05年福州市高职单招商贸类模拟卷二
2005年福建省“高职单招”全省统一考试《数学》试题
2005年福建省“高职单招”全省统一考试 《数学》试题 （考试时间120分钟，总成绩150分）答案的序号填在题干后的括号内；本大题12小题，每小题4分，共48分） 1．设集合22{(,)|1,,}M x y x y x y =+=∈∈R R ， {(,)|0,,}N x y x y x y =-=∈∈R R ，则集合M N 中元素的个数为 （A ）1 （B ）2 (C)3 (D)4 2．如果0αβπ<<<，那么必有 （A ）cos cos αβ< （B ）cos cos αβ> (C) sin sin αβ< (D)sin sin αβ> 3．点P 从（1,0）出发，沿单位圆221x y +=逆时针方向运动56π弧长到达点Q ，则点Q 的坐标为（A ）1)2（B ）1()2 (C) 1()2- (D) 1)2- 4．△ABC 的顶点坐标分别为(,3)(2,0)(8,2)A m B C -、、，且AB BC ⊥ ,则m 等于 （A ）3 （B ）4 (C) 5 (D)6 5．设偶函数()f x 的定义域为[]5,5-，若[0,5]x ∈时，()y f x =的函数图像如右图，则不等式()0f x <的解集是（A ）()()2,00,2- （B ）5,22,5-- （）（） (C)()()5,20,2-- (D)()()2,02,5-6．若函数()y f x =的图像与函数2log (1)y x =+的图像关于直线0x y -=对称,则()f x 的表达式为(A) 21x -(B) 12x - (C) 12x -- (D) 21x -- 7．函数3sin4cos 22x x y =+的周期是 (A) π (B) 2π (C) 3π (D) 4π8．已知函数sin(2)y x ϕ=+的图像过点(,0)4π，且0ϕπ<≤，则ϕ的取值是 (A) 4π (B) 2π (C) 34π (D) π 9．数列1111,,,,248-- 的第8项是 (A) 1256- (B) 1256 (C) 1128-(D) 112810．如图，空间四边形ABCD 各边中点分别为E F M N 、、、，当AC BD ≠且AC BD ⊥时，四边形EFMN 的形状为(A) 正方形(B) 长方形(C) 菱形 (D) 梯形 11．已知集合{}{}M 1,1,2,3,N 4,5,6,7=--=-,从集合M 中任取一个元素x ，集合N 中任取一个元素y ，则点(,)x y 落在第二象限内的概率为 (A) 18 (B) 14 (C) 38 (D) 112．椭圆22221(0)x y a b a b+=>>的左、右焦点分别为1F 、2F ，线段12F F 被点(,0)8a 分成5:3两段，则此椭圆的离心率为 (A) 13 (B) 23(C) 45 (D) 12二、填空题（把答案写在题中的横线上；本大题8小题，每小题5分，共40分）1．已知函数()21,{1,0,1,2,3}f x x x =-+∈-，则它的值域是_______________________.2．235log 3log log 4 的值等于____________________________3．如果2,2,2a b c成等比数列,那么2a c b +-=________________________4．若双曲线221259y x -=上的点P 到一个焦点的距离为12，则点P 到另外一个焦点的距离为____________________________5．6()a x x +的展开式中,常数项是20，则a =____________________6．如果2,3,,3a b a b π=== ,那么a b = ____________________________ 7．若函数()||f x x b =-在[0,)+∞上位增函数,则b 的取值范围是___________________8．如图,已知平面α⊥平面β,l αβ= ,P 是空间一点,且P 到α、β的距离分别是1、2，则点P 到l 的距离是____________________三、解答题（本大题7个小题，共62分；解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤）8分）证明：2cos (tan 1)(tan 1)cos(2)αααπα+-=+8分）已知2()1f x x mx =++，若对任意x R ∈，都有(1)(1)f x f x +=-，求m 的值。
福建省福州市高职单招英语模拟试卷(二)
福建省福州市高职单招英语模拟试卷（二）一：单词辨音在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的不同。
请找出正确的答案。
（每题1分，共计10分）1. league A. bread B. repeat C. headache D. break2. down A. throw B. slowly C. narrow D. power3. plane A. age B. plan C. ago D. watch4. excuse A. duty B. judge C. but D. puzzle5. these A. best B. report C. evening D. merry6. picture A. city B. music C. pencil D. incident7. ground A. large B. general C. geography D. garden8. comb A. broom B. debt C. public D. exhibition9. character A. chairman B. change C. branch D. stomach10. wanted A. played B. dropped C. mended D. joined二词语解释15%在下列各题的A BCD四个选项中选出一个与句子划线部分意思相近的选项11 Professor Smith's studies will be directed towards finding a better way of reducing wastes.A. researchB. experimentsC. informationD. examinations12 The old man brought out his ticket and handed to the conductorA.put outB. hand outC. gave outD. took out13 – The famous singer will give a concert in our school.– I don't think so.A I don't know. B. I have no idea, C. I can't agree with you. D. I hope not.14 What do you think of this book? Oh, great.A. Are you interested inB. How isC. How do you doD. How do you like15 He gave me some advice from time to time when I was doing my homework.A. sometimesB. now and thenC. oftenD. at that time16 Old John of ten says that he’d like to live by himself when he retired.A. separatelyB. lonelyC. singleD. alone17 -- “I’m sorry ,I’m late” . ---“It doesn’t matter.”A. I don’t mind.B.That’s all right.C. Don’t worry.D. No, thanks.18 That teacher told him not to do that again.A. no moreB. any moreC. not, any longerD. over19 After a day's hard work, he appeared rather tired.A. turnedB. came outC. seemedD. looked around20 It is cold outside. Put on your coat.A. Take offB. Put offC. Pull onD. Have on21 Thousands of people suffered from the floods brought about by the storms.A. experienced losses during B were killed byC. were in danger ofD. were on guard against22 This time I passed the exam, but the time before I didn'tA. the next timeB. one timeC. last timeD. before time23Something must be wrong with her .She said nothing all day.A. talked a lotB. kept silentC. talked loudD. spoke much24 Just then the door opened and in came a policeman.A. Just a minuteB. Just nowC. Just at that momentD. Right now25 Wait for a moment, please.A.Just nowB. Just a momentC. Not very longD. Much too short 三语法知识25%26 He is busy _______ the _______final exam.A preparing, comingB preparing for ,comingC to prepare for ,cameD to prepare, come27 ______I can’t understand is_____ he wants to change his mind.A That ,thatB which ,howC What, howD What, why28 Not only _____to stay at home, but he was also forbidden to see his friends.A he was forcingB he was forcedC was he forcedD was he forcing29 The man entered the room, _______by a little boy.A followB followedC followingD to follow30 Your house is _____mine.A as big twice asB as big as twiceC twice as big asD as twice as big31 We sometimes heard _____songs in English.A him singB that he singsC him to singD that he sing32 The reason _____I have to go is _____if I don’t.A that, that she will be disappointed.B that , because she will be disappointed.C why , that she will be disappointed.D why ,on account of her being disappointed33Mr.Smith is one of the foreign experts _______ in China.A who worksB that is workingC who are workingD which has been working.34 Did you notice the little boy ________away?A. took the apple and runB. take the apple and runC. taking the apple and runD. who taking the apple and run35 They don’t think he is a good student,_______?A is heB isn’t heC don’t theyD do they36 The most important thing we should do is to study hard.A.whatB. thatC. whichD. why37 .– What time is it? – It s twelve. It's time we lunch.A. haveB. would haveC. should haveD. ate38 I’m not sure if he the day after tomorrow.A. comesB. will comeC. has comeD. would come39 He offered to help me, was very kind of him.A. thatB. itC. thisD. which40.______dictionary you've bought!A. What a usefulB. What an usefulC. How a usefulD. How an useful41 . "May 1 have a word with you?" " _ .”A. CertainlyB. Not at allC. Never mindD. That's nothing42 The searching the hill for a missing boy.A. policemen isB. polices areC. police areD. policemans are43 . he will pass the exam is still unknown.A. WhetherB. IfC. WhichD. That44 We will never forget the days we spent together on the island.A. thatB. whichC. on whichD. during which45 —-I have a good time at your birthday party. —- .A. CertainlyB. I’m glad to hear thatC. Not so good at allD. Oh, no, no46 Tony is the only one of the students who______ to Europe.A. have goneB. has beenC. have beenD. had gone47 .We don’t understand the passage there are few new words in it.A. andB. thoughC. ifD. because48 more time, he could have done the work much better.A. To be givenB. To giveC. GivingD. Given49 His father told him _____ the TV , because his mother was sleeping.A to turn onB to take offC not to turn onD taking off50 The book ____ cover is blue is _____.A. who, myB. whose, mineC. whose, herD. who, mine四完形填空20%A superstar usually is someone who has become famous in sports, or films or popular music. Someone likes the singer Michael Jackson. 51 the middle nineteen eighties, Michael Jackson made a record album 52 ‘‘Thriller.” It quickly became the most 53 recording in the history of music , 54 made Michael Jackson a superstar.The 55 super means something that that is extremely good. And of course, a 56 is a person who is famous .So people use superstar to 57 the top music people. In 58 superstars in the United States was bower Muhammed Ali. Young 59 he was ,he won agold medal in the Olympics 60 a boxer.61 he became the heavy-weight boxing champion of the world. Before long ,he was 62 as one of the 63 and most famous 64 in sports history.Muhammed Ali claimed when he was champion he was 65 famous than the president of the United States,the 66 of the Soviet Union, or the Pop in the Vatican. He was a true superstar. Everyone 67 his name.But like the stars in the sky, a superstar 68 from sight as time passes. Many young people, for example,69 little these gays about Muhammed Ali .Superstar, loved by millions of people today, but forgotten 70.51 A On B In C At D With52 A called B calls C calling D call53 A clear B beautiful C popular D valuable54 A which B it C they D that55 A letter B word C sentence D paragraph56A painter B dancer C star D model57 A talk B say C praise D describe58 A music B sports C art D literature59 A like B as C though D although60 A as B like C be D is61 A But B Still C Then D However62 A knew B being known C knowing D known63 A greatly B greatest C great D greater64 A boxers B bower C singer D singers65 A far B much C more D even66 A director B CEO C head D manager67 A knew B knows C known D knowing68 A fades B escapes C disappear D goes69 A hear B know C see D think70 A tonight B yesterday C future D tomorrow五阅读理解40%(1)Mother’Day is a holiday for mother.It is celebrated in the United States,England, Sweden,India, Mexico and some other countries.Little by little ,it becomes widely celebrated .Mother’s Day falls on the second Sunday in May.On that day,many people send presents of love to their mothers .Those whose mothers are still living often wear a pink or red roses or carnation,while those whose mothers are dead wear a white one.The idea of a day for mothers was first given by Miss Anna Jarvis ofPhiladephia .As a result of her hard work,the celebration of first American Mother’s Day was held in Philadelphia on May 10,1908.Soon the holiday became popular all over the country and the world.In China ,people do the same on this special day for mothers.And in some cities ,people sometimes ask a song to be broadcast for his or her mother only.This might cost a small sum of money of them ,but as it is said,love in invaluable.71. In the passage the people celebrate Mother’s Day in ____________________.A. the USA ,India ,Mexco ,China,England,Sweden and some other countries.B the USA ,India ,Mexco , England,Sweden and some other countriesC the USA ,India ,Mexco ,China,England,Japan and some other countriesD the USA ,India , ,China,England,Sweden and some other countries72. The people celebrated the first Mother’s Day _______.A ten years ago.B in the late nineteenth century.C at the beginning of the twntieth century.D at the beginning of the nineteenth century.73 .What is the meaning of carnation?A 玫瑰B 康乃馨C 荷花D 菊花74.________was the celebrate of the first Mother’s Day.A An EnglishwomanB An IndianC A ChineseD An American75. According to this passage,how do the Chinese people celebrate Mother’sDay?A They sing songs for their mothers.B They buy some special things for their mothers.C They ask songs on the radio for their mothers.D They give some money to their mothers.(2)Many adults think that the decision to buy a computer is theirs. They are the world’ s webmasters. But now .a US survey has found children are getting more and more interested in the Internet. The number of children using the Internet has grown three times in the past three years.Three years ago, the number of children from 2 to 17 years old entering the web world was eight million. Today , the number has increased to 25 million. By the year 2005,the number of children online is expected to be 42 million.More and more children are using the net because their parents use it .The survey showed that the number of parents using the net has changed from 4.5 million to 16.5 million.The survey found many other interesting facts.◆Almost two—thirds of US families have home computers.Forty-sixpercent of all family members are hooked on the Internet.◆Girls are using the net as much as boys.◆In five years, school will become the main gateways to the Internetfor children.76 By the year 2005, the number of children online will be ______ more than today. A: 8 million B: 17 million C :25 million D 42 million.77 Why are more and more children using the net now?A Because they needn’t go to school any more.B Because they will have exams on the net.C Because their parents often use the net and affect them.D Because their teachers give lessons on the net all day.78 What do you think of girls going on line?A The girls go on line less than boys.B They spend a lot of time on the net like boys.C They are weak in using the net.D The girls only use the net at school.79 What’s the best title of this passage?A Adults Become The Owner of the InternetB Children Lead the InternetC How Do Children Use the Net?D Boys Use the Net as much as Girls80 Which of the following are about the survey on the Internet use?① More and more children are interested in the Internet.② Three-fourths of US families have home computers.③ Forty –six percent of all family members are deep in the Internet.④ Boys use the net as much as girls.⑤ Schools will become the main gateways to the Internet for children in five years.A ①②③④B ①②④⑤C ②③④⑤D ①③④⑤(3)Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing your own psychological space needs is important because they strongly affect your choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were brought up in a two-child family and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you alsowill offer separate bedrooms for them. In America, for example* they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in bed near them.The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. Some families gather closer to each other and the size of their house has nothing to do with it. Others have separate little corners where family members go to be alone. Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they sometimes have to be changed a little because of economic pressures. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.81. The first sentence in Paragraph 1 "Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of space" means "_____".A.No two people need exactly the same amount of living spaceB.Living space requirements are not always the sameC.The world requires the same amount of living spaceD. Nobody needs a required amount of living space82.Some families gather closer to each other at home than others because _____.A they have limited living spaceB they are brought up in a large familyC it satisfies their psychological space needsD. the children in the family sleep in the same bed with their parents.83 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A People in various countries demand different psychological spaceB Economic situation decides one's amount of space needs.C. Americans are trained to live in large rooms at birth..D. Knowing your psychological space needs is important, as it affects your future.84According to the writer of the passage, psychological space needs _____.A.are not affected by income at allB.can hardly be changed altogetherC. can be changed if you make up your mind to do soD. have nothing to do with cultural background85 The best title for this passage is _____.A American Way of LivingB Psychological Space and Economic PressureC. Space Needs in Different CountriesD Psychological Space(4)It is exciting to apply for a job that really interests you. In making your application, there are a number of points for you to pay special attention to, In your letter of application, aim to say just enough to give a good introduction about yourself without being dull. If you are answering an advertisement, any information for which it asks must, of curse, be given. This will usually cover your scholastic record and any further education and training. You may also be asked to give the names of one or two persons to supply statements about your character and abilities. For this purpose you should choose people who know you well enough to be responsible for your character and ability, and to be polite, you should seek in advance their permission to be named as referees.It will depend on how much you can usefully add about yourself. Your purpose is to bring to the notice the employer any good reason why you rather than any of the others should be chosen for the job. If therefore you feel you have a special skill or ability for the work or for example, any particular interest in the line of business, let this be known.Finally, there is your use of language. You cannot go wrong if you keep your sentences and paragraphs short, making sure the sense is clear and well expressed. choose plain words so long as they express your meaning.86. The aim of writing a letter of application is toA. show to the employer your scholastic record.B. make it clear why you are most suitable for the job.C. show your character and abilityD. give enough information about yourself87. In your letter of application, try toA. keep it as short as possibleB. give more information about your education and trainingC. say as little as possible, but with enough informationD. cover your scholastic record fully88. The writer suggests you choose words easy, so long as they express your thoughts.A. to seeB. to hearC. to writeD. to understand89. The best title for this passage could be______________.A. How to Find a JobB. Effective Letter WritingC. Writing Letters to One's EmployerD. Applying for a Job90. When you apply for a job, which of the following is not what you should do?A. You must put in your scholastic record.B. You should cover any of your further education and training.C. You should give the names of one or two references.D. You shouldn't say enough to give instruction about yourself without beingdull.六翻译20%1 No one knows when umbrellas were first used to keep people dry. In the United States they were first used in 1770s. It was thought that they had come fromInd i a.These early umbrellas were made of linen. They were oiled; this made them waterproof (防水). At first people laughed at the new umbrel l as. Small boys threw stones at them.They were clumsy to use. But they kept the rain off. People did not laugh at them for long. By 1780 anyone who could pay for an umbrella bought one.2 Reading newspaper has become an important part of life. Some people read newspapers as the first thing to do in the morning ,others read newspapers as soon as they have free time during the day so that they learn what is happening in the world.Sometimes, we do not have enough time to read all the news carefully, so we just take a quick look at the front page. At other times, we may be in such a hurry that we only have a few minutes to look at the names of the passages.Today newspapers in English have the largest number of readers in the world. The English language is so popular that many Chinese students are reading English newspapers such as China Daily or 21st Century. They bring us more and more messages together with the Internet.七作文20%下面是某中外合资企业刊登在China Daily上的一则广告：Office secretary, with experience in bookkeeping, typewriting, public relations, operating PC(personal computer)Address, age, health and educationA518 Charlie Office请根据广告中提出的招聘职务，应聘条件和你自己的简要情况，用100个左右的单词写一封自我介绍信。
2005年福建省中考模拟试题 人教版
2005年福建省中考模拟试题A卷（满分：100分）第一部分：听力测试（共30分，每小题1分）Ⅰ.Listen to the sentences and choose the right pictures.（听音，选择恰当的图片，并将其字母代号填入相应的题号中。
听两遍）Group 1.AA B B C D1. __________2. ___ _______3. __________Group 2.A B C D4. __________5. __________6. __________Group 3.A B C7. __________Group 4.A B C8. __________Group 5.A B C9. __________Group 6.A B C10. __________Ⅱ. Listen to the dialogues and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.（听简短对话，然后挑选最佳答案回答所听到的问题。
听两遍）11. A. It’s Sunday. B. It’s Saturday. C. It’s Friday.12. A. He went to a museum. B. He went to the movies. C. He went to the garden.13. A. At about 9:00. B. At about 8:00. C. At about 8:30.14. A. Yes, she did. B. No, she didn’t. C. We don’t know.15. A. Football. B. Volleyball. C. She doesn’t know.16. A. Mid-Autumn Day. B. Christmas Day. C. Thanksgiving Day.17. A. Orange juice. B. Orange juice and milk. C. Milk.18. A. Do his math exercises. B. Play ping-pong. C. Do his English exercises.19. A. She will go to Hainan. B. She hasn’t decided yet. C. She will go to London.20. A. One and a half hours. B. One hour. C. Eight hours.Ⅲ. Listen to the dialogues or passages and choose the right answers to Questions 21-30. (听较长对话或短文，选择正确答案作答21-30小题。
福州市2005年高考模拟试卷(B)
福州市2005年高考模拟试卷（B ）数学试卷（理科）（考试时间：120分钟；满分：150分）一、选择题：(本大题共12个小题，每小题5分，共60分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的)1．以下是关于满足B A ⊆的非空集合A 、B 的四个命题，其中正确的有（ ）①若任取A x ∈，则B x ∈是必然事件 ②若任取A x ∉，则B x ∈是不可能事件 ③若任取B x ∈，则A x ∈是随机事件 ④若任取B x ∉，则A x ∉是必然事件 A ．1个 B ．2个 C ．3个 D ．4个2．函数)433tan(3π+=x y 的图象的一个对称中心是（ ） A ．)0,43(π- B ．)0,34(π C ．)0,12(π D ．)0,6(π3．已知)(x f 定义在R 上以4为周期的奇函数，且a f f =>)3(,1)1(，则（ ） A ．1>a B ．2>a C ．1-<a D ．2-<a4．按性别用分层抽样法，从体育班10名女生，5名男生中抽出6名学生进行检测，则可能出现的不同样本的种数是（ ）A ．25410A AB ．615310C CC ．615CD ．25410C C5．实数c b a b a ,,3,7,5,,⋯组成等差数列，且2500375=⋯c b a b a ＋＋＋＋＋＋，则实数c 的值为（ ）A ．99B ．100C ．101D ．不能确定6．设21,F F 是双曲线12222=-by a x （a>0，b>0）的两个焦点，点P 在双曲线上，若021=⋅PF PF 且)(22221b a c ac PF PF +==，则双曲线的离心率为（ ）A ．251+ B ．231+ C ．2 D ．221+7．右图是一个简单多面体的表面展开图，沿虚线折叠还原， 则这个多面体的顶点数是（ ）A ．6B ．7C ．8D ．98．设函数)(x f 的定义域为]4,4[-，其图象如图， 那么不等式0sin )(≤xx f 的解集为（ ） A ．]1,2[-B ．]4,1[]2,4[⋃--C ．],1[]0,2[],4[ππ⋃-⋃--D ．以上都不正确 9．已知函数)(lg 1x fy -=的图象过点（10，6），函数)(x g y =与)(x f y =的图象关于y 轴对称，则)(x g y =的图象必过点（ ）A ．（-6，1）B ．（-1，6）C ．（6，10）D ．（1，6）10．()()()()()的大小关系是与则上可导，且在已知函数11,12/2f f xf x x f R x f -+=A ．f (-1 ) = f ( 1 )B ．f (-1 ) < f ( 1 )C ．f (-1) > f ( 1 )D ．不能确定－211．已知1x 是方程2005lg =⋅x x 的根，2x 是方程200510=⋅x x 的根，则21x x ⋅等 于（ ） A ．2004B ． 2005C ．2006D ．其他确定的数12．在ΔABC 中，tanA 是以－4为第三项，4为第七项的等差数列的公差；tanB 是以31为第三项，9为第六项的等比数列的公比，则这个三角形必为（ ） A ．等腰三角形B ．直角三角形C ．钝角三角形D ．锐角三角形二、填空题(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分。
商贸职专--2011年福州市高职单招财经商贸类模拟试题
08级高职单招《基础会计》模拟试卷出卷人：徐一萍考试时间：150分考试形式：闭卷考班级姓名座号成绩一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．会计人员在审核原始凭证过程中，对于手续不完备的原始凭证，按规定应（）。
A．扣留原始凭证B．拒绝执行C．向上级机关反映D．退回出具单位，要求补办手续2．总分类账、现金日记账和银行存款日记账适用的外表形式是（）。
A．订本式账簿B．活页式账簿C．卡片式账簿D．活页式账簿或卡片式账簿3．按账簿的用途分类，“租入固定资产登记簿”属于（）。
A．分类账簿B．日记账C．明细分类账D．备查账簿4. 会计凭证按( )分类，分为原始凭证和记账凭证A、填制程序和用途B、来源C、填制方法D、反映的内容5．下列情况中，属于不定期全面清查的是（）。
A．更换出纳人员对现金银行存款进行清查B．更换仓库保管员对其保管的财产进行清查C．年终决算前的全面清查D．单位主要负责人调离工作时的财产清查6. 现金和银行存款之间的相互划转业务一般只填写( )A、收款凭证B、付款凭证C、转账凭证D、会计凭证7．下列资产负债表项目中，不能根据总账余额直接填列的是（）。
A．实收资本B．货币资金C．盈余公积D．短期借款8．可以作为登记总分类账的依据是（）。
A．原始凭证B．记账凭证C．累计凭证D．记账编制凭证9．某单位会计部第8号记账凭证的会计事项需要填制3张记账凭证，则三张凭证编号为( )A、8，9，10B、8(1/3)，8(2/3)，8(3/3)C、25/3,26/3,27/3D、8–1,8–2,8–310．财产物资的盘盈额应计入“待处理财产损益”账户的( )方A、借B、贷C、借或贷D、借和贷11.“银行存款余额调节表”中，银行对账单指的是( )A、银行转来的记录B、企业会计所作的记录C、财产清查人员所作的记录D、出纳的记录12．在借贷记账法下，账户的借方表示（）。
高职单招商贸模拟卷2
福州市商贸类高职单招第二次质检试卷学校：班级：姓名：成绩：一、填空题（每空2分，共40分）1、市场营销职能主要有三类：一是交换功能，包括；二是供给功能，包括；三是便利功能，包括资金融通、风险承担、市场信息等。
2、市场营销的任务，是向市场展示中所包含的利益或服务，而不能仅限于描述。
否则企业将导致“市场营销近视症”。
3、保持并发展与顾客的长期关系是关系市场营销的重要内容。
建立关系是指。
保持关系的前提是。
4、某种物品或服务的目前需求水平和时间等于预期的需求水平和时间的一种需求状况，称为。
5、实体产品的重要性不仅在于拥有它们，更在于使用它们来。
6、市场营销管理的实质是，市场营销管理就是。
7、市场营销系统中，是核心层次。
既体现为该系统的目的，又体现为该系统的特定功能。
8、市场营销系统中宏观系统的目的与特定功能是。
微观系统的直接目的是获得盈利，最终目的是。
9、按照产品组织理论，是市场结构的一个主要要素，企业控制市场的程度取决与它们使自己的的成功程度。
10、按市场学的观点，企业定位应以为出发点，在这个基础上实现。
11、从促销的历史发展过程需要,企业最先划出 ,其次是广告,再次是销售促销,最后是。
二、单项选择题（每题3分，共30分）1、企业从消费者的角度对创意所做的详尽描述叫做（）A、产品形象B、产品概念C、产品外观D、产品用途2、在我国，多数企业应用市场营销原理时，偏重于分销渠道、促销、市场细分和市场营销调研部分，处于（）。
A、传播时期B、应用时期C、扩展时期D、国际化时期3、（）实际上是制造商的独家全权销售代理商。
商品经纪人 B、制造商代理商 C、销售代理商 D、采购代理商4、为了在任何地方产生可度量的反应和达成交易，而使用一种或多种过高媒体的互相作用的市场营销系统的是（）A、直复市场营销B、直接邮购C、电子销售D、电视市场营销5、便宜无好货，追求高档高价商品属于（）型购买行为。
A、习惯型B、理智型C、经济型D、冲动型E、不确定型6、下列说法正确的是（）A、非耐用品都是便利品B、便利品都是非耐用品C、对特殊产品的购买，人们习惯于多家比较而后购买D、对非渴求物品企业最好不要生产7、关贸总协定是在（）时间正式生效。
福州市职校商贸类高职单招质检试卷1[1]
![福州市职校商贸类高职单招质检试卷1[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/d291dc59d5bbfd0a795673f4.png)
福州市职校商贸类高职单招质检试卷（A）（考试时间150分钟，总成绩300分）学校：__________班级：________姓名：_________成绩：__________一、单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，每小题3分，共90分）1、人们购买人寿保险，是一种满足（）的行为。
A、生理需要B、安全需要C、社会需要D、尊重需要2、供收藏的邮票和钱币，属于（）A、便利品B、选购品C、特殊品D、非渴求品3、人们购买制冷用的空调主要是为了在夏天获得凉爽空气，这属于空调产品整体概念中的（）。
A、核心产品B、形式产品C、期望产品D、延伸产品4、香水制造商说服那些不用香水的女士使用香水，说服男士使用香水，其采用的是（）A、市场改良B、产品改良C特性改良D、市场营销组合改良5、某企业生产4大类产品，其中每一大类有八个产品项目，则产品组合的长度是（）A、4B、8C、32D、126、某公司原来生产摩托车，现在增产小轿车，该公司的做法属于（）A增加产品组合的宽度B增加产品组合的长度C增加产品组合的深度D增加产品组合的高度7、目前国内彩电市场普遍有效需求不足，那么长虹、康佳、TCL等彩电巨头企业的市场营销管理的主要任务是（）市场营销A、改变B、刺激C、开发D、协调8、一般来说，在产品种类、产品品种、产品品牌中生命周期更长些是（），表现出比较典型生命周期过程的是（）A、产品种类，产品品牌B、产品种类，产品品种C、产品品种，产品品牌D、产品品种，产品种类9、为了转移所供物品的所有权，而就其价值及有关条件达成最后协议。
这是分销渠道职能中的（）的职能。
A、物流B、融资C、接洽D、谈判10、消费品中的选购品和产业用品中的通用品，通常采用的分销策略是（）A、广泛分销B、选择分销C、独家分销D、直接分销11、（适用于市场商品供过求，卖方竞争激烈的市场环境。
A、边际贡献定价法B、盈亏临界点定价法C、目标利润定价法D、完全成本定价法12、长虹彩电公司提出“产业报国以民族昌盛为己任”口号被全国各大报纸争相报道，这属于促销组合构成要素中的（）A、广告B、销售促进C、人员推销D、宣传13、若宣布明日的销售活动，企业不能选择的媒体是（）。
福建省福州市英语学科高职单招模拟试卷(二)
福建省福州市英语学科高职单招模拟试卷（二）（考试时间：120分钟总分：150分）班级座号姓名成绩第一节：单词辨音(10分)从下列各题的A,B,C,D中找出其划线部分与所给单词划线部分读音相同的选项(每题1分,共计10分)1 quarter A .dark B .warn C. pardon D. harm2 pleasant A .pleased B. please C. pleasure D. league3 boot A. foot B .tooth C .classroom D .cook4 flow A .allow B .low C .crowd D .power5 whole A .why B .where C .when D .whose6 finger A .angry B .singing C .young D. long7 complete A . merry B .bell C .beg D .these8 false A .almost B .chalk C .talk D .fall9 uncle A .think B .clean C .rain D .then10 works A .beds B .chairs C .studies D .stops第二节：语法知识(25分)从下列各题的A,B,C,D中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项(每题1分,共计25分)11. Two_______ and three ________attended the meeting.A. Englishmans, GermenB. Englishmen, GermenC. Englishmen, GermansD. Englishmans, Germans12. Father often says to me, “Be _______honest boy today and ______ useful man tomorrow.”A. a, aB. an, anC. a, anD. an, a13. People in the west make ________ a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.A. thatB. itC. thisD. as14._______of the students in our class are from the north.A. Two ninethB.Two ninthC. Two ninthsD. Two nineths15. I have to write ________ composition every other week.A.a 8-hundred-wordB.a 8-hundreds-wordC.an 8-hundred-wordD. an 8-hundreds-words16. The text is ______ than that one.A. much difficultB.much less difficultC.difficulterD.many more difficult17. That new school is three times _____ours.A. as bigger asB.the size ofC.so big asD. bigger of18. The light is still on. They ______to turn it off when they left the room.A. must forgetB.must have forgottenC. may forgetD.could have forgotten19. In the past 10 years, there ________ great changes in our family life.A.has beenB.areC.have beenD.had been20. When I got there, the meeting _______for ten minutes.A.has begunB.had begunC.has been onD.had been on21. No one enjoys ________fun of in public.A.makingB.being madeC.to be madeD.having been made22.______to the left and you’ll see the post office.A.To turnB.TurningC.If turnD. Turn23. _______ the airport, they waved again and again to me.A.When leavingB.When leaveC.When to leaveD.When left24 . ________ made her mother very angry.A.Helen was married JackB.Helen has married JackC.Helen to be married JackD.Helen’s marrying Jack25. _______ good care of, the old man is living a happy life.A.TakingB.To be takenC.Having takenD.Taken26._____ entered the room _____ the bell rang.A.We hardly had, whenB.Hardly had we, whenC. Hardly had we, thanD. Hardly did we, when27. ______ he gave you!A .What good advice B. How good advice C .What a good advice D.How good advices28. The young man _______is an engineer of our factory.A.that you just talkedB.you just talked toC.whom you just talkedD.you just talked to him29. The reason why he was late was _______ he had taken a wrong bus.A.becauseB.whetherC.whenD.that30. ________ you go or stay at home won’t make any difference.A.IfB.WhenC.ThatD.Whether31. Jim passed the driving test, ___ surprised everybody in the office.A. whichB. thatC. thisD. it32. We need to do it, ______?A. don’t weB. needn’t weC. do weD. A or B33. It is known to all that ____ you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health.A. unlessB. wheneverC. althoughD.if34. It was because of bad weather ____the football match had to be put off.A. soB. so thatC. whyD. that35. We are working hard ___ make our country stronger than before.A. so thatB. in order thatC. in order toD. so to第三节：完形填空(20分) (每题1分,共计20分)The two largest islands of the British Isles are Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is made (36) England, Scotland and Wales. Scotland (37) the north of England. Wales lies to the southwest of (38). Ireland lies to the west of (39). Great Britain has (40) of 228,000square kilometres. Scotland is half the size of England and Wales(41) an area of about 76,000 kilometres. Ireland is (42) than Great Britain. It was reported in 1984 (43) the UK had a population of 56,000, the English, the Welsh, the Scottish and the Irish. About 80 percent of the people (44) the English. English is the official language, but (45) of the British people speak it.The mountains in Great Britain are almost all in the north and west, (46) are not high. There are (47) no hills in the south and east. There are many rivers in Great Britain, one of (48) is the Thames（泰晤士河）.The River Thames runs (49) south (49) east, into the North Sea. London, which is the capital of Great Britain and the UK, (50) the Thames.The lakes in the west of England are the most beautiful in England, (51) flowers and green trees around them. Large lakes (52) in Scotland, too. Ireland is a very beautiful country, which isn’t far away from England. It is (53) two countries. Northern Ireland, (54) in the north, is a part of the UK. The southern part is a separate country, (55) the Republic of Ireland. In Ireland snow almost never falls.36. A of B from C up of D into37. A lies to B lying in C lies in D lying to38. A Scotland B England C Ireland D Great Britain39. A Scotland B England C Wales D Great Britain40. A an area B a population C areas D populations41. A cover B has C there is D covering42. A as small as B much smaller C much bigger D as large as43. A what B how C that D when44. A have B has C are D is45. A all B not all C none D not both46. A which B that C where D they47. A never B hardly C already D almost48. A whom B which C them D that49. A from; to B between; and C neither; nor D across; through50. A lying on B lying in C is in D is on51. A have B there are C with D which are52. A can be seen B can see C can find D are discovered53. A separated from B kept in touch with C standing for D divided into54. A lies B lie C lying D lain55. A calling B which is called C that is called D is called 第四节：阅读理解(40分) (每题2分,共计40分)(A)An old very rich friend of mine told me he had an unpleasant experience. He went to a famous jewelry shop and asked to be shown some gold necklaces. After examining several, he decided to buy a gold necklace with a precious stone, and asked if he could pay by cheque. The assistant said that was quite in order, but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office. The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had given them a worthless cheque not long ago. My friend got very angry when he heard this and said that he would buy a necklace somewhere else. When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay unless he wanted to get into serious trouble. Sure enough, the police arrived soon afterwards. They were polite, too, but explained that a person who had used the same name as his was responsible for a number of recent robberies（抢劫案）. Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of stores. The note read, “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no question and give me all the money in the drawer.”Fortunately, my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike the thief’s. He was not only allowed to go without further delay, but to take the necklace with him.56.When the man asked if he could pay by cheque, the assistant___________________.A refused to take anyB invited him into the manager’s officeC said that was all rightD said nothing was wrong with a cheque57. Why was the man invited into the manager’s office?A His handwriting was like a thief’s.B A thief had used the same name as his.C He don’t sign his name correctly.D His cheque was different from others.58. After the man heard what the manager said, he _______________.A got very angry and left at onceB went out to buy a necklace somewhere elseC insisted on staying until the police cameD thought that he had nothing to do with the stealing59. The police were polite, too, because ___________________.A they didn’t think the man was a thiefB the man was old and very richC they were not sure whether the man was the thief they wantedD they doubted that the man was responsible for a number of recent robberies60. Which of the following is suggested in the passage?A Though the man had some trouble, he got the necklace without paying cash.B Nobody noticed the man take the necklace with him.C The manager never thought an old man would be a thief.D The thief always stole things in famous jewelry shops.(B)All of us eat every day, but most of us don’t understand nutrition(营养). We often make mistakes in talking about good diet.For example, many people think that food, such as rice, bread and potatoes, will make one grow fat. In fact, those foods are very good to one’s health. They are good sources of many vitamins(维他命). And in comparison with steak and beef, they contain less amount of calories.Some people don’t like canned or frozen vegetables, because they think fresh vegetables cooked at home are always better. This is again wrong. In fact, whether the vegetables are good or not depends more on how they are prepared. Over cooking, for example, destroys many good qualities of vegetables. Vegetables cooked in too much water can lose a large amount of vitamins.It is widely believed that extra vitamins provide more energy. But taking more than the body needs doesn’t make it function better.It is also wrong to say that vegetables grown in poor, worn-out soil are lower in vitamins than vegetables grown in rich soil. The vitamins in our foods are in the plants themselves. They don’t come from the soil. However the minerals（矿物质） in a plant depend on the minerals in the soil.In short, there are many false ideas about nutrition. We need to correct them.61. This passage is mainly about _____________.A nutritionB vitaminsC vegetablesD healthy62. Rice, bread and potatoes do good to people’s health because _____________.A they make people fatB there are a lot of vitamins in themC they contain less amount of calories compared with steak and beefD both B and C63. Why don’t some people like canned or frozen vegetables? Because ______________.A they think fresh vegetables contain less vitaminsB they think fresh vegetables contain more vitamins than the canned or frozen onesC they don’t think the canned or frozen vegetables are freshD they don’t think the canned or frozen vegetables taste as good as the fresh64. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A Many people know almost everything about nutrition.B Food, such as rice, bread and potatoes, makes people fat.C Vegetables grown in poor, worn-out soil may have the same amount of vitamins as vegetables grown in rich soil.D Extra vitamins provide less energy.65. The point of the passage is that ______________.A the minerals in a plant depend on the minerals in the soilB people make mistakes when talking about good dietC taking more vitamins than body needs doesn’t make it function better.D vegetables cooked in too much water can lose a large amount of vitamins.(C)Quick reference index (快速目录索引)ACTORS AND ACTRESSES 385-399 MAPS (COLOUR) 517-528MUSEUMS 454-469 MEDICAL DEVELOPMENT 492ANIMALS 493-496 HOLIDAYS 841-873ART, FAMOUS 480-481 PLANTS, RIVERS 108-109,114-115HIGHWAYS 131-141 NATIONAL PARKS 747-749BOOKS,BEST SELLERS 476 COUNTRIES 529-615DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS 336-338 PASSPORTS 142-144 ENVIRONMENT 80-101 POPULATION 616-619EDUCATION 284-321 POSTAL INFORMATION 1033-1039FLAGS OF THE WORLD513-516 SPORTS 884-97866. Where can you find the information on elephants?A. 0n pages 517-528B. On pages 529-615.C．On pages 616-619. D．On pages 493-496.67．If you want to know about Chinese film star Cheng Long, where s hould you begin your search?A．POSTAL INFORMATION on page l033.B．ACTORS AND ACTRESSES On pages 385-399.C．ENVIRONIVIENT on pages 80-10l.D．NATIONAL PARKS On pages 747-749.68．One who likes surfing can find the information about how to surf on pages__.A．141-144 8．841一873 C．884-978 D. 517-52869．If you are interested in Thomas Edison，you may search _______. A．DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS B. ART,FAMOUSC. POPULATIONCATION。
福州市中职高职单招语文模拟卷高职单招试题
福州市中职高职单招语文模拟卷本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分，共100分。
考试时间150分钟。
第I卷（单项选择题共20分）一、语文基础知识（本大题共11小题，每小题2分，共22分）1、下列加点字全部正确的一组是（）A、复辟．（bì）针砭．（biān）濒．（pín）危岑．（cén）寂B、单．（shán）于瞠．(chēng)目鞭笞．（chī）憧．（chōng）憬C、辍．(zhuì)学簇．(cù)拥玷．(diàn)污踱．(duó)步D、佝．（gōu）偻刽．（guì）子手巷．（hàng）道僭．（jiàn）越2、下列各组词语中没有．．错别字的一组是（）A、按部就班扬长而去相形见拙穿流不息B、出类拔萃入不付出万事亨通貌和神离C、迫不及待病入膏肓断壁颓垣不胫而走D、轰堂大笑骁勇善战不可思议心浮气躁3、下列各句中加点词语使用恰当的一组是（）A、听到战友不幸遇难的消息，他如丧考妣．．．．，悲痛万分。
B、文学创作辅导材料汗牛充栋，而真正依靠这些辅导材料步入文学途径的却可谓是寥若晨星．．．．啊！C、矮桩水稻成熟期参差不齐．．．．，不宜用机器统一收割。
D、一个月后，他终于闯过危险期，又一次起死回生．．．．。
4、依次填入下文横线处词语，最恰当的一组是（）①玛蒂尔德不像她丈夫预料的那样高兴，她懊恼地把请柬在桌上。
②所有的男宾都她，打听她的姓名，求人给介绍……③她觉得她生来就是为着过和奢华的生活，因此她不断地感到痛苦。
A、丢注视高雅B、扔盯着雅致C、抛瞧着典雅D、放打量优雅5、下列各句中没有．．语病的一句是（）A、赵明把信认真读了两遍，指着一处对我说：“这句话说重了。
”B、新闻工作者要维护宪法规定的公民权利，不揭人隐私，不诽谤他人。
C、中国长江三峡工程开发总公司的领导介绍，三峡工程没有出现一起贪污或挪用现象。
2005福建省高职单招《商贸管理类专业知识》真题试卷
2005年福建省高职单招《商贸管理类专业知识》试卷姓名：学号：成绩：一、单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确的答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题3分，共90分）1、某啤酒公司准备开发某一地区市场，经调查发现，该地区的人不喜欢啤酒，对此，企业市场营销管理的任务是（）A、刺激市场营销B、协调市场营销C、降低市场营销D、反市场营销2、向企业提供原材料、部件、能源、劳动力和资金等企业和个人，称为（）。
A、代理商B、辅助商C、批发商D、供应商3、消费者行为过程的“三步曲”是（）。
A、购买动机→消费者需要→购买行为B、消费者需要→购买动机→购买行为C、购买动机→购买行为→购后感受D、消费者需要→购买行为→购后感受4、品牌中可以被认出，但不能用语言称呼的部分，叫做（）A、品牌化B、品牌名称C、品牌标志D、商标5、“酒香不怕巷子深”反映的是（）的管理哲学。
A、生产观念B、产品观念C、推销观念D、市场营销观念6、下列哪项不属于分销渠道（）A、代理中间商B、商人代理商C、生产者和用户D、辅助商7、下列属于拉引式促销策略的是（）A、访问推销B、附赠品销售C、演示推销D、广告促销8、某汽车制造商给全国各地的地区销售代理商一种额外折扣，以促使它们执行销售、零配件供应、维修和信息提供“四位一体”的功能，这种折扣策略属于（）A、现今折扣B、数量折扣C、功能折扣D、让价策略9、无差异性市场营销策略与差异性市场营销策略的基本共同点是均以（）为营销目标。
A、市场最大化B、市场集中化C、投入最小化D、市场多样化10、人们购买人寿保险，是一种满足（）的行为。
A、生理需要B、安全需要C、社会需要D、尊重需要11、适用于寻求新的细分市场策略的产品市场寿命周期阶段是（）A、介绍期B、介绍期和成长期C、成长期D、成长期和成熟期12、生产者市场细分的变量，有使用者情况，使用程度，对品牌忠诚度等，此外常用变量还有最终用户和（）等A、年龄B、个性C、用户规模D、收入13、代理商的主要特点（）A、从事产品的购销活动B、不拥有产品所有权C、获取进销差价D、不是独立法人14、某汽车公司原来生产高档小车，后来又发展生产中低档小车，这种产品延伸策略是（）A、向上延伸B、向下延伸C、双向延伸D、品牌延伸15、2002年某市场销售VCD机200万台，其中威帝牌VCD机在该市场的销售为50万台，则威帝牌VCD机在该市场的市场占有率为（）A、40%B、35%C、25%D、75%16、以下定价方法中，哪种方法属于需求导向定价法（）A、理解价值定价法B、目标利润定价法C、随行就市定价法D、成本加成定价法17、产品的外观特色属于（）。
05年福州市高职单招商贸类模拟卷二
2004--2005年福州市职校商贸类高职单招专业科质检试卷(B)（总成绩300分，时间150分钟。
）2005.4 班级座号姓名成绩一、单项选择题（每小题3分，共90分）1．市场营销是指企业在满足消费需求，实现企业目标的商务活动过程，其实质是（）A．选择恰当的促销方式B．生产优质产品C．实现产品的交换D．引导消费需求2．社会营销观念主张（）A．单纯追求企业利润增加B．以扩大销售量为主要目标C．消费者需要什么，企业就生产什么D．将企业利润、消费需求与社会福利三方面统一起来3．市场细分是营销者通过对市场进行调查研究，把某一个产品的（）划分为若干个子市场的市场分类过程。
A．市场份额B．市场整体C．局部市场D．需求量4．如果一个企业资源有限，可考虑采用（）A．无差异营销策略B．差异性营销策略C．集中性营销策略D．分散性营销策略5．核心产品指（）A．市场需求中的大批量产品B．产品的各种附加利益的总和C．为顾客提供的基本的效用和利益D．产品的各种售后服务6．形式产品指（）A．产品整体概念B．核心产品的外部特征，如包装、款式、品牌等C．售后服务D．买者追求的核心利益7．产品组合的广度指（）A．产品组合中包含的产品项目的多少B．产品组合中包含的产品线的多少C．每一条产品线包含的产品项目的多少D．各类产品线之间的相互关联程度8．缓慢掠夺策略是指以（）推出新产品。
A．高价格——高促销费用B．低价格——低促销费用C．高价格——低促销费用D．低价格——高促销费用9．产品的需求弹性大时，应采用（）的策略。
A．适当采取高价以增加盈利B．薄利多销C．增加产品宣传费用D．降低成本10．在竞争导向定价法中，最简单、最常见的做法是（）A．理解价格定价法B．投标定价法C．变动成本定价法D．流行水准定价法11．分销渠道是指产品从制造者手中传至消费者手中所经过的（）连接起来形成的通道。
A．市场B．生产者C．消费者D．中间商12．分销渠道的起点是（）A．生产者B．中间商C．消费者D．用户13．在一定的市场上，生产者选用几家中间商来经销自己的产品的策略是（）分销渠道策略。
2005福建省高职单招《商贸管理类专业知识》真题试卷
阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。
——培根2005年福建省高职单招《商贸管理类专业知识》试卷姓名：学号：成绩：一、单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确的答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题3分，共90分）1、某啤酒公司准备开发某一地区市场，经调查发现，该地区的人不喜欢啤酒，对此，企业市场营销管理的任务是（）A、刺激市场营销B、协调市场营销C、降低市场营销D、反市场营销2、向企业提供原材料、部件、能源、劳动力和资金等企业和个人，称为（）。
A、代理商B、辅助商C、批发商D、供应商3、消费者行为过程的“三步曲”是（）。
A、购买动机→消费者需要→购买行为B、消费者需要→购买动机→购买行为C、购买动机→购买行为→购后感受D、消费者需要→购买行为→购后感受4、品牌中可以被认出，但不能用语言称呼的部分，叫做（）A、品牌化B、品牌名称C、品牌标志D、商标5、“酒香不怕巷子深”反映的是（）的管理哲学。
A、生产观念B、产品观念C、推销观念D、市场营销观念6、下列哪项不属于分销渠道（）A、代理中间商B、商人代理商C、生产者和用户D、辅助商7、下列属于拉引式促销策略的是（）A、访问推销B、附赠品销售C、演示推销D、广告促销8、某汽车制造商给全国各地的地区销售代理商一种额外折扣，以促使它们执行销售、零配件供应、维修和信息提供“四位一体”的功能，这种折扣策略属于（）A、现今折扣B、数量折扣C、功能折扣D、让价策略9、无差异性市场营销策略与差异性市场营销策略的基本共同点是均以（）为营销目标。
A、市场最大化B、市场集中化C、投入最小化D、市场多样化10、人们购买人寿保险，是一种满足（）的行为。
A、生理需要B、安全需要C、社会需要D、尊重需要11、适用于寻求新的细分市场策略的产品市场寿命周期阶段是（）A、介绍期B、介绍期和成长期C、成长期D、成长期和成熟期12、生产者市场细分的变量，有使用者情况，使用程度，对品牌忠诚度等，此外常用变量还有最终用户和（）等A、年龄B、个性C、用户规模D、收入13、代理商的主要特点（）A、从事产品的购销活动B、不拥有产品所有权C、获取进销差价D、不是独立法人14、某汽车公司原来生产高档小车，后来又发展生产中低档小车，这种产品延伸策略是（）A、向上延伸B、向下延伸C、双向延伸D、品牌延伸15、2002年某市场销售VCD机200万台，其中威帝牌VCD机在该市场的销售为50万台，则威帝牌VCD机在该市场的市场占有率为（）A、40%B、35%C、25%D、75%16、以下定价方法中，哪种方法属于需求导向定价法（）A、理解价值定价法B、目标利润定价法C、随行就市定价法D、成本加成定价法17、产品的外观特色属于（）。
福州市商贸类专业职校单招模拟试卷
2009年福州市商贸类专业职校单招模拟试卷（一）（考试时间150分钟，总成绩300分）一、单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，每小题3分，共90分）1、可乐（Coke）在上世纪八十年代之前曾经是风行一时的饮料，但是，在今天，被多种新型饮料如纯净水、氨基酸等升级替代饮料的冲击下，整体市场份额每况愈下。
这种竞争关系构成了（）。
A 愿望竞争B一般竞争C形式竞争D品牌竞争2、市场营销管理的实质是需求管理，营销管理者为实现企业目标必须调节现实需求的水平、时机和性质。
比如，相当多旅游产品的需求具有明显的季节性，这时，旅游公司的营销管理者的任务是（）。
A 刺激B开发C维持D协调3、日本本田汽车公司要在美国推出雅阁汽车时，他们是这么做的：在设计阶段排除技术人员专程到洛杉矶地区考察告诉公路情况，实地丈量路长、路宽，采集高速公路的柏油，拍摄进出口道路的设计；回到日本后，他们专门修了一条9英里长的高速路；在设计行李箱时，设计人员意见有分歧，他们就到停车场看了一个下午，看人们如何放取行李……请问，这种开发产品的思想体现了（）营销经营哲学。
A产品观念B市场营销观念C社会营销观念D大市场营销观念4、全球化公司要在其他国家市场上战胜本土品牌企业，为尽快适应他国环境，最关键也是最艰难的营销战略任务就是尽快实现本土化。
这里的“本土化”最主要是指营销环境中的（）。
A经济环境B政治法律环境C自然地理环境D社会文化环境5、某企业原来主要的产品有洗衣机、电冰箱、空调，最近又开发了各种型号的手机投放市场，该企业增加了产品组合的（）A．长度B．宽度 C．深度D．密度6、消费者对某种品牌的重复购买往往是直观感触基础上，并经过具体的购买经验而逐步建立起来的购买行为模式。
如某人听说诺基亚手机好，他在感观体验后买了诺基亚手机，在使用中确实感觉不错，后来他更换手机时还是选择了诺基亚品牌。
这种模式属于（）。
A学习B感觉C动机D态度7、企业在市场细分时，细分出的子市场在需求特征上必须是可以具体描述的，在一定范围内的规模是可以测量的。
2008年福建省高职单招商贸类试卷
2008年福建省高职单招《商贸管理类专业知识》试卷姓名：学号：成绩：一、单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确的答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题3分，共60分）1、在潜在市场需求的情况下，市场营销管理的任务是( )A、改变市场需求B、刺激市场需求C、开发市场需求D、协调市场需求2、（）要求市场营销者在制定市场营销策略时，要兼顾三方面的利益，即企业利益、消费者需求和社会利益。
A、社会市场营销观念B、市场营销观念C、推销观念D、产品观念3、对一些通用性较大、挑选性不强的产品，往往采用（）的方法划分市场。
A、完全细分B、一元细分C、多元细分D、不完全细分4、消费者购买产品时所得到随同产品实体提供的其他各种利益的总和是指( )。
A、产品附加B、产品形式C、产品核心D、产品整体5、企业对不同档次和质量的产品用不同的包装，并使装潢的风格和特点与产品的实际价值相当是指（）A、类似包装策略B、等级性包装策略C、组合包装策略D、再使用包装策略6、对一个邮票收藏家而言，一套新版的奥运纪念邮票属于（）A、便利品B、选购品C、特殊品D、非渴求品7、市场细分的实质是细分（）的需求。
A、环境B、企业C、顾客D、竞争者8、（）就是企业选择一个或少数几个子市场作为目标市场，制定一套营销方案，集中力量为之服务，争取在这目标市场上占大量份额。
A、无差异市场营销策略B、差异性市场营销策略C、集中性市场营销策略D、填空补缺式营销策略9、（）是指产品集中具有某些相同功能的一组产品。
A、需求集B、产品集C、产品类别D、品牌10、有如从鲜奶中撇取奶油的新产品定价策略是（）A、撇取定价B、渗透定价C、产品线定价D、单一价格定价11、分销渠道的起点是（）A、消费者B、生产者C、用户D、中间商12、从市场营销观念出发，新产品开发过程的第一个环节是（）A、新产品概念B、产品研制C、构思D、产品分析13、消费者对商品的认识是从（）开始的。
自-05年福州市高职单招语文模拟卷2
2０0５年福州市高职考试《语文》模拟试卷（二)(考试时间：１5０分钟总成绩:１50分）学校班级姓名座号成绩一、语文基础知识(本大题1５小题，每小题2分，共３0分)１、下列词语中加点字注音、字形完全正确的一组是( )A．混淆．(ｘiáo) 骈． (bìｎg) 文暇．（xiá)思迩想B.倔强．（ｑｉánｇ) 纳柬．(jiàn) 薄．（ｂáo)利多销C．省．(ｘǐｎg)亲悼．(ｄào)词安步当．（dàng）车D.引擎．(qíng）芜．然(wǔ)飞扬跋扈．（fù）2、下列各组词语中有两个错别字的一组是( )Ａ．黯然消魂镌刻一筹莫展昏溃B．人情事故寥廓怙恶不悛琢磨C．敛声屏气推委积众难返追溯D.花坞春晓渔民记忆尤新嫡亲3、下列各组词语构词方式各不相同．．．．的一组是( )A．改革开放雪花飞舞技术先进走出国门B．关键时刻歌唱祖国了解清楚惊天动地Ｃ.态度诚恳十分新颖世外桃园仔细思考D.消磨时间非常高兴淡淡哀愁热烈欢迎４、选出下列各项中对加点字的解释完全正确的一项( ）A、居．安思危(储存) 赁．屋(租借）不速．之客(邀请)B、不言而喻．(明白) 杜撰．．(凭空编造）引人入胜．(胜利）C、大声疾．（急忙）呼无恙．（病) 不经．．之谈(荒诞、无根据) Ｄ、华而不实． (结果实) 干坼．（裂) 远见卓．（高超)识5、依次填入下列句子横线上的词，正确的一组是（）①李老师的普通话不是很标准，需要训练发音。
②经过老师和班干部多次的工作,他俩的误会才逐渐____＿＿_了。
③对于材料的准确性进行必要的__＿__＿＿，这可算是考据工作。
④早上,山谷和树木里着炊烟，好像海洋上的雾气。
A.辨证消逝审核弥漫Ｂ．辨正消除审核弥漫C．辨证消逝核实充满Ｄ．辨正消除核实充满6、下列句于中加点的成语使用正确的一句是（ )A.初春，乍暖还寒。
他身着冬装，漫步在广阔的田野中，仍然觉得不寒而栗．．．．。
05年福州市质检三
2005年福建省“高职单招”《旅游类专业基础知识》福州市质检（三）试题班级___________ 姓名___________ 成绩___________一、单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题3分，共45分）1、饭店员工要突出“暖”字的感情服务必须做到（）A、真诚服务B、效率服务C、随时服务D、礼貌服务2、抵店日为3月15日临时性预订的留房责任时限为（）A、3月16日18点前B、3月15日12点前C、3月15号18点前D、3月16日12点前3、黄色预定卡条代表（）A、团体客人B、零星散客C、享受优惠价的客人D、贵宾4、客房服务员在迎客的准备工作中不包括（）A、了解客情B、梯口迎客C、检查设备和用品D、调好室温5、以下不属于饭店公共区域范围的是（）A、多功能厅B、会议室C、员工的生活区域D、厨房6、五粮液酒是（）的白酒A、酱香型B、浓香型C、清香型D、混合香型7、汤力水（Touic Water）是在苏打水中加入了微量的（）A、生姜与柠檬B、桔汁与西红柿汁C、西柚汁与菠萝D、奎宁与鲜柠檬汁8、西餐的早餐具有量较小，一般无蛋无肉特点的早餐形式是（）A、美式B、英式C、法式D、欧陆式9、有一香港游客刘某到某城市旅游，在旅游期间，他的人民币用完，而又想购一相中的工艺品，于是他向导游人员兑换，导游人员（）A、为解决客人的困难，以当时市场价格与其兑换B、以高出当时市场价格与其兑换C、不与兑换D、应向他讲明我国有关法律，并带领他到指一的金融机构兑换。
10、团队游客入住酒店时，由（）分发住房卡。
A、地陪B、领队C、全陪D、酒店人员11、地陪带团到达机场，车站必须留出充足的时间，出境航班、国内航班、乘火车的具体时间应提前（）A、60分钟、60分钟、60分钟B、120分钟、60分钟、60分钟C、120分钟、90分钟、60分钟D、60分钟、30分钟、30分钟12、下列旅游景观中，属于人文景观资源的是（）A、云南路南石林B、敦煌莫高窟C、福建武夷山玉女峰D、贵州黄果树瀑布13、武陵源风景名胜区位于（）A、湖南B、四川C、云南D、山东14、目前，欧洲许多国家来华旅游者在数量远不如日本及东南亚国家来华旅游者多，这主要受（）因素影响。
福州高职单招语文模拟卷
福州高职单招语文模拟卷————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：22005年福州市高职考试《语文》模拟试卷（二）（考试时间：150分钟总成绩：150分）学校班级姓名座号成绩一、语文基础知识（本大题15小题，每小题2分，共30分）1、下列词语中加点字注音、字形完全正确的一组是（）A．混淆．（xiáo）骈． (bìng) 文暇．（xiá）思迩想B．倔强．（qiáng）纳柬．（jiàn）薄．（báo）利多销C．省．(xǐng)亲悼．（dào）词安步当．（dàng）车D．引擎．（qíng）芜．然（wǔ）飞扬跋扈．（fù）2、下列各组词语中有两个错别字的一组是（）A．黯然消魂镌刻一筹莫展昏溃B．人情事故寥廓怙恶不悛琢磨C．敛声屏气推委积众难返追溯D．花坞春晓渔民记忆尤新嫡亲3、下列各组词语构词方式各不相同．．．．的一组是( )A．改革开放雪花飞舞技术先进走出国门B．关键时刻歌唱祖国了解清楚惊天动地C．态度诚恳十分新颖世外桃园仔细思考D．消磨时间非常高兴淡淡哀愁热烈欢迎4、选出下列各项中对加点字的解释完全正确的一项（）A、居．安思危（储存）赁．屋（租借）不速．之客（邀请）B、不言而喻．（明白）杜撰．．（凭空编造）引人入胜．（胜利）C、大声疾．（急忙）呼无恙．（病）不经．．之谈（荒诞、无根据）D、华而不实．（结果实）干坼．（裂）远见卓．（高超）识5、依次填入下列句子横线上的词，正确的一组是（）①李老师的普通话不是很标准，需要训练发音。
②经过老师和班干部多次的工作，他俩的误会才逐渐_______了。
③对于材料的准确性进行必要的_______，这可算是考据工作。
④早上，山谷和树木里着炊烟，好像海洋上的雾气。
A．辨证消逝审核弥漫 B．辨正消除审核弥漫C．辨证消逝核实充满 D．辨正消除核实充满6、下列句于中加点的成语使用正确的一句是（）A．初春，乍暖还寒。
福建省福州市高职单招2021-2022学年综合素质第二次模拟卷(附答案)
福建省福州市高职单招2021-2022学年综合素质第二次模拟卷(附答案) 学校:________ 班级:________ 姓名:________ 考号:________一、单选题(20题)1.我国的领导阶级是()A.农民阶级B.工农联盟C.工人阶级D.知识分子2.属于国家一级保护动物的是（）A.天鹅B.娃娃鱼C.丹顶鹤3.蝙蝠在黑暗的夜间里，捕捉飞虫时是利用()A.视觉B.嗅觉C.耳朵D.以上都不对4.作品、体裁、作家对应错误的一项是（）A.《林教头风雪山神庙》——小说——罗贯中B.《雨巷》——诗歌——戴望舒C.《咬文嚼字》——随笔——朱光潜D.《劝学》——散文——荀子5.19世纪初期欧洲的空想社会主义者不包括()A.法国的圣西门B.法国的傅立叶C.英国的欧文D.英国的莫尔6.新中国成立之初，中国共产党提出的文艺发展方针是（）A.罢黜百家、独尊儒术B.百花齐放、百家争鸣C.中西合并D.民主、自由、博爱7.文明礼貌的基本要求包括（）A.着装时髦B.举止随便C.语言规范D.谈吐不凡8.下列关于以德治国与依法治国的关系的说法，正确的是（）A.依法治国比以德治国更为重要B.以德治国比依法治国更为重要C.德治是目的，法治是手段D.以德治国与依法治国是相辅相成，相互促进的9.如图所示为激光雕刻机，可根据导入的二维图形对材料进行雕刻，为人们制作技术产品提供了新的加工工艺，拓展了设计思路。
下列作品不能使用激光雕刻机制作的是（）A.B.C.D.10.遇到雷雨天气时，以下做法正确的是()A.躲在大树下避雨B.在露天游泳池里游泳C.避免使用手机D.撑着金属杆的雨伞在野外行走11.以下不属于古代“六艺”的是()A.射B.书C.画D.御12.某人在野外发现一株植物，经过长期观察发现这株植物无花，种子裸露，分析该植物属于()A.单子叶植物B.双子叶植物C.裸子植物D.被子植物13.我国海域广阔，有四大海域，从南到北排列为()A.南海、黄海、渤海、东海B.南海、黄海、东海、渤海C.南海、东海、黄海、渤海. D.南海、东海、渤海、黄海14.旗舰店：商店()A.黄金水道：航线B.劳力士：钟表C.总统套房：标间D.金刚钻：瓷器15.我国南方主要的粮食作物是()A.水稻B.高粱C.青稞D.小麦16.“HTTP”的中文含义是()A.文件传输协议B.超文本传输协议C.顶级域名网址D.以上都不是17.用照相机给某人拍完半身像后，改拍全身，应（）A.缩短镜头与人的距离，同时增大镜头与底片间的距离B.增大镜头与人的距离，同时减小镜头与底片间的距离C.只需要增大照相机与人间的距离D.只需要减小照相机与人的距离18.在雷鸣电闪的雷雨天，我们总是先看到闪电后听到雷声，关于这一现象的正确解释是()A.闪电发生在雷声之前B.人耳接收声音信号迟缓C.声音的传播速度比光的传播速度小得多D.眼睛接收光的信号灵敏19.我国目前钻石的著名产地有()A.内蒙古B.河北C.贵州D.辽宁20.“全面建成小康社会，最艰巨最繁重的任务在农村、特别是在贫困地区。
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2004--2005年福州市职校商贸类高职单招专业科质检试卷(B)
（总成绩300分，时间150分钟。
）
2005.4 班级座号姓名成绩
一、单项选择题（每小题3分，共90分）
1．市场营销是指企业在满足消费需求，实现企业目标的商务活动过程，其实质是（）A．选择恰当的促销方式B．生产优质产品
C．实现产品的交换D．引导消费需求
2．社会营销观念主张（）
A．单纯追求企业利润增加
B．以扩大销售量为主要目标
C．消费者需要什么，企业就生产什么
D．将企业利润、消费需求与社会福利三方面统一起来
3．市场细分是营销者通过对市场进行调查研究，把某一个产品的（）划分为若干个子市场的市场分类过程。
A．市场份额B．市场整体C．局部市场D．需求量
4．如果一个企业资源有限，可考虑采用（）
A．无差异营销策略B．差异性营销策略
C．集中性营销策略D．分散性营销策略
5．核心产品指（）
A．市场需求中的大批量产品B．产品的各种附加利益的总和
C．为顾客提供的基本的效用和利益D．产品的各种售后服务
6．形式产品指（）
A．产品整体概念B．核心产品的外部特征，如包装、款式、品牌等C．售后服务D．买者追求的核心利益
7．产品组合的广度指（）
A．产品组合中包含的产品项目的多少B．产品组合中包含的产品线的多少
C．每一条产品线包含的产品项目的多少D．各类产品线之间的相互关联程度
8．缓慢掠夺策略是指以（）推出新产品。
A．高价格——高促销费用B．低价格——低促销费用
C．高价格——低促销费用D．低价格——高促销费用
9．产品的需求弹性大时，应采用（）的策略。
A．适当采取高价以增加盈利B．薄利多销C．增加产品宣传费用D．降低成本10．在竞争导向定价法中，最简单、最常见的做法是（）
A．理解价格定价法B．投标定价法C．变动成本定价法D．流行水准定价法
11．分销渠道是指产品从制造者手中传至消费者手中所经过的（）连接起来形成的通道。
A．市场B．生产者C．消费者D．中间商
12．分销渠道的起点是（）
A．生产者B．中间商C．消费者D．用户
13．在一定的市场上，生产者选用几家中间商来经销自己的产品的策略是（）分销渠道策略。
A．选择性B．独家经营C．广泛D．密集
14．企业营销人员通过与购买者面对面的信息沟通，促成交易活动的实现，这种促销方式是（）
A．广告B．公共关系C．营业推广D．人员推销
15．开展公共关系的目的是（）
A．提高企业知名度，树立企业形象B．沟通产品信息
C．激励购买D．使顾客对产品产生初步认识和了解
16．某企业开发的新产品甲即将上市，企业可以采用的定价策略有（）
A．声望定价B．渗透定价C．招徕定价D．FOB原产地定价
17．将所经营的商品直接售卖给最终消费者的个人或组织是（）
A．批发商B．代理商C．零售商D．经纪人
18．下列不是广告的具体目标类型的是（）
A．以推销为目标B．以告知为目标C．以说服为目标D．以提醒为目标19．“消费者或用户需要什么产品，企业就生产、销售什么产品”，这种经营观念是（）A．市场营销观念B．社会营销观念C．产品观念D．推销观念
20．营销组合改进策略适合于产品市场寿命周期的（）使用。
A．投入期B．成长期C．成熟期D．衰退期
21．无差异市场营销策略是（）策略。
A．市场定位B．产品C．目标市场D．价格
22．1993年，某国出口贸易额为170亿美元，进口额为120亿美元，则该年贸易差额数字为（）
A．净出口50亿美元B．贸易顺差50亿美元
C．贸易逆差50亿美元D．贸易人超50亿美元
23．目前，出口加工区主要分布在（）
A．发达国家B．拉丁美洲C．发展中国家D．欧洲
24．关贸总协定禁止缔约国在出口方面实行倾销，构成商品倾销的条件之一是出口价格（）
A．低于国际价值B．低于该国的正常价值
C．低于进口国国内市场价格D．低于出口国国内市场价格
25．普遍优惠制的主要原则是（）
A．普遍的、非歧视的和互惠的B．非普遍的、非歧视的和非互惠的
C．普遍的、非歧视的和非互惠的D．非普遍的、非歧视的和互惠的
26．“自动”出口配额制是一种（）
A．鼓励出口手段B．限制进口手段
C．鼓励进口手段D．自愿限制出口手段
27．自由贸易区营运的功能和目的主要是发展（）
A．出口加工B．转口贸易C．保税仓库业务D．开发研究
28．保护贸易政策的实质是（）
A．关税减免B．奖出限人C．撤除非关税壁垒D．外汇管制
29．通常所说的国际贸易值是单指（）
A．世界进口总额B．世界出口总额C．世界进出口总额D．世界进出口净额30．下列关税属于从价税的是（）
A．征税10% B．每单位征税20美元
C．每单位征税5美元或征税8% D．征税5%，每件商品加征10美元关税
二、多项选择题（每小题3分，共45分）
1．市场营销的基本功能有（）
A．交换功能B．物流功能C．便利功能D．导向功能E．反馈功能
2．社会营销观念主张将（）统一起来。
A．企业利润B．产品数量C．产品质量D．消费需求E．社会福利
3．适宜采用差异性或集中性营销策略的产品有（）
A．同质产品B．异质产品C．供过于求产品
D．供不应求的产品E．市场异质产品
4．产品市场寿命周期包括（）阶段。
A．投入期B．成长期C．成熟期D．衰退期E．延伸期
5．面对处于衰退期的产品，企业可采取的具体策略为（）
A．连续策略B．集中策略C．榨取策略D．转移策略E．差异策略6．新产品大致有以下（）几类。
A．全新产品B．换代新产品C．改进新产品D．试销产品E．仿制新产品7．商品价格是由（）要素构成。
A．生产成本B．流通费用C．税金D．利润E．社会福利
8．仓储商店一般具有（）特点。
A．价格低廉B．低经营成本C．会员制
D．先进的计算机管理系统E．精选正牌畅销商品
9．企业的促销方式一般有（）
A．人员推销B．广告C．公关促销D．销售推广E．产品促销10．广告的基本要素包括（）
A．广告主B．广告信息C．广告媒体D．广告费用E．广告制作11．一个具体的销售推广方案应包括下列（）等内容。
A．推广的规模B．推广的对象C．推广途径D．推广期限E．推广预算12．与关贸总协定相比较，世界贸易组织具有如下特点（）
A．内容的广泛性B．权利和义务的统一性C．世界贸易组织协定的法律权威性D．组织机构的正式性E．是联合国的一个“联系机构”
13．各国制定对外贸易政策的目的是（）
A．保护本国市场B．扩大就业C．扩大本国产品的出口市场
D．促进本国产业结构的优化 E.积累资本或资金
14．进口附加税的主要目的是（）
A．平衡国际收支B．打击国外倾销商C．增加该国财政收入
D．执行歧视性政策E．打击进口商不法竞争
15．海关的主要职责有（）
A．征收关税B．出口退税C．查缉走私D．货运监管
E．编制海关统计
三、名词解释（每题6分，共48分）
1．市场营销近视症
2．市场细分
3．包装
4．交换
5．分销渠道
6．便利品
7．保护贸易政策
8．大经贸战略
四、简答题（共50分）
1．差异性市场营销策略的优缺点是什么？（9分）2。
简述市场细分的作用与客观依据？（12分）。
3。
马斯洛把人的需求分为几个层次？（10分）4．普惠制的含义、原则。
（14分）
5．国际技术贸易的特点是什么？（9分）
五、判断题（共10分）
1、（）对外贸易依存度反映的是一国对外贸易对国民经济的依赖程度。
2、（）以1990年为基础，1999年某国的进口价格指数为120，出口价格指数为144，由
此可以看出，该国的贸易条件比之1990年是明显地恶化了。
3、（）当前发达资本主义国家是世界绝大部分国际服务贸易的提供者，发展中国家则是国
际服务贸易的主要接受者。
4、（）买方信贷属于约束性贷款，即只能用来购债务国的产品。
5、（）最惠国税是进口税中税率最低的，最优惠的。
六、计算题（共30分，要求写出计算公式和答题步骤）
1、某企业经营一种产品，单位产品变动成本15元，固定成本总额为5000元，预计销量3000
单位，当期期望盈利5000元，用目标利润定价法计算该产品的单价为多少元？
2、某企业2002年的销售量为26万件产品，2003年的销量为34万件，2002年全年支出的广告
费用为18万，2003年的广告宣传费用为32万元，计算2003年的广告效果以及广告效果比率各为多少？3、假设美国对玩具征收的关税为：普通税率70%，最惠国税率6.8%，现从我国进口一批玩具，单价为23美元/件，共20，000个，美国海关应对这批货物征收多少美元的关税？
七、论述题（27分）
你是如何理解宣传的基本内涵，它有哪些基本作用？具有哪些优势？？。