英语·语法·虚拟语气2

虚拟语气2内容提要语气是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。

虚拟语气表示说话者的主观愿望、假想和建议等，所说的话有的与现在事实相反，或与过去事实相反，或与将来事实相反或与将来事实可能相反。

所以虚拟语气总是与假设条件句用在一起。

除了if条件句外，还有几种常用的条件句，短语也可表示条件。

此外，上下文也能创造虚拟的语言环境。

但有时条件从句与结果主句可能发生时间不一致，有时虚拟语气会出现倒装情况。

除了与条件句在一起使用的主句用虚拟语气外，有些宾语从句或表语从句也有用虚拟语气的情况。

I虚拟语气的形式与基本用法一、虚拟语气的形式虚拟(条件)语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面四类二、虚拟语气的基本用法1. 与现在的事实相反1) What type of automobile would you buy ？［A］if you have free choice to choose the cars available today［B］if you are free to choose among all the cars available today［C］if all cars available were free to be chosen by you［D］if you were free to choose among all the cars available today2. 与过去的事实相反(有时主句中的should have done表示责备或后悔)2) ，he would have come to class.［A］If Mike is able to finish his homework［B］Would Mike be able to finish his homework［C］If Mike could finish his homework［D］If Mike had been able to finish his homework3) If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably the 1940 unemployment rate of 14％still further.［A］would rise［B］would risen［C］would have risen［D］had risen4) Top grade ［A］diamonds had not ［B］increased so sharply ［C］in value in the late seventies ［D］if one company had not controlled almost all of the world’s supply.3. 与将来的事实相反5) The report would be ［A］released last January if new developments had not ［B］made it necessary to revise all conclusions drawn from ［C］the first series of ［D］experiments.6) It is said Tom will go to an appointment tommorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I ask him to go to your place.［A］will［B］would［C］shall［D］might7) If you to see Mary，what would you tell her?［A］are［B］will be going［C］must［D］were4. 与将来的事实可能相反(1) If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. 要是万一明天下雨，我就呆在家里不出去。

事实上现在天气很好，明天下雨的可能性应该不大，不过也说不准。

(2) If I should see her next Monday, I would tell her about it. 如果下周一我能见到她的话我就把这件事告诉她。

三、例题解析1) D为正确答案。

2) D为正确答案。

3) C为正确答案。

4) B错。

改为would have not。

5) A错。

改为would have been。

6) B为正确答案。

7) D为正确答案。

II 虚拟语气的特殊表现形式一、表示“好像”：除了if条件从句外，由as if和as though等引导的状语从句表示方式时，意思是“好像”,这时从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。

其动词形式用过去时(be用were的形式)表示所说的与现在的事实相反；用过去完成时表示所说的与过去的事实相反1) Violetta has a curious ［A］expression on ［B］her face as though she was smiling ［C］about something that amused her ［D］.二、特殊连词的需要：lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should＋加动词原形)We dare not play jokes on Mr. Wang lest he should become angry. (我们不敢跟王先生开玩笑，恐怕他生气。

)He hurried on, lest he should drop out in the forced match. (他加紧步伐，生怕在急行军中掉队。

) Every attention must be paid to him lest he (should) feel that he is inferior to my other guests. (我对他特别关照，唯恐他感觉到比我的其他客人低人一等。

)He’s working hard for fear that he should fail in the exam. (他加紧学习唯恐考试不及格。

)三、介词短语表示虚拟：有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来。

如but for, but that…, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without 等表示让步假设He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失败了。

)We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假设我们有更有利条件，我们还会做得更好。

)2) But for his help，I .［A］should not have succeeded［B］had not succeeded［C］did not succeed［D］have not succeeded3) The complex society of a modern ［A］civilization would be ［B］impossible not having ［C］the art of writing ［D］.4) But that he came to help me, I .［A］could not have succeeded［B］did not succeed［C］could not succeed［D］can’t but succeed四、虚拟错综条件句：上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。

但是，如果主句与从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整If I had a bike(now), I would have lent it to you yesterday. 假如我有自行车，昨天早就借给你了。

(主句与过去事实相反，从句与现在事实相反。

) I am very sorry if I had done anything wrong to you, but I am sure that it was unintentional.(如果我当时对你作错了什么事，我向你表示抱歉。

但我敢保证我不是故意的。

)5) If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1955，the housing problems now in some parts of this country so serious.［A］wouldn’t be［B］will not have been［C］wouldn’t have been［D］would have not been6) If you had not studied the problem carefully until recently .［A］you will find any difficulty now［B］you would have found any difficulty now［C］you would find any difficulty now［D］you have find any difficulty now五、省略虚拟条件句：虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是were或should(could, might), had 等词时，可以省略连词If, 但要将were或should(could, might), had助动词移至主语前形成句子例装(参见第十三章“倒装句”)7) today, he would get there by Thursday.［A］He is starting out［B］If he starts out［C］Would he start out［D］Were he to start out.8) ，John would not have failed.［A］If he has listened to me［B］Had he listened to me［C］If he listened to me［D］As soon as he listened to me9) I known it，I should have told him.［A］Have［B］Had［C］Having［D］If10) Hadn’t my car broken down，I the train.［A］should have caught［B］might catch［C］could catch［D］had caught六、例题解析1) C错。