The meaning of common direction words
英语专业词汇学重点
英语专业词汇学的部分重点1）heart and soul: adv. 全心全意地2）white elephant: n. [a. + n.] something useless and unwanted but big and costly. 大而无用的东西，白象，累赘物3）high tea: n. A fairly substantial meal that includes tea and is served in the late afternoon or early evening. 下午茶下午或傍晚前进食的非常丰富的餐食包括茶水4）cold shoulder: n. Informal Deliberate coldness or disregard;a slight or a snub 怠慢故意的冷落或轻视；怠慢或轻慢5）red herring: n. Something that draws attention away from the central issue. 转移注意力者把注意力从中心论题转移开的东西6）narrow escape: n. 九死一生，幸免于难7）brain trust: n. [n. +n.] a group of people with special knowledge who answer questions or give advice. 智囊团，专家顾问团一个通常非正式地担任顾问和政策制定者的专家小组，尤指政府部门中的8）flesh and blood: n. [n. + conj. + n.] relatives or family一个人的血亲；亲属（2）Human nature or physical existence, together with its weaknesses. 人的本性包括各种弱点的人的本性或物质存在9）an apple of discord: n. [n. + prep. + n.] cause of disagreement or argument, etc. 争端，祸根10）Jack of all trades （Jack of all trades and master of none 三脚猫）：n. 万事通；博而不精的人11）fly in the ointment: n. [n. + prep. +n.] something that spoils the perfection of something. 小挫折12）brain drain: n. 智囊流失13）the ins and the outs: n. 执政党和在野党，复杂情况14）son and heir: n. 子嗣15）part and parcel: n. 重要的部分16）a friend in court: n. 有势力的朋友17）wet blanket: n. 弄湿的毯子，扫兴的事One that discourages enjoyment or enthusiasm.18）cat's paw: n. 受人利用者；傀儡19）king's weather n. 好天气20）Achilles' heel: n. A seemingly small but actually mortal weakness. 阿喀琉斯的脚踝一看来很小但致命的弱点21）cut and dried: adj. [a. + a.] already settled and unlikely to be changed. 固定的；已成定局的；已决定的；不大会改变的/?????/22）as poor as a church mouse: adj. [as + a.+ as+ n.] having, or earning, barely enough money for one's needs. 一贫如洗，赤贫的/??????/23）wide of the mark: adj. [a. + prep.+ n.] not at all suitable, correct etc. 毫不相关24）beyond the pale: adj. [prep.+ n.] beyond the limit of proper behaviour. 在…范围之外25）up in the air: adj. [adv. +prep. +n.] uncertain. 悬而未决26）high and dry: adj. （船）在岸上；孤立无援，被遗弃【a. + a.】He left me high and dry. 他使我陷于困境27）up to the hammer: adv. 第一流，极好28）null and void: adj. 无效的29）high and mighty: <口> 趾高气扬地；骄傲自大的；位高权大的30）on the go: （1）[口]在进行活动，忙碌；（2）刚要动身31）on call: adj. 随叫随到的，待命的32）wet behind the ears: adj. 少不更事的，初出茅庐的，乳臭未干的33）look into: 调查，研究34）go on: continue35）put off: 推迟，拖延，搪塞，使分心，使厌恶，扔掉，脱掉，劝阻36）turn on:37）get away with: do something wrong without being punished. （phrasal verbs）侥幸成功，逃避惩罚[责备，追究] 38）put down to: state that something is caused or explained by.（phrasal verbs）把……归结于39）follow one's nose: [v. + poss. + n. ] go straight ahead, go in the same direction. 笔直走，凭本能做事（verb phrases）40）make it: [v.+ pron.] arrive in time; succeed. 及时赶到，成功（verb phrases）41）fall flat: [v. + a.] fail completely in its intended or expected effect. 达不到预期效果，完全失败（verb phrases）42）give sb. the bag: [v. + pron. + n. ] fire or dismiss somebody. （verb phrases）43）sing a different tune: [v. + a. + n.] change one's opinion or attitude （verb phrases）44）call it a day: [v. + pron. + n.] decide or agree to stop either temporarily or for good. 暂时停止；结束一天的工作（verb phrases）45）chop and change: [v. + conj. + v.] fluctuate or vary constantly; keep changing one's opinion, etc. 持续浮动或变动；不断变换注意和观点，等等（verb phrases）46）swim against the stream: [v. + prep. phrase] do the opposite of what most people want to do; go against the way things are happening. 反潮流；逆潮流行事（verb phrases）47）come back to earth: [v. + adv. + prep. phrase] stop imagining or dreaming. （verb phrases）48）make ends meet: [v+n+v] earn what it costs to live. 收支相抵（verb phrases）49）keep the pot boiling: [v+n+v-ing] earn enough to maintain an adequate standard of living; keep a situation active, amusing, etc. 谋生，维持生活，使保持活泼（verb phrases）第一章1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. "woman" means 'Frau' in German, 'Femme' in French and 'Funv 'in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound/rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）。
18秋西南大学[0057]《英语词汇学》作业答案
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1、This story is a _________ to divert the public attention away from the issue.1. blue moon2. black horse3. red herring4. green hand2、Come on! Cheer up! Don’t just sit here as stiff as a ________.1. poker2. patient3. queen4. king3、Overjoyed to see his long-lost friend, Jimmy ________ a toast to the health of them all.1. suggested2. spoke3. proposed4. raised4、You were not seriously injured. Don’t make a _________ out of a _________.1. mountain, molehill2. mount, molehill3. hill, molehill4. molehill, mountain5、The figure of speech employed in “The past is a bucket of ashes” is _________.1. euphemism2. litotes3. irony4. metaphor6、Our work calls for mutual support. We shouldn’t _________ each other's efforts.1. active2. interact3. counteract4. activate7、They all thought that she and her boyfriend were ________.1. birds of a kind2. birds of a type3. birds of a breed4. birds of a feather8、After a meal in a restaurant, you ask the waiter for the _________.1. note2. receipt3. bill4. menu9、Exercise seems to benefit the brain power of the healthy and the sick, the young and the old ________.1. alike2. included3. alive4. through10、Words with such clusters as “ch”, “ph”, “pn”, “rh” as in chasm, phone, pneumatic and rhetoric are most prob1. German2. Chinese3. Greek4. Latin11、I waited for Tom for ages, but he didn’t _________.1. turn in2. turn up3. turn on4. turn out12、He was ________ of having asked such a silly question.1. miserable2. guilty3. sorry4. ashamed13、I took only a _________ of beans with me and left.1. hand2. handful3. handy4. handed14、1. According to the divine-source theory, language ________.1. the result of our ancestors imitating natural sounds around them2. originated from human physiological adaptation3. originated from the link between physical gestures and orally produced sounds4. is given by God15、Choked traffic has been a(n) ________ to urban transportation system.1. archenemy2. main enemy3. major enemy4. primary enemy16、Flying in an airplane was once thought to be an impossible ________.1. task2. problem3. promise4. profession17、No new ideas _______ from the meeting.1. merged2. submerged3. emerged4. immerged18、The scientists realized it would be too ________ to ship all people in one boat because it was fragile.1. dangerous2. risky3. daring4. bold19、I took the children to the zoo to ________ for the party they missed yesterday.1. make away2. make up3. make it4. make of20、The Old English word stān means ________ in modern English.1. stalig2. stole3. stain4. stone21、In “Elizabeth could hear voices through the open door”, the word door means ________.1. the moveable barrier in the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, car, etc.2. the channel to a certain place3. None of the above4. the panel board22、Communication is the process of ________ a message from a source to an audience via a channel.1. transforming2. transmitting3. switching4. submitting23、Which of the following usually appears in poems？_________1. nag2. steed3. horse4. gee-gee24、According to ________, human language is the result of evolution.1. the divine-source theory2. the oral-gestural theory3. the glossogenetic theory4. the natural-sound theory25、Among the four prefixes in the following, ________ is NOT a quantity prefix.1. an-2. di-3. multi-4. mono-判断题26、In the Middle English period, English lost most of its inflections.1. A.√2. B.×27、Human languages are derived from the natural sounds around and are thus onomatopoeic in nature.1. A.√2. B.×28、There exists a natural relation between the sound and meaning of a word.1. A.√2. B.×29、Words can be moved around without destroying the grammaticality of the sentence.1. A.√2. B.×30、Farewell is shortened from Fare thee well.1. A.√2. B.×31、With the aid of jargons, people of certain field can communicate effectively and economically.1. A.√2. B.×32、There is no principled clear-cut between the lexicon of a language and its grammar.1. A.√2. B.×33、The synchronic approach to word meaning focuses on the semantic changes over time.1. A.√2. B.×34、In the sentence, “I presume that you are Dr. Livingstone”,presume can be replaced by “suppose”.1. A.√2. B.×35、The meaning of words can be equated with what they refer to in the real world.1. A.√2. B.×36、Words loved, cherished, fainted and swirled all share the same grammatical meaning, i.e., “past tense”.1. A.√2. B.×37、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the relationship between words within language.1. A.√2. B.×38、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language.1. A.√2. B.×39、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, park, etc.1. A.√2. B.×40、Lexicology is focused exclusively on lexical words or contents words.1. A.√2. B.×41、Man is a word, a root, a stem and a free morpheme as well.1. A.√2. B.×42、There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.1. A.√2. B.×43、webinar is formed by blending web and seminar, meaning “an online seminar or conference”.1. A.√2. B.×44、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.1. A.√2. B.×45、The prototype of a category is independent from context.1. A.√2. B.×主观题46、grammatical meaning参考答案：Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships of functions, such as tense mea plural meanings of words, etc.47、melioration参考答案：Melioration refers to the process whereby words with humble origins are gradually used in positive, or at least neutral conte xts woman”, but now it is used to refer to the female ruler of a state.48、semantic loan参考答案：A semantic loan is a word or expression that has developed a new meaning or new meanings due to the influence of a related w English word “dream”, for instance, which originally meant joy, music, has taken its moder n meaning from the Norse.49、jargon参考答案：Jargon are languages peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group. For example, RAM, ROM, Hard Disk, CPU, etc. are all ja50、free phrase参考答案：Free phrases refer to any group of words or expressions carrying meaning. For example, “three British experts” is a free phras needed, can be altered, such as “two Chinese students”, “100 African men”, “20 read apples”, etc., each of which carries a me51、morpheme参考答案：Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function that cannot be further analyzed, e.g. -ly, dog, hand, etc.52、root参考答案：A root is the morpheme in a word functioning as the core of the meaning. For example, in “disliked”, “like” is the part left wi but “like”carries the meaning common to both “dislike”, and “liked”.53、subjectification参考答案：Subjectification refers to the process by which the meaning of a given word changes from relatively objective to increasingly s meant “true”or “real”, which are objective descriptive, such a s , very knight meant “true knight”. Presently, “very” is mainly a When I say “It is very hot”, the degree of “hotness” is out of my own personal evaluation.54、What is lexical meaning and what are its different types?参考答案：Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is regarded as being identical can be divided into five different types, i.e. conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning and c illustrated in the following:1) Conceptual meaning, also known as denotative meaning or logical meaning, is assumed to be the most basic and central fac the core of semantic study. The conceptual meaning of a word indicates the concept, and is thus relatively stable. See the followbachelor: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE, –MARRIED]spinster: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE,–MARRIED]wife: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE, +MARRIED]2) Connotative meaning or connotation is the additional meaning that a word possesses beyond its central or conceptual meani associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of the word. See the following examples:boy conceptual meaning [+HUMAN, +MALE, –ADULT]connotative meaning lovable, naughty, noisy, irritating, etc.Connotative meanings or connotations often tend to be variable according to society, time, culture, and even the experience of e.g. “西风” vs. “west wind”: share the same denotation, the wind blowing from the west“西风”: sadness, bitterness, coldness, departure, etc.“west wind” in Britain: agreeable figure associated with spring and flowers3) Social meaning of words refers to the information about the potential social circumstances where the words are appropriate the following factors:DIALECT (e.g. the language of geographical region or of a social class)TIME (e.g. the language of the eighteenth century, etc.)PROVINCE (e.g. language of law, of science, of advertising, etc.)STATUS (e.g. polite, colloquial, slang, etc.)SINGULARITY (e.g. the style of Dickens, of Hemingway, etc.)4) Affective meaning conveys the personal emotions and attitudes of a language user, including his attitude to the listener, or h about. In the following, words in Column A are affective positive while those in Column B are negative in meaning.A Bslim skinnynew unproveninexpensive cheap5) Collocative meaning is part of the word meaning suggested by its relations with the words it can co-occur. It refers to the gr words can be used together.e.g. pretty vs. handsome.Although these two words share common ground in expressing the meaning of “good-looking”, they may be distinguished by t linguists’ term) collocate with.55、What is a compound and what is a free phrase? How can compound and free phrases be distinguished?参考答案：Compounds refer to words formed by compounding or combining two or more stems. Free phrase is similar to “expression”. It idiomatic meaning. Compounds are similar to free phrases in structure, but compounds and free phrases are essentially differen features, semantic features and grammatical features.1) Phonetic difference: Stress in compounds tends to fall on the initial element while that of free phrases is apt to fall on the fin Compounds Free phrases'green house green 'house'blackboard black 'board'White House white 'houseThis rule of distinction is not always reliable.e.g. scholar 'activist, Mansion 'Avenue, May 'Flowers, silk 'tie.2) Semantic differences: A compound is a semantic gestalt/gəˈʃtɑ:lt/ that expresses a single idea just like a word.e.g. green house : a building with glass walls and roof for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions o the free phrase green house means a house in green color.The meanings of the constituents in compounds form an inseparable semantic whole. The change of any element will result in considerable amount of compounds are transparent in meaning, that is, their meaning is the combination of the meanings of the scarlet fever, etc.3) Grammatical difference: A compound is supposed to perform a single grammatical role in a sentence like a noun, a verb or a compounds, blackboard and White House cannot be modified by the adverb very, but it is acceptable in phrases a very black b56、He was brainwashed into believing money made defines the means.参考答案：他被洗脑了，相信为了钱可以使用一切手段。
华中师大《英语词汇学》期末考试学习资料(五)
华中师《英语词汇学》（五）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. .: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. .: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. :the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. :pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]。
Main-Types-of-Word-Meaning
Main Types of Word Meaning1、Grammatical MeaningGrammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as the word class, singular and plural forms of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms (forget, forgets, forgot, forgotten, forgetting).2、Lexical meaningLexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. E.g. ‘go, goes, went, gone, going’possess different grammatical meaning. But they have the same lexical meaning expressing the process of movement.3、Contextual MeaningThe context generally shows in what sense the word is used, in its primary sense or its figurative sense. The meaning of the word is defined by the context. e.g. 1) Some of this country are much warmer than others.2) What does a farming country mean? 3) The country is opposed to war.4、Conceptual meaningConceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. e.g. Sun: a heavenly body which gives off light, heat,and energy；Mother: a female parent .5、Associative meaningAssociate meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Comparing with conceptual meaning, it is secondary and open-ended. It varies according to culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education and other contextual factors.6、Connotative meaningIn contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies. It shows th e user’s emotions, attitudes towards what the word refers to. e.g. sob, cry, weep, wail；Mother (a female parent) is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, ‘tenderness’, ‘forgiving’, etc；Home (a dwelling place) may suggest ‘family, warmth, safety, love, conv enience’, etc. ‘East or west, home is best’.For people with different cultural backgrounds, a word might evoke different associations.7、Stylistic meaningWords may have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. It is observed that there are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and stylistic meaning. e.g. male parent, father, daddy Example:(1)Common words: brother, mother, hand, arm, grass, moon, bed, home. Eat, hear, big, good(2)Formal words: purloin (steal) overtones( hint, suggestion)(3)Informal words: a) Colloquialisms: nippy (nimble) daddy (father) tell of (to scold) b) Slang: bread dough lolly chickenfeed ---money c) Vulgarisms: gent (gentleman)d) Jargon: sucker e) Argot: can-opener dip (pickpocket)8、Affective meaningAffective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards t he person or thing in question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: Appreciative or commendatory: words of positive overtones used to show appreciation or approval. Pejorative or derogatory: words of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.This affective difference is especially true of synonyms.9、Collocative meaningCollocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.‘A bit or a little’ collocates with words of negative conno tations: drunk, jealous, gloomy, tired, worried…‘Highly’ collocates with words of positive connotations: important, significant, intelligent, sensitive…。
词汇学Word-Meaningppt课件
(3).Social meaning: Based on: ①the social relationship between the
speakers;②the occasion;③the subject matter;④ the mode of speech;etc. eg: What’s your age? （对求职者）
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2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adumeaning: eg: chair → 官位 mother → love, care, tenderness man → 勇敢，强壮，责任心，大度 woman → 意志薄弱，爱流泪，多情善感 (Anyway,she is a woman.) politician → 欺诈，夸夸其谈 blood → 出身，亲情，民族 (Blood is thicker than water. He has Canadian blood) chicken → 懦弱，胆怯 adult → 责任
你吃了吗？ (denotative meaning; connotative meaning)
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(4).Affective meaning: a.Interjections: Oh! Alas! Ouch! b.Approval and disapproval: mother, scholar, masterpiece, career, buzz, gang, boast, workaholic, etc. c.Bias: slender — skinny, statesman — politician, famous — notorious proud — arrogant （褒义） （贬义）
The Suffixes of Words
具有抽象名词的含义
accuracy diplomacy • -acy, 表示“性质，状态，境遇” • -age, 表示“状态行为身份及其结果，总称” marriage • -al, 表示“事情的动作,过程”或表示具体事 arrival journal 物 importance difference • -ance，-ence,表示“性质，状况，行为，总量，程度” frequency • -ancy,-ency, possibility 表示“性质，状态，行为，过程，程度” • -bility, 表示“动作，性质，状态” woodcraft • craft , 表示“工艺，技巧” democracy • cracy, 表示“统治，支配” bankruptcy • -cy, 表示“性质，状态，职位，级别”
• -ion,-sion,-tion,-ation,-ition, 表示“行为的过程，结果，状况”action，solution， conclusion • -ise, 表示“性质，状态”exercise，merchandise • -ism，表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰” socialism,criticism • -ment， 表示“行为，状态，过程及其结果”treatment movement • -mony，表示“动作的结果，状态”ceremony • -ness， 表示“性质，状态，程度” goodenss,kindness • -or，-our，表示“动中国，性质，状态”favor,error
e Suffix
Contents
1.表示某种职业或动作的人 2.具有抽象名词的含义 3.带有场所，地方的含义 带有场所， 4.带有学术，科技含义 带有学术 学术， 5.表示人和事物的总和 6.表示物品和物质的名称 7.表示细小的含义
乔布斯经典语录：活着就是为了改变世界英文版
乔布斯经典语录：活着就是为了改变世界英文版他的成就和人格魅力影响了一代人和整个世界，他就是拥有梦幻般传奇经历的苹果电脑公司的创始人斯蒂夫·乔布斯。
这个个人电脑领域的梦想家引领并改变了整个计算机硬件和软件产业。
这个精力充沛魅力无限的家伙同时也是一个很会鼓动人心的激励大师，甚至在他的平常对话中，经典的语句也常常脱口而出。
这里摘取了一些经典的乔氏语录，希望对你有所帮助。
Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.领袖和跟风者的区别就在于创新。
Innovation has no limits. The only limit is your imagination. It's time for you to begin thinking out of the box. If you are involved in a growing industry, think of ways to become more efficient; more customer friendly; and easier to do business with. If you are involved in a shrinking industry – get out of it quick and change before you become obsolete; out of work; or out of business. And remember that procrastination is not an option here. Start innovating now!创新无极限！只要敢想，没有什么不可能，立即跳出思维的框框吧。
如果你正处于一个上升的朝阳行业，那么尝试去寻找更有效的解决方案：更招消费者喜爱、更简洁的商业模式。
察觉英语单词
察觉英语单词1. 单词：perceive- 单词释义：意识到；察觉；理解。
- 单词用法：可作及物动词，例如“perceive sth. / sb.”（察觉某事/某人），“perceive that...”（意识到……）。
- 近义词：detect, notice。
- 短语搭配：perceive as（视为；当作）。
- 双语例句：- I perceive a change in his attitude. It's like he was a cloudy sky and now he's suddenly sunny. 我察觉到他态度的改变。
就好像他之前是阴天，现在突然放晴了。
- She can perceive the slightest sound in the forest. Oh, it's amazing how sensitive she is, like a super - detector. 她能察觉到森林里最细微的声音。
哦，她的敏感程度太惊人了，就像一个超级探测器。
- Do you perceive that something strange is going on? It's as if there's a hidden mystery waiting to be uncovered. 你察觉到有什么奇怪的事情正在发生吗？就好像有一个隐藏的秘密等待被揭开。
- They perceived the danger immediately. Man, they are so quick - witted, like cats that sense a lurking predator. 他们立刻察觉到了危险。
天哪，他们真是思维敏捷，就像猫能感觉到潜伏的捕食者一样。
- He perceived her sadness from the look in her eyes. It was so obvious, just like a dark cloud hovering over her. 他从她的眼神中察觉到她的悲伤。
胡壮麟语言学 重点名词解释
语言学重点名词解释refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.refers that there is no logical connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for(meaning and sounds).means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.system must be learned by each speaker.people what they should say and not say.in which languages are treated as self-contained systems of communication at any particular time在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代）历时in which the changes to which languages are subject in the course of time and treated historically.(在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化)2个共时即为历时occur in the world’s languages.are sounds produced by obstructing the flow of air in the oral cavity。
英语词汇学_Unit_04_Word_meaning
In narrow sense, semantic meaning refers to word meaning or sentence meaning.
Sentence meanings
1) His typewriter has bad intentions.
Anomalous
2) My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.
Word meaning is referential meaning. Word meanings are what we sought and
what should be provided in comprehensive dictionaries of a language. (p.67)
Ogden & Richards 1923, Meaning of
Meaning
John means to write.—— “intends”（意图） A green light means go.—— “indicates”（表述） Health means everything.—— “has importance”
（重要性） His looks was full of meaning.—— “special
importance”（特别强调） What is the meaning of life?—— “point, purpose”
英语词汇学习策略
03
Classify and summarize vocabulary according to theme, part of speech, semantics, etc., forming vocabulary groups, which helps the system remember.
Learning vocabulary through associative memory
Develop a learning plan
Regular review: While learning new vocabulary, it is also important to regularly review vocabulary that has already been learned. The review cycle can be determined based on personal memory and learning plans. It is generally recommended to review and consolidate the vocabulary learned at regular intervals.
Practice reading skills
Use reading techniques such as prediction, inference, and summarization to improve reading comprehension ability.
Improve English reading comprehension ability
Learning vocabulary usage
02
English vocabulary learning strategies
英语初中演讲稿
英语初中演讲稿《The Importance of English》Good morning/afternoon, dear classmates and teachers. Today, I am very glad to be here to give a speech on the importance of English.I. IntroductionEnglish has be a global language in the modern world. It is widely spoken and used in different fields, such as international business, science and technology, culture and education.II. Body1. Communication- English word:municate- Meaning: to share or exchange information, news, ideas, etc.- Usage:municate with sb. (与某人交流)- Example: We canmunicate with people from all over the world in English. (我们可以用英语与来自世界各地的人交流。
) - Phrase: internationalmunication- Meaning: the exchange of information between different countries.- Example: English plays a vital role in internationalmunication. (英语在国际交流中起着至关重要的作用。
)2. Business- English word: business- Meaning: the activity of making, buying, selling or supplying goods or services for money.- Usage: do business (做生意)- Example: Many internationalpanies do business in English. (许多国际公司用英语做生意。
《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照
《英语词汇学》重要术语One：1。
Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words。
3。
Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature，invented for specific occasions，or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners，conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else。
5. Content words 实义词Content words are used to name objects，qualities, actions，processes or states，and have independent lexical meaning.6。
Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms。
Two：1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2。
高考英语汉译英专项训练
汉译英（整句）1．传统中医安全可靠，最早可追溯到三千多年前，是中国古代人民的智慧结晶。
(represent) （汉译英）2．今年的春晚(The Spring Festival Gala)好戏连台，有悦耳动听的歌曲，美轮美奂的舞蹈，还有风趣幽默的相声，观众们在喜庆的气氛中辞旧迎新。
(so that) （汉译英）3．实现梦想之前，一个人要经历一段时间的艰难，这是常有的事。
(That) （汉译英）4．因缺少资金，公众直到最近才得以进入这个商业中心。
(accessible) （汉译英）5．读书让我领悟到了人生的真谛，当我迷茫时，书犹如一只明亮的火炬指引我前进的方向，增强我的勇气和自信心。
(allow) （汉译英）6．数学是我的短板，我得多花一点精力。
(put) （汉译英）7．在春暖花开的日子里，人们常常外出游玩，欣赏春天的美景。
(when) （汉译英）8．这位艺术家虽然遭遇不幸，但从不怨天怨地，而是潜心钻研，在绘画领域成绩斐然。
(despite) （汉译英）9．面对重重挑战，员工们指望经理带领公司朝着正确的方向前进。
(look to) （汉译英）10．这部春节档电影明星云集，情节曲折，制作精良，实现了票房与口碑的双丰收。
(release) （汉译英）11．我想特别强调的是你可以利用媒体来学习汉语，因为这样的话你长时间学习也不会感到疲劳。
(主语从句+表语从句) （汉译英）12．为了增进两校的理解和友谊，我们将会赠送给你们100册各种类型的图书。
(不定式表目的) （汉译英）13．读了这本书让我觉得自己好像从长眠中醒来，终于睁开了眼睛，看到了这个世界!(使用as if从句) （汉译英）14．体育的价值不仅仅是强身健体，还在于培养锻炼青少年的责任感和意志力。
(lie) （汉译英）15．各类电子产品方便了人们的工作生活，然而如何处理废旧电子产品却成为一大难题。
(though) （汉译英）16．不努力一把，怎么知道人生会不会有更多的可能?(If) （汉译英）17．过去的三年里，这个曾经无人问津的小村庄吸引了大量游客。
在某个地方英语介词
在某个地方英语介词英文回答：In the English language, prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. They can indicate location, direction, time, or other relationships. Some of the most common prepositions include:Of: Indicates possession, origin, or a part of something.To: Indicates direction, purpose, or a recipient.In: Indicates location, time, or a state of being.On: Indicates location, support, or a specific time.At: Indicates location, time, or a particular point.For: Indicates purpose, reason, or a period of time.With: Indicates accompaniment, means, or possession.By: Indicates means, agency, or proximity.From: Indicates origin, source, or separation.Over: Indicates position, coverage, or a period of time.Prepositions are essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences and conveying clear meaning. They help to establish relationships between words and phrases, and they can also modify the meaning of verbs and adjectives.Here are some examples of prepositions in use:The book is on the table.I went to the store.She is sitting in the chair.The plane flew over the city.The child was playing with the dog.中文回答：介词是英语中表示名词或代词与句子中其他词语之间关系的词。
The meaning of common direction words
The meaning of common direction words.Direction words require you to support what you say with evidence from your research on the question.ANALYSE: Identify the main parts, examine them in detail and showhow they are related.ARGUE: Present the reasons for supporting and/or opposingsomething.COMPARE:Show points of similarity and of difference. CONTRAST:Point out differences.CRITICISE:Give your ideas about the merit or truth of something.Write about both the limitations and the good points. DEFINE: Provide the precise meaning of a word or phrase. Givethe limits or the boundaries of the definition. DESCRIBE:Give a detailed account of the different aspects of thetopic.DISCUSS:Consider the different sides and aspects of a question orproblem and come to a conclusion.EVALUATE:Consider the advantages and disadvantages ofsomething.EXAMINE:Present the main ideas in depth and investigate theimplications.TTA/UNITEC/2001EXPLAIN:Make the meaning clear looking at reasons, causes andeffectsIDENTIFY:Point out and describe.JUSTIFY:Prove or give reasons for conclusions or decisions. OUTLINE: Give the essential features, showing main points andimportant subordinate points. Leave out minor details. RELATE:Comment briefly and critically on the main points of atopic or issue.SUMMARISE: Examine the main points concisely.Some Terms Explained:∙Factor(s)-the circumstances bringing about a result∙Concept-an important ideaTTA/UNITEC/2001。
英语词汇学Chapter 7dictionaries
7.1 Introduction
• • • • 3)内容安排 The organization The types The importance of corpora in dictionary making • Some English dictionaries
7.2 organization of the entry
7.5 types of dictionaries
• • • • • • 三大类： General and specialized dictionaries Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries Electronic and printed dictionaries 3) 其他的分类标准 On the basis of size, users and function
7.2.4 etymology
• 4) the use of abbreviation and signs • MD: middle English • ＜ : derived from
7.2.5 definition
• • • • • 1) importance The heart of a dictionary 2) forms A) Description A sentence with less frequently used words • Limit the vocabulary in the description
• 1) 简介 • Corpus work in English began in the 1960’s with the development of the Survey of English Usage and the Brown University Corpus • By the 1990’s lexicographers could draw on massive resources such as the British National Corpus, the International Corpus of English, and the Bank of English.
词汇学试题
English lexicologyI Choose the best answer from the four choices. (30’)1.The “s‖ in ―drums‖ is ____.A.a free morphemeB.a stemC. a rootD.an inflectional affix2.A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting3.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. phoneticallyD. etymologicall4._____is a pair of emotive synonyms.A.―Dad‖ and ―father‖B.―Flat‖ and ―apartment‖B. C.―Mean‖ and ―frugal‖ D.―charge‖ and ―accuse‖5.The word ―language‖is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.This is called_______.A.scientific languageB.idiolectB.C.colloquial language D.formal language6.The meaning of the word "fond" changed from "foolish" to "affectionate" by mo de of_______.A. extensionB. narrowingC. elevationD. Degradation7. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example______ .B.A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolishC.C. last → pleasureD. knave → boy8.English lexicology embraces morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics and _____.A. linguisticsB. pragmaticsC. lexicographyD. Phonology9. Which of the following is incorrect?A. ―airmail‖ means ―mail by air‖B. ―reading-lamp‖ means ―lamp for reading‖C. ―green horn‖ is the horn green in colorD. ―hopeless‖ is ―without hope‖10.which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)11.The following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.A. change in meaningB. change in soundC .change in spelling D. borrowing12. Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. complementary termsD. conversive terms13. ―parent/child, husband/wife, predecessor/ successor‖are ______ .A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. conversive termsD. complementary terms14.There are 2 main process of sense –shift except____.A. radiationB. concatenationC. borrowing15. According to morphology, there are 2 types of classifications except_____.A. root antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. contraries16．There are derivative antonyms except____.A. pleasant----unpleasantB. polite---impoliteC. war---antiwarD. large----small17. There are complementary antonyms except____.A. child----girlB. single—marriedC. dead----aliveD. brother---sister18. There are 3classifications of homonyms except_____.A. perfect homonymsB. homographsC. HomophonesD. contrary homonyms.19.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic20.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzedplete the following statements with proper words.(24)1.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ____ .2.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.3.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In thewords the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.4.Part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs all belong to________ meaning.5.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _______of words.6.Generally speaking,linguistics is the ______study of language.7.There are two main approaches to study of English lexicology,that is____and_____.8.“Tulip”and “rose”, are______of “flower”.“Flower”is the superordinate term and “tulip”,“rose”are the______term.8.At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe:Angles, _____ and______.9.Four group of loan words________,________,_______and_________.III.Put the following words into the appropriate blanks.(10’)flock herd school troop pride1.a ____of cattle2.a ____of monkeys3.a____of lions4.a____of sheep5.a____of fishIV.Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.(10’1.Relations between meanings of words can be synonymy, antonymy or hyponymy.2.In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.3.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates grammatical concepts.4．The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary.5.―Male/female, present/absent‖are contrary terms.V.Define the following terms.(2’+4’=6’）1.Word2.MotivationVI.Answer the following questions .(6’+6’+8’=20’）1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemy? How to differentiate them?2.How do linguists divide the history of the English language for analysis?3.Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.答案I.1.D.2.C3.C4.C5.B6.C 7B 8.C 9.C 10 C 11.A12.A 13.C 14.C 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.AII.1.meaning2.associated meaning3.origins4.grammatical5.meanings6.scientific7.synchronic,diachronic8.hyponymys, superordinate8.Saxons,Jutes9.aliens, denizens,translation-loans,semantic borrowingsIIIherd troop pride flock schoolIV1.T2.F3.T4.F5.TV.1.A word is a minimum free form,that is to say,the smallest form that may appear in isolation.2.Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.Most words can said to be non-motivated.That is,the connection of the sign and meaning does not have logical connection explanation.Neverthelss,English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent.VI.1. Homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings. By seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from different sources while a polysemy is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of a polysemy are correlated and connected to do with one another. Additionally, in dictionary, a polysemy has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.2.Three periods in the development of English language (vocabulary)1)Old English or Anglo-Saxon period (449-1100)1 Much of the old English vocabulary was borrowed from Latin 如bargain, cheap, inch, pound; cup, dish, wall, wine, etc2 Old English was a highly inflected language. It has a complete system of declensions of words2)Middle English period ( 1100-1500 )1 French influence and Norman Conquest in 1066Law and government administration: Military affairs、Religion、Art2 Middle English is becoming from highly inflected language to analytic language3)Modern English period (1500-)1 Influence of Renaissance Latin and Greek words2 Science and abstract ideas3 Literary, technical and scientific words4 The Late Modern English (between1700-the Present).3.1.Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.2. A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3. Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4.Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.。
英语功能词
英语功能词Function words, also known as structural words or grammatical words, are the words in a language that have little or no lexical meaning, but serve various syntactic or grammatical functions. These words are crucial for the understanding and correct use of a language. In English, there are several categories of function words, including articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and auxiliary verbs.Articles are function words that indicate whether a noun is specific or nonspecific. The most common articles in English are "the," which is used to indicate a specific noun, and "a" or "an," which are used to indicate a nonspecific noun. For example, "the dog" refers to a specific dog, while "a dog" refers to any dog.Pronouns are function words that are used in place of nouns. They can refer to a specific person or thing, or represent a general category. Some common pronouns include "he," "she," "it," "they," "we," and "you." For example, instead of saying "Mary is a doctor," you can say "She is a doctor."Prepositions are function words that show the relationship between a noun and other words in a sentence. They indicate location, direction, time, manner, or cause. Some common prepositions include "in," "on," "at," "from," "to," and "with." For example, in the sentence "I am going to the store," the preposition "to" shows the direction of the action.Conjunctions are function words that connect words, phrases, or clauses. They are used to indicate a relationship between theconnected elements. Some common conjunctions include "and," "but," "or," "if," and "because." For example, in the sentence "I like to read and write," the conjunction "and" connects the verbs "read" and "write."Auxiliary verbs, also known as helping verbs, are function words that are used with main verbs to form different verb tenses, moods, voices, and aspects. Some common auxiliary verbs include "be," "have," and "do." For example, in the sentence "He is studying for the exam," the auxiliary verb "is" is used with the main verb "studying" to indicate the present progressive tense.Function words are important for understanding and constructing sentences correctly in English. They provide the necessary grammatical structure and help convey meaning. By mastering the use of function words, learners can improve their overall language proficiency and communicate effectively in English.。
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The meaning of common direction words.
Direction words require you to support what you say with evidence from your research on the question.
ANALYSE: Identify the main parts, examine them in detail and show
how they are related.
ARGUE: Present the reasons for supporting and/or opposing
something.
COMPARE:Show points of similarity and of difference. CONTRAST:Point out differences.
CRITICISE:Give your ideas about the merit or truth of something.
Write about both the limitations and the good points. DEFINE: Provide the precise meaning of a word or phrase. Give
the limits or the boundaries of the definition. DESCRIBE:Give a detailed account of the different aspects of the
topic.
DISCUSS:Consider the different sides and aspects of a question or
problem and come to a conclusion.
EVALUATE:Consider the advantages and disadvantages of
something.
EXAMINE:Present the main ideas in depth and investigate the
implications.
TTA/UNITEC/2001
EXPLAIN:Make the meaning clear looking at reasons, causes and
effects
IDENTIFY:Point out and describe.
JUSTIFY:Prove or give reasons for conclusions or decisions. OUTLINE: Give the essential features, showing main points and
important subordinate points. Leave out minor details. RELATE:Comment briefly and critically on the main points of a
topic or issue.
SUMMARISE: Examine the main points concisely.
Some Terms Explained:
∙Factor(s)-the circumstances bringing about a result
∙Concept-an important idea
TTA/UNITEC/2001。