chap_7

Chapter 7 Slide 12
Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?
固定和可变成本Fixed and Variable 固定和可变成本
总产出是可变投入和不变投入的函数 Total output is a function of variable inputs and fixed inputs. 因此,生产总成本等于固定成本(固定投 入的成本)加可变成本(可变投入的成本 ):
边际成本(MC)是多生产一单位产出的 成本.既然固定成本对边际成本没有影 响,可以写为:Marginal Cost (MC) is the cost of expanding output by one unit. Since fixed cost have no impact on marginal cost, it can be written as:
Chapter 7 Slide 2
Topics to be Discussed
生产技术衡量投入和产出的关系 The production technology measures the relationship between input and output. 生产技术既定,经理必须选择如何生产. Given the production technology, managers must choose how to produce.
--50 25 16.7 12.5 10 8.3 7.1 6.3 5.6 5 4.5
--50 39 32.7 28 26 25 25 25.5 26.9 30 35
--100 64 49.3 40.5 36 33.3 32.1 31.8 32.4 35 39.5
Cost in the Short Run
Chapter 7 Slide 9
Choosing the Location for a New Law School Building 西北大学法学院Northwestern University Law School 1) 现址在芝加哥城区Current location in downtown Chicago 2) 本部在另一地点--伊凡斯顿市 Alternative location in Evanston with the main campus
Chapter 7 生产成本The 生产成本 Cost of Production
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Topics to be Discussed
1)成本度量:哪些成本重要? Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? 2)短期成本 Cost in the Short Run 3)长期成本 Cost in the Long Run 4)长期与短期成本曲线 Long-Run Versus Short-Run Cost Curves
Rate of Fixed Output Cost (FC) Variable Cost (VC) Total Cost (TC) Marginal Cost (MC) Average Fixed Cost (AFC) Average Variable Cost (AVC) Average Total Cost (ATC)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
0 50 78 98 112 130 150 175 204 242 300 385
50 100 128 148 162 180 200 225 254 292 350 435
--50 28 20 14 18 20 25 29 38 58 85
Chapter 7
Slide 11
Choosing the Location for a New Law School Building
芝加哥的地点选择—很贵Chicago location chosen--very costly
这个选址决策若有某些与在芝加哥相关的内 在价值,是合理的 Justified only if there is some intrinsic values associated with being in Chicago 如果不是,若这是基于城区土地”免费”的假设, 它是无效率的决策.If not, it was an inefficient decision if it was based on the assumption that the downtown land was “free”
Chapter 7
Slide 6
Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?
例子 An Example
厂商拥有自己的大楼,无需为使用办公室 而交租金. A firm owns its own building and pays no rent for office space 这意味着办公室成本为0吗? Does this mean the cost of office space is zero?
Chapter 7 Slide 10
Choosing the Location for a New Law School Building
拥有在芝加哥的土地Land owned in Chicago
必须购买在伊凡斯顿市的土地Must purchase land in Evanston 若不考虑城区土地的机会成本(即能被出售做 什么),芝加哥的土地可能显得更便宜.Chicago location might appear cheaper without considering the opportunity cost of the downtown land (i.e. what it could be sold for)
TC = FC + VC
Chapter 7 Slide 13
Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?
固定和可变成本Fixed and Variable 固定和可变成本
固定成本Fixed Cost
不随产出水平而变化Does not vary with the level of output
生产函数和成本的关系可以通过增加报酬
和成本或减少报酬和成本得到例证. The relationship between the production function and cost can be exemplified by either increasing returns and cost or decreasing returns and cost.
沉淀成本Sunk Cost
已经发生,无法收回 Cost that have been incurred and cannot be recovered
Chapter 7 Slide 15
Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?
个人电脑:大部分成本是可变成本 Personal Computers: most costs are variable
Chapter 7
Slide 7
Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?
沉淀成本 Sunk Cost
已经发生但无法收回的费用 Expenditure that has been made and cannot be recovered 不影响企业的决策(因为无法收回). Should not influence a firm’s decisions.
经济成本Economic Cost
在生产中使用经济资源的厂商的成本,包括机会 成本Cost to a firm of utilizing economic resources in production, including opportunity cost
Chapter 7 Slide 5
Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?
Chapter 7 Slide 4
Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?
经济成本与会计成本 Economic Cost vs. Accounting Cost 会计成本 Accounting Cost
实际费用加上资本折旧Actual expenses plus depreciation charges for capital equipment
可变成本Variable Cost
随着产出水平变化而变化(二者区分:时间 长短)Cost that varies as output varies
Chapter 7 Slide 14
Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?
固定成本Fixed Cost
经营中的企业,不管产出多少都要支付的 成本(完全倒闭时才没有)Cost paid by a firm that is in business regardless of the level of output
ATC =
Q
+
Q
Slide 19
Chapter 7
Cost in the Short Run
平均总成本(ATC)也可写为:Average Total Cost (ATC) can also be written:
TC ATC = AFC + AVC or Q
Chapter 7 Slide 20
Cost in the Short Run
Chapter 7
Slide 8
Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter?
厂商支付$500,000 购买了一栋大楼的期权. A firm pays $500,000 for an option to buy a building. 大楼的成本是5百万美元,或总成本是5.5百万美元 .(沉淀成本不影响本期决策)The cost of the building is $5 million or a total of $5.5 million. 厂商发现了另一大楼,总成本5.25百万美元. The firm finds another building for $5.25 million. 厂商应当买哪一栋大楼? Which building should the firm buy?