multinational Enterprises -MNE
• MNC • A company that has operating subsidiaries, branches or affiliates located in foreign countries. • MNC’s ownership • Is dispersed internationally that they are known as transnational corporations. • Transnational (TNC) • managed from a global perspective rather than from the perspective of any single country. • Domestic>Multi-domestic>MNC>TNC
Management
Funding
Parent Firm
Share Holders Wealth Maximization
INVESTMENT
子公司 1
Investment
India
澳元
资本从母公司到子公司
利润从子公司到母公司 管理费
Australia
澳元
人民币 代理问题
子公司经理可能试图作出 最大化其所在的子公司利 益的决策 • 距离 • 管理风格 • 文化 • 政治环境 • 法律环境 • 经济 • 工作伦理. • 跨国公司规模
THB
Management
Management
Funding
Sub. 3
Investment
Funding
Sub. 2
Investment
China
1-9
Thailand
Multinational Corporations
Equity Holders Manag ement
印度卢比 澳元
Funding
theories of international business) • Motives for internationalisation • Mode of internationalisation
1-3
• 跨国公司与本国公司 • 文化差异与国家风险 • 代理问题的管理 • 国际金融（财务）管理 • 跨国公司面临的约束 • 跨国公司的价值及定价模型 • 为何公司要开展国际业务 (一些国际商务理论)
MNC -Domestic corporations- Agency
MANAGEMENT
problem
May attempt to maximize there own welfare
EQUITY HOLDERS
Capital FUNDING
Hired prof. managers
Control the business
style of the MNC. • Centralized vs. Decentralized management style • Sarbanes-Oxley Act- Importance of the internal reporting process • Commonly used methods to improve the internal communications…
• may create management contracts • May monitor what managers are doing (Auditing)
Accomplishment of objectives of the firm
SHARE HOLDERS WEALTH MAXIMIZATION
1-11
• 多国公司 （一般也称作跨国公司） • 在外国设有营业子公司、分支机构或附属机构的公司 • 多国公司的所有权 • 是分散化的，则称其为跨国公司. • 跨国公司 (TNC) • 以全球视角来进行管理，而不是以单一国家视角管理. • 本国>多本国>多国>跨国
1-12
Goal of the MNC
Irrespective of the organizational form, the
commonly accepted goal of a business enterprise is to maximize shareholder wealth. Financial managers throughout the MNC have a single goal of maximizing the value of the entire MNC.
Control the business
Business Firm
INVESTMENT
• Capital budgeting • Working capital
Accomplishment of objectives of the firm
SHARE HOLDERS WEALTH MAXIMIZATION
子公司B的存货 和应收账款管理
子公司A的融资
子公司A的资本 支出
子公司B的资本 支出
子公司B的融资
1-20
International Financial management (IFM)
•
IFM is conducted in more than one cultural, social, economic, or political environment • It provides a framework for evaluating
India
AUD
Capital from parents to subsidiary
Profit from subsidiary to parents management fees
Australia
AUD
RMB
Agency problem Subsidiary managers may be tempted to make decisions that maximise the values of their respective subsidiaries • Distances • Management style • Culture • Political env. • Legal Env • Economy • Work ethics • Size of MNC
Business Firm
INVESTMENT When a corporation’s shareholders’ goals differ from its managers’ goals, a conflict of goals can exist—the agency problem
1-7
• Equity holders expect managers to act on good faith • To avoid unacceptable behaviours
1-13
跨国公司的目标
不论何种组织类型，商业企业普遍认可的目标
是股东财富最大化。 跨国公司的各个财务经理都有一个统一的目标 就是整个跨国公司的价值最大化。
1-14
Management of Agency Problem
• The magnitude of agency costs can vary with the management
1-15
代理问题的管理
• 代理成本的大小受跨国公司管理模式的影响.
• 集中的 vs. 分散的 管理模式
• 萨班斯-奥克斯利法案-内部报告程序的重要性 • 提升内部交流的常用方法… • 集中的数据库A centralized database • 整个跨国公司（使用）统一的报告体系 • 自动核算和结算系统 • 所有单位及时提供信息 • 对高管的问责制
1-8
Multinational Corporations
Equity Holders Manag ement
INR AUD
Funding
Management
Funding
Parent Firm
Share Holders Wealth Maximization
INVESTMENT
Sub. 1
Investment
INVESTMENT 当公司股东的目标与 经理的目标不一致时， 出现不同目标的冲 突—代理问题
• 股东希望经理诚信行事 • 为避免出现不可取行为
• 可能设定管理合同 • 可能监督经理行为(审计)
Accomplishment of objectives of the firm
SHARE HOLDERS WEALTH MAXIMIZATION
1-5
MNCs and domestic corporations
管理层
雇佣专业经理
股权持有者（股东）
资本
• 筹资 • 资本结构 • 股息及支付
控制业务
公司
投资 资本预算 运营资本
实现公司目标
股东财富最大化
1-6
Management act as agents of equity holders
• • •
the opportunities, costs and risks of operating in the world’s markets for goods, services, and financial assets and liabilities