生态学英文
生态学的一些概念英文版
An ecosystem is self-sustaining if the following requirements are met:
1. A constant source of energy and a living system capable of incorporating this energy into organic molecules. 2. A cycling of materials between organisms and their environment.
Ecology:
• the study of the interactions of living things with each other and their physical environment
Ecological Organization:
1. Population: all the members of a species inhabiting a given location 2. Community: all the interacting populations in a given area 3. Ecosystem: the living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independent and relatively stable system
• Since practically all organisms may be consumed by more than one species, many interactions occur along the food chains of any community.
生态学复习材料
福建农林大学资源与环境学院10 环工生态学期末复习材料考试题型：一单选10个（20 分）二名词解释5 个（都是英文的，要求先翻译成中文，然后解释，20 分）三简答4 个（40 分）四论述一个（20 分）第一章绪论（P1-28）1环境生态学（Environmental Ecology）的概念：研究人为干扰下，生态系统内在的变化机制、规律和对人类的反效应，寻求受损生态系统恢复、重建和保护对策的科学。
P112 环境生态学发展的重要标志：《寂静的春天》P123 环境生态学的主要任务：研究以人为主体的各种环境系统在人类活动的干扰下，生态系统演变过程、生态环境变化的效应以及相互作用的规律和机制，寻求受损生态环境恢复和重建的各种生态学措施。
P16第二章生物与环境（P30-70）1物种（Species的概念：概念一：形态相似的个体的集合。
概念二：能实际地或潜在地彼此杂交的种群的集合。
P322 协同进化概念（coevolution ：两个相互作用的物种在进化过程中发展的相互适应的共同进化。
一个物种由于另一物种影响而发生遗传进化的进化类型。
P333生物多样性（Biodiversity）概念及4个层次。
P35概念:所有来源活的生物体中的变异体，这些来源包括陆地、海洋和其它水生生态系统及其所构成的生态综合体。
层次：遗传多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性、景观多样性4影响生物多样性的因素（7 点）。
P37（1）物种生物量（2）物种属性（3）物种库（种质库）（4）输入环境的总能量（能量-多样性假说）（5）纬度、栖息地异质性和生产力（6）生物地化循环（7）系统稳定性（多样性-稳定性关系）5 Gaia假说的主要论点（5点）P40（1）地球上所有生物都起着调控的作用。
（2）地球生态系统具有稳定性。
（3）地球本身是进化系统。
福建农林大学资源与环境学院10环工(4)地球系统是有机整体。
(5)地球生理学是地球进化的方式。
6光饱和点和光补偿点的概念P47光饱和点：光合作用随光强的增加而增加，当光照强度达到一定水平后，光合产物不再增加或增加得很少，该处的光强度即为光饱和点。
0713生态学一级学科简介
0713生态学一级学科简介一级学科（中文）名称：生态学（英文）名称： Ecological一、学科概况生态学的形成和发展经历了一个漫长的历史过程，而且是多元起源的。
概括地讲，大致可分出4个时期：生态学的萌芽时期；生态学的建立时期；生态学的巩固时期；现代生态学时期。
1、生态学的萌芽时期(公元16世纪以前)2、生态学的建立时期(公元17世纪至19世纪末)进入17世纪之后，随着人类社会经济的发展，生态学做为一门科学开始成长。
进入19世纪之后，生态学得到很快发展并日趋成熟。
3、生态学的巩固时期(20世纪初至20世纪50年代)20世纪初期，动、植物生态学并行发展，出版了不少生态学著作与教科书。
在动物生态学方面，关于生理生态学、动物行为学和动物群落学等研究有了较大的进展。
植物生态学在这一时期也得到重要发展，出版的专著有《植物社会学》；《实用植物生态学》；植物生态学》；《生物地理群落学与植物群落学》(1945)等。
由于各地自然条件、植物区系、植被性质及开发利用程度的差异，使植物生态学在研究方法、研究重点上各地有所不同，在这一时期形成了几个著名的生态学派，主要有：北欧学派(Uppsala学派)；法瑞学派；英美学派；苏联学派。
4、现代生态学时期(20世纪60年代开始)20世纪60年代以来，由于工业的高度发展和人口的大量增长，带来了许多全球性的问题(例如, 人口问题，环境问题，资源问题和能源问题等)，涉及到人类的生死存亡，造成对人类未来生活的威胁。
上述问题的控制和解决，都要以生态学原理为基础，因而引起社会上对生态学的兴趣与关心。
从上面的叙述中不难看出，随着科学的发展，与人类生存密切相关的许多环境问题都成为生态学学科发展中的前沿热点问题，生态学越来越融合于环境科学之中。
特别是以人类生存环境为中心的生态学研究，更显得突出。
值得特别提出的是21世纪的生态学，一个突出的特点就是更加紧密地结合社会和生产中的实际问题，不断突破其初始时期以生物为中心的学科界限，未来的环境是以人类为主体的，向解决社会当前面临的社会问题发展，并在实现社会的可持续发展中起着越来越重的作用。
生境英语单词
生境英语单词全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：生境英语单词是指描述动植物栖息地环境的词汇，涵盖了地理、气候、植被和动物种类等方面的词汇。
生态环境对生物的分布、繁殖和生存起着至关重要的作用，因此了解和掌握与生境相关的词汇是非常重要的。
以下是关于生境英语单词的详细介绍：1. Habitat（栖息地）：生物种群生活和繁衍的地方，包括其生存的条件和资源。
2. Ecosystem（生态系统）：由生物和非生物组分相互作用形成的系统，包括生态位、种间关系等。
3. Biodiversity（生物多样性）：指在某一地区或生态系统中生物种类的丰富程度和多样性。
4. Jungle（丛林）：热带和亚热带地区的密集植被，通常具有较高的湿度和温度。
5. Tundra（苔原）：位于北极圈和高山地区的植被稀疏的寒冷生态系统。
6. Desert（沙漠）：干旱地区的生态系统，植被稀少，降水量极少。
7. Wetland（湿地）：由于水文因素影响而形成的生态系统，包括沼泽、湿地、河流和湖泊。
8. Savannah（稀树草原）：草原和灌木地混合的地带，位于热带和亚热带地区。
9. Coral reef（珊瑚礁）：海底由珊瑚虫和其它水生生物形成的岩石构造。
11. Grassland（草原）：稀树草原或大片草地，植被主要以草本植物为主。
13. Ocean（海洋）：大量水体覆盖的潮湿区域，生态系统中包括浮游生物、鱼类、海藻等。
14. Arctic（北极地区）：包括北极圈和北极之间的地区，气候寒冷、冰雪覆盖。
15. Temperate forest（温带森林）：四季分明的地区的森林，植被多样，有针叶林和阔叶林等。
16. Marsh（沼泽地）：湿地的一种形式，水位较高，植被主要为水生植物。
17. Mangrove forest（红树林）：海岸线上热带地区的沼泽地，植被以红树为主。
18. Lagoon（泻湖）：位于沿海地区的平缓水域，通常有珊瑚礁。
各个学科的英文单词
各个学科的英文单词一、自然科学1. Biology（生物学）2. Chemistry（化学）3. Physics（物理学）4. Astronomy（天文学）5. Geology（地质学）6. Oceanography（海洋学）7. Meteorology（气象学）8. Ecology（生态学）9. Mathematics（数学）10. Statistics（统计学）二、社会科学11. Economics（经济学）12. Sociology（社会学）13. Psychology（心理学）14. Anthropology（人类学）15. Political Science（政治学）16. History（历史）17. Geography（地理学）18. Law（法学）19. Philosophy（哲学）20. Linguistics（语言学）三、工程技术21. Engineering（工程学）22. Computer Science（计算机科学）23. Electrical Engineering（电气工程）24. Mechanical Engineering（机械工程）25. Civil Engineering（土木工程）26. Chemical Engineering（化学工程）27. Environmental Engineering（环境工程）28. Biomedical Engineering（生物医学工程）29. Aerospace Engineering（航空航天工程）30. Industrial Engineering（工业工程）四、艺术与人文31. Literature（文学）32. Art（艺术）33. Music（音乐）34. Dance（舞蹈）35. Theater（戏剧）36. Film Studies（电影研究）37. Architecture（建筑学）38. Religion（宗教）39. Classics（古典学）40. Cultural Studies（文化研究）五、医学与健康41. Medicine（医学）42. Nursing（护理学）43. Pharmacy（药学）44. Public Health（公共卫生）45. Nutrition（营养学）46. Sports Science（运动科学）47. Physiology（生理学）48. Anatomy（解剖学）49. Pathology（病理学）50. Immunology（免疫学）六、商业与管理51. Business Administration（工商管理）52. Marketing（市场营销）53. Finance（金融学）54. Accounting（会计学）55. Human Resources（人力资源管理）56. Management（管理学）57. Entrepreneurship（创业学）58. International Business（国际商务）59. Supply Chain Management（供应链管理）60. Project Management（项目管理）各个学科的英文单词七、教育与培训61. Education（教育学）62. Pedagogy（教学法）63. Curriculum Development（课程开发）64. Special Education（特殊教育）65. Adult Education（成人教育）66. Vocational Training（职业教育）67. Teacher Training（教师培训）68. Educational Psychology（教育心理学）69. Educational Technology（教育技术）70. Higher Education（高等教育）八、环境科学71. Environmental Science（环境科学）72. Conservation Biology（保护生物学）73. Sustainable Development（可持续发展）74. Climate Science（气候科学）75. Environmental Law（环境法学）76. Environmental Policy（环境政策）77. Environmental Economics（环境经济学）78. Urban Planning（城市规划）79. Environmental Engineering（环境工程）80. Environmental Sociology（环境社会学）九、农业科学81. Agronomy（农学）82. Horticulture（园艺学）83. Animal Science（动物科学）84. Soil Science（土壤科学）85. Plant Pathology（植物病理学）. Agricultural Economics（农业经济学）87. Agricultural Engineering（农业工程）88. Food Science（食品科学）89. Fisheries Science（渔业科学）90. Forestry（林业）十、体育与运动91. Sports Science（运动科学）92. Exercise Physiology（运动生理学）93. Sports Psychology（运动心理学）94. Kinesiology（运动机能学）95. Physical Education（体育教育）96. Sports Medicine（运动医学）97. Athletic Training（运动训练）98. Coaching（教练学）99. Recreation（休闲学）100. Sports Management（体育管理）人文与社会科学1. Anthropology（人类学）2. Archaeology（考古学）3. Economics（经济学）4. Geography（地理学）5. History（历史学）6. Law（法学）7. Linguistics（语言学）8. Philosophy（哲学）9. Political Science（政治学）10. Psychology（心理学）11. Sociology（社会学）12. Anthropology（人类学）13. Archaeology（考古学）14. Economics（经济学）15. Geography（地理学）16. History（历史学）17. Law（法学）18. Linguistics（语言学）19. Philosophy（哲学）20. Political Science（政治学）21. Psychology（心理学）22. Sociology（社会学）23. Anthropology（人类学）24. Archaeology（考古学）25. Economics（经济学）26. Geography（地理学）27. History（历史学）28. Law（法学）29. Linguistics（语言学）30. Philosophy（哲学）31. Political Science（政治学）32. Psychology（心理学）33. Sociology（社会学）34. Anthropology（人类学）35. Archaeology（考古学）36. Economics（经济学）37. Geography（地理学）38. History（历史学）39. Law（法学）40. Linguistics（语言学）41. Philosophy（哲学）42. Political Science（政治学）43. Psychology（心理学）44. Sociology（社会学）45. Anthropology（人类学）46. Archaeology（考古学）47. Economics（经济学）48. Geography（地理学）49. History（历史学）50. Law（法学）51. Linguistics（语言学）52. Philosophy（哲学）53. Political Science（政治学）54. Psychology（心理学）56. Anthropology（人类学）57. Archaeology（考古学）58. Economics（经济学）59. Geography（地理学）60. History（历史学）61. Law（法学）62. Linguistics（语言学）63. Philosophy（哲学）64. Political Science（政治学）65. Psychology（心理学）66. Sociology（社会学）67. Anthropology（人类学）68. Archaeology（考古学）69. Economics（经济学）70. Geography（地理学）71. History（历史学）72. Law（法学）73. Linguistics（语言学）74. Philosophy（哲学）75. Political Science（政治学）76. Psychology（心理学）77. Sociology（社会学）78. Anthropology（人类学）80. Economics（经济学）81. Geography（地理学）82. History（历史学）83. Law（法学）84. Linguistics（语言学）85. Philosophy（哲学）. Political Science（政治学）87. Psychology（心理学）88. Sociology（社会学）89. Anthropology（人类学）90. Archaeology（考古学）91. Economics（经济学）92. Geography（地理学）93. History（历史学）94. Law（法学）95. Linguistics（语言学）96. Philosophy（哲学）97. Political Science（政治学）98. Psychology（心理学）99. Sociology（社会学）100. Anthropology（人类学）。
农业生态学
农业生态学第一章概述第一节生态学的产生和发展一、生态学与生态问题生态学（Ecology）一词是1866年德国的生物学家E。
赫克尔在其著作《有机体的普通形态学》中第一次提出的。
生态学的英文名词起源于两个希腊字：Oikos（家庭、住所）和Logos（学科）。
字面上指研究生物体及其生活的地方的学科，即“生境的学科”。
生态学的定义颇多：“研究生物体与其周围环境之间关系的学科”；“研究生物与环境既包括光、热、水气、各种元素等非生物环境之间相互关系及其作用机理的学科”，现今，多数人将生态学理解为：“研究生物与环境之间相互关系及其作用机理的学科”。
生物的环境既包括光、热、水、气、各种元素等非生物环境之间和生物与生物之间的关系。
生态学这个词的词头与经济学（Economics）中的eco-是同一词根，所谓“家庭、住所”本意带有管理家庭、管理住所经济的意思，因此，可以认为生态学和经济学两个学科具有一些共同之处。
生态学从发展初期到现在，都与人类的实践关系密切，所以生物的环境包括利用自然、发行自然的各种生产实践关系。
基于此，也可以把生态学理解为有关生物的经济管理的科学。
生态学虽然已有一百多年的历史，只因为近年生态环境日益严峻，生态学才开始受到更多重视。
生态环境问题的实质是人类的文明与支持这个文明的自然系统之间不协调，以致出现了不能持续发展的关系。
在人口不断增长的同时，文明标准不断提高，人类在物质上的追求越来越多，当某些需示超越了自然系统可能支付能力的时候，人类与生态环境之间矛盾激化了。
自然系统是由土地、岩石、气候、河流和众多的生物所构成的相互影响、彼此制约的极其复杂的系统。
不同地区的自然系统在正常运转条件下，所能提供的每种物质或能量都有一定的数量限制。
与过去相比，当今经济发展、人类文明和物质追求在种类上和数量上空前高涨，而自然系统所能提供的资源却不能总是随之增长，当二者的不协调明显增大时，人类就感受到环境的威胁。
人类对某种资源消耗过多会导致可提供数量的减少，某一成分的改变，通过相互影响与制约关系会出现连锁反应。
自然科学——生态学基本内容英文
What are the Characteristics of Living Things?
All living organisms share five basic properties:
1. Cellular Organization – cell is basic unit of life 2. Metabolism – use energy 3. Homeostasis - maintain stable internal conditions 4. Growth and reproduction 5. Heredity living things come from living things Information for traits coded in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Populations – single organisms – basic unit in ecology - fill a niche (‘job’ or function) communities - populations of many types of organisms
ecosystems: All organisms living in an area, and the physical environment (habitat) with which these organisms interact.
• Populations • All the members of one species that live in the same area make up a population.
• Community • The population of organisms that inhabit a particular area and interact with one another form a community. • Thus a community can be comprised of hundreds of different types of life forms. The study of how organisms of a community relate to one another and with their non-living environment is called "ecology".
微生物生态学英文
微生物生态学英文Microbial Ecology: Exploring the Unseen WorldThe world we inhabit is teeming with life, both visible and invisible. Among the most fascinating and influential forms of life on our planet are the microscopic organisms known as microbes. These tiny, yet incredibly diverse, creatures play a crucial role in the intricate web of life, shaping the very foundations of our ecosystems. Microbial ecology, the study of the relationships between microbes and their environment, offers a fascinating glimpse into this hidden realm.At the heart of microbial ecology lies an understanding of the myriad ways in which microbes interact with their surroundings. From the depths of the ocean to the soil beneath our feet, microbes are ubiquitous, adapting to a wide range of habitats and conditions. These microscopic organisms are the unsung heroes of our planet, responsible for driving essential biogeochemical cycles, maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystems, and even shaping the evolution of other living beings.One of the most remarkable aspects of microbial ecology is thesheer diversity of the microbial world. Bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses – each group represents a vast and intricate tapestry of life, with countless species and subspecies, each possessing unique characteristics and adaptations. This diversity is not only a testament to the resilience and adaptability of microbes, but also a reflection of the complex and dynamic nature of the environments they inhabit.As we delve deeper into the study of microbial ecology, we uncover a world of fascinating interactions and interdependencies. Microbes engage in a constant dance of cooperation and competition, forming intricate communities and networks that are essential to the functioning of ecosystems. From symbiotic relationships, where microbes and other organisms work in harmony, to the fierce battles for resources and survival, the microbial world is a dynamic and ever-evolving landscape.One of the most captivating aspects of microbial ecology is the role microbes play in shaping the global environment. Through their involvement in biogeochemical cycles, microbes are responsible for the cycling of essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, which are crucial for the sustenance of all life on Earth. These microscopic organisms are the unsung heroes of our planet, quietly maintaining the delicate balance that allows complex ecosystems to thrive.Beyond their ecological significance, microbes also have a profound impact on human health and well-being. The human microbiome, the diverse community of microbes that reside within our bodies, plays a crucial role in our overall health, influencing everything from digestion and immune function to mental health and susceptibility to disease. Understanding the intricate relationships between microbes and their human hosts has become a rapidly growing field of research, with the potential to revolutionize our approach to healthcare and disease prevention.As we continue to explore the vast and complex world of microbial ecology, new discoveries and insights are constantly emerging. Advances in technology, such as high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, have opened up new avenues for studying the microbial world, allowing us to uncover the hidden diversity and interconnectedness of these microscopic organisms.The future of microbial ecology holds immense promise, with the potential to unlock the secrets of the unseen world and harness the power of microbes for the benefit of humanity and the planet. From developing sustainable agricultural practices to finding innovative solutions to environmental challenges, the field of microbial ecology is poised to play a crucial role in shaping the future of our world.In conclusion, the study of microbial ecology is a captivating andever-evolving field that offers a window into the hidden workings of our planet. By understanding the intricate relationships between microbes and their environment, we can gain valuable insights into the complex systems that sustain life on Earth. As we continue to explore this fascinating realm, we can unlock the secrets of the microbial world and leverage its power to create a more sustainable and resilient future for all.。
生态学的基本内容英文版
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population Population Organism Organism
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships Basically, a biome is a large area with distinct climate, plant, and animal life. • Climate factors that affect biomes: sun, rain, topography • Climate determines life.
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
KEY CONCEPT Every ecosystem includes both living and nonliving factors.
New Vocab: • Biotic • Abiotic • Biodiversity • Keystone Species
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
Main Idea 1: An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors.
• Biotic factors are living things, like: – plants – animals – fungi – Bacteria • Bio = Life
sunlight
moisture
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
Main Idea 2: Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors. An ecosystem is a complex web of connected biotic and abiotic factors. • Biodiversity is the assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem. – The amount of biodiversity in an ecosystem depends on many factors. – Rain forests have more biodiversity than other locations in the world, but are threatened by human activities. – Why is this?
生态学与生物圈英文版
Question: Is the distribution of a species limited by dispersal, i.e. by movement of the organisms?
Landscape ecology- interactions among ecosystems.
e. The biosphere is the global ecosystem. Global climate research is an example of ecology at the biosphere scale.
- Abiotic components are nonliving chemical and physical factors such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients.
- Biotic components are living factors such as other organisms.
Chapter 50 An Introduction to Ecology and
The Biosphere
I. Scope of ecology A. Interactions between organisms and their
environment
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
生态学英文
Biotic—living factors that influence an ecosystem
Ex: grass cricket frog raccoon
Hawks
Weasels
Mihich of the organisms above is the top consumer? Hawks
Which of the organisms above is the producer?
D. Trophic Levels—each step in a food chain or food web
1. Level 1—Producers (autotrophs) 2. Level 2—Primary Consumers (herbivores) 3. Level 3—Secondary Consumers (carnivores or omnivores) 4. Level 4—Tertiary Consumers (carnivore—usually top carnivore)
Light Energy
6O2 + C6H12O6)
E. Chemosynthesis—performed by bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
Consumers
A. Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply B. Also called heterotrophs
生态学英文版
Ecology (生態學)IntroductionEcology -- __________________________________________________________ Concept of the ecosystem - The biosphere and biomes•Bioshpere生物圈o The part of the Earth and its atmosphere inhabited by life is called biosphereo Thus, the oceans, land surface and lower parts of the atmosphere all form parts of the biosphere.•Biome生物群落o The biosphere can be divided into biomes which are linked by a common type of vegetation.o Forests, deserts and grasslands are the examples of biomes. Each biome consists of many ecosystems in which communities have adapted to differences in climate,soil, and other environmental factors throughout the biome.A. The Ecosystem生態系統An ecosystem is defined as a complex formed by the living community of different species interacting with one another and with their non-living environment of matter and energy to result in a stable and self-sustainable system.Components of an ecosystem :living community and non-living component•A population 種群consists of all members of the same species occupying a given area at the same time.• A community 群落consists of Populations of all the different species interacting with one another• A habitat生境is a small specific place where an organism lives.- types of habitats :terrestrial habitat ---- forest, ___________________aquatic habitat ---- fresh water : pond, lake, reservoir, __________ •marine : sandy shore, muddy shore, ___________________A habitat can divide into numerous microhabitats小生境, each with_____________________________________________________________________________________•The niche生態位of a species describes the role of specific species in its community.Niches are sometimes distinguished from habitats by saying that the habitat of anorganism is its address, while its niche is its role in the community.e.g. on a tree : caterpillars (feed on leaves),beetles (burrow into trunk)they live on same place but functionally they occupy different niches.•The biotic (living) factors生物的are comprised by all living organisms within the ecosystem.•The abiotic (non-living) 非生物的factors are mainly divided into soil, water and climate.o Water is essential for all living organisms in the soil and enters living cells by osmosis.o Soils vary in their content of clay, silt, sand and gravel. The composition of soil determines the soil texture, porosity, water-retaining capacity and oxygen content.Soil contains a mixture of organic and inorganic nutrients (humus and minerals).o Climate includes environmental variables such as light, temperature, moisture, salinity and wind. These factors are important in determining the types of livingorganisms in the ecosystem.B. Energy flow and nutrient cycling in the ecosystemI) Transfer of energy (many approaches, according to functions in ecosystem)Food chainA linear sequence of organisms showing a pathway of food consumption from producers through a series of consumers. In this series, an organism feeds on the one before it and forms the food of the organism after it.Food chains are short (4-5 levels) because only 10 - 20 % of energy is transferred to the next stage.Each stage in food chain = _______________Trophic levels•The number of steps by which the organisms obtain their energy from plants in a food chain. --- the producers always at the first trophic level.Producers _______ consumers ______ consumers ______consumersdecomposersa) Producers : autotrophs自養-- photosynthetic e.g. green plant, photosynthetic bacteria,chemosynthetic bacteria e.g. nitrifying bacteria,base of food chain and food web.N.B. : Phytoplanktons, which are microorganisms, are important producers floating on the upper layers of lakes or ocean. They are unicellular organisms which alsocontain chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis just like the terrestrial plants .b) Primary consumers : herbivores which feed on plants e.g. pond snails, insect larvae.c) Secondary consumers : carnivores which feed on primary consumers e.g. small fish.d) Tertiary consumers : larger carnivores which feed on secondary consumers e.g. large fishe) Decomposers : mainly ________________________,分解者decompose dead bodies of plants and animals into simpler compoundswhich can then be absorbed by green plants again,important in recycling of nutrients and clearing up dead bodies andexcretory remains.f) Detritivores : consume the losses from the food chain, or dead organic matter detached食腐質動物from dead bodies or excreta (detritus), movement of energy and matter in a continuous manner, therefore hard to define trophic level,mainly bacteria, fungi, protozoans, insects, mites and some small vertebrates,detritus detritivores carnivores and herbivoresImportances :⏹detritivores break down complex compounds to simpler molecules, therefore speeding updecomposition of dead bodies and excretory remains by breaking up detritus into small pieces thus increasing the surface area available for microbial action,⏹adding proteins and microorganisms onto the soil by their faecesg) other definition system :Producer herbivores carnivores top carnivores(prey) (prey/predator) (predator)Some animals may act as both herbivore and carnivore : omnivoreFood web- 2 or more interconnecting food chains, each organism may have different trophic levels營養層in different food chain within a food web.- examples of woodland and fresh water habitat (refer to any textbook)Example of food web : MarshII) Level of organizationArrange the following ecological terms in order :biosphere, community, population, organ, organism, biome, cellSpecies : ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________III) Ecological energeticsProduction : amount of materials which accumulate over a fixed amount of time.Top carnivoresCarnivoresdecomposersHerbivoresGreen plantsN.B. Much of the solar energy reaching the plant is lost by reflection and photosynthetic inefficiency.Useful terms :•Biological productivity生物生產力is the rate at which biomass is produced by an ecosystem. It has two components:o Primary productivity初級生產力, the production of new organic matter by green plants (autotrophs).o Secondary productivity次級生產力, the production of new organic matter by consumers (heterotrophs).•Both of these can be divided into gross primary productivity and net primary productivity.•Gross primary productivity (GPP) 總初級生產力o The total amount of orgainc matter produced by green plants in unit area and per unit time. GPP does not represent the actual amount of food potentially availableto heterotrophs because some of the organic matters are used to meet plant'srespiration and metabolism.•Net primary productivity (NPP) 淨初級生產力o The total amount of organic matter of the organism after respiration andmetabolism have been fueled. Therefore it represents the potential food energyavailable to heterotrophs.Net secondary productivity : ____________________________________________N.B. : Usually, plant has 10% average efficiency of energy transfer while animal has 20%, explain why ?IV) Pyramids1) Pyramid of number (abundance) 數目塔- a diagram representing the progressive drop in numbers of individuals at each successive trophic level, usually upright e.g.- sometimes may be inverted e.g.- Not a good representation : ___________________________________________2) Pyramid of biomass (unit :g/m2) 生物量塔- Biomass ? _____________________________________________________________- better idea about the quantity of materials in each trophic level required to support those level above it, total amount of organic matter is largest at the base of a food chain,- normal shape : upright,rare case : inverted, why ?Reason ---- producer level has rapid turnover rate e.g. phytoplanktons may have smaller biomass than true but have higher productivity, therefore in this case, harvestanimal is better than harvest producer,3) Pyramid of energy 能量塔(productivity) (Unit : g/m2/day, month, year)- the best because :a) it takes into account the rate of production, that is the time factor.b) no inverted pyramid --- always upright,c) importance of solar energy can be stressed.Criticism of all pyramids :- in a food web, many organisms cannot be placed in ONE suitable trophic level.- some still inverted, why ??Cycling of Nutrients in EcosystemsA. Carbon Cycle•Carbon is an essential building element for all organic compounds. The cyclic flow of carbon in Nature is known as the carbon cycle.o In Nature, the most abundant source of carbon exists as carbon dioxide free in the atmosphere and dissolve in oceans.o During photosynthesis, producers make use of light energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds in their bodieso When producers are eaten, the organic carbon compounds in their bodies are passed on to the consumers.o In the bodies of both producers and consumers, part of the organic carbon compounds is broken down into carbon dioxide during respiration and bringback to the atmosphere and oceans.o When the organisms die, a certain amount of organic carbon compounds is locked up in the dead bodies.o Generally the dead bodies undergo decomposition. The organic carboncompounds are converted to carbon dioxide and liberated during the respirationof decomposers.o Sometimes, the dead bodies may become fossil fuels. In such a case, the carbon dioxide can only be released when the fuels are burnt. The process is calledcombustion.Carbon CycleB. Nitrogen Cycle•Nitrogen is an essential element in the synthesis of proteins. The cyclic flow of nitrogen in Nature is known as the nitrogen.o During a process called nitrogen fixation, atmospheric nitrogen is changed to nitrates in the soil.This process is carried out by a group of bacteria callednitrogen-fixing bacteria.固氮細菌o During lightening閃電, a tmospheric nitrogen can also be changed to nitrates.o The nitrogen in the soil is absorbed by producers in ionic forms and converted to organic nitrogenous compounds in their body.o When producers are eaten, the organic nitrogenous compounds in their bodies are passed on to the consumers.o Some of the nitrogen in the consumers' bodies are lost as excretory products.o When the organisms die, a certain amount of organic nitrogen is locked up in the dead bodies.o The organic nitrogen in the excretory products and dead bodies is broken down into ammonium compounds by a group of bacteria called putrefying bacteria. Theprocess is called putrefaction. 腐敗作用o The ammonium compounds are changed stepwise to nitrates by nitrifying bacteria. The process is called nitrification.o A process called denitrification changes some of the inorganic nitrogencompounds in the soil changed to nitrogen gas by the so-called denitrifyingbacteria. The nitrogen gas is returned to the atmosphere.Nitrogen cycleReference : Chinese version of Carbon and Nitrogen cycle Carbon Cycle :Nitrogen Cycle :Interdependence of organismsBasic interaction types0 no reaction + positive influence : benefit - negativea) + 0 :b) + + :c) + - :d) + - :e) - - :A) Positive interactions1) Commensalism 片行共生Different species of organisms living together, with only one getting benefits while the other get no harm, e.g. the barnacles藤壺attach themselves to the shells of hermit crabs. They obtain nourishment from the food left by the crab after it has eaten, and the crab can help them escape from danger.2) Mutualism (symbiosis) 互利共生Different species living together that are beneficial to both, e.g. lichens which are the association of fungi and algae. The alga is protected from high light intensity and desiccation by the fungi. Moreover, the fungi are constantly supplied with organic food substances by the algae from photosynthesis.Other example : symbiotic bacteria and rabbits.B) Negative interaction1) Predation (+ -) :two individuals in which one preys on the other while the other is being eaten e.g. foxes and rabbits.N.B. predators regulating the prey population, i.e. Biological control, therefore benefically.2) Parasitism (+ -) :The parasite obtains food or shelter from the host. It can be further divided into ectoparasites, which live on the outer surface of a host, and endoparasites, which live within a host.e.g. tapeworm found in human digestive system obtain nourishment from the human host. N.B. the parasite must not kill the host or else it destroys itself.3) Competition (- -) :a) Interspecific or intraspecific :which one is more serious ? ________________________e.g. barnacles and oysters ---- compete for space and foodb) Two types :(Scramble爭奪) :(Contest) :c) Effects- on plant : changes in growth rate (competition for nutrients or light),extinction of less successful species,- on animal : i) aggression,ii) territory,iii) emigration,iv) increase in death rate,v) predation.d) Evolutionary significance :1) eliminate less well-adapted individuals, therefore gradual improvement of species,2) gives rise to adaptive radiationi.e. filling of more diverse ecological niches by an original species,therefore competition in field -- __________________________________________________________________________________________________3) success in competition depends on environmental conditions, conditions may favour one species at one time, and a different one at some other time, therefore different species may fluctuate in number.Succession 演替Succession is defined as a series of changes in the structure and composition of a community from the pioneer community to the climax community over a period of time.Primary succession :Invasion and colonization of bare rock, only algae and lichens can invadeand colonize the area(insufficient soil and nutrients for trees and shrubs) --first colonizers.by weatheringColonization by larger plant species such as mosses or fernsThe death and decomposition of these plants further enrich the soilColonization by seed-bearing plants, including grasses, shrubs and trees.Secondary succession :When the completely colonized surface has been influenced by living organisms (human) or environmental factors (fire), secondary succession occurs -- result in mesophytes dominantcauses of succession : changes in environment of a pondexisting communities no longer adaptednew species take overClimax community : 頂極群落The final stable and self-perpetuating community developed after number of successional communities, can resist environmental changes and competition, and it is the most productive community that the environment can sustain.Characteristics1) determined by habitat factors,2) interaction results in a stable balanced unit,3) a natural community : self sufficient and self-maintaining,4) species composition of a natural community is the result of natural selection.Adaptations of organisms to the environmenta) Definition :characteristic of an organism with definite value in allowing it to exist under condition of its habitats in order to ensure its continuity, allow the organism to make use of environmental resources or protect it against adverse conditions.b) Types of adaptation :a) morphological, b) physiological, c) behaviouralc) Significance of adaptation :- natural selection eliminates the one not adapted, therefore the adapted are favoured i.e.'survival of fittest',- ability of species to remain in existence depends on :i) ______________________________________________________________ii) ________________________________________________________________Examples of adaptationsReproductiona) Viviparous 胎生droppers of Kandelia水筆仔:- dominant in mangroves in H.K.,- seedlings (fruits) exhibit vivipary -- they develop while still attached to the parent plants, forming 'droppers' which fall into the water and float away, coming to rest in an upright position as the tide recedes,- therefore adapt to i) unstable substratum,ii) anaerobic mud,iii) saline condition.Survivala) Holdfast of Sargassum ( brown algae),- live on the intertidal zone of marine habitat,- develop a powerful holdfast which is a flattened disc capable of adhering strongly to almost any solid substratum.b) Shaped leaves of Pinus :- develop successfully as an evergreen plant in relatively poor, dry soil,- dark green 'needle' leaf with sunken stomata,- each has the shiny look associated with a thick cuticle and is grooved along its length,- small brown scale leaves for protection of buds and dwarfed shoot.Notes on field studiesEnvironment-the surroundings-i.e. the sum total of external influences acting on an organism or community.A) Abiotic (physical) :----- climaticsoil (edaphic)topographica) ClimaticTemperature :- biochemical processes : most life exist within 0 – 600C- physiological effects (breeding),- adaptations :i) behavioral -----ii) structural -----Rainfall :- need for many functions (germination, locomotion, transport, metabolism, osmoregulation), - presence or absence of water causes many adaptations :in plants :in animals :-governs distribution of tropical rain forest, temperate forest,-Light :- three factors : ___________________________________- photosynthesis : food production,flowering (photoperiodism), transpiration,behaviour; breeding cycles,tropisms and nastic response,control zonationHumidity- is related to wind, rainfall and temperature,- transpiration rate,- behaviour of animals e.g. rocky shore animals seek damp place when exposed,Wind- transpiration,- affects mode of growth of vegetation :e.g. mechanical damage : stunting and shearing, defoliation, distortion- dispersal of seeds, fruits and spores, pollinationb) Soil (Edaphic) factors- soil factor i.e. factors which describe the conditions of the soil or substratum,- refer to notes of soil.c) Topographic factors- position of an area in relation to the surrounding country :i) altitude,ii) contour,iii) direction.B) Biotic factorsEffects1) Plant : source of food --- primary producer2) Interaction : refer to notes taught before3) Pollination and dispersal of seed and food by animals4) Protective adaptation :a) ____________ : protective coloration,b) ____________ : many animals resemble plants in shape e.g. stick insects or resembleother harmful animal species, therefore obtain benefits from thisresemblance.5) Man's effect on environment :- farming, pollution – important topic, discuss laterMethods of sampling on area : Study the distribution and abundance of organismsA) Transects 樣條Definition : a line cutting through an area, used to survey vegetation or fauna of the area. Types of transects1) Line transect 樣線:- linear survey of plants and animals through an area, change in level is not recorded.－select a typical stretch of areas of interest in the habitat,－laid a rope on ground, e.g. 10 meter (fixed at the 2 end),－check plants and animals touching the line every 0.5 – 1 meter,－record abundance and distribution of species touching the rope,－data graphed (histograms / kite diagrams / etc.) and analysed .2) Profile transects 剖面樣線:- a diagram shows the profile, i.e. change in level, along a given direction,- vegetation and animals are also indicated along it, show possible changes in vegetable type, - how to measure the level ?3) Belt transect 樣帶:- survey of a strip through an area, usually 2 parallel lines one metre apart,- usually record with quadrat.Presentation of data1)2)3)B) Quadrat樣方Definition : an square of known dimension, used to sample vegetation or animals, record the abundance and distribution of species recorded.The tool used : quadrat frame－random or along a transect (belt transect),－count the number of each species occurring in the quadrat / estimate the percentage coverage of each species in the quadrat,－for random sampling : repeat a number of times to get the average,－for systematic sampling : belt transect --- repeat along the transect,－Present the data (1)May be used to measure1) seasonal change2) zonation3) population numberPoint quadrat : a method by which fine pointed wires are lowered onto the vegetation inside the quadrat to measure relative abundance. e.g. frequency of plant AZonation 成帶現象- characteristic distribution of organisms into zones or strata (vertical zonation e.g. forest).Discussion :What are the limitations of using transect and quadrat ?Example of habitat --- Rocky shore岩岸General layout :Factors on rocky shore1) tidal flow,2) wave action,3) substratum 基層,4) sunlight (illumination),5) rainfall, humidity,6) wind,7) salinity (rock pool)Problems faced1)2)3)4)General adaptation on rocky shoreUpper shore Lower shore1) lung breathers _____________________2) complex excretory organs and excretion by diffusion and excrete ammoniaexcrete uric acids3 mobile, cryptic, thick shells sedimentary, non-cryptic, thinTypical distribution of flora and fauna。
生态学英语名词解释
生态学英语名词解释
生态学是研究生物与环境相互作用的学科，涉及很多专业术语。
本文将为您
介绍一些常用的生态学英语名词，帮助您更好地理解生态学相关的英文文章和研
究成果。
1. Biodiversity - 生物多样性
生物多样性是指地球上所有生物种类、基因和生态系统的多样性。
包括物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态系统多样性。
2. Habitat - 栖息地
栖息地是指为某种生物提供生存和繁殖条件的自然环境或生态
系统。
3. Community - 群落
群落是指在一定空间内所有生物种群的集合体，包括动物、植物和微生物。
4. Ecosystem - 生态系统
生态系统是指生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用的系统，包括生物、土壤、水和气候等环境因素。
5. Biome - 生物群系
生物群系是指在地球上不同地区、具有相似气候和生态条件的生物群落集合体。
6. Endangered species - 濒危物种
濒危物种是指受到威胁、数量锐减、分布范围缩小的物种。
7. Conservation - 保护
保护是指采取措施，保护自然资源和生物多样性，防止生态系统受到破坏或破坏已经发生的生态系统得到修复。
8. Pollution - 污染
污染是指环境中某些物质或能量的浓度或强度超过某种生态系
统或生物种群的容忍限度，而对生态系统或生物种群造成损害的现象。
9. Climate change - 气候变化
气候变化是指地球气候在长期时间尺度上发生的变化，可能是自然因素或人类活动引起的。
Chapter 5-生态系统-06-08 环境生态学英文版本课件
Phototrophic bacteria and other autotroph
Primary consumer : Herbivore
Macro-consumer Secondary consumer : Carnivore
Tertiary consumer : Large carnivore
Ecosystem
Producers are autotrophic organisms using solar energy to synthesize the simple inorganic compound into the organic complex matters
• They transform light energy into chemical energy
The food chain intertwined connection to a network, known as the Food web (食物网)
Types of Food Chain
--- Predacity food chain (捕食性食物链) plant → animal → carnivorous herbivorous animals
Three thesis about integrity ● The whole is greater than the sum of its parts ● Once it forms the system, the elements will be broken down into separate parts ● The feature and action of elements are useful for the integrity of the system and are expressed by the interaction
生态学科的名词解释英文
生态学科的名词解释英文生态学作为一门综合性的学科，涵盖了许多重要的概念和名词。
下面将对一些常见的生态学名词进行英文解释，并探讨它们在生态学中的含义和应用。
1. 生态系统 (Ecosystem)生态系统是指生物与其所处环境之间相互作用的综合体。
生态系统由生物群落（包括动植物）和非生物因素（如土壤、气候）组成，它们之间通过能量和物质的流动和循环来维持稳定。
2. 群落 (Community)群落是指在一个特定地理区域内相互依赖、相互作用的不同物种的总体。
群落中的物种可以相互合作、竞争或捕食，它们之间形成复杂的关系网。
3. 种群 (Population)种群是指在同一地理区域内属于同一物种的个体集合。
种群研究着重于了解个体数量、分布、密度、生物学特性和遗传变异等因素对种群动态的影响。
4. 适应性 (Adaptation)适应性是指物种对环境变化的演化调整。
适应性可以包括生理结构、生态行为和遗传变异等方面的改变，以适应特定的环境条件。
5. 生态位 (Ecological Niche)生态位是指物种在生态系统中的角色和功能。
它包括了物种对资源的使用和分配、对环境条件的适应性以及与其他物种的互作关系等因素。
6. 生态链 (Food Chain)生态链描述了不同物种之间的食物关系。
它按照食物的能量转移路径，从生产者到消费者再到食肉者，来说明生物之间的相互依赖关系。
7. 生物多样性 (Biodiversity)生物多样性指的是地球上不同物种和它们的遗传变异的整体。
它包括了物种多样性、基因多样性和生态系统多样性三个层次，反映了生物的丰富性和复杂性。
8. 生态足迹 (Ecological Footprint)生态足迹是一种衡量人类活动对自然资源消耗和环境影响程度的指标。
它反映了一个人、一个社群或一个国家所需的土地和水资源以及其他资源的面积和量。
9. 生态恢复 (Ecological Restoration)生态恢复是指通过改善或修复破坏的生态系统，以促进其自然生态过程和生物多样性的再生。
e开头的英文单词英语词汇
e开头的英文单词英语词汇在英语的学习中，词汇量的积累无疑是很重要的，e字母开头的英语单词你知道多少呢，下面是店铺整理的一些e开头的英文单词，希望对大家有帮助。
e开头的英文单词ear n.(稻麦等的)穗earnings n.工资，收入;收益earthenware n.陶器eastward a.&ad.向东的，向东echo vt.反射(声音等)eclipse n.(日，月)食ecology n.生态学;个体生态学economically ad.节约地，在经济上economics n.经济学;经济edit vt.编辑，编纂;校订editorial n.社论，期刊的社论Egyptian a.埃及的 n.埃及人eject vt.逐出，排斥;喷射elapse vi.(时间)过去，消逝elbow vt.用肘挤，挤进electrician n.电工，电气技师electrode n.电极;电焊条electronics n.电子学elegant a.(举止、服饰)雅致的e开头的英语单词带翻译entry n.通道;条目environmental a.环境的，环境产生的episode n.一段情节;插曲epoch n.(新)时代;历元equation n.平衡;平均;反应式equator n.赤道，天球赤道equilibrium n.平衡，均衡;均衡论equivalent a.等面(体)积的erect a.竖起的erosion n.腐蚀，侵蚀;糜烂errand n.差使，差事escort n.&vt.护卫，护送essence n.本质，本体;精华essential a.特发的;自发的establish vt.使…被永久地接受estate n.房地产;财产，产业eternal n.永久的;不朽的evaporate vt.使脱水vi.发散蒸气even a.同一日期的e字母开头的英语单词experimentally ad.实验上，实验性地experimentation n.实验，试验;实验法expire vi.满期，到期;断气explicit a.明晰的;直率的exploration n.考察;勘探;探查exposition n.说明，解释;陈列extinct a.绝种的;熄灭了的extinguish vt.熄灭，扑灭;消灭extra n.附加物;额外的人手extract vt.取出;榨取 n.摘录extraction n.抽出;提取法;摘要extraordinarily ad.非常地，特别地extravagant a.奢侈的;过度的extreme n.极端不同的性质。
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Ecology
Course Code: 81029000
Course：Ecology
Credit: 3 Semester: the fifth terms
Students: Undergraduates who majored in bioscience and marine resource
Pre-course: Zoology, Botany
Teachers：Zheng Feng-ying, associate professor, Dr.
Li u Jian, assistant professorship, Ms.
Introduction:
Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment. It includes individual ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and applied ecology. The aims of this course are as bellows: first, students should understand the basic concepts and theoretical system in ecology; second, students should understand the relationships between environment and organisms in different levels such as individual, population, community and ecosystem; third, students could analysis the reasons produced global change and unbalanced ecosystems; fourth, students should know the mankind should resolve these environmental problems under the ecology law.
Evaluation:
Examination form: Closed book exam, test time for 120 minutes, papers out of 100 points
Specified materials：
Sun Ru-Yong et al. Basic Ecology. High Education Press,2003, 2nd edition. Reference:
【1】Li Bo，Ecology, High Education Press,2000，1st edition
【2】Sun Ru-Yong,Animal ecology, 2002，Beijing Normal University Press,1st edition
【3】Ge Feng，Modern Ecology，Science Press，2002，1st Press
【4】Odum, E.P.( Sun Ru-Yong et al. traslated)，Basic Ecology, High Education Press，1971，1st edition
【5】Kormondy，Concepts of Ecology，Prentice Hall, 1996，3rd.。