Foundational Hydraulics
盖茨液压 Gates hydraulics
Hydraulics 101®Introduction to HydraulicsIntroduction to Hydraulics Table of ContentPrinciples of Hydraulics1 i n2210 psiThough impressive on paper,Pascal’s Law wasn’t put into practical application Array until the Industrial Revolution when Joseph Bramah,a British mechanic,built a hydraulic press using pressure,force and confined fluid in a lever-like system.A closed hydraulic system such as the one diagrammed here provides a mechanical advantage similar to that of a simple lever.Bramah discovered that in a closed fluid system a small force exerted on asmall cylinder could balance a large force on a large cylinder. For example,1 pound of force applied to a 1 square inch cylinder can balance 100 poundsof force on a 100 square inch cylinder. This is how we can move a 100 pound weight using only 1 pound of force. The distance the 100 pounds will travel is inversely proportional to the distance the applied force travels. That means ifwe move a 1 square inch cylinder a distance of one inch,we only move the100 square inch cylinder 1/100th of an inch.3Hydraulic systems contain the following key components:Fluid -can be almost any liquid. The most common hydraulic fluids containspecially compounded petroleum oils that lubricate and protect thesystem from corrosion.Reservoir - acts as a storehouse for the fluid and a heat dissipater .Hydraulic pump -converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy byforcing hydraulic fluid,under pressure,from the reservoir into the system.Fluid lines -transport the fluid to and from the pump through the hydraulicsystem. These lines can be rigid metal tubes,or flexible hose assemblies.Fluid lines can transport fluid under pressure or vacuum (suction).Hydraulic valves -control pressure,direction and flow rate of thehydraulic fluid.Actuator -converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy to do work.Actuators usually take the form of hydraulic cylinders. Hydraulic cylindersare used on agricultural,construction,and industrial equipment.While there are different kinds of pumps,actuators,valves,etc.,the basicdesign of the hydraulic system is essentially the same for all machinery.ReservoirCylinderValve Hydraulic Pump Power Supply 4Where hydraulic hose is usedAgricultural EquipmentConstruction EquipmentMining EquipmentManufacturing Maintenance,Repair,OperationsCombines/Harvesters Midsize to Large Tractors Loaders Cement TrucksDozers/Crawlers Rollers ScrapersDozers/Crawlers Hauler Trucks Fork Lifts ExcavatorsExcavators 5Lawn & Garden Tractors Hauler Trucks BackhoesWhere hydraulic hose is used 6Where hydraulic hose is soldHydraulic Sales Opportunities 89Basics of HoseTubeThe tube may be made from many different rubber compounds and composites. The reason for different compounds is to chemically resist the fluid being conveyed. The tube must also resist corrosion, deterioration and the effects of high or low temperatures. The inside diameter (I.D.) of the tube is the key measurement of hose size and must provide the proper volume of fluid for the specific application. Typically,for an SAE specification hose,the smaller the tube's inside diameter,the higher the pressure it can handle.ReinforcementThe reinforcement is the muscle of all hydraulic hoses. It determines the working pressure of the hose. The reinforcement can be a braid or spiral wrap and can be made of natural fibers,synthetic materials or steel wire. Some hoses use a combination of fiber and steel wire or multiple layers of steel wire braids or spirals.CoverThe primary purpose of the cover is to protect the tube and reinforcement from heat,abrasion,corrosion and environmental deterioration. The cover can be made from synthetic rubber,fiber braids or a combination of both depending on the application. Hoses with synthetic rubber covers are generally preferred over textile-braid covers because they are more resistant to abrasion. Textile-braid covers are preferred over rubber covers,however,when gases or coolants are conveyed. (Gases migrating through the hose will not cause a textile-braid cover to blister or become separated from the tube). Textile braid covers tend to trap and hold dirt,oil and other contaminants that can deteriorate the hose and shorten its life. Abrasion,which also shortens hose life,occurs from hoses rubbing against each other or metal parts of the equipment. To address this problem,Gates developed MegaTuff®and XtraTuff®hose. They are abrasion-resistant hoses that last longer than standard rubbercover hoses.Details of the various kinds of materials used in the tube, reinforcement and cover,why they are used,and how they are arranged or formed into hose will be covered in a later training module.10Types of Hose by Operating Pressure11High-Pressure HoseThese hoses are often called “two-wire” braid hose because they generallyhave a reinforcement of two wire braids of high tensile strength steel. They are frequently found in high-pressure hydraulic applications such as construction equipment. Operating pressures range from 6,000 psi for a 3/16” I.D. to 1825 psi for a 2” I.D. Some proprietary hoses such as M3K have the same pressure rating for all sizes.Medium-Pressure Hose These hoses are used for hydraulic applications requiring operating pressures of 300 psi to 3,000 psi. They may be one-wire braid or multiple wire and/or textile braid construction.In addition to being used on medium-pressure hydraulic equipment,medium-pressure hoses are often used in heavy-duty truck and fleet vehicle applications. In the early 1940s,there were no flexible hoses on the market designed specifically for the fleet user. Truck mechanics discovered a heavy hose with a high working pressure that was used for hydraulic lines of aircraft and applied it to fleet applications. Soon this hose replaced the rigid copper tubing originally used on trucks.This truck hose is often called flexline or TWT (textile-wire-textile),but Gates calls this hose C5 hose after its SAE designation of SAE 100R5.1213Low-Pressure Hose Gates markets a variety of low-pressure hydraulic hose. These hoses are designed for use in various applications with operating pressures under 300 psi. Their reinforcement is usually textile. They are used on low-pressure hydraulic equipment or they are used to transmit petroleum-base fluids,diesel fuel,hot lubricating oil,air ,glycol anti-freeze and water . Some low-pressure hose such as GMV is also rated for suction applications.Specialty Hydraulic Hose Some of these hoses do not fit well into a particular pressure category,but are used in special applications. Examples of special applications are conveying refrigerant or LPG gas,operating at temperature extremes or requiring non-conductivity of electricity.Hydraulic Hose Dash Numbers and Nomenclature 14158M 2TGates constant pressure hose families have descriptive names. For example,the M3K designation breaks down as follows: The M means the hose can be bent twice as tight as standard SAE hose,3K means the hose has an operating pressure of 3000 pounds per square inch,(“K” is the Roman numeral for 1000). Hose Nomenclature SAE100R5. For some Gates SAE hoses the letter “C” (Roman numeral for 100) designates the SAE specification. (Example C5 means SAE100R5. The “R” was dropped to shorten the description.) 3000 psi Megasys ®(1/2 SAE bend radius)Dash size in 1/16" (i.e.,8/16 = 1/2")8M 3K Thin cover MegaSys ®(1/2 SAE bend radius)Dash size (1/2" I.D.)8C 5C “Cotton” cover SAE 100R5 Specs Dash size (13/32" I.D.)Example Hose NomenclatureBasics of Couplings 16StemFerrule17Coupling Thread Types1830°NPTF NPSM1920“0” Ring SealsThere are three basic designs in this family - the “O” Ring Boss,the Flat Face “O” Ring Seal,and the “O” Ring Flange.In the Boss design,straight threads make the connection while a rubber “O”ring makes the seal. The threads pull the fitting against the port which flattens the ring and forms a seal that is excellent for high-pressure applications.In the Flat Face “O” Ring Seal (FFOR) a seal is made when the O-ring in the male contacts the flat face on the female. The solid male O-ring face seal fitting will mate with a swivel female O-ring face seal fitting only. The O-ring sits in the O-ring grove in the male.“O” Ring Flanges solved the problem of making large diameter,high-pressure connections without having to use an extremely large wrench. The port is bored with a center outlet surrounded by a smooth flat face which has four tapped holes and four mounting bolts that tighten down onto flange clamps. There are no threads on the coupling.AdaptersAdapters are threaded metal parts with no direct hose attachment end. Their purpose is to affect a change in thread type,end size or to create a swivel at the port. Adapters will be covered in more detail in a later training module.Hydraulic Crimping Equipmentweighing2122OmniCrimp®21The OmniCrimp 21 is our newest state-of-the-art crimper. It is self-contained so there is no need for plumbing hydraulic lines,air bleeding,or special hookups. Everything is included inside the shroud including the pump. It crimps all Gates hydraulic hose types 3/16" to 2" six wire (-32 C13). It features a horizontal front-end feed which makes crimping easier and convenient especially with heavy,large hose assemblies. The unique speed-loading die system is fast and clean,and each die has its own storage cylinder.206 Cut-Off SawThe Power Cutter 206 features a high torque,4.2 horsepower motor. The front face plate on the 205 saw is designed with movable pins to hold different size hoses. The face plate allows for straight,accurate cuts without binding the saw. It can be used with either a metal blade designed to accurately and cleanly cut braided hose,or an abrasive blade designed to cutspiral hose.Coupling CabinetEach cabinet has four heavy-gauge steel shelves that slide out for easy access. Each shelf holds a combination of ten 3-1/2-inch-wide bin boxes or five 7-inch-wide bin boxes.Level 101 Review Quiz23249.“Two-wire” hydraulic hose is commonly referred to as which of thefollowing?a. medium pressureb. very high pressurec. extremely high pressured. none of the above10.Low-pressure “loc-on” couplings need only to be lubricated and pushedin the hose end for proper performance. True or False?ing Gates nomenclature,write the description for the followinghydraulic hose styles:a. SAE100R2ATb. SAE100R5c. SAE100R12d. SAE100R1312.Gates “loc-on” couplings are often made of brass. True or False?13.The compression of the hose between the stem and socket of high-pressure field attachable couplings holds the coupling on the hoseassembly. True or False?14.Generally,permanent style high-pressure couplings cost more thanfield-attachable high-pressure couplings. True or False? the two types of coupling thread configurations that seal with anO-ring.a.b. the two types of coupling thread configurations that do not sealwith an O-ring.a.b.17.Male couplings always have threads on the “outside.” True or False?18.What does“FJX” stand for? Array19.O-ring flange couplings have various styles of threads. True or False?20.What are the four field crimping machines that Gates supplies?a.b.c.d.21.What is the hose size range of the following crimpers?a. MC 4-20b. PC 3000Bc. OmniCrimp 21d. PC 70722.The size of a hydraulic hose is based on its ___________?23.What does the term “dash size” refer to?24.What is the inside diameter of a 4C2AT hose?25.What is the inside diameter of a 4C5C hose?26.What is the seat angle of the following coupling styles?a. SAE25b. JIC the six basic components of a hydraulic system.a.b.c.d.e.f.26®The Gates Rubber Company • 900 South Broadway • P.O. Box 5887 • Denver, Colorado 80217-5887Printed in U.S.A.8/99 428-7153®The Gates Rubber Company • 900 South Broadway • P.O. Box 5887 • Denver, Colorado 80217-5887Printed in U.S.A.8/99 428-7172。
结构专业常用英语词汇
结构专业常用英语词汇1. 一般术语房屋建筑工程building engineering 土木工程civil engineering 建构筑物construction works 结构structure基础foundation地基ground; foundation soils 木结构timber structure 砌体结构masonry structure 钢结构steel structure 混凝土结构concrete structure 特种结构special engineering structure房屋建筑building工业建筑industrial building 民用建筑civil building水工建筑物marine structure 剪力墙结构shear wall structure 混合结构mixed structure 板柱结构slab-column system 框架结构frame structure 壳结构shell structure 拱结构arch strucuture桁架结构truss网架结构space grid structure 悬索结构cable-suspended structure 框架-剪力墙结构frame-shear wallstructure筒体结构tube structure 高耸结构high-rise structure 斜拉桥cable stayed bridge 悬索桥suspension bridge 桁架桥trussed bridge 拱桥arch bridge 引桥approach span 桥墩pier 隧道tunnel 混凝土坝concrete dam 渠道channel2. 结构构件构件member 部件component; assembly parts 梁beam截面section 板slab; plate 柱column 墙wall 壳shell 桁架truss框架frame刚架rigid frame排架bent frame简支梁 simply supported beam 悬臂梁cantilever beam 连续梁continuous beam 叠合梁superposed beam 伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint 截水沟(天沟)catch ditch;intercepting channel 排水沟 drainage ditch 护坡slope protection;revetment 挡土墙retaining wall 止水sealing; seal;节点joint桩pile沉降缝settlement joint 防震缝aseismic joint施工缝construction joint基础梁foundation beam桩承台pile cap; bearing platform底板 bottom slab水池顶板basin top slab现浇墙板cast-in-place wall panel预制墙板pre-cast wall panel钢筋混凝土框架reinforced concreteframe钢筋混凝土柱reinforced concretecolumn先张法预应力混凝土管桩pretensioned spunconcrete piles钢筋混凝土现浇板cast-in-placereinforced concreteslab斜梁 stringer平台梁 beams of platform女儿墙 parapet人孔盖板 manhole cover集水坑catchment pit溢流槽 flood relief channel 爬梯 ladder牛腿 bracket仪表槽盒支架instrument trench support电缆支架cable trench support 支撑brace支架support3. 结构材料预埋件embedded plate钢板steel plate钢圆环 steel ring plate雨水篦子板 rain water grating 钢筋reinforcing bar I 级 grade I热轧光圆钢筋hot rolled plainsteel bars热轧带肋钢筋hot rolled ribbedsteel bars插筋anchor rebar钢筋锚固长度bond length of rebars钢筋搭接bar splicing箍筋stirrup纵向钢筋longitudinal bar弯起钢筋bent-up bar钢筋间距rod spacing;bar spacing搭接长度overlapping length胀锚螺栓 expansion bolts螺母nut锚栓anchor bolt地脚螺栓foundation boltM30六角螺帽M30 six angle screw cap外露100，丝扣80outcrop 100mm，thread 80mm 垫片 washer C40混凝土C40 concrete: class 40早强剂early-strength admixture细石混凝土fine aggregate concrete防冻附加剂antifreeze admixture配合比mixture ratio抗渗等级P8 seepage class:抗压强度compression strength混凝土保护层厚度minimum concrete cover普通硅酸盐水泥ordinary portland cement 砂sand卵石pebble碎石crushed stone砾石gravel骨料aggregate水泥cement粘土砖clay brick 垫层cushion4. 地基基础扩展基础spread foundation地基ground,foundation soils 刚性基础rigid foundation 独立基础single footing 联合基础combined footing 条形基础strip founcation 壳体基础shell foundation 箱形基础box foundation 筏形基础raft foundation 桩基础pile foundation沉井基础open caisson foundation 大直径桩基础cylinder pile foundation 土岩组合地基soil-rock composite ground地基允许变形值allowable subsoil deformation地基处理ground treatment 复合地基composite foundation 强夯dynamic compaction 支档结构retaining structure 基坑工程excavation engineering 高应变动力检测high strain dynamictesting of piles 单桩竖向抗压静载试验vertical compression bearing capacity static test for single pile 单桩水平静载试验lateral bearing capacitystatic test for single pile 单桩竖向抗拔静载试验vertical up-lifting bearing capacitystatic test for single pile 单桩竖向抗压极限承载力vertical ultimatecompress bearing capacity of a singlepile 桩侧摩阻力skin friction resistance 桩顶水平位移lateral displacement 桩端阻力end bearing resistance 单桩静载试验static test of single pile 单桩水平极限承载力ultimate lateral bearing capacity for a single pile 单桩竖向抗拔极限承载力ultimate vertical up-lifting bearing capacityfor a single pile 素填土 Plain Fill 粉土 Silt 粉质粘土 Silty Clay 淤泥质粉质粘土Sludgy Silty Clay 粉砂Silty Sand 高压缩性 high compressibility 中粗砂medium sand 中等压缩性 medium compressibility 中细砂fine sand 低压缩性 low compressibility 可塑~硬塑状态 plastic-hard plastic 泥质粉砂岩 Muddy Silty stone 流塑状态 flow plastic 粉砂质泥岩 Silty mudstone 局部软塑状态 partly soft plastic 泥岩 Mudstone 饱和saturated 强风化 high weathered 松散incompact 中等风化 medium weathered 轻微裂缝 slight defective pile 断桩 breakage of pile 桩身完整 pile of body integrity 缩颈 pile diameter reduction 缺陷 defect 压缩系数coefficient of compressibility 渗流seepage flow 内聚力（粘聚力） cohesion5. 钢结构钢结构 steel structure底漆 paint primer涂层 coating中间漆intermediate painting 油漆，涂料 paint面漆 finish coat流坠 hanging透底 disclosure皱皮 wrinkle漏涂 miss painting返锈 rust again漆膜厚度 film thickness结构构件 structural member垂直支撑vertical bracing桁架 truss小立柱 postWA325钢格栅板 WA325 grating斜梁 stringer踏步板 treads钢梯 steel stairway踏步钢格板 grating for stair tread斜梯栏杆 guard rails不锈钢栏杆 stainless steel handrail预制场地 prefabrication area 平台栏杆 GR of platform原材料 raw material半成品 semi-finished goods除锈 remove rust, cleaning 切割 cutting喷砂 sand blasting打磨坡口 grinding型钢 section steel热轧工字钢hot-rolled I-beam steel热轧钢板 hot-rolled plates热轧不等边角钢hot-rolled unequal-legangle steel热轧等边角钢hot-rolled equal-legangle steel热轧H型钢hot-rolled H steel热轧槽钢hot-rolled channel steel 无缝钢管 seamless steel pipes扁钢 strap steel不锈钢板 stainless steel plate垂直度 verticality分片组装be assembled by sections现场成框 framed at site焊缝 weld seam V型坡口V-type bevel焊缝高度 weld height焊枪 welding gun焊缝长度 weld length焊机 welding machine气焊 gas welding 焊炬 welding torch电焊 electric welding 自动和半自动电弧焊automatic andsemi-automatic welding 手工焊 hand welding对焊 butt welding 焊条weld rod, electrode 角焊缝 fillet 间断焊接 gap welding 咬边 undercut 针孔 pinhole 夹渣 slag裂纹 crack烧穿 burning out 漏焊 losing welding 弧坑 concavity 未焊透lack of fusion 打磨 grind火焰切割 torch cutting 喷砂除锈The sand blasting 机械钻孔drill by machine预拉力 prestressed 高强度大六角头螺栓Set of big hexagonalhigh-strength bolt 抗滑移系数Slide coefficient of faying surface 扭矩系数torsional moment coefficient终拧扭矩final torsional moment6. 荷载、强度、可靠度剪力shear 剪切变形shear deformation压力pressure 延伸率percentage of elongation 剪切模量shear modulus 拉力tension 应力stress 应变strain应力集中concentration of stress 应力松弛stress relaxation 应力图stress diagram 应力状态state of stress位移 displacement 弹性变形 elastic deformation 变形 deformation 塑性变形 plastic deformation 应变 strain 剪应变 shear strain 线应变 linear strain 主应变 principal strain 轴向力 normal force 主应力 principal stress 正应力 normal stress 预应力prestress应力应变曲线stress-strain curve 裂缝crack抗压强度compressive strength 抗弯强度bending strength 抗扭强度torsional strength 抗拉强度tensile strength 屈服yield屈服点yield point屈服荷载yield load 屈服极限limit of yielding 屈服强度yield strength 屈服强度下限lower limit of yield 荷载load横截面section, cross 承载力bearing capacity 承重结构bearing structure 弹性模量elastic modulus 塑性plasticity延性ductileity受弯构件member in bending轴向拉力axial tension受拉区tensile region可靠性reliability受压区compressive region粘结力cohesive force配筋率reinforcement ratio偏心受拉eccentric tension配箍率stirrup ratio偏心受压eccentric compression泊松比Poisson’s ratio偏心距eccentric distance跨度span疲劳强度fatigue strength跨高比span-to-depth ratio偏心荷载eccentric load设计限值 limiting design value截面宽度 breadth of section截面高度 height of section截面厚度 thickness of section截面直径 diameter of section截面面积 area of section截面周长 perimeter of section截面模量（抵抗矩） section modulus截面惯性矩 second moment of area截面极惯性矩polar second moment of area 截面回转半径 radius of gyration长细比 slenderness ratio偏心矩 eccentricity偏心率 relative ecdentricity振动 vibration自振频率 natural frequency加速度 acceleration振周期natural period of vibration 频率 frequency振幅 amplitude of vibration自由度 degree of freedom振型 mode of vibration阻尼 damp共振 resonance强迫振动 forced vibration设计荷载design load挠度deflection设计强度design strength构造construction脆性破坏brittle failure延性破坏ductile failure可靠性 reliability适用性 serviceability安全性 safety耐久性 durability设计基准期 design reference period可靠概率 probability of survival可靠指标 reliability index失效概率 probability of failure概率设计法 probabilistic method极限状态设计法 limit states method容许应力设计法 permissible stressesmethod正常使用极限状态serviceability limitstates承载能力极限状态 ultimate limit states极限状态 limit states分项系数 partial safety factor体分布力 force per unit volume 作用 action力矩 moment of force线分布力 force per unit length永久作用 permanent action面分布力 force per unit area可变作用 variable action偶然作用 accidental action静态作用 static action固定作用 fixed adtion动态作用 dynamic action自重 self weight温度作用 temperature action施工荷载 site load地震作用 earthquake action土压力 earth pressure水压力 water pressure风荷载 wind load雪荷载 snow load风振 wind vibration吊车荷载crane load屋面活荷载floor live load浮力 buoyance浪压力（波浪力） wave pressure泥沙压力 silt pressute冰压力 ice pressure冻胀力 frost heave force静水压强 hydro-static pressure静水总压力total hydro-static pressure 动水压强 hydro-dynamic pressure压力水头 pressure head作用代表值 representative valueof an action作用准永久值quasi-permanent valueof an action作用标准值 characteristic valueof an action作用组合值combination value ofactions作用设计值 design value of anaction作用效应 effects of actions作用组合值系数coeffcient forcombination value ofactions作用效应系数coefficient of effectsof actions作用效应基本组合 fundamentalcombination foraction effects短期效应组合combination for short-term action effects作用效应偶然组合 accidentalcombination foraction effects长期效应组合combination for long-term action effects轴线axes标高elevation; datum mark坐标coordinate基准点，标高datum mark中心标高center elevation绝对标高absolute elevation相对标高relative elevation平面控制plane control高程控制elevation control水准点bench mark经纬仪transit坐标控制点coordinate control points 水准仪surveyor level测杆surveying rod钢卷尺steel tape测距仪range finder7. 土建施工挖掘 excavate履带式推土机crawler dozer挖土机 excavator履带式起重机crawler crane反铲挖土机 back digger压路机 road roller挖沟机 trench digger翻斗车 tipping skip铲运机 scraper自卸卡车 dumping truck洒水车 sprinkler回填 back fill土方工程 earth work蛙式打夯机 frog rammer钢筋切断机 bar cutter钢筋弯曲机 angle--bender基坑foundation pit双排竖管脚手架independent scaffold脚手架scaffold管子脚手架pipe scaffold 单排竖管脚手架putlog scaffold 满堂脚手架full framing 立杆 the standing pole 扫地杆 ground bars 横杆 ledger脚手板 scaffold board 防护栏 protective barrier,guard rail隔离剂 isolating agent扣件coupler旋转扣件swivel coupler 十字扣件double coupler 套筒扣件sleeve coupler 钢筋加工 rebar fabrication 铁丝 iron wire 钢筋连接 rebar connection 绑扎lashing 搭接lap焊接 welding搭接接头 lap joint 焊接接头 welded joint 搭接焊lap welding 砂浆垫块mortar block制模，模板工程formwork 组合钢模板 combined steel formwork 模板form模板配板 formwork configuration 模板支设 formwork erection 安装偏差 installation deviation 模板接缝the formwork joint泵送混凝土pumping of concrete 混凝土中心搅拌站 centralized concretemixing plant 浇灌混凝土concrete pouring, depositing concrete,模板拆除 formwork removal 混凝土搅拌汽车concrete mixer truck混凝土搅拌concrete agitation 插入式振捣器 insertion type vibrator 振捣混凝土 vibrated concrete 平板振动器 plate vibrator 抹子，泥刀 trowel 抹灰，抹光 toweling坍落度slump两组试块two sets of testing blocks 混凝土取样witness sampling of concrete混凝土施工缝处理treatment of concrete construction joint 初凝 initial set 终凝final set初凝时间 initial setting time 终凝时间final setting time 混凝土养护concrete curing 草垫 straw mattress回填back fill回填夯实backfill consolidation 1:2水泥砂浆20厚1:2 cenment mortarthickness 20mm 找平层leveling blacket 抹灰plastering抹平，找平screeding 抹灰底层rendering coat 抹光，压光trowel finish 灌缝；灌浆grout抹灰罩面层setting coat 二次灌浆post-grouting 填料filling 翼环plate ring套管pipe sleeve 石棉水泥asbestos cement 油麻oil-- hemp 橡胶止水带rubber water stop 密封胶joint sealant 沥青涂层asphalt coating填缝板joint filler镀锌铁皮galvanized iron sheeture ;revetment80mmpile ompressibilityarea f vibrationssure ol pointsocks。
翻译
从井眼环境中界定页岩气储层的有效地球化学及地质力学方法: Caney 层和Woodford 层页岩摘要从气藏页岩(页岩气藏)中成功的回收碳氢化合物需要了解基本的储层的岩石-骨架结构。
易变(易产生裂隙)的岩性、物性和干酪根含量等信息对于确定油气生产恰当（产量）的层段是至关重要的。
原地应力的知识（原始裂缝）和这些层段的孔隙度对于在适当的地方制定高压水沙压裂法来找到油气是必不可少的。
通常这些特性可以通过对井眼中取得的岩心的分析来获得，这个过程是一个耗时的活动，这个活动在完井和（但是需要）长时间的钻探中导致了昂贵的延迟（影响效益）。
我们证明这些储集岩的特性可以通过地层评价方法（联合使用井下的地球化学的、声学的，以及核磁共振的探测装置）在井眼环境原地（中）测量和预测。
使用这些测量工具（仪器）的组合我们可以测定岩性、物性、干酪根的含量。
物（岩）性，孔隙度，声波时差，体（体积）密度，孔隙压力，盖层压力，接下来被（然后）用来计算无侧限抗压强度，泊松比以及水平应力。
这些结果接下来还可以被用来制定水力压裂的策略。
这种方法的有效性（可以）通过界定（确定这）三个不同的井中的Caney层和Woodford 层页岩的岩性得到了证明。
特别强调的是从这些地层中确定干酪根含量的能力，因为目前没有其他直接的从裸眼井电缆测井中量化碳含量的方法可用。
通过从井眼剖面对显示物性, 化学, 干酪根含量, 以及地质力学的属性的岩芯数据的比较，这个界定（确定）页岩气储层的方法获得了进一步的支持。
简介位于东俄克拉何马州Arkoma 盆地的Woodford和Caney地层包含一系列连续的易断裂的，碳质的，硅质黑页岩，这些硅质页岩是非传统的但经济上可行的油气资源。
(Amsden, 1967; Cardot, 1989, Brinkerhoff, 2007, Schad, 2007). 从这些细粒度岩石中生产商业油气需要使用水力压裂技术压裂大量的岩石。
基础工程100个英文词汇
“基础工程”100个英文单词1.foundation n.基础,地基2.foundation engineering n.基础工程3.foundation pile n.基桩4.foundation pressure n.基底压力5.foundation settlement n.基础沉降6.foundation elastic modulus n.地基弹性模数7.stability of foundation soil n.地基稳定性8.bearing capacity of foundation soil n.地基承载力9.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil n.地基极限承载力10.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil n.地基允许承载力11.Hansen's ultimate bearing capacity formula n.汉森地基承载力公式12.state of limit equilibrium n.极限平衡状态13.California Bearing Ratio n.加州承载比14.depth of foundation n.基础(埋置)深度15.coffered foundation n.围堰基础16.caisson foundation n.沉井基础17.deep foundation n.深基础18.elastic foundation n.弹性基础19.spread foundation n.扩大基础20.sunk shaft foundation n.沉井基础21.yielding of foundation n.基础沉陷22.pile n.桩23.pile cofferdam n.桩围堰24.pile cluster n.桩群25.pile driver n.打桩机26.pile loading test n..基桩载荷试验27.buoyant pile n.摩擦桩28.drain pile n.排水砂桩，砂井29.dynamic load test of pile n.桩的动载荷试验30.dry drilled pile n.干成孔灌注桩31.jacked pile n.压入桩32.slurry drilled pile n.泥浆钻孔桩33.pile bottom n.桩基34.bearing bottom n.承重桩35.pile for reinforcing n.加固桩36.blow pile n.爆破桩paction pile n.加密桩，挤密桩38.filling pile n.灌注桩39.precast concrete pile n.预制混凝土桩40.quincuncial pile n.梅花桩41.vibro pile n.振动灌注桩42.dispced foundation n.换土地基43.displacement of soil n.换土paction method n.挤密法45.foundation treatment n.地基处理46.bearing stratum n.持力层47.substratum n. 次层（台）48.individual footing n. 单独基础49.inverted beam method n. 倒梁法50.rigid foundation n. 刚性基础51.embeded depth of foundation n. 基础埋置深度52.coefficient of subgrade reaction n. 基床系数 foundation pressure n. 基底附加应力54.cross strip footing n. 交叉条形基础55.contact pressure n. 接触压力56.static analysis (shallow foundation) n. 静定分析法（浅基础）57.shell foundation n. 壳体基础58.spread footing n. 扩展基础59.mat foundation n. 片筏基础60.shallow foundation n. 浅基础61.flexible foundation n. 柔性基础62.structure- foundation-soil interaction analysis n. 上部结构－基础－土共同作用分析63.analysis of beams and slabs on elastic foundation n. 弹性地基梁（板）分析64.strip footing n. 条形基础65.substratum n. 下卧层66.box foundation n. 箱形基础67.Benoto cast-in-place pile n. 贝诺托灌注桩68.Wave equation analysis n. 波动方程分析69.diving casting cast-in-place pile n. 沉管灌注桩70.open-end caisson foundation n. 沉井基础71.box caisson foundation n. 沉箱基础72.synchronous pile n. 成孔灌注同步桩73.pile caps n. 承台74.bearing capacity of single pile n. 单桩承载力75.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile n. 单桩横向极限承载力76.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile n. 单桩竖向抗拔极限承载力77.vertical ultimate carrying capacity of single pile n. 单桩竖向抗压容许承载力78.vertical allowable load capacity of single pile n. 单桩竖向抗压极限承载力79.low pile cap n. 低桩承台80.diaphgram wall n. 地下连续墙81.dynamic pile driving formula n. 动力打桩公式82.end-bearing pile n. 端承桩83.Franki pile n. 法兰基灌注桩84.negative skin friction of pile n. 负摩擦力85.precast reinforced concrete piles n. 钢筋混凝土预制桩86.steel pile n. 钢桩87.high-rise pile cap n. 高桩承台88.cast-in-place pile n. 灌注桩terally loaded vertical piles n. 横向载荷桩90.slurry coat method n. 护壁泥浆91.rotatory boring cast-in-place pile n. 回转钻孔灌注桩92.silent piling n. 静力压桩93.uplift pile n. 抗拔桩94.anti-slide pile n. 抗滑桩95.dynamic compaction n. 强夯法96.artificial foundation n. 人工地基97.soft clay ground n. 软土地基98.collapsible loess treatment n. 湿陷性黄土地基处理99.cushion n. 换填法100.reinforcement method n. 加筋法101.displacement method n. 挤淤法。
石油英语词汇（B1）_生物化学英语词汇
b instruction 变址指令b register 变址寄存器b 巴b 靶恩b 板b 贝尔b 苯b 波美计；波美度b 磁感应b 带b 带宽b 地层体积因子b 电池b 二进制位b 浮力b 宽度b 梁；波束b 亮度b 硼b 十亿b 桶b 信息组b 阳离子迁移率b 英国热量单位b 粘结灰岩b 轴承；方向b&s wire gauge 美国线规b-axis b-轴b-battery 板极电池组b-box 变址寄存器b-digit b数字b-h curve 磁化曲线b-line 变址寄存器b-power supply 乙电源b-power 板极电源b-store 变址寄存器b-tectonite b构造岩b-type fold b-型褶皱b-type subduction b-型俯冲作用b.a. ohm 英制欧姆b.a. 桥式放大器b.a.a.s. 英国科学促进会b.a.s. 英国标准协会b.b 反方向b.b.p 基板底部b.c. 两中心之间的距离b.c.c. 体心立方b.c.d 基圆直径b.c.t. 体心正方b.d. 每日桶数b.e.p. 损益两平点b.e.p. 最佳效率点b.f. 带通滤波器b.g. 伯明翰线规b.g. 二进制增益b.g. 伞齿轮b.h. 布氏硬度b.m.e.p. 制动均压b.o. 取铆器；有毛病的b.o. 卸开b.o.t.u. 电能单位b.p. 距今b.r.t 转盘面以下b.s.b. 海底下b.s.d. 英国度量标准b.s.i. 英国标准学会b.s.l. 海平面以下b.s.m.e. 采矿工程学士b.s.＆w. 碱沉渣和水b.sc. 工学士b.sc. 理学士b.u. 增斜b.v. 容积b.v. 帐面价值b.y. 10亿年ba 钡ba 缓冲放大器ba 基线ba 桥式放大器ba 酸液桶数bab 巴氏合金babbit metal 巴氏合金babbit packing ring 巴氏合金填密圈babbit seat 巴氏合金座babbit 巴比特合金babbit-lined bearing 巴氏合金衬套轴承babbitting 巴比特合金babble 多道干扰；交叉失真；潺潺声；相互影响babcock coefficient of friction 巴布科克摩擦系数babs 进场波束指向系统baby check valve 小型单向阀；小型检验开关baby compressor 小型压缩机baby 平衡重；小型的bac 二进制非对称通道bac 二进制模拟转换bachelor of science in engineering 工学士bachelor of science 理学士bachelor 学士；单身汉bacilli bacillus的复数bacillite 棒状雏晶束back action 反作用back ampere-turns 逆向安匝back and stopping trial 倒车及停航试验back angle 后背角；后视角back azimuth 反方位角back band 滚筒刹车带back bay 封闭海湾back bead 背面焊缝back bearing 后象限角back belt 倒车皮带back bias 反馈偏压back bowl scraper 导向头刮管器back brake 绳式顿钻捞砂轮刹车back cavitation 叶背空泡back connected instrument 背面连接式仪器back contact spring 静接点弹簧back contact 后接点back coupling 反馈back current brake 反向电流电刹车back current 反向电流back deep basin 后渊盆地back deep 后渊back diffusion 反向扩散back digger 反铲挖掘机back discharge 反向放电back electromotive force 反电动势back elevation 背立面图back emf 反电动势back end 底back extrusion 反向挤出back feed 反馈back fire arrester 回火防止器back fire 回火back flush 反冲洗back furrow 蛇形丘back geared type motor 带减速器的马达back geared 装有背齿轮的back geosyncline 后地槽back hand welding 反手焊接back hub 后视桩back interpolation formula 后插公式back island arc 后岛弧back levee march 堤后草本沼泽back light 倒车灯back marsh 河漫滩草本沼泽back measurement 后测back motion 倒档back numbers 前面几期；过期期刊back nut 后螺母back off point 倒开点back off shot 解卡倒扣用炸药包back off sub 丢手接头back off tool 松开工具back order 延期交货back oscillation 反波振荡back pack 背包式灭火器back play 间隙back pressure control station 回压控制站back pressure curve 回压曲线back pressure washing 回压冲洗back pressure 回压back production 回采back radiation 反向辐射back rake angle 后倾角back reaction 反向反应back reaming 倒划眼back reflection 背射back resistance 反向电阻back run 封底焊back saw 手锯back scattering angle 反向散射角back scattering wave 反向散射波back shift 第二班back shooting 逆向爆炸back shop 修理厂back space 退格back stress effect 背应力效应back substitution 回代back swing 回程back thrusting 背向冲断层作用back torgue line 反扭矩拉绳back traverse 闭合导线back twisting 反向加捻back up chain tongs 咬定链钳back up information 后备信息back up pad 支撑板back up plate 推靠板back up protection 备用保护装置back up store 后备存储器back up trace 测井曲线记录备用道back view 后视图back voltage 逆电压back wagon 钻台用小推车back wash line 反洗管线back wave 反射波back work 后援工作back 背back-acting shovel 反铲挖土机back-angle counter 逆向散射粒子计数器back-arc basin 弧后盆地back-arc spreading 弧后扩张back-arc subduction 弧后俯冲back-berm trough 滩肩后凹槽back-berm 后滩肩back-brake support 顿钻捞砂轮刹车支架back-crank pumping unit 前置式游梁抽油机back-end computer 后端计算机back-extract 反萃取back-extraction 反萃取作用back-flush phase 回吹阶段back-flushable filter 逆流冲洗式过滤器back-flushing type unit 反冲洗型装置back-in rig 退入式作业机back-in 倒车对井口中心back-leg 后腿back-log workload 后备工作量back-mixing 返混back-off assembly 松开装置back-off joint 倒扣短节back-off operation 倒扣作业back-off procedure 倒开步骤back-off 倒开back-out 旋松；退火；取消；拧出back-packer 支撑式封隔器back-pressure regulator 回压调节器back-pressure valve 回压阀back-purge system 反冲洗系统back-ridge 洋脊背侧back-roll 反绕back-scattered ground roll 反向散射地滚波back-scattered noise 反向散射噪声back-setting effect 逆流效应back-side-crank pumping unit 单拐多连杆抽油设备back-sizing 单面上浆back-sliding nappe 后滑推覆体back-slope 后坡back-spacing 返回back-step welding 逐步退焊back-to-back counter 加倍计数器back-to-back credit export first 输出方先开的对开信用证back-to-back credit import first 输入方先开的对开信用证back-to-back 对头拼接back-up attachment 背钳附件back-up control manifold 辅助控制管汇back-up corner 后备位置back-up curve 辅助曲线back-up galvanometer 辅助检流计back-up post 支柱back-up safety 备用安全装置back-up surveillance 辅助监督back-up tong 背钳back-up wrench 背钳back-ups 背钳backacter 反铲挖土机backarc 后弧backbarrier complex 障壁后复合体backbarrier deposit 障壁后沉积backbarrier facies 障壁后相backbarrier 障壁后backbeach 滨后滩backboard 底板backbone chain 主链backbone pipeline 干线backbone road 干道backbone structure 主链结构backbone 脊骨；主要部分backcountry 边远地区backcycling 反向循环backdraft =backdraughtbackdraught 倒车；逆转backdrift 后退偏航backdrop 交流声backend processor 后端处理机backer 支持者backfall 山坡backfeed loop 反馈回路backfill compactor 管沟回填土压实机backfill crown 回填土堆backfill rammer 回填夯实机backfill tamper 管沟回填夯实机backfill 回填backfiller 回填机backfilling bucket 斗式回填机backfilling gang 管沟回填队backfilling 回填backfin 夹层；裂缝backfire 回火backfit 变形不大；修合backflash 反闪backflow channel 回流水道backflow connection 回流管backflow gate 双向旋启式止回阀backflow ripple 回流波痕backflow test 回流试验backflow tracer 回流示踪剂backflow volume 回流液量backflow 回流backflowing debris 流入井里的碎屑backflush chromatogram 反冲色谱backfolding 背向褶皱backgear 背齿轮background activity 本底放射性background batch process 基础程序组方法background buildup 本底积累background concentration 背景浓度background contrast ratio 背景反差比background correction 本底校正background count 本底计数background current 本底电流background dose 本底剂量background equilibrium condition 背景平衡条件background evaluations 背景评价background fluctuation 背景起伏background fog 背景雾background gas 背景气background heater 隐闭式供暖器background hump 本底突峰background impurity 本底杂质background information 背景信息background interference 背景干扰background ions 本底离子background level 背景水平background luminance 背景亮度background luminescence 本底发光background noise 背景噪声background polarization 背景极化background pollution 本底污染background population 背景总体background probability 背景概率background processor 后台处理机background program 辅助程序；后台程序background radiation 本底辐射background radioactivity 本底放射性background reflectance 背景反差background response 本底响应background return 背景回波background seismic wave 本底地震波background signal 本底信号background source 本底源background spectrum 本底谱线图background subtraction 减去本底background value 背景值background velocity 背景速度background 背景backguy 拉线backhand drainage pattern 逆向水系型式backhand drainage 倒转水系backhand 反手；反手一击backhaul 载货返航backhead 后部backheating 反加热backhoe loader 反铲装载机backhoe 反铲backing bar 撑杆backing block 补偿绕组backing memory 后备存储器backing off 反馈backing pass 底焊焊道backing plank 衬板backing plate 托板backing power 倒车功率backing pump 旋转油泵backing register 后备寄存器backing resistance 倒航阻力backing ring 垫环backing run 背面焊接backing storage 后备存储器backing store 后备存储器backing strip 条状垫板backing weld 用垫环的焊缝backing 支持；衬垫物backing-up screw 防松螺钉backjoint 平行解理走向节理面backland 腹地backlash eliminator 齿隙消除装置backlash spring 消隙弹簧backlash 轮齿隙；齿隙游移backlimb thrust 缓翼冲断层backlimb 缓翼backlog 储备；积压的工作backoff string shot 钻具解卡炮弹backpitch 背节距backplan 底视图backplane 底板backplate 背面板backpressure test 气井产能测试backproject 幕后投影backprojection algorithm 向后投射算法backprojection operator 后投影算子backprojection 反向投射backpropagation algorithm 向后传播算法backpropagation 反向传播backpumping 反输backreaming 倒划井眼backreef facies 后礁相backreef lagoon 礁后泻湖backreef sediment 后礁沉积backreef zone 礁后带backreef 礁后；礁后区backrush 回流backscatter ultraviolet radiometer 后向散射紫外线辐射仪backscatter 背反射backscattered electron image 反散射电子图象backscattered gamma ray 反散射伽马射线backscatterer 反向散射体backscattering coefficient 反向散射系数backscattering gauge 反向散射测量计backscattering 反向散射backset bed 后积层backset bedding 后积层层理backset current 回流backset eddy 逆涡流backset 逆流backshaft 后轴backshore beach ridge 滨后滩脊backshore beach 滨后滩backshore deposit 滨后沉积backshore terrace 后滨阶地backshore 后滨backshuttle line 反循环管线backside pumping 一台马达带动两口井抽油机backside 后部backsight 回视backspring 后向弹簧backstay cable 拉索backstay 背撑backstop 托架backstroke 回程backsurge chamber volume 反冲洗工具的低压室体积backsurge disc valve 反冲洗圆盘阀backsurge tool string 反冲工具管柱backsurge tool stringer 反冲工具尾管backsurge tool 反冲洗井工具backsurge volume 反冲液量backsurge 回压冲洗backsurged debris 反冲出的碎屑backsurging operation 反冲洗作业backsurging principle 反冲原理backsurging 反冲backswamp deposit 漫滩沼泽沉积backswamp depression 漫滩洼地backswamp 天然堤后漫滩沼泽backswept 后掠；后掠角backswipe reflection 来自后侧岩丘表面多次反射backtrough 后槽backup arm 推靠臂backup copy 副本backup device 备用装置backup flooding 保持压力注水backup hydraulic control 后备液压控制backup injection well 后备注入井backup lamp 倒车灯backup line 备用管道backup mist generator 副油雾发生器backup ring 垫圈backup shoe 推靠臂backup system 辅助系统backup washer 支撑垫圈backup water injector 后备注水井backup 支持；底板；阻塞backus filter 巴克斯滤波器backus operator 巴克斯算子backus three-point operator 巴克斯三点算子backus-gilbert approach 巴克斯-吉尔伯特法backwall 后膜backward angle method 背离角法backward branch 反向分支backward crossover 反相交backward difference approximation 后向差分近似法backward difference implicit 后向差分隐式法backward difference method 后向差分法backward difference operator 后向差分算子backward difference 后向差分backward flow 回流backward folding 背向褶皱作用backward gain 反向增益backward gear 倒档齿轮backward induction 逆序归纳法backward integration 逆向一体化backward interpolation 后向插值backward prediction error filter 反向预测误差滤波器backward prediction 后测backward reading 反读backward running 反转backward station 逆位置backward stroke 回程backward wave 回波backward welding 反向焊backward 反向的backwarddrainage 逆向水系backwardstation method 后向测点法backwash cycle 反冲洗循环backwash efficiency 反洗效率backwash mark 海滩回流痕backwash pump 回流泵backwash 喷流backwash-regeneration cycle 反冲洗-再生循环backwashing 反洗backwasting 冰前消退作用backwater gate 回水闸backwater trap 回水存水弯backwater 循环水backway 后退距离backwearing 坡崖平行后退backweathering 后退风化backweld 封底焊缝backwelding 反面焊接backwordscattered field 反向散射波场bacteria content 细菌含量bacteria corrosion 微生物腐蚀bacteria culture bottle 细菌培养瓶bacteria grinder 磨菌器bacteria remover 除菌剂bacteria bacterium的复数bacteria-free 无菌的bacterial action 细菌作用bacterial activity 细菌活性bacterial adherence 细菌粘附bacterial alteration 细菌演化作用bacterial anomaly 细菌异常bacterial attack 细菌腐蚀bacterial biomass 细菌生命体bacterial colonies 细菌群体bacterial contamination 细菌污染bacterial corrosion 细菌腐蚀bacterial cultures 细菌培养物bacterial decomposition 细菌分解作用bacterial degradation 细菌降解作用bacterial desulfurization 微生物脱硫bacterial dewaxing 微生物脱蜡bacterial ecology 细菌生态学bacterial fermentation 细菌发酵作用bacterial gas 微生物气bacterial growth 细菌滋长bacterial leaching 细菌浸取bacterial metabolization 细菌新陈代谢作用bacterial methane 菌生甲烷bacterial oil recovery 细菌采油bacterial oxidation 细菌氧化bacterial plugging 细菌堵塞bacterial polymer 细菌聚合物bacterial prospecting 细菌勘探bacterial reduction 细菌还原作用bacterial slime buildup 细菌粘液堵塞bacterial surveys 细菌测量bacterially degraded oil 细菌降解油bactericidal action 杀菌作用bactericidal agent 杀菌剂bactericide 杀菌剂bacteriofluorescein 细菌荧光素bacteriogenic 细菌成因的bacteriohopane tetrol 细菌藿四醇bacteriology 细菌学bacteriophage 噬菌体bacteriophagy 噬菌现象bacteriostasis 抑菌bacteriostat 抑菌剂bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂bactrognathus 棒颚牙形石属bactrosaurus 巴克龙属bactrosporites 棒形孢属baculatisporites 棒瘤孢属baculexinis 异瘤切壁孢属baculites ovatus fauna 杆菊石属卵圆形动物群baculites 杆菊石属bacw 含酸水桶数bad accounts 呆帐bad checks 空头支票bad debt 坏帐bad earth 接地不良bad fishing job 复杂的打捞工作bad ground 复杂地层bad hole 复杂井眼bad line removal 坏线消除bad oil 含水原油bad parity 奇偶错误bad spot 受到损坏的部位baddeleyite 斜锆石badge 徽章badigeon 油灰badin metal 巴丁合金badiotella 小步蛤属badly faulted 严重断裂的badly faulting 强烈断层活动badly graded sand 级配不良的砂baech-barrier system 海滩-障壁体系baf 每英亩-英尺产油桶数baffle 折流板baffle collar 带挡圈的接箍baffle filter 挡板过滤器baffle plate 挡板baffle spacing 隔板间的距离baffle structure 消力结构baffle 挡板baffled gravel-placement device 装有隔板的砾石充填装置baffler 挡板缓冲板；减音器bafflestone 障结灰岩bag dredge 海底挖泥机bag filter 袋式过滤器bag type blowout preventer 筒式防喷器bag 袋bag-type bop 筒式防喷器bagasse 甘蔗渣baggage room 行李舱baggage 行李bagged cement 袋装水泥bagged slurry explosive 袋装塑胶炸药bagger 袋装机；挖泥机baghouse 囊式集尘室bagpipe 风笛；人为干扰发射机bagwork 装袋工作；沙包bahada 山麓冲积扇bahamite 巴哈马沉积bahiaite 橄闪紫苏岩bahnmetal 铅基轴承合金baicalia 贝加尔螺属baikalian orogeny 贝加尔造山运动baikalides 贝加尔褶皱系baikarite 贝地蜡baikerinite 褐地蜡bail bond 保释担保书bail down 提捞bail out 戽出；提捞bail the rathole 捞鼠洞bail 桶bail-out bottle 应急呼吸气瓶bailed sample 捞出的砂样bailed sand sample 捞出砂样bailed sand 捞出砂bailee 受托人bailer bail 捞砂筒上的提环bailer conductor 捞砂筒bailer crown-block 捞砂天车bailer dart 捞砂筒下部的活门bailer dump 捞砂筒的倒砂门；用筒装物体倒入井内；捞砂筒捞出物bailer grab 捞砂筒的捞钩bailer line 捞砂绳bailer method of cementing 用捞砂筒注水泥bailer method 捞砂法bailer sample 捞砂筒中砂样bailer valve 捞砂筒阀bailer 抽泥筒bailey meter 贝利流量计bailing block 提捞滑车bailing bucket 捞砂筒bailing drum 捞砂滚筒bailing line 捞砂绳bailing machine 捞砂机bailing reel 捞砂滚筒bailing rope 捞砂绳bailing tub 捞砂桶bailing well 捞砂井bailing 提捞作业bailling tank 捞砂罐bailment 保释；委托书bailor 委托人bailsman 保证人bainite 贝氏体baire function 贝瑞函数baisalina 贝塞虫属bait box 午饭盒bajada 山麓冲积平原bajir 沙漠湖bajocian stage 巴柔阶bakalite 酚醛塑料bake 烤baked clay 焙烧粘土baked phenolic coating 焙干酚醛树脂涂层baked test 烘烤试验baked 烘过的baked-on resin coating 焙干树脂涂层bakelite varnish 酚醛树脂清漆bakelite =bakalitebakeout 烘烤baker shoe 套管鞋baker 烘炉bakerlok 贝克尔厂所产防套管丝扣松脱剂baking soda 碳酸氢钠baking 烤bakingout process 过热处理bakingout 烧毁bakkeoer 冰碛丘bal 基本汇编语言bal 平衡bala 巴拉群balance account 结算帐户balance amplitude limiting 平衡限幅balance arc 平衡弧balance arm 天平臂；平衡臂balance beam 平衡梁balance bob 平衡锤balance box 平衡重balance carried down 余额移后页balance check mode 平衡检验状态balance check 零位检查balance detector 平衡检波器balance device 平衡装置balance equation 平衡方程balance equipment 平衡设备balance gear 平衡齿轮balance level 水准仪balance measurement 重量平衡测定balance method 平衡法balance of payments deficit 国际收支逆差balance of payments surplus 国际收支顺差balance of payments 国际收支balance on ledger 分类帐余额balance out 抵消balance pan 天平盘balance piston 平衡活塞balance pressure drilling 平衡压力钻井balance quality 平衡精度balance rheometer 平衡流变仪balance rider 游码balance room 天平室balance scale 天平标尺balance sheet analysis 资产负债表分析balance sheet approach 资产负债表法balance sheet of man power 劳动力平衡表balance sheet of materials and supplies 物资平衡表balance sheet 资产负债表balance stem 平衡杆balance tank 平衡罐balance test 平衡试验balance ticket 决算单balance valve 平衡阀balance viscosity 平衡粘度balance weight 平衡重balance wheel 平衡轮balance 天平balanced activity drilling fluid 反相乳化钻井液balanced amplifier 平衡放大器balanced antenna 平衡天线balanced bottom hole pressure method 井底压力平衡压井法balanced bridge 平衡电桥balanced budget rule 平衡预算规则balanced budget 平衡预算balanced cable 平衡电缆balanced cement plug 平衡水泥塞balanced circuit 平衡电路balanced control surface 平衡控制面balanced cross section 平衡地质剖面balanced drilling 平衡钻井balanced earthwork 平衡土方工程balanced flood performance 注采平衡动态balanced frequency modulation detector 平衡调频检波器balanced game 平衡对策balanced growth 均衡增长balanced hole 平衡孔balanced injection and production rate 注采平衡balanced input 平衡输入balanced load 平衡载荷balanced modulator 平衡调制器balanced mud density method 平衡泥浆密度法balanced multivibrator 平衡多谐振荡器balanced network 平衡网络balanced octane number 平衡辛烷值balanced offtake 注采平衡balanced opposed reciprocating compressor 对称平衡往复式压缩机balanced polyphase load 多相平衡载荷balanced pressure proportioner 等压式比例混合器balanced pressure torch 等压式焊炬balanced reaction rudder 平衡反应舵balanced reaction 平衡反应balanced relay 平衡继电器balanced rudder 平衡舵balanced seal 平衡密封balanced state 平衡状态balanced steel ratio 平均配筋率balanced system 平衡系统balanced tangential 平衡正切法balanced transformer 平衡变压器balanced twist 平衡捻balanced ventilation 平衡通风balanced water plugging technique 平衡堵水工艺balanced 平衡的balanced-pressure drilling 平衡压力钻井balancer 平衡器balancing adjustment 平衡调整balancing capacitor 平衡电容器balancing coil 平衡线圈balancing force 平衡力balancing fracturing truck 平衡压裂车balancing load 平衡载荷balancing network 平衡网络balancing shaft 平衡轴balancing speed 平衡速度balancing torque 平衡扭矩balancing transformer 平衡变压器balancing weight 平衡块balancing 平衡balata belt 胶合皮带balcony 阳台；艉望台bald mountain 秃山bald-headed anticline 秃顶背斜bald-headed derrick 无天车工作平台的井架bald-headed structure 秃顶构造baldite 辉沸煌岩baldurnisporites 巴尔多孢属bale cargo 包装货bale ties 打包窄钢带bale 大包baler 压密机baling press 包装机baling 打包balios 斑点藻属balistes 鳞属balitron 稳定负阻balk 梁木；障碍；错误ball and ring method 环球法ball and ring test 球环试验ball and seat valve 球形止回阀ball and socket reamer 肘节扩眼器ball bearing core barrel 滚珠轴承内筒不转的岩心筒ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball breaker 玻球式触底指示器ball cage 弹子夹ball check valve 球形单向阀ball circuit type 循环钢球式ball clack valve 球瓣单向阀ball clay 球粘土ball coal 球状煤ball cock 球旋塞；浮动旋塞ball collar thrust bearing 滚珠环止推轴承ball condenser 球形冷凝器ball float collar 球形浮箍ball float level controller 浮球液面调节器ball float shoe 球形浮鞋ball grinder 球磨机ball hardness 钢球硬度ball heater 球形加热器ball injector 投球器ball joint clamping 球形接头锁紧ball joint drive 球节式装置ball joint head 球形头ball joint 球节ball method of testing 钢球压印试验法ball mill pulverizer 球磨粉碎机ball mill refiner 球磨精制机ball mill 球磨机ball out 疏通ball packing 球充填物ball peen hammer 圆头手锤ball play 球棒ball plug 弹子孔塞销ball powder 球形火药ball prover 球型校验器ball race 滚珠座圈ball rebound test 球回跳试验ball relief valve 球形安全阀ball retaining plug 塞销ball safety valve 球形安全阀ball sealer 封堵球ball sealing 球封ball section 球节ball srew type 循环钢球式ball test 钢球试验ball thrust bearing 滚珠止推轴承ball type surface controlled safety valve 地面控制的球型安全阀ball type tubing safety valve 油管球形安全阀ball valve sample chamber 球阀取样器ball valve 球阀ball viscometer 球式粘度计ball 球ball 压载；压舱物ball-and-chain crawler 球形刮刀ball-and-dish seat type valve 球及球座型阀ball-and-pillow structure 球-枕状构造ball-and-roller bearing 滚珠-滚柱轴承ball-and-seat 单流阀ball-and-socket bearing 球窝轴承ball-and-socket joint 球窝接头；球形铰链连接ball-and-socket valve 球形阀ball-bore calibration device 球-孔标定装置ball-locking finger 锁紧球指针ball-off 投球封堵ball-park recovery factor 小型试注回采率ball-point penetrator 球体贯入度仪ball-type 球式ball-up 泥包钻头ballas 工业用金刚石ballaset 巴拉赛特ballast cell 压载室ballast concrete 石碴混凝土ballast lamp 镇流管ballast pump 压载水泵ballast road 石碴路ballast tank 压载罐ballast tray 重型浮阀塔盘ballast trimming 压载调整；纵倾调整ballast water 压舱水ballast 压载ballasted condition 压载状态ballaster 铺碴机ballasting up 施加压重；铺完石碴ballasting 压载打压舱水ballaststorage chamber 压载-储存舱balled bit 泥包钻头balling formation 易泥包地层balling up of valves 阀球被卡住balling up 泥包balling 泥包balling-up sticking 泥包卡钻ballistic galvanometer 冲击式电流计ballistic prover 冲击式流量校验器ballistic test 冲击试验ballistics 弹道学；发射特性ballistite 波里斯太ballometer 雾粒电荷计ballonet 副囊balloon flask 球体烧瓶balloon framing 轻捷木骨架balloon photograph 气球摄影相片balloon photography 气球摄影术balloon 气囊balloon-system loss prevention 防止油品蒸发损耗的气囊集气系统ballooning effect 鼓胀效应ballooning 鼓胀balloonless spinning 无气圈纺丝ballseat 球座ballstone 球石ballute 减速气球balmeisporites 巴氏大孢属balognathus 射颚牙形石属balop 反射式放映机baltic lce lake 波罗的冰湖baltica land 波罗的古陆baltica shield 波罗的地盾baltisphaeridium 波罗的刺球藻属baltoniodus 波罗的牙形石属baluchitherium 俾路支兽属balun 平衡转换器bam 基本存取方法bam 双向联想存储器bamboo pulp 竹浆bamboo scaffolding 竹脚手架bamboo skin rope tool drilling 竹弓顿钻bamboo steel 竹节钢筋bamboo 竹ban 禁止banados 浅沼泽banakite 橄云安粗岩banana jack 香蕉插头座banana pin 香蕉插头banana plug 香蕉插头banatite 辉英闪长岩banbury mixer 密炼机banco do brasil 巴西银行banco 牛轭湖band brake 带式制动器band clutch 带式离合器band combination 波段组合band compensation 频带补偿band compression 频带压缩band conveyor 皮带输送机band coupling 带式联接器band elimination 带状消元法band filter 带通滤波器band head 谱带头band heater 带式加热器band iron 扁铁band limited wiener inverse operator 限带维纳反算子band mask 软韧橡胶面罩band meter 波长计band of genetic similarity 生成相似带band oil pool 带状油藏band pass 带通band printer 带式打印机band ratio 波段比值band reject 带阻band rope 扁绳band saw 环形锯band selection 波段选择band selector 波段选择器band separator 频带分离器band spectrum 带状光谱band spinning machine 带式熔融纺丝机band spinning 带式熔融纺丝band splitting 谱带分裂band spread 频带扩展band steel 带钢band stop filter 带阻滤波器band suppression filter 带阻滤波器band switch 波段开关band tailing 谱带拖尾band tape 卷尺band tubing 软韧橡皮管band viscometer 带式粘度计band wheel pumping power 深井泵抽油的皮带驱动band wheel shaft 主轴band wheel 绳式顿钻钻机的主传动轮；传动皮带轮；带式刹车轮毂band 带band-elimination filter 带阻滤波器band-exclusion filter 带阻滤波器band-gap transition 带隙跃迁band-limited function 限带函数band-limited seismogram 限带地震记录band-limited signal 有限带宽信号band-limited spectrum 带限频谱band-reject filter 带阻滤波器band-sawing machine 带锯机bandage 绷带；防潮带；用绷带包扎bandaite 拉长英安岩banded clay 带状粘土banded coal 带状煤banded constituent 条带状成分banded corrosion 层状腐蚀banded differentiate 带状分异火成岩banded iron formation 条带状含铁建造banded sediment 条带状沉积物banded slate 带状板岩banded structure 条带构造bander 打捆工；打捆机banding 带状；聚集成带；箍紧bandlimited frequency spectrum 限带频谱bandlimited inverse operator 限带反演算子bandpass amplifier 带通放大器bandpass analog filter 带通模拟滤波器bandpass filtering 带通滤波bandpass response 带通频率响应bandpass signal 带通信号bandspreader 频段扩展器bandwidth control 带宽调节bandwidth correlator 带宽相关器bandwidth expansion ratio 带宽扩展率bandwidth 带宽bandy clay 带状粘土bang 猛击bangor ladder 消防摇梯banister 栏杆柱；栏杆；楼梯扶手banjo case 井口喷气减速装置banjo 箱bank atoll 浅滩环礁bank barrier 浅滩堡礁bank bill 钞票bank build-up 沙堤形成bank cable transfer 银行电汇bank charges 银行手续费bank cycle time 体周期时间bank discount rate 银行贴现率bank draft 银行汇票bank erosion 岸边侵蚀bank gravel 河岸砾石bank guarantee 银行担保bank inset reef 滩内礁bank letter of credit 银行信用证bank loan 银行贷款bank note 钞票bank of america 美洲银行bank of china 中国银行bank of communications 交通银行bank of condensers 冷凝器组bank of meters 计量仪表组bank of staggered pipes 错列排管bank of tokyo 东京银行bank prime rate 银行优惠利率bank protection revetment 护坡bank reconciliation 银行往来调节表；对帐单bank reef 滩礁bank run 银行挤兑bank seismic facies unit 滩地震岩相单元bank stabilization 河岸稳定bank stage 平岸水位bank statement 银行结单bank stock 银行股票bank year 银行会计年度bank 岸bank-to-bank transaction 银行间同业往来bankable bill 可兑现票据bankable project 由银行担保的项目banke 陡崖banked battery 并联电池组banked winding 叠绕线卷banked 联组工作的banker's acceptance bill 银行承兑汇票banker's acceptance rate 银行承兑率banker's acceptance 银行承兑banker's agency 银行代理行banker's bill 银行汇票banker's check 银行支票banker's clean bill 银行光票banker's duty of secrecy 银行保密责任banker's invoice 银行发票banker's long draft 银行长期汇票banket structure 板状节理banket 致密石英砾岩bankfull stage 满槽水位banking industry 银行业banking 油带的形成bankrupt 破产；破产的；使破产bankruptcy law 破产法bankruptcy petition 破产申请bankruptcy procedure 破产程序bankruptcy 破产banksia 班克木属banksieaeidites 板克粉属banner 旗；标签；首位的banoco 巴林国家石油公司banque nationale de paris 巴黎国民银行bansen 斑森banta method 班塔法bantam mixer 非倾倒式拌和机bantam 短小精悍；小型设备；携带式无线电信标bantamia 班旦珊瑚属banto faro 半沼泽bap 伯克利数组外理机bar actuated pressure vent 杆式驱动液压排出孔bar beach 滨外滩bar bender 钢筋挠曲器bar bending 弯钢筋bar chart 柱形统计图bar check 杆尺校正bar chromatogram 直方色谱图bar code 条形码bar cutting machine 棒料切割机bar diagram 图表bar drop sub 投杆接头bar dropper 投棒器bar for line 保温钉bar graph 柱形统计图bar gravel 河流砾石浅滩bar iron 铁条bar lake 堰堵塞湖bar magnet 条形磁铁bar magnetic compass 磁杆罗盘bar plain 沙坝平原bar platform 沙坝台地bar point 点沙坝bar port 候潮港bar pressure 大气压力bar printer 杆式打印机bar reinforcement 棒钢筋bar shears 棒料剪切机bar stock 棒料bar tail 沙坝尾bar theory 沙坝说bar 气压计bar 气压计的bar 条bar 桶bar 重晶石bar 重晶石的bar-finger sand 指状沙坝bar-finger sandstone body 指状砂岩体bar-finger 指状沙坝bar-head 沙坝头bar-like lunate 新月形沙坝bar-stock needle valve 杆控针形阀barachois 泻湖baramite 菱镁蛇纹岩barb bolt 地脚螺栓barb 倒刺barbados earth 巴巴多斯土barbarodina 奇异牙形石属barbate 顶须孢类barbed drainage pattern 倒钩水系barbed tributary 倒钩支流barbed wire 带刺铁丝barber 大风雪barberite 铜镍锡硅合金barbotage 鼓泡barcan 新月形沙丘barchan cluster 新月沙丘群barchan dune 新月沙丘barchan swarm 新月沙丘群barchane 新月形沙丘barclays bank international 巴克莱国际银行barclays bank 巴克莱银行barcol hardness 巴氏硬度barcol impressor 巴科尔硬度仪bardine process 钻杆消除疲劳应力的方法bare area 裸露面积bare cable 裸电缆bare contract 不附担保合同bare electrode 裸焊条bare engine 没有任何辅助设备的发动机bare hole 无套管的井；裸眼bare land 原野bare pipe-line 裸管路bare possibility 缺乏可能性bare string 光管柱bare tank 裸罐bare weight 空重bare well 裸井bare wire arc welding 光丝弧焊bare 赤裸裸的bare-barrel drum 光滚筒bareboat charter 租船bared pipe 裸管barefoot charter 海上钻井设备出租barefoot completion 裸眼完井barefoot interval 裸眼井段barefoot well 裸眼井barefoot 裸眼barffing 过热蒸汽法氧化bargain price 处理价格bargain 讨价还价bargainee 买主bargaining power 议价能力bargaining tariff 互惠协定关税bargaining 讨价还价bargainor 卖主barge crane 浮式起重机barge drilling 驳船钻井barge price 驳船价barge rig 驳船式钻井装置barge unit 钻井驳船；船载装置barge workover rig 驳船修井设备barge 平底船barge-mounted 船装的barging 驳船运输baria 重晶石barie 巴列barilla 苏打灰baring 剥离；盖层barion 激子barite cement 重晶石水泥barite dollar 饼状重晶石结核barite mud 重晶石泥浆barite plug 重晶石塞barite slurry 重晶石浆barite 重晶石barite-weighted mud 重晶石加重泥浆baritic rock 重晶石岩baritic 重晶石的barium based grease 钡基润滑脂barium bichromate 重铬酸钡barium carbonate 碳酸钡barium chloride 氯化钡barium dichromate 重铬酸钡barium diisopropyl salicylate 二异丙基水杨酸钡barium dinonyl napthalene sulphonate 二壬基萘磺酸钡盐barium dioxide 过氧化钡barium glass 钡玻璃barium hydrate 氢氧化钡barium iodide 碘化钡barium ion 钡离子barium monoxide 氧化钡barium nitrate 硝酸钡barium nitrite 亚硝酸钡barium oxide 氧化钡barium sulfate scale 硫酸钡垢barium sulphate 硫酸钡barium sulphide 硫化钡barium titanate 钛酸钡barium 钡bark press 压皮机bark 茎皮barkan 新月形沙丘barker 气鸣器barkevikite 铁角闪石barkhan chain 新月形沙丘链barkhausen noise 巴克豪森噪声barley 大麦。
土木工程专业英语翻译(段兵延)：第十六课
基础的尺寸是由可能施加在基础底部的荷载除以地基土和岩石能够承担的容许支撑力来确定的。大部分建筑规范和教科书关于基础部分都包括不同类型土体或岩石的容许支撑力图表。然而，这些图表仅仅给了一个对土体或岩石粗略分类的描述。因此，使用时必须小心。更多关于土体或岩石的具体信息要靠钻探试验：选择土体或岩石试样，室内试验和决定容许承载力的工程分析获得。如果荷载量是一个问题，那么也许有必要用一个可替换的基础形式，而不是独立基础，或者增大基础尺寸以减小承载力。
平板基础。平板基础并用在轻结构上，在这里，柱子和墙直接支撑在底板上，底板被加厚了，而且在柱子和墙荷载作用的地方更重重的加强了。
特殊问题。下部结构置于地下水位线以下时，地下水是一个与基础设计安装相联系的重要问题。从深井中抽水或从集水井中抽水是在基础施工期间用于施工现场排水的方法。其它不常用的方法有：冰冻土中水，电渗排水和安装由开挖周围灌浆形成的止水帷幕。如果排水作业在有现存建筑物包围的场地进行，就必须采取预防措施来保护这些建筑物，因为降低地下水有可能引起支撑这些建筑物的土下沉。
筏式基础。板式基础或者浮筏基础通常是把荷载从柱子或者转和墙传到地基土或岩石的面积，厚度，重量都很大的钢筋混凝土底板。筏板也是联合基础，但比支撑两个柱的基础大得多。它们是连续基础，并且设计成传递相对一样的压力到下面的土地或岩石，筏板是刚性的并且像一架桥立在不连续的土地或岩石上。平板建造在地面以下几米深处，当与外墙结合时就是所谓的浮筏基础。从地表到平板底部所挖掘的土体重量也许等于或接近于整个结构的重量。这种情况下，极少或者是没有荷载作用在地基土上，结构的荷载也许在建造后降低到最小。
基础置于膨胀土体上时也通常遭到令人头疼的位移，除非采取专门的预防措施。膨胀土是那些在不同量的湿气下过分膨胀或收缩的土。问题可以这样解决：基础安装在湿气条件有重大变化的区域里；换填非膨胀材料；土中添加石灰或水泥掺合剂以便体积不发生改变；使结构变得柔韧以适应位移。
hydraulic excavator iso 英语专业术语
hydraulic excavator iso 英语专业术语全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：液压挖掘机ISO 英语专业术语1. hydraulic excavator 液压挖掘机液压挖掘机是一种利用液压系统驱动的挖掘设备，通常用于挖掘土壤、岩石和其他材料。
液压挖掘机主要由斗杆、斗杆缸、主阀组、油缸等部件组成，通过操纵杆和控制阀进行操作。
2. boom 斗臂Boom 是液压挖掘机上用于支撑和控制斗杆的部件，通常连接在机身上，用于支撑斗杆的伸缩和旋转。
Boom 的长度和构造对于挖掘深度和力量有着重要影响。
3. arm 斗杆4. bucket 斗斗Bucket 是液压挖掘机上用于挖掘和运输土壤、岩石等材料的部件，通常由抓斗和切斗两部分组成。
Bucket 的容量和形状可以根据实际工作需要进行选择。
Hydraulic system 是液压挖掘机上用于传递动力和控制运动的系统，主要由油泵、液压缸、主阀组等部件组成。
Hydraulic system 可以通过操纵手柄和控制阀进行操作，实现液压挖掘机的各种功能。
6. track 铁链轮Track 是液压挖掘机上的履带系统，用于在各种地面条件下行驶和移动。
Track 的结构和材料对于液压挖掘机的稳定性和移动性有着重要影响。
7. cab 驾驶室Cab 是液压挖掘机上的驾驶室，用于供驾驶员进行操作和控制。
Cab 的设计和布局对于驾驶员的舒适性和安全性非常重要。
8. engine 发动机Engine 是液压挖掘机上的动力来源，通常由柴油机或电动机组成。
Engine 的性能和功率对于液压挖掘机的工作效率和使用寿命有着重要影响。
9. counterweight 配重块Counterweight 是液压挖掘机上的一种重量块，用于平衡挖掘机的重心和提高稳定性。
Counterweight 的大小和位置可以根据实际工作需要进行调整。
10. safety device 安全装置Safety device 是液压挖掘机上的一种用于保护驾驶员和设备安全的装置，通常包括防护栏、警示灯、急停按钮等。
水工建筑物液化地基基础处理方案优化探讨——以黄河故道整治工程典型建筑物为例
1引言土是矿物颗粒在长期风化作风下形成的疏松堆积物,由于受生成、搬移及长期经受复杂地质变化及理化作用,土的组成颗粒、紧密度、土层分布及层厚度的变化多样。
在工程实践中应按照规范的相关规定,针对不同水工建筑物的结构特点及地基条件应合理确定液化土层处理方案,采取必要的抗液化措施,达到减轻或减少土质液化造成的危害的目的。
2水工建筑地基液化处理技术简介江苏省兴建的水工建筑物多为壅水或挡水型建筑物,众多的水工建筑物等级别为Ⅲ等中等3级以下,地基土层液化等级一般为中等或轻微液化,对于此类水工建筑物以及一些基础下含有多层液化土层且比较厚的建筑物工程,要达到全部完全处理液化土层的目的,需采用桩基、沉井结构,并将桩基、沉井底部沉入不液化土层一定深度,处理工程量大、费用高,并且有些技术问题还有待进一步研究解决[1-2]。
当前建筑、交通工程领域常见的液化地基处理方法一般为强夯和砂、砾【作者简介】陈小威（1985~），女，江苏宿迁人，工程师，从事施工项目管理研究。
水工建筑物液化地基基础处理方案优化探讨———以黄河故道整治工程典型建筑物为例Discussion on the Optimization of the Foundation Treatment Plan of LiquefiedFoundation of Hydraulic Buildings———Taking the Typical Buildings of the Yellow River Old Road Remediation Project as an Example 陈小威1，伏芝萱2，宋力3，刘正雨4，田晓梅3（1.江苏九星建设工程有限公司，江苏宿迁223800；2.江苏方洋水务有限公司，江苏连云港222248；3.江苏省水利科学研究院材料结构所，江苏扬州225002；4.江苏邗建集团有限公司，江苏扬州225009）CHEN Xiao-wei 1,FU Zhi-xuan 2,SONG Li 3,LIU Zheng-yu 4,TIAN Xiao-mei 3(1.Jiangsu Jiuxing Construction Engineering Co.Ltd.,Suqian 223800,China;2.Jiangsu Fangyang Water Affairs Co.Ltd.,Lianyungang 222248,China;3.Material Structure Institute of Jiangsu Institute of Water Resources Science,Yangzhou 225002,China;4.Jiangsu Hanjian Group Co.Ltd.,Yangzhou 225009,China)【摘要】以宿迁市黄河故道整治工程典型建筑物液化地基处理方案为例，提出对水工建筑物基础下液化土层一定深度采用水泥搅拌桩防渗墙围封、建筑物基础下以及轮廓外一定范围并施打水泥搅拌桩对土体加固增加整体刚度优化方案。
章液压系统基本原理介绍液压基本概念
由上式公式知要提高系統之功率，可以提高壓力 P及增加流量Q來達成，以液壓千斤頂來說，如圖 4-9 所示。若負荷被要求以等速上升，如希望推動的負荷 要越大，則手壓把柄的力也就要越大，若是負荷不變 而要求上升速度加快，則手壓把柄往下壓的速度也就 要越快。
在實際計算中尚須考慮其泵效率，故其修正後泵 的輸入功率如公式中 4-8所示。
4- 7
4- 7
基本液壓裝置組成必須包括下列四大部門，在此 用一簡單方塊圖，如圖 4-10所示加以說明。
1.液壓產生裝置：將電能或機械能轉變成液體的壓力 能。
2.液壓控制裝置：控制液體的流動方向、壓力及流量， 使其作動合於系統之要求。
3.液壓作動裝置：將液壓產生機構所產生的壓力能以 機械的方式輸出，以達到工作之目的。
由公式 4-4得知，油流經管路斷面積較大之位置 其流速較慢，管路面積較小的位置其流速較快。
4- 6
4- 6
在管路內穩定流動的液體具有壓力能、位能、動
能三種形式的能量，如不考慮流體在管路內因摩擦所 造成之熱能損失，根據能量守恆定律，可知在同一管 路每一截面積上的總能量都是相等的，如圖4-8所示。 管路液體流過截面積A及B兩斷面，它們的能量是相 等的，可用公式4-5表示。
對以上的敘述及證明可歸納下面三點結論：
1.靜止液體中，任何一點靜壓力，等於作用在液 面的壓力 和液體所產生的壓力 之和。
2.液體中靜壓力，僅與液柱高度 h有關，而與容 器的形狀大小無關。
3.同一液體中，只要液體的深度相同，其靜壓力 也相同。
所謂巴斯卡原理係指在一密閉容器中，利用液體 的不可壓縮性（圖 4-3為液體無論受任何外力壓縮時， 壓力均會升高，但其體積永遠保持不變）與力傳導性， 當某一部分受到壓力時，其容器內壁任何一Z所受到 的壓力 P均相等，且均等傳遞到各部。
土木项目工程博士英语必备
⼟⽊项⽬⼯程博⼠英语必备.-⼟⽊⼯程博⼠研究⽣专业英语必备第⼀部分必须掌握，第⼆部分尽量掌握第⼀部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 ⽔利⼯程Hydraulic Engineering4 ⼟⽊⼯程Civil Engineering5 地下⼯程Underground Engineering6 岩⼟⼯程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路⼯程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁⼯程Bridge Engineering9 隧道⼯程Tunnel Engineering10 ⼯程⼒学Engineering Mechanics11 交通⼯程Traffic Engineering12 港⼝⼯程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17⽊结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝⼟结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝⼟复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝⼟plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝⼟reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应⼒混凝⼟pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间⽹架结构spatial grid structure30 近海⼯程offshore engineering31 静⼒学statics32运动学kinematics33 动⼒学dynamics34 简⽀梁simply supported beam35 固定⽀座fixed bearing36弹性⼒学elasticity37 塑性⼒学plasticity38 弹塑性⼒学elaso-plasticity39 断裂⼒学fracture Mechanics40 ⼟⼒学soil mechanics41 ⽔⼒学hydraulics42 流体⼒学fluid mechanics43 固体⼒学solid mechanics44 集中⼒concentrated force45 压⼒pressure46 静⽔压⼒hydrostatic pressure .-47 均布压⼒uniform pressure48 体⼒body force49 重⼒gravity50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应⼒stress54 应变stain55 正应⼒normal stress56 剪应⼒shearing stress57 主应⼒principal stress58 变形deformation59 内⼒internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴⼒axial force64 允许应⼒allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动⼟压⼒active earth pressure72 被动⼟压⼒passive earth pressure 73 承载⼒load-bearing capacity74 ⽔位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构⼒学structural mechanics77 材料⼒学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 ⽔准仪level80 学科discipline81 ⼦学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83⽂献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专著monograph89 会议论⽂集Proceeding90 学位论⽂thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论⽂答辩defense of thesis96 博⼠研究⽣doctorate student97 研究⽣postgraduate99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引⽂索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论⽂集索引101 题⽬title102 摘要abstract103 全⽂full-text104 参考⽂献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国⼟⽊⼯程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析⽅法analytical method112 数值⽅法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction115 规范Specification, Code第⼆部分：岩⼟⼯程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering岩⼟⼯程2.foundation engineering基础⼯程3.soil, earth⼟ cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics⼟动⼒学6.stress path应⼒路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩⼟⼒学⼆. ⼟的分类 1.residual soil残积⼟ groundwater level地下⽔位 2.groundwater 地下⽔ groundwater table地下⽔位 3.clay minerals粘⼟矿物 4.secondary minerals次⽣矿物/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html ndslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section 钻孔柱状图 7.engineering geologic investigation⼯程地质勘察 8.boulder漂⽯ 9.cobble卵⽯ 10.gravel砂⽯ 11.gravelly sand砾砂 12.coarse sand粗砂 13.medium sand中砂 14.fine sand细砂 15.silty sand粉⼟ 16.clayey soil粘性⼟ 17.clay粘⼟ 18.silty clay粉质粘⼟ 19.silt粉⼟ 20.sandy silt砂质粉⼟ 21.clayey silt粘质粉⼟ 22.saturated soil饱和⼟ 23.unsaturated soil⾮饱和⼟24.fill (soil)填⼟ 25.overconsolidated soil超固结⼟ 26.normally consolidated soil正常固结⼟ 27.underconsolidated soil⽋固结⼟ 28.zonal soil区域性⼟ 29.soft clay软粘⼟ 30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀⼟ 31.peat泥炭 32.loess黄⼟ 33.frozen soil冻⼟ 24.degree of saturation饱和度 25.dry unit weight⼲重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Ge otechnical Engineering 国际⼟⼒学与岩⼟⼯程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流⼟4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流⽹6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压⼒9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透⼒11.hydraulic gradient⽔⼒梯度 12.coefficient of permeability 渗透系数五. 地基应⼒和变形1.soft soil软⼟2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打⼊桩（负）摩阻⼒3.effective stress有效应⼒4.total stress总应⼒5.field vane shear strength⼗字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计 10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载⼒ 12.soil mass⼟体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应⼒（压⼒）14.concentrated load集中荷载 15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 半⽆限弹性体 16.homogeneous均质 17.isotropic各向同性18.strip footing条基 19.square spread footing⽅形独⽴基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（⼟）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载 22.live load活载 23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载 25.reduced load折算荷载 26.settlement沉降 27.deformation变形 28.casing套管29.dike=dyke堤（防） 30.clay fraction粘粒粒组 31.physical properties物理性质 32.subgrade路基 33.well-graded soil级配良好⼟ 34.poorly-graded soil级配不良⼟ 35.normal stresses正应⼒ 36.shear stresses剪应⼒ 37.principal plane主平⾯38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最⼤（中、最⼩）主应⼒ 39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件 40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙⽔压⼒43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压⼒44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html pression index压缩指数 47.swelling index 回弹指数 48.geostatic stress⾃重应⼒ 49.additional stress附加应⼒ 50.total stress总应⼒ 51.final settlement最终沉降 52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降⽔ 1 excavation开挖（挖⽅） 2 dewatering （基坑）降⽔ 3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡⼟墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下⽔位法9 well point system 井点系统（轻型） 10 deep well point深井点 11 vacuum well point真空井点 12 braced cuts⽀撑围护 13 braced excavation⽀撑开挖 14 braced sheeting⽀撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩 diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩 bored pile钻孔桩 special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩 piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础 drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩 under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝⼟桩4)steel pile钢桩 steel pipe pile钢管桩 steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应⼒混凝⼟桩 prestressed concrete pipe pile预应⼒混凝⼟管桩 2.caisson foundation沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截⽔墙 4.friction pile摩擦桩 5.end-bearing pile端承桩 6.shaft竖井；桩⾝ 7.wave equation analysis波动⽅程分析 8.pile caps承台（桩帽） 9.bearing capacity of single pile 单桩承载⼒/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载⼒ 12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验 13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载⼒ 14.low pile cap低桩承台 15.high-rise pile cap⾼桩承台 16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载⼒ 17.silent piling静⼒压桩 18.uplift pile抗拔桩 19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩 21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应 23.dynamic pile testing 桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯⼊度 25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验 27.pile head=butt桩头 28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头） 29.pile spacing 桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图 31.arrangement of piles =pile layout 桩的布置32.group action群桩作⽤ 33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻 34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫 36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩 37.pile pulling test拔桩试验 38.pile shoe桩靴 39.pile noise打桩噪⾳ 40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory⽐奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结⽐5.overconsolidation soil超固结⼟6.excess pore water pressure超孔压⼒7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation⼀维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度 12.consolidation test固结试验 13.consolidation curve固结曲线 14.time factor Tv时间因⼦15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压⼒17.principle of effective stress有效应⼒原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结⼗. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排⽔抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应⼒法 8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应⼒法 9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论 10.angle of internal friction内摩擦⾓ 11.cohesion粘聚⼒ 12.failure criterion破坏准则 13.vane strength⼗字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression⽆侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应⼒破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应⼒强度参数⼗⼀. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model⾮线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界⾯模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加⼯软化 10.work hardening加⼯硬化 11.Cambridge model剑桥模型 12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型 13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服⾯15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型 16.elastic modulus弹性模量 17.Winkler foundation model ⽂克尔地基模型⼗⼆. 地基承载⼒--bearing capacity of foundation soil 1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏 2.general shear failure整体剪切破化3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏 4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载⼒ 8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载⼒⼗三. ⼟压⼒--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动⼟压⼒2.passive earth pressure被动⼟压⼒3.earth pressure at rest静⽌⼟压⼒4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑⼟压⼒理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗⾦⼟压⼒理论⼗四. ⼟坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休⽌⾓2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法⼗五. 挡⼟墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡⼟墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡⼟墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡⼟墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重⼒式挡⼟墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡⼟墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙⼗六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝⼟板桩3.steel piles钢桩4.wooden sheet pile⽊板桩5.timber piles⽊桩⼗七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation⽚筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础4.spread footing扩展基础 /doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html pensated foundation补偿性基础 6.bearing stratum持⼒层 7.rigid foundation刚性基础 8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html foundation pressure基底附加应⼒11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作⽤分析⼗⼋. ⼟的动⼒性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method 波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping ⼏何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼⽐6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量 9.dynamic ma ⼆⼗. 地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering地震⼯程2.soil dynamics⼟动⼒学3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude震级7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期 8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最⼤加速度⼆⼗⼀. 室内⼟⼯实验1.high pressure consolidation test⾼压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变⽔头试验4.constant head permeability常⽔头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排⽔试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排⽔试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排⽔试验(CD)/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析 13.geotechnical model test⼟⼯模型试验 14.centrifugalmodel test离⼼模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪 16.direct shear test直剪试验 17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验 19.dynamic simple shear动单剪 20.free（resonance）vibration column test⾃(共)振柱试验⼆⼗⼆. 原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯⼊试验2.surface wave test (SWT)表⾯波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动⼒触探试验4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静⼒触探试验5.plate loading test静⼒荷载试验/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test旁压试验11.light sounding轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测13.vane shear test⼗字板剪切试验14.field permeability test现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙⽔压量测16.in-situ soil test原位试验。
SPEARS 中国版《塑料管手册》说明书
Table of Contents
General Information .........................................................................................................1 Purpose of this Manual..................................................................................................1 Spears® PVC & CPVC Materials ..................................................................................1
Physical Properties of PVC & CPVC Pipe......................................................................2 Dimensions & Pressure Ratings.....................................................................................3
SPEARS® PLASTIC PIPE HANDBOOK
Plastic Pipe
液压基础HYD fundament
Non Positive (IE: Water Pump)
– High Volume, Low Pressure
9
JIC Symbols JIC标准符号
Joint Industry Council
Symbolic Drawings used in Schematics to Represent Components.
Open Center 开心系统 Closed Center 闭心系统
The control valve that regulates the flow from the pump determines if system is open or closed. Do not confuse Hydraulics with the “Closed Loop” of the Power Train. (Hydro)
41
Hydrostatic System 静液压系统
Normal Operation NON SERVO
42
LWFM Hydrostatic System
Motors Want to Act Like Pumps
Dynamic Brake
NON SERVO
43
LWFM Hydrostatic System
12
Axial Piston Pump
Forward Position Angled Swashplate
Charge Oil
Pressure Rotating Group Typically 9 Pistons
13
Axial Piston Pump
澳大利亚蒂汶海奥利弗气田古油藏潜力定量评价
澳大利亚蒂汶海奥利弗气田古油藏潜力定量评价M．Lisk;李志明;张长江;钱华【期刊名称】《国外油气地质信息》【年(卷),期】2003(000)003【摘要】砂岩岩心和钻屑中的含油流体包裹体代表了隐蔽的石油显示。
含有此类包裹体的石英颗粒的数目(GOI数)反映了砂岩储层中曾经历过最大的古含油饱和度，而与现今流体相无关。
含油饱和度高的样品比含油饱和度低的样品的GOI数至少高一个数量级。
因此，在原始油被后期填充气取代的井中，可根据这些流体包裹体的资料确定古油柱并划分原始油一水界面。
此外，若能利用详细的GOI图精确确定原始油一水界面的位置，那么就可以确定古油柱的高度并估算原始石油地质储量。
奥利弗(Oliver)油气田位于澳大利亚蒂汶海(Timor)，现在含有一个178．5m的油气柱，其中气柱高164m，位于14．5m油柱之上。
该油气田已填充至溢出点。
奥利弗-1井的GOI图显示，在现在的气柱内古油柱的总高度曾在99-132m之间，原始石油地质储量高达2亿bbl，明显高于现在4500万bbl的储量。
高达1．55亿bbl的油从奥利弗构造转移到其上倾方向的倾斜断块，从而大大改善了该断块构造的勘探远景。
GOI制图法是一种储层描述新方法。
它能可靠探测现在被气充填的圈闭中的古油储。
在新井钻探之前，利用这些资料可以定量描述气藏及其附近未测试构造的油藏潜力。
【总页数】8页(P29-36)【作者】M．Lisk;李志明;张长江;钱华【作者单位】无【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TE122【相关文献】1.冀北坳陷龙潭沟古油藏下马岭组辉绿岩侵入定量评价 [J], 田永晶;刘岩;钟宁宁;朱雷;王民2.延长气田南部区块古生界天然气勘探潜力分析 [J], 李云;李晶;何剑3.评《带波罗的海口音的莎士比亚》-关于古纳·泽尔蒂娜的新书以及波罗的海戏剧现象的笔记 [J], 卡丽娜·思德法诺娃王阅;4.评《带波罗的海口音的莎士比亚》——关于古纳·泽尔蒂娜的新书以及波罗的海戏剧现象的笔记 [J], 卡丽娜·思德法诺娃;王阅5.川中隆起安岳气田古油藏成藏时间厘定 [J], 杨程宇;文龙;王铁冠;罗冰;李美俊;田兴旺;倪智勇因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
建筑工程英语翻译
【导语】本⽂《建筑⼯程英语翻译》由写作翻译频道整理，仅供参考。
如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享～感谢你的阅读与⽀持！建筑学 architecture建筑物 building房⼦ house摩天⼤楼 skyscraper公寓楼 block of flats (美作:apartment block)纪念碑 monument宫殿 palace庙宇 temple皇宫,教堂 basilica⼤教堂 cathedral教堂 church塔,塔楼 tower⼗层办公⼤楼 ten-storey office block柱 column柱廊 colonnade拱 arch营建许可证,建筑开⼯许可证 building permission绿地 greenbelt⽴⾯elevation设计图 plan/design drawing⽐例尺 scale预制 to prefabricate挖⼟,掘⼟ excavation基 foundations/base打地基 to lay the foundations砌好的砖列 course of bricks脚⼿架 scaffold, scaffolding质量合格证书 certification of fitness原材料 raw material底板 bottom plate垫层 cushion侧壁 sidewall中⼼线 center line条形基础 strip footing附件 accessories型钢 profile steel钢板 steel plate熔渣 slag飞溅 welding spatter定位焊 tacking引弧 generating of arc熄弧 quenching of arc焊道 welding bead坡⼝ beveled edges外观检查 visual inspection重⽪ double-skin⽔平⽅向弧度 radian in horizontal direction成型 molding直线度 straightness accuracy焊缝⾓变形 welding line angular distortion⽔平度 levelness铅垂度 verticality翘曲变形 buckling deformation⾓尺 angle square对接焊缝 butt weld母材 parent metal法兰密封⾯ flange sealing surface夹层 interlayer表⾯锈蚀浓度 surface corrosion concentration挠曲变 bending deformation超声波探伤 ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination压⼒容器 pressure vessel预制下料 prefabrication baiting排版直径 set-type diameter焊缝 welding line中幅板 center plate测量⽅法 measuring method基准点 datum mark跳焊 skip welding允许偏差 allowable variation补强板 stiffening plate开孔 tapping对接接头 banjo fixing butt jointing⾓钢 angle iron安装基准圆 installation fundamental circle吊装⽴柱 hoisting upright column焊接钢管 welded steel pipe向⼼斜拉筋 centripetal canting pull rope槽钢胀圈 channel steel expansion ring环⼝ collar extension局部变形 local distortion顶板 top plate拱顶 vault顶板加强肋 stiffening rib胎具 clamping fixture卷板机 plate bending rolls中⼼⽀架 center bearing bracket椭圆度 ovality等分线 bisectrix点焊 spot welding搭接焊 overlap welding对称地 symmetrically螺旋爬梯 cockle stairs放料阀 baiting valve液位计 content gauge集中式空调系统 centralized air conditioning system热源 heat source平⾯位置的空间 space of planimetric position密封性能 sealing performance连体法兰 coupling flange垂直井笼 vertical well cage变风量 variable air rate管理承包商 Management Contractor⼯程量 works amount审核 review结构预埋配合阶段 Structure preembedment assistance stage 精装修阶段 Fine fitment stage⼯程施⼯阶段 Construction stage⼯程竣⼯阶段 Completion stage台钻 Bench drill冲击钻 Churn drill⼿电钻 Electric portable drill⾓钢卷圆机 Angle iron rolling machine管道切断器 Pipe cutting machine电动试压泵 Motor-driven pressure test pump⼿动试压泵 Manual pressure test pump阀门试压机 Valve pressure test device等离⼦切割机 Plasma cutting machine多普勒超声波流量检测仪 Doppler ultrasonic flow detector 温、湿度传感器 Temperature & humidity senor精密声级计 Precision sound level meter 风罩式风量测试仪 Air hood air rate tester 潜⽔泵 Submerged pump电动弯管机 Electric pipe bender铜管弯管机 Copper pipe bender液压弯管机 Hydraulic pipe bender电动剪⼑ Electric clipper电动空压机 Electric air compressor液压千⽄顶 Hydraulic jack压⼒表 Pressure gauge。
水利专业英语词汇
水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙land wall 坝顶dam crest，dam top 坝踵dam heel 坝趾dam toe 板桩sheet pile 边墩side pier，land pier 变形模量deformation modulus 鼻坎bucket lip 毕肖普法Bishop method 冰压力ice pressure 剥离desquamation 侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway 沉降settlement 齿墙cut-off trench 冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice 纯拱法independent arch method 刺墙key-wall 大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width 单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam 挡潮闸tidal sluice 导流隧洞river diversion tunnel 倒悬度Overhang degree 底流消能energy dissipation by underflow 地震作用earthquake action 垫座cushion abutment 动水压力hydrodynamic pressure 断层fault 堆石坝rock-fill dam 多拱梁法multi-arch beam method 阀门valve gate 防浪墙wave wall 防渗铺盖impervious blanket 非常溢洪道emergency spillway 分洪闸flood diversion sluice 副坝auxiliary dam 刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝arch dam 拱冠梁crown cantilever 拱冠粱法crown cantilever method 工作桥service bridge 固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞 irrigation tunnel 灌浆帷幕 grout curtain 管涌 piping 海漫 apron extension 横缝 transverse joint 虹吸式溢洪道 siphon spillway 蝴蝶阀 butterfly valve 护坡 slope protection 护坦 apron 弧形闸门 radial gate 滑雪道式溢洪道 ski-jump spillway 化学管涌 chemical piping 混凝土防渗墙 concrete cut-off wall 混凝土面板堆石坝 concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面 primary section 简化毕肖普法 simplified Bishop method 浆砌石拱坝 stone masonry arch dam 浆砌石重力坝 stone masonry gravity dam 交通桥 traffic bridge 接触冲刷 contact scouring 接触灌浆 contact grouting 接缝灌浆 joint grouting 截水槽 cut-off trench 节制闸 check sluice 进水口 water inlet 进水闸 inlet sluice 井式溢洪道 shaft spillway 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure 均质坝 homogeneous earth dam 抗滑稳定分析 analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性 stability against sliding 空腹重力坝 hollow gravity dam 空化 cavitation 空蚀 cavitation erosion 空注阀 hollow jet valve 宽缝重力坝 slotted gravity dam 宽尾墩 flaring pier 廊道 gallery 浪压力 wave force 理论计算 theoretical computation 拦河闸 river sluice 沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete 连拱坝 multiple-arch dam 流土soil flow流网法flow net method 锚杆anchor rod 面板face slab 面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow 模型试验model experiment 泥沙压力silt pressure 碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam 牛腿Corbel 排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel 排水drainage 排水闸outlet sluice 喷混凝土sprayed concrete 平板坝flat slab buttress dam 平面闸门plane gate 破碎带crushed zone 铺盖blanket 砌石护坡stone pitching 人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam 人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam 溶洞solution cavern 软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation 软弱夹层soft intercalated layer 实用断面practical section 试载法trial-load method 双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam 水工建筑物hydraulic structure 水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel 水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel 水利枢纽hydro-complex 水力学方法hydraulics method 水平施工缝horizontal joint 水闸sluice 弹性模量elastic modulus 挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet 土工膜geomembrane 土石坝earth-rock dam 土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core 帷幕灌浆curtain grouting 温度荷载temperature load 温度控制temperaturecontrol 温度应力temperature stress 温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel 消力池stilling pool 消力戽roller bucket 消能工energy dissipater 泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel 泄水建筑物discharge structure 泄水孔outlet hole 新奥法NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙breast wall 扬压力uplift 溢洪道spillway 水垫塘plunge pool 溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall 应力分析stress analysis 优化设计optimization design 有限单元法finite element method 有压隧洞pressure tunnel 闸墩pier 闸门gate 闸门槽gate slot 正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway 整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam 趾板toe slab 支墩坝buttress dam 重力坝gravity dam 重力墩gravity abutment 周边缝peripheral joint 驻波standing wave 锥形阀cone valve 自由跌流free drop 自重dead weight 纵缝longitudinal joint 键槽key strench 伸缩缝contraction joint 施工缝construction joint 反弧段flip bucket 拦污栅trash rack 渐变段transition 泄槽chute 发电进水口power intake 通气管air vent 检修门bulkhead gate 事故门emergency gate工作门service gate 堰weir 通气管air vent 胸墙breast wall 梁beam 柱column 回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地earth 一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog 门机gantry crane 止水waterstop 钢筋reinforcement 模板formwork 围堰cofferdam 马道bench；berm 蜗壳volute 水轮机turbine 电站power house 车间workshop 发电机generator 变电站transformer station 副厂房auxiliary power house 安装间erection bay 尾水闸门tail lock 尾水渠tailrace 引水渠approach channel 前池fore bay 导墙lead wall 隔墙partition wall 接触灌浆contact grouting 回填混凝土backfill concrete 帷幕灌浆curtain grouting 挡墙retaining wall 港口harbour 港口建筑物port structure 船闸navigation lock 船闸充水lock filling。
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洁净
含有的污染物应在规定的范围内。
无毒，价格便宜
30
液压油液 - 粘度
3 液体粘度 本质：实际流体的内摩擦力
动力粘度：
按牛顿液体内摩擦定律,相邻两液层 单位面积上的内摩擦力为：
6
液压技术的基础知识 - 力学基本定律
1 力学基本定律
牛顿第一定律，静力平衡公式： 如果一个物体所受的所有作用力的合力为零，则该物体 将保持其原来的运动状态。换言之，如果一个物体处于 平衡状态，则其所受全部作用力的合力为零。
F 0
FX 0 FY 0 FZ 0
7
液压技术的基础知识 - 力学基本定律
牛顿第二定律 - 动力学公式 物体运动状态的变化与其所受作用力的合力成正比，而 与其所含的质量成反比：
定义 Fa ma 为惯性力可得：
或 dv F m ma dt
Fi F Fa 0
牛顿第三定律 - 作用力与反作用力定律 两相互作用的物体上所受的力的数量相等而方向相反。
受压油液
由于液体相对地不可压缩，并且能够占据任何容器的形状， 所以它在力的传递方面具有一定的优势。
28
液压油液 - 对液压油液的基本要求
2 液压系统对工作液体的基本要求
良好的润滑性
液体在两固体接触面之间形成不易被破坏的油膜的能力，防 止固体表面的直接接触而造成磨损破坏。 液体对固体表面的附着力强（液体的表面张力） 良好的润滑要求相对运动的金属表面间形成适当厚度的自 然油膜，油膜厚度与液体的粘度有关，粘度越大，形成的 油膜越厚。 最佳粘度范围： = 20~100cSt
10000 N
10cm2
100 bar
14
液压技术的基础知识 - 压力
油液总是进入阻力最小的通路
即：对于并联的负载，最轻 (要求的工作压力最低) 的负载 最先动作，动作完成后，其它负载再按轻重依次动作。
5000 N 10000 N
50bar
100bar 100bar
A
B
15
液压技术的基础知识 - 帕斯卡原理
或
ρv 2 p γh cons tan t 2
压力 背压 - 速度对应的压力值 液体重量产生的压力
18
液压技术的基础知识 - 流量
5 流量
流量为单位时间内通过封闭截面的流体体积 。液压 系统中所用的流量是指容积流量
V Q vA t
流量单位： 公制：Lpm (L/min) 英制：gpm, 1 gpm = 3.78 L/min
Q Cd Ap
- 0.5 ~ 1
液阻
按上述节流孔的节流公式可知：当有流量流经一个节流口 时，其两端必定会有压力降，也就是说会对液流产生阻力， 其作用类似电阻。将孔口前后压力降与稳态流量的比值定 义为液阻。 流量、压力降及液阻之间的关系十分类似于电工学中反映 电流、电压及电阻之间关系的欧姆定律：
F p A
液体内部任意一点的静压力
F p h A
液体不能抵抗切力，故液体静压力垂直于承压表面，作用 方向为该表面的内法线方向。
液体内任一点所受的静压力在各个方向上均相等。
10
液压技术的基础知识 - 压力
压力对固体壁面的作用力
液体和固体壁面接触时，固体壁 面将受到液体静压力的作用
5
液压传动 - 优缺点
缺点
噪声大； 外部泄漏，会造成环境污染，即使是少量的矿物油漏泄，也会 毁坏大片的地表水。不过现在已越来越普遍地使用可生物降解 的液压油液； 易受污染，液压工作介质中的污染物质会引起元件磨损、系统 故障，甚至导致介质变质、系统性能恶化； 对环境温度较敏感，温度过高或过低均会影响甚至破坏元件的 可靠性和系统的性能； 液压油液中的气体会破坏系统的刚性，引起气穴，导致液压泵 和其它液压元件的损坏； 液压系统存在流量损失、压力损失及摩擦损失，故传动效率不 高，不宜作远距离传动。
Q p RQ (C d A )
其中, R =
1
(欧姆定律：V = IR )
(CdAi)-
即为：液阻
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液压技术的基础知识 - 流量的连续性
流量的连续性 液体被看成是不可压缩的，在封闭的容积中既不能吸收 流量，也不会生成流量，因此： ♦ 串联管道中流量处处相同； Q1 = Q2 或 A1v1 =A2v2 ♦ 对于液压系统的一个部 分，其输入流量之和等 于输出流量之和。 QP = Q1+Q2+QT
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液压技术的基础知识 - 帕斯卡原理
帕斯卡原理的应用实例 – 液压千斤顶
负载F1作用在大活塞上，在液体内部 产生压力： F1
p
压力传递到小活塞处，在小活塞上产 生作用力，为使小活塞保持平衡，必 须在小活塞上应施加的力为：
A1
F1 A2
F2
A2 F2 pA 2 F1 A1
由此可见力得到了“放大”(方向也 可以改变)，用较小的力(F2)来提升很 重的物体(F1)。
p
A1pΒιβλιοθήκη 17液压技术的基础知识 - 柏努利方程
4 柏努利 (Bernoulli) 方程 – 定常流动流体的机械能守恒
p v2 h cons tan t γ 2g
压力(水)头 (比压能 单位重量的压力势能) 速度(水)头 (比动能 单位重量的动能) 位(臵水)头 (比位能 单位重量的位臵势能)
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液压传动 - 几个基本术语
流体传动与控制（液压与气动） Fluid Power
在密闭的回路（或系统）中，以受压流体为工作介质，进行 能量转换、传递、控制和分配的技术。简称 “液压及气动” 液压传动技术 Hydraulics 以液体为工作介质，利用流体静压能实现传动及控制的技术，简称 “液压”。在液压传动中，能量通过管路系统以压力液流的形式被控 制和传递到液压执行元件上进行做功。
对液压马达：
Q n= q
20πT (bar) p= q
T – 扭矩 / Nm q – 排量 / cm3
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液压技术的基础知识 - 节流公式
6 油液流经节流孔的流量公式
薄壁小孔（l/d 0.5)
2 Q Cd A p
Cd - 流量系数，当截面变化很大 (D/d≥7) 时可取为0.62
对矿物油基液压油 ρ ≈ 0.78，取 Cd = 0.62，并将 Q 的单位换 算为 L/min，则薄壁孔的节流公式可近似简化为：
Q 60A Δp (L/min)
细长孔（l/d ≥ 4)
144d4 Q p Cd Ap (cm3/s) l
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液压技术的基础知识 - 液阻
节流孔流量公式
3 帕斯卡 (Pascal) 原理
在密闭容器内的平衡液体中，任意一点的压力如有变化， 该压力变化值将传递给液体中的所有各点，且其值不变。 压力及力的传递
F1 F2 p A1 A 2
F2 = pA2 > F1
F1与F2的做功相等
V = A1S1 = A2S2 W1 = F1S1 = pA1S1 W2 = F2S2 = pA2S2 W1 = W 2
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液压技术的基础知识 - 液压半桥回路
液压半桥回路
p R1 Q px R2 pT = 0
两节流口(液阻) R1与R2为串联，流经的流量Q相等，列出关系式如下：
p1 p p X R1Q
p2 p X R 2 Q
p p X R1 pX R2
R2 pX p R1 R 2
液体自身重量所产生的压力
p = h
右图中，不管容器的外形如何，只要所 盛液体的高度(h)相等，则容器底面积处 的压力相等，即：p1 = p2 = p3。 若底面积相等 (A1=A2=A3)，则底面处 的作用力亦相等，即：F1 = F2 = F3
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液压技术的基础知识 - 压力
外部作用力产生的压力
当固体壁面为平面时，液体压力 在该平面的总作用力为：
p
F
A F p
F = pA
方向垂直于该平面。 当固体壁面为曲面时，液体压力 在曲面某方向上的总作用力为：
F = pAX Ax 为曲面在该方向的投影面积。 AX
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液压技术的基础知识 - 压力
大气压力
包围地球的大气是有重量的，大气 的重量作用在液体表面所形成的压 力称为大气压力。 大气压力常用汞柱高度表示(mmHg)
pQ P (kW ) 600
p – bar Q – L/min
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液压油液 - 液体的基本性质
1 液体的基本性质
液体分子之间的引力可将它们互相紧密地吸引在一起，但 又不足以像固体那样能使分子处于固定的位臵，由此： 液体可以占据任何形状 液体相对地不可压缩
由于液体分子间接触紧密， 液体表现出固体的一种性 质，即相对地不可压缩。
液体粘温性好，粘度随温度的变化小，即：能在较大的温 度变化范围内，保持良好的润滑性
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液压油液 - 对液压油液的基本要求
良好的化学稳定性- 氧化抑止剂
抗氧化、耐腐蚀、不易变质及孳生细菌。
对固体材料的相容性好
对金属及密封材料。
抗泡沫性及抗乳化性好
蒸汽压低，不易产生气泡。
防火性
有一定的阻燃性，必要时应使用抗燃液。
Foundational Knowlege in Hydraulics
液压技术基础
September 21, 2008
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何谓液压传动
液体可看成是不可压缩的，可将封闭的受压液体看成刚体，封 闭的受压液柱象固体一样，可对力、运动以及功率进行传递。
固体钢杆
滑动 负载
机械传动
缸体 活塞
封闭油液
滑动 负载