The American Civil War大论文
美国内战的评价英语作文
美国内战的评价英语作文Title: Evaluating the American Civil War。
The American Civil War, often regarded as one of the most pivotal moments in United States history, evokes diverse perspectives and interpretations. Its significance transcends mere battles and political ideologies, delving into complex issues of identity, freedom, and nationhood. Evaluating the Civil War involves examining its causes, impacts, and legacies, offering insights into its enduring relevance.Firstly, understanding the causes of the Civil War is crucial. At its core, the conflict stemmed from fundamental disagreements over the institution of slavery, states' rights, and the balance of power between the federal government and individual states. Economic disparities between the industrial North and agrarian South exacerbated tensions, leading to secession and ultimately, armed conflict. Thus, the Civil War was not merely a clash ofarms but a culmination of deeply entrenched societal divisions.The impact of the Civil War was profound and multifaceted. On a human level, it resulted in unprecedented casualties and suffering, with hundreds of thousands of lives lost and families torn apart. Moreover, the war fundamentally altered the political and social landscape of the United States. The Union victory affirmed the supremacy of the federal government and abolished slavery through the Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment. However, the Reconstruction era that followed was marked by racial tensions, economic upheaval, and the struggle for civil rights, underscoring the unfinished nature of emancipation and the quest for equality.Examining the legacies of the Civil War reveals its enduring impact on American society and identity. The war transformed the nation, shaping its trajectory towards industrialization, expansion, and global influence. Moreover, it left a lasting imprint on the collectivememory, fueling debates over heritage, memory, and commemoration. Monuments, memorials, and cultural representations continue to provoke controversy, reflecting divergent interpretations of the war's meaning and significance.In assessing the American Civil War, it is essential to recognize its complexities and ambiguities. While it ended legal slavery and preserved the Union, it also laid barethe deep-seated divisions and injustices that continue to shape American society. Moreover, the unresolved legaciesof the Civil War underscore the ongoing struggle for racial equality and social justice in the United States.In conclusion, the American Civil War occupies acentral place in the nation's history and collective memory. Its causes, impacts, and legacies reverberate through time, offering valuable insights into the complexities of war, freedom, and nationhood. By critically evaluating the Civil War, we gain a deeper understanding of its significance and relevance to contemporary issues facing American society.。
Causes Of The American Civil War
The South, which was known as the Confederate States of America, seceded from the North, which was also known as the Union, for many different reasons. The reason they wanted to succeed was because there was four decades of great sectional conflict between the two. Between the North and South there were deep economic, social, and political differences. The South wanted to become an independent nation. There were many reasons why the South wanted to succeed but the main reason had to do with the Norths view on slavery. All of this was basically a different interpretation of the United States Constitution on both sides. In the end all of these disagreements on both sides led to the Civil War, in which the North won.
American Civil War
美国内战的意义The significance of the Civil War
The significance of the Civil War As is known to all, the Civil War has played a significant role during the whole development of the United States, which is considered as an important milestone in America’s history. Though the war has caused uncalculated causalities, the influences is far-reaching that cannot be ignored.In the first half of the 19th century, westward expansion in the territory of the United States in the process of setting up a new series of Western states, as is called the famous “Westward Movement”. The movement made the labor force’layout of United States changed; it promoted the formation of unified, domestic markets and developed rapid of the eastern and western commercial complementary. However, on the other hand, it made the contradiction between the two kinds of economic ascended. In the mid-19th century, the conflict was in the most intense as the northern bourgeoisies and the peasants supported to converse the raw materials and domestic markets who stressed to enlarge exports and free labor force, while the southern slave-owners attempted to extended slavery to the West when they transported the cotton to England and imported industrial products instead in the mean time.In 1860, Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of Republican Party, was elected president. After then, eleven states seceded from the Union in succession and created a separate Confederated nation, which resulted in the breakout of the Civil War in April, 1861.At the beginning of the war, the strength of the North far exceeded that of the South with a great advantage. Besides, the North had advanced industry, railway network connections and rich reserve of food while the South had even no industry or railway. However, the military of South was fully prepared with all the arming, equipment and more sophisticated military hardware. Moreover, Lincoln in the early years of the war’s aim was just to restore the unity of the South and the North, so the government didn’t declare the liberation of the Northern slaves. Therefore, in the first phase of the war, the North suffered defeat in the military, in spite of a series of brilliant victory at the North-West line.Faced with the inferior circumstance, Lincoln became aware of the need for theliberation of slaves. In May, 1862, Lincoln issued Homestead Act. On September 22 in the same year, he promulgated Emancipation Proclamation, announced that before January 1st, 1863, if the South rebels still did not lay down their arms, the slave states would be free since that day. News spread to the South and thousands of slaves fled to the North. Even the British working class launched a campaign to support the North, forcing the British government to give up the original plan of interfering in the Civil War. Meanwhile, after Lincoln government taking a series of powerful actions, large amounts of slaves enrolled in the northern army.In 1863, the northern military started to turn around. At the same year, on July 1st, the Gettysburg victory had become an important turning point in the Civil War. From then on, the North possessed the initiative gradually. In 1864, supreme commander of the North adopted a new tactic that he simultaneously launched two powerful contrary lines to the East and the West. On one side, they aimed at consuming the power of the main objectives of the enemy in the East; in the West, on the other side, they penetrated into the interior of the enemy with a strong force and cut off the connections of the north-east and the south-east of the “Southern alliances”. Afterwards, the famous movement “March to the ocean”completely destroyed the enemy’s military facilities. The Southern economic also fell into paralysis. On April 9th, 1865, the southern troops were besieged by the Northern armies. For lack of food and daily necessities, the South had to yield to the North, thus ending the Civil War which lasted for fur years.In addition to a great disparity in strength and the landslide advantages the North possessed, the most important point is that the war they took part in is aimed at getting rid of slavery to emancipate black slaves and finally keep unity of the country and is a worthy career. Apart from it, being helped by the great masses of America and supported by world peoples is the determining factor. All kinds of classes of the north people fought against the enemy with high enthusiasm and expanded various forms of struggles to force the government to change the primitively negative strategy. President Lincoln could follow the historical trend and accepted people’s will as a bourgeois politician, taking actions to free black slaves and arm them. What’s more,he promulgated Homestead Act and made military reform, thus increasingly motivating the north people and the southern slaves to devoting themselves to the war. Black slaves got away from the South on a large scale and their riot not only destroyed the southern economy but also pinned down the enemy’s military forces. Lincoln once gave a high appraisal to the black for their outstanding contributions. Furthermore, white labors in the South also boycotted the reactionary rule of slave-owners with a variety of actions, including escaping from escuage, staging strikes and insurrections, which offered help to the North in the military and defeated the South in the battle. Meanwhile, a large number of revolutionary fighters actively joined in the war, which pushed the victory of the North.The American Civil War has possessed a prominent position in military history in the United States and even the world; this is because this war has many characteristics of modern war. In the first place, its scale is magnitude as with the same characteristic of modern wars. In the Civil War, both sides mobilized all the manpower and material resources. The goal of the war is more clear which is completely conquer the opposite. They not only wanted to annihilate the enemy troops, but also to destroy the enemy's political structure, economic base and social organization, until the enemy completely surrendered. Obviously, the causalities were tremendous.The latest scientific and technological achievements were widely used in the war at the same time, giving the war a new look; the use of the invention of wireless telegraphy greatly facilitated the military command, so that remote command became a reality. Land forces made extensive use of Army equipment such as armored trains, landmines, torpedoes and high irons to improve force motilities and logistics capacities. Infantry took full use of muzzle-loading rifles, increased the range and improved the lethality. Artillery made heavy use of in rifled guns, exploding bullets in the mean time. Moreover, they used photographic technology and high-altitude balloons to do the reconnaissance. In addition, many advanced achievements were put into the word. To some degree, the war led to a reform in military.The American Civil War is the second bourgeois revolution in its history. The Northern victory in the war established the big bourgeoisie of the North in the country's dominant position. The Civil War eliminated slavery, and thus pushed the United States to clear the way for rapid development of capitalism. The implementation of Homestead Act accelerated the development of the west, and promoted the development of agricultural capitalism. Therefore, till the late 19th century, the United States jumped to become the world's most advanced agricultural and industrial capitalist powers. Meanwhile, the war also hit against the remnants of British colonial forces. In fact, the South and slavery plantations economy were overall behind the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom, though, had to give up control of the North American colonies after the War of Independence, its economic impact was still very durable. Cotton plantations were used to provide raw materials for the British textile industry, so the war also eliminated the British forces.Besides, the war promoted the development of American democracy. It abolished slavery and emancipated black slaves. Although the human rights of black slaves did not been completely resolved, after all, they got more recognitions than ever before, such like that they were free and acquired political citizenship as well as the right to vote and the right to be voted. It better solved the problem of the land of citizens and developped the western wasteland. Most of the developped lands in the west became the industrial center, maintaining the unity of the nation and accelerating the development of American capitalism ,eventually provide help to clear the way and lay foundation on its standing among the world power.However, in spite of the profound significances,the war still had its limitations. Even though the black slaves received freedom,they could not get many of the same rights as the white for Lincoln just abolished slavery in the South, and the discrimination still existed.To sum up ,the American Civil War is an important battle in the history after which slavery was abolished and the economy and the military was developped rapidly.What’s the most significant is that the unity of the nation had been maintained.。
介绍一下美国内战英文作文
介绍一下美国内战英文作文The American Civil War was a major conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. It was a war between the Northern states, known as the Union, and the Southern states, known as the Confederacy. The war was fought over several issues, including slavery, states' rights, and the power of the federal government.The Civil War was a bloody and brutal conflict, with hundreds of thousands of soldiers killed and wounded on both sides. It was the deadliest war in American history, and it had a profound impact on the country.The war ended in 1865 with the defeat of the Confederacy and the abolition of slavery in the United States. The Union was preserved, and the federal government emerged as the dominant force in American politics.The Civil War had a lasting impact on American society and politics. It led to the passage of the 13th, 14th, and15th Amendments to the Constitution, which abolished slavery, granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all people, and guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race.The war also led to the industrialization of the Northern states and the devastation of the Southern economy. It changed the way Americans thought about their countryand their place in the world.In conclusion, the American Civil War was a defining moment in the history of the United States. It was a warthat tested the nation's commitment to its founding principles and ultimately led to the end of slavery and the preservation of the Union. Its legacy continues to shape American society and politics to this day.。
美国内战论文
On American Civil WarAbstract: America Civil War is April 15, 1861, to April 1865, the United States south and north of the war, The War is a large scale civil war in the America history, warring parties to the United States of America (the Union) and the Confederate States of America (the Confederation). Led war in the North is Bourgeois, their militant forces were the masses of workers, farmers and black. In the South where stick to war only have plantation slave owners, their war aim was to defend slavery, and to form Union, establishing a Confederation, represents the country from the establishment of that moment, she has the right to chose its own life free. While the North purpose is to beat the South, to restore the national unity and abolished slavery, this puurpose is beneficial to the development of capitalism have been successfully.Key word: Civil War; capitalist economy; slavery; bourgeois revolution The Civil War begins that Abraham Lincoln was elected as president in March, 1861. On April 12, Confederate forces led by General P.T. Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter which was a federally held fort in South Carolina. This began the American Civil War. The United States eleven Southern slave sates declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, led by Jeffrson Davis, they fought against the United States, which was supported by all the free states and five border slave states. Lincoln ordered to attack the “rebel”States. In 1861, the southern part of some States to establish alliances in the South, then beginning of the war, in the early days of the war the Northern arm steadily in losing condition. In order to reverse the situation, Lincoln government put the Homestead Act and the Emancipation Proclamation. These two measures brought large number people into the Union army and soon the tide of thr war turned in Union’s favor. In July 1863 came the turning point of the war at Gettysburg. Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E. Lee was defeated by the Federal army. In April 1865, the war ended with the surrender of the Confederate commander.About the Civil War, we generally insist the attitude of the criticism and the opposition. However, to the American Civil War, Lenin but with the “ very great, the world historic, the progress and the revolution” of the meaning of the word to describe it. Because the American Civil War is different from any one out of personal or political party private interests to struggle for power. From the perspective of political and economic fields, the war was carried out for the further development of capitalism, is in line with the historical development trend of the bourgeois revolution. From the moral field the war was carried out for thr abolition of the inhuman black slavery, is in line with human nature kind of justicial war. Before the outbreak of the Civil War, it was the industrial revolution at a time when worldwide expansion, for the development of industrial capital to clear the obstruction, as the demands of the development of times. While the America after independence, there are two forms of economic, is the North of the Capitalist Industry and Commerce and the south of the slavery plantation ecnomy. Although in essence, the Souyhern plantation economy is capitalist world market for the sake of production, it’s part of the world capitalisteconomy, its economic form also belong to the capitalist economy. But the slavery in the South are increasingly becoming the obstruction of the United States development of industrial capital. During first half of the 19th century, the North of the industrial revolution was in full swing, under the cruel exploitation of plantation owners, the slaves lived a miserable life in the South, to against slavery to become a voices form the United States citizens. Although the American Civil War is success, but the Civil War didn’t completely to elimination of racial discrimination, the blacks are still subjected to unequal treatment.This war will not only change the United States the political and economic situation, leading to slavery in the United States is finally abolished in the South, also for future United States civil society has a huge impact. The American Civil War is the United States second time revolution in the history of bourgeois revolution, it has the epoch-making progressive significance in United States history development, the War shoes the power of modern industry. The implementation of the Homestead Act, accelerated development of the Western region and promote agriculture development of the American capitalism, at the end of 19th century, the American as the world’s advanced agricultural and industrial capitalist powers. The Civil War to abolish the black slavery and solves problem of farmer’s land, a t the same time, safeguarding national unity, for the United States cleared the way for development of capitalism, the American quickly become industrialized powers, and for the American laid the foundation become a member of the world powers.Bibliography:[1] James Ford “History of the Civil War” Xinhua Publishing House,(1918)[2] Xu Luzhi “Uderatanding the U.S. and U.K.” China Ocean University ,(2007)。
The Impact of the Civil War on American Society
The Impact of the Civil War onAmerican SocietyThe Civil War was one of the defining events in American history, and it had a profound impact on American society. The war lasted from 1861 to 1865 and resulted in over 600,000 deaths. It was fought between the northern states, known as the Union, and the southern states, known as the Confederacy. The primary cause of the war was the issue of slavery and states' rights.The Impact of the Civil War on American SocietyThe Civil War had a transformative effect on American society. It changed the political and social landscape of the country and had far-reaching consequences. Below are some of the ways in which the Civil War impacted American society:1. Slavery abolishedThe Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, declaring that all slaves held in Confederate territory were free. The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution, ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery throughout the country. The end of slavery was a significant milestone in American history and paved the way for the civil rights movement of the 20th century.2. Reunification of the countryThe Civil War resulted in the reunification of the United States. The South seceded from the Union in 1861, but the North's victory in 1865 restored the country's unity. The war settled the question of whether states could secede from the Union, and it established the federal government's authority over the states.3. Industrialization of the NorthThe Civil War accelerated the industrialization of the North. The North had a significant advantage over the South in terms of industrialization, and the war provided a boost to the Northern economy. The Union's victory increased demand for goods and stimulated the growth of manufacturing industries.4. Devastation of the SouthThe Civil War devastated the South. The war caused widespread destruction, and many southern cities were destroyed. The South's economy was also severely damaged, and it would take years for the region to recover. The war also had a considerable impact on the South's social structure, as the end of slavery led to significant changes in the region's racial dynamics.5. Military innovationsThe Civil War led to significant military innovations. The war saw the introduction of new technologies such as the Gatling gun and ironclad warships. The war's massive scale and the use of innovative military tactics and strategies demonstrated the need for modernizing the military.6. Women's rights movementThe Civil War played a role in the women's rights movement. During the war, women took on new roles, such as nursing, teaching, and factory work. The war also created a need for skilled workers, and many women gained new skills and experiences that would contribute to the women's rights movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.7. Constitutional amendmentsThe Civil War resulted in several constitutional amendments that had a significant impact on American society. These amendments include the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery; the 14th Amendment, which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all citizens; and the 15th Amendment, which granted black men the right to vote.ConclusionThe Civil War had a profound impact on American society. It resulted in the abolition of slavery, the reunification of the country, and the industrialization of the North. The war devastated the South and had significant social implications, leading to changes in the region's racial dynamics. The war also led to the introduction of new military technologies and tactics and played a role in the women's rights movement. Finally, the war resulted in several constitutional amendments that significantly impacted American society.。
美国内战意义英语作文初一
The American Civil War,a pivotal event in the nations history,holds profound significance that extends far beyond the immediate conflict between the Union and the Confederacy.It was a war that tested the very foundations of the United States,challenging the principles upon which the country was built and ultimately leading to a redefinition of its identity and values.The Civil War,which raged from1861to1865,was fundamentally about the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery.It was a time when the nation was deeply divided,with states in the North and South holding vastly different views on issues such as states rights and the institution of slavery.The war was a brutal and bloody affair,claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands of Americans and leaving a lasting impact on the nation.One of the most significant outcomes of the Civil War was the end of slavery in the United States.The Emancipation Proclamation,issued by President Abraham Lincoln in1862,declared that all slaves in Confederateheld territory were to be set free.This was a monumental step towards the abolition of slavery,and it set the stage for the eventual passage of the13th Amendment,which officially abolished slavery throughout the country.The Civil War also had a profound impact on the political landscape of the United States.The war saw the rise of the Republican Party,which was staunchly antislavery and advocated for a strong central government.The war also led to the strengthening of the federal government,as the Unionsvictory demonstrated the importance of a unified nation.Moreover,the Civil War was a catalyst for social change in the United States.It brought to light the inhumanity of slavery and sparked a national conversation about civil rights and equality.The war paved the way for the passage of the14th and15th Amendments,which granted citizenship and voting rights to African Americans,respectively.The impact of the Civil War can still be felt today.It is a reminder of the struggles and sacrifices made by those who fought for a more just and equal society.The war has been the subject of countless books,films,and other works of art,and it continues to be a topic of study and debate among historians and scholars.In conclusion,the American Civil War was a transformative event in the nations history.It was a time of great upheaval and change,and its effects are still felt today.The war brought an end to slavery,reshaped the political landscape,and sparked a national conversation about civil rights and equality.As we reflect on the significance of the Civil War,we are reminded of the importance of standing up for what is right and fighting for a more just and equal society.。
美国内战爆发的英语作文
The American Civil War, a pivotal moment in the nations history, was a conflict that tore the country asunder and left indelible marks on the collective consciousness of its people. As a high school student delving into the depths of this tumultuous period, Ive come to understand the complexities and the profound impact it had on the United States.Growing up, I was always fascinated by the stories of valor and the harsh realities of war that my grandfather would recount. He had a particular interest in military history, and the Civil War was no exception. His tales painted a vivid picture of a nation divided, of brothers pitted against brothers, and of a struggle for freedom and unity that would shape the countrys future.The war began in April 1861, sparked by the secession of the Southern states from the Union and the subsequent attack on Fort Sumter. This was not just a war over territory, but a war of ideologiesbetween the Norths industrialized economy and the Souths agrarian society, which relied heavily on slave labor. The issue of slavery was at the heart of the conflict, with the North advocating for its abolition and the South fighting to preserve it.What struck me most about the Civil War was the sheer scale of the devastation it wrought. The war lasted four years, from 1861 to 1865, and resulted in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers and an untold number of civilians. The numbers are staggering, and they serve as a stark reminder of the cost of conflict.One of the most significant battles of the war was the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. This threeday engagement was a turning point, not just for the war, but for the nation. The Unions victory there marked the beginning of the end for the Confederacy. The battlefield is now a national cemetery, a place of reflection and remembrance for those who gave their lives in the fight for a more just society.The war also saw the emergence of Abraham Lincoln as a transformative leader. His Emancipation Proclamation in 1862 declared slaves in Confederateheld territory to be free, and it was a significant step towards the abolition of slavery. His Gettysburg Address in 1863, a mere 272 words, encapsulated the ideals of human equality and the sacrifices made by the soldiers who fought for those ideals.The Civil War was not just a military conflict it was a social and political upheaval. It led to the end of slavery with the 13th Amendment in 1865, and it paved the way for the 14th and 15th Amendments, which granted citizenship and voting rights to former slaves. These amendments were a monumental step towards civil rights and equality in the United States.However, the aftermath of the war was not without its challenges. The Reconstruction Era that followed was a period of rebuilding and reintegration, but it was also marked by racial tensions and the rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan, which sought to undermine the progress made during the war.Studying the Civil War has given me a deeper appreciation for thecomplexities of history and the resilience of the human spirit. It has also highlighted the importance of understanding and learning from the past to build a more equitable and just society.In conclusion, the American Civil War was a defining moment in our nations history, one that tested the very fabric of the country. It was a time of great suffering and loss, but also of great courage and transformation. As I continue to learn more about this period, I am reminded of the power of unity and the enduring quest for freedom and equality.。
关于美国内战的英语作文
关于美国内战的英语作文The American Civil War, fought from 1861 to 1865, was a significant and bloody conflict that divided the United States. The war was primarily fought over the issues of slavery and states' rights, with the Northern states (Union) fighting against the Southern states (Confederacy).The root cause of the Civil War was the institution of slavery. The Southern states relied heavily on slavery for their agricultural economy, while the Northern states were more industrialized and did not depend on slave labor. The differences in economic systems and ideologies led to increasing tensions between the two regions.The trigger for the war was the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in 1860. The Southern states feared that Lincoln's anti-slavery stance would threaten their way of life, prompting them to secede from the Union and form the Confederacy. The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April 1861.The Civil War was characterized by brutal battles, high casualties, and immense suffering on both sides. The Union forces eventually prevailed, leading to the abolition of slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation issued byLincoln in 1863. The war officially ended in 1865 with the surrender of the Confederate forces.The impact of the Civil War was profound and long-lasting. It resulted in the preservation of the Union, the end of slavery, and the beginning of Reconstruction to rebuild the war-torn nation. The war also set the stage for the modernization and industrialization of the United States in the post-war years.Overall, the American Civil War was a watershed moment in U.S. history, shaping the nation's future and leaving a lasting legacy of unity and freedom.中文翻译：美国内战发生在1861年至1865年间，是一场意义重大且血腥的冲突，分裂了美国。
南北战争
The civil war which also known as the American Civil War,it is the largest civil war in the history of the United States , the warring parties tare the north of the United States of America and the south of the Confederate States of America.At the beginning of the war is a safeguard national unity of the war,it later evolved into a new revolutionary war for freedom of the slaves.19世纪中期，英法都很厌恶分裂和谋反行为，但在南北战争中，英国和法国原则上还是支持南方(Confederate)的。
一方面他们乐于看到美国衰弱，另一方面他们也乐于看到民主政治的失败。
南北战争的起因完全是围绕国家的分裂与统一而非奴隶解放。
在这个基础上，当战争初期南方的使节前往英法两国时，都受到了欢迎。
此时北方在外交上又犯了错误，愚蠢的向英国挑衅。
但随后北方迅速调整了国内和外交政策，最终南方未能得到来自欧洲的物质和经济援助，南北战争完全是一场美国国内的战争。
在战争初期北方的实力大大超过南方，北方有2234万人，而南方只有910万人，而且其中有380多万是黑奴。
北方有发达的工业，四通八达的铁路网和丰富的粮食，而南方几乎没有工业还有铁路也很少。
北方海军通过制定海上封锁策略来压制南方，从而使南方经济彻底崩溃，南方最终无力再继续维持下去。
可以说海军在南北战争期间起到了非常重要的作用。
北方海军在战争期间进行了一系列的改革，大大提升了其实力。
美国南北战争的根本原因是两种制度的冲突，落后的种植园经济生产关系对资本主义生产关系的阻碍，所以美国南北战争是第二次资产阶级革命。
关于美国南北战争和罗斯福新政的小作文历史
关于美国南北战争和罗斯福新政的小作文历史The American Civil War was in fact a major conflict between the interests of the southern farmers and the emerging bourgeoisie in the east. The side effect was the emancipation of blacks. The first generation of adventurers in the south continued to expand cheap land to form manor owners, and at this time it had been the joint efforts of two or even three generations to form a self-sufficient manor economy with black slaves as productive forces. The rich generation and the rich second generation, the new bourgeois bosses from European cities, initially received cheap cotton and other means of production from the southern manor owners, and soon became mixed. The global population explosion has led to the take-off of the textile and agricultural industries.Roosevelt's New Deal was a partial adjustment of the relations of production under the premise of maintaining the capitalist system to suit the development of the social productive forces. It has been effective only in resolving the contradiction between production and sales that gave rise to the economic crisis, and hasnot eliminated the contradiction between the socialization of production and the private ownership of the means of production, which is the root cause of the economic crisis. Therefore, the New Deal cannot fundamentally eliminate the economic crisis. But it has had a profound impact in many ways: First, it has mitigated to a certain extent the severe damage caused by the economic crisis to the US economy and promoted the recovery of social productivity. Secondly, due to the recovery of the economy, social contradictions have been relatively eased, and to a certain extent, people's confidence in the American state has been restored, the bourgeois democratic system has been maintained, and the fascist forces have been curbed. Third, the policy of state intervention in the economy has strengthened the US state monopoly capitalism, which has not only become the beginning of the modern AMERICAN state monopoly capitalist economic system, but also has an important impact on the development of the economic policies of many other countries. After World War II, state monopoly capitalism developed rapidly on an unprecedented scale and speed, which greatly promoted the development of the capitalist world economy. Fromthis point of view, the economic crisis is both a disaster and an opportunity to adjust policies and promote economic recovery and development.。
美国作文之美国内战英语作文
美国内战英语作文【篇一：美国内战英语作文】the american civil warit has been often said that america is long on natural resources but short on history. yes, that indeed is true, andone of the important events in history is the american civil war. today i want to talk about the reasons and result about the american civil war.there are two reasons about the war. the first reason is the question whether slavery should be allowed in the new country. one group, the south, thought that slavery should be retained and expanded into the western territories. the other group, the north, thought that the slavery should be abolished. the second reason is that the victory of linclon’s election is not simply a political defeat for the south but also threat all southern institutions and the ways of live. so the war broke out. as a result, the north won the war, and there are many effects. fou the south,,they should be repaired the economic damage, made the slaves free and declared the race to be equal. the north, the cities and currency had not touch and harm. in the west, the new culture and economy took place.all in all, the american civil war take an important role on his history. and in my opinion, had america not the war, he would have the powerful state now.【篇二：美国内战中英文介绍】1．civil warthe american civil war (1861–1865), often referred to simply as the civil war in the united states, was a civil war fought in the united states of america. in response to the election of abraham lincoln as president of the united states, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the united states and formed the confederate states of america (the confederacy); the other 25 states supported the federal government (the union). after four years of warfare, mostly within the southern states, the confederacy surrendered and slavery was outlawed everywhere in the nation. issues that led to war were partially resolved in thereconstruction era that followed, though others remained uesolved.in the presidential election of 1860, the republican party, led by abraham lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. the republicans strongly advocated nationalism, and in their 1860 platform they denounced threats of disunion as avowals of treason. after a republican victory, but before the new administration took office on march 4, 1861, seven cotton states declared their secession and joined to form the confederate states of america. both the outgoing administration of president james buchanan and the incoming administration rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion. the other eight slave states rejected calls for secession at this point. no country in the world recognized the confederacy.hostilities began on april 12, 1861, when confederate forces attacked a u.s. military installation at fort sumter in south carolina. lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property, which led to declarations of secession by four more slave states. both sides raised armies as the union seized control of the border states early in the war and established a naval blockade. land warfare in the east was inconclusive in 1861–62, as the confederacy beat back union efforts to capture its capital, richmond, virginia, notably during the peninsular campaign. in september 1862, the confederate campaign in maryland ended in defeat at the battle of antietam, which dissuaded the british from intervening.[2] days after that battle, lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.[3]in 1863, confederate general robert e. lees northward advance ended in defeat at the battle of gettysburg. to the west, the union gained control of the mississippi river after the battle of shiloh and siege of vicksburg, splitting the confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army. due to his western successes, ulysses s. grant was given command of the eastern army in 1864, and organized the armies of william tecumseh sherman, philip sheridan and others to attack the confederacy from all directions, increasing the norths advantage inmanpower. grant restructured the union army, and put other generals in command of divisions of the army that were to support his push into virginia. he fought several battles of attrition against leethrough the overland campaign to seize richmond, though in the face of fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the siege of petersburg which nearly finished off the rest of lees army. meanwhile, sherman captured atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying confederate infrastructure along the way. when the confederate attempt to defend petersburg failed, the confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in lees surrender to grant at appomattox court house on april 9, 1865.the american civil war was one of the earliest true industrial wars. railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. the practices of total war, developed by sherman in georgia, and of trench warfare around petersburg foreshadowed world war i in europe. it remains the deadliest war in american history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. historian john huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all southern white males aged 18–40.[4] victory for the north meant the end of the confederacy and of slavery in the united states, and strengthened the role of the federal government. the social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.敌对行动开始，1861年4月12日，当南方军队袭击了美国南卡罗来纳州萨姆特堡的军事设施。
美国独立战争论文美国政治论文
2010年12月 第27卷 第6期西南科技大学学报(哲学社会科学版)Journa l of South w estU n i ve rsity o f Sc ience and T echno l ogyDec .2010V o.l 27N o .6收稿日期:2010-06-07作者简介:马泽民(1978-),男,四川三台人,讲师,博士研究生。
研究方向:欧美历史。
基金项目:该文为绵阳师范学院青年项目 从邦联到联邦的转型:以权力为视角的考察 (项目编号:M B2010004)的研究成果。
从依附到独立:美国建国早期中央权力的转型及启示马泽民1,2(1.绵阳师范学院历史文化与旅游管理学院 四川绵阳 621000;2.中国人民大学历史学院 北京 100872)!摘要∀从第二届大陆会议到邦联政府时期,美国中央权力是以软弱和依附为特征,主要体现为行政权从属于立法权,立法权受制于州权,中央权力依附于州权。
在战争的特殊时期,中央权力机制尚能得到各州的有限支持而得以勉强运行。
战争结束后,各州以自我利益为重,中央权力运行举步维艰,并有导致无政府的危险。
1787年宪法的首要问题是确保了立法权和行政权的独立性,解决了中央权力的依附性问题,使之走上了独立发展的阶段,成功地实现了中央权力的转型。
!关键词∀邦联;中央权力;依附;独立!中图分类号∀K712!文献标识码∀A !文章编号∀1672-4860(2010)06-0056-06Fro m Dependence to I ndependence :The Transfor m ation of Early CentralPower in the United States and It #s Enlighten m entMA Ze m i n1,2(1.Schoo l ofH istorical Cult u re and Touris m M anage m en,t M ianyang Nor m a lUn i v ertsity ,M ianyang 621000,S i c huan,China ;2.Schoo l o fH istory ,Renm i n University o f China ,Beiji n g 100872,China)Abstract :The Am erica central po w er w as weak and dependent fo llo w i n g as executive po w er belong ing to leg islati v e po w er ,leg islative po w er belong ing to State po w er ,center po w er cli n ging to State po w er fro m the Second Conti n ent Congress to Confederation Gover nm en.t Duri n g the W ar o f I ndependence ,cen tra l po w er m echanis m partly functi o ned due to li m ited support by States .W hen t h e w ar ended ,ho w ever ,the po w er m echanis m w as steeped to the li p s i n abeyance and the nati o n faced the risk of fa lli n g into anarchy be cause Sta tes took loca l benefits over central governm en.t The 1787Constitution firstl y focused on constitu ti n g the independence o f execu ti v e pow er and leg islati v e po w er ,and so lved independent prob l e m o f cen tral po w er and avo i d ed the reappearance ofm onarch is m .The constitution successfully carried out transfor m ati o n of centra l po w er .K ey w ords :The Un ited States ;Con federati o n ;C entral Po w er ;Dependence ;I ndependence 1781年生效的∃邦联条例%共有13条中,仅有2条12款是规定邦联政府的权力,其中还有不少是制约邦联政府权力的内容;而1787年联邦宪法7条21款中,共有3条17款是规定联邦政府的权力,这表明∃邦联条例%的重点在州权而不在中央政府的权力,联邦宪法则相反。
2021美国史学家关于美国内战的争论范文3
2021美国史学家关于美国内战的争论范文 摘要：美国内战始终是美国国内外史学界研究的热门话题之一。
受时代影响,美国史学家对其内战问题的解读始终莫衷一是。
作为美国着名的内战史专家, 阿兰·内文斯 (Allan Nevins) 综合了多个史学流派的观点, 从经济、文化以及道德因素等方面对美国内战起因问题进行了综合性的解读, 并在乐观主义的指导下对内战的结果持有一种积极的态度。
文章通过对阿兰·内文斯内战史观的解读, 可以让我们对美国内战有一个更为深入的理解。
关键词：阿兰·内文斯;美国内战; 史学思想; 作者简介：杨家翔 (1993-) , 男, 兰州人, 硕士, 主要从事美国史及西方史研究。
; 收稿日期：2018-07-24 APreliminary Study of the Historical Thought of the Civil War by Allan Nevins YANGJia-xiang LideChaoyang Middle School of Nanchang Abstract：AmericanCivil War has always been one of the hot topics among historians both at home and abroad. Historians in the United States have different understandings of the civil war influenced by the times. As one of the prominent American historian in Civil War area, Allan Nevins made a synthesis of many schools, studied the cause of the Civil War through economic, culture and moral factors, and held a positive state of theresult of the civil war under the guidance of optimism. Nevins' study can give us a deeper understanding of the American Civil War Keyword：AllanNevins; American Civil War; historical thought; Received：2018-07-24 美国内战在其国内有着非常高的历史地位,关于美国内战的起因、经过以及影响的研究一直是史学界关注的热点问题。
美国历史论文
什么使美国成为了超级大国？美国——一个无论是在经济还是在军事或者是在政治甚至是在文化上，对当今世界有绝对影响力的国家。
一个冷战后当之无愧的唯一超级大国，一个人们梦想中充满无限自由和可能的国度。
然而，它的历史却只有短短200来年，那么，它是怎么在这么短的时间内发展成为这样的一个大国，乃至它的成绩使得发展历史远比它悠久的大国望尘莫及，甚至对它俯首帖耳，马首是瞻？让我们穿越历史隧道，通过对历史中的各种因素的分析，来还原美国成为超级大国的原因。
首先，我们从美国成立时的国际地理位置看，不难看出，这是上帝对它的无限眷顾。
它东西临两洋，南北无强敌——大西洋、太平洋环绕着它，这是发展的天然屏障。
这使它的独立和本土在165年的发展中无外来战火的侵扰成为可能。
而它的南北邻国——加拿大和墨西哥，他们当时还分别是英法和西班牙的殖民地，19世纪才独立；且工业化水平远远不如美国，所以谈不上是美国发展的障碍，更不用说是劲敌了。
所以这样的位置可谓是得天独厚。
其次，美国地域辽阔，地广人稀，物产丰富。
东西部的山脉——阿巴拉契亚山和落基山，为其工业发展提供丰富的矿产资源，如煤炭铁矿和有色金属。
以及各种动植物构成的生物资源；在墨西哥湾，蕴藏着丰富的石油资源；中央大平原的宽广而肥沃的土地是美国取之不尽的粮仓；一湾、两洋、五大湖是其渔场和水上交通枢纽；广袤的土地为其城市发展提供了足够的扩展空间。
这一切与生俱来的优势使美国的发展如虎添翼。
第三，移民带来的知识和技术是美国工业科技发展的基因基础。
美国是一个移民国家，这些移民都是来自全世界的或是能工巧匠或有一技之长者，他们怀着技术知识和信仰，充满对未来无限的向往和挑战，来到了这里。
这些移民来到美国之时，几乎是白手起家的。
非常恶劣的条件以及奴役和殖民压迫，使得这些移民不得不为他们是生存而奋斗、抗争。
最后到美国独立时，留下来的都是精英。
这些精英就成了美国人优秀的基因。
第四，奴隶贸易客观上给美国的工业发展提供了廉价的劳动力，而南北战争则使这些廉价劳动真正注入到了美国工业化过程中，使得美国迅速实现了工业化。
美国内战前关于主权问题的论争的论文-历史论文
美国内战前关于主权问题的论争的论文历史论文[摘要]美国内战之前，主权归属问题一直是争论颇多的一个问题。
一般学者认为《邦联条例》之下主权属于各州，1787年《联邦宪法》事实上授予了联邦主权，但宪法条文中没有明确规定，因而引起激烈的争论。
由于南北方差异、西部扩张和奴隶制等因素，州主权论仍然有所依托，内战之前联邦主权和州主权的斗争就不可避免。
[关键词]主权；联邦制；《联邦宪法》；美国主权(sovereignty)一词是伴随民族国家的诞生而出现的，由于它与国家、政府、独立和民主等概念紧密联系在一起，主权的概念成为政治科学中争议最多的问题之一。
目前，国际权威机构都认可主权在一个国家中具有最高政治权威，但最高政治权威的归属问题，不同国家却有不同国家的实际情况。
启蒙时代的思想家洛克和卢梭等人提出社会契约论，认为公民通过契约赋予政府权力，从而衍生出人民主权论(popular sovereignty)，1776年美国的《独立宣言》就体现了这一理论。
宣言说，“我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利……为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。
”1791年法国宪法规定，“主权是一完整不可分割的、不可侵犯的整体，它属于国家，任何集团或个人均不得据为己有。
”这样就把人民主权思想与国家主权思想结合起来。
毋庸置疑，主权属于人民，一个社会群体一旦形成统一的意志要求建立自己的国家，至高无上的主权便产生了。
但是这种主权只是理论上的，在现实中必须有一个机构代表人民行使主权，谁代表人民来行使主权，这是争论的焦点所在。
一、邦联时期州拥有主权美国主权归属问题的讨论可以追溯到建国初期，1777年11月15日第二届大陆会议通过《邦联条例》并提交各州批准，1781年3月所有的州都批准了该条例，大陆会议宣布《邦联条例》生效。
《邦联条例》下的各州和邦联政府的关系与英王统治时期的殖民地和英王的关系相比发生了变化，从此美国国家开始进入新的时期。
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The American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states. Union states were loosely referred to as "the North".The Civil War was far too large to blame on a few simple factors. Leading to the causes of the war were a number of factors, one of the largest being slavery. Yet slavery cannot be blamed for it either. States Rights were the direct cause of the war, the secession of states, and the direct start of gunfire at Fort Sumter. At the beginning of 1860, over four million men, women, and children, one out of every seven people in the United States were slaves. The slaves of the southern plantations were frequently abused and overworked for the benefit of the plantation owner. Slaves remained in demand due to the increased productivity introduced by the cotton gin. Due to this increased demand, the number of slaves dramatically increased. Although the number of slaves in the south greatly outnumbered that of slave owners, theimbalance was maintained by harsh working conditions, and poverty stricken living environments. Slaves were frequently beaten, and neglected, often infected and died of dysentery, worms, and other diseases spurred by unsanitary living conditions. In certain circumstances, slaves were treated with occasional dignity by their owners, but for the most part they were neglected and treated with severe harshness.The south feared that the north would abolish slavery, and the north was afraid it would spread westward into the newly established states. Soon, anti-slavery leaders were becoming active and loud. John Brown, with his militaristic abolitionist views started a small revolt in Harpers Ferry, where he was soon tried and hanged for treason. Although a failure throughout life, his success was in his dying cause that sparked new disturbance, and violence over slavery. Others with Brown's cause took up the torch, and lit the fire for a country split.During the mid eighteen hundreds, the United States government took up an aggressive plan to industrialize the nation, and created numerous government sponsored programs. Although good in intentions, this gave rise to a number of new problems in the government. These programs frequently infringed upon the rightsof the State in which the conducted. Thus this new industrializationwas quickly rejected by those unfavorable to the new federalization. Understandably, this program can be interpreted as an unmistakably terrible program. If given unchecked expansion, this could lead to an all powerful dictatorship, limiting any democratic intervention at all.Thus, the country was split over a number of reasons, but most of all slavery and state's rights, and thus a country was split, and a war for the Union began.ResultsSlavery effectively ended in the U.S. in the spring of 1865 when the Confederate armies surrendered. All slaves in the Confederacy were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, which stipulated that slaves in Confederate-held areas were free. Slaves in the border states and Union-controlled parts of the South were freed by state action or (on December 6, 1865) by the Thirteenth Amendment. The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction. The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties (3% of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease.[156] The war accounted for roughly as many American deaths as all American deaths in other U.S. wars combined.[157] The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the waritself are subjects of lingering contention today. About 4 million black slaves were freed in 1861–65. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South.[158] One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the use of Napoleonic tactics such as charges. With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels, Mini balls and (near the end of the war for the Union army) repeating firearms such as the Spencer repeating rifle and a few experimental Gatling guns, soldiers were devastated when standing in lines in the open. This gave birth to trench warfare, a tactic heavily used during World War I.SignificanceThe triumph of the North, above and beyond its superior naval forces, numbers, and industrial and financial resources, was due in part to the statesmanship of Lincoln, who by 1864 had become a masterful war leader, to the pervading valour of Federal soldiers, and to the increasing skill of their officers. The victory can also be attributed in part to failures of Confederate transportation, materiel, and political leadership.My OpinionAs far as I can see ,a country in developing more or less willbe a bit of a contradiction .However , The American Civil War is the most obvious example in the world. The North and the South are both fighting for their own interests , but they choose the most cruel way to do this .Not only lost a lot of manpower and material resources ,but also hurt the kindness each other .I feel a bit pity about it .They should have chose negotiation or other ways to solve this contradiction ,but not by force .On the other hand ,I also admire the leaders of the war .They are vary smart and brave .If a country want to develop smoothly, I think unity and harmony is the most important thing .The United States unified the system through the American Civil War .That is why the United States as the fist biggest power country in the world .。