Representation and Generalization.

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心理学专业英文词汇【A】

AM 算术平均数ama 半规管膨隆amacrine cell 无长突细胞amacrine 无长突的amalgamate 合并amalgamation 混合种amaroid 苦味质amasesis 咀嚼不能amathophobia 恐尘埃症amativeness 恋爱嗜好amatory 恋爱的amaurosis fugax 一时性黑蒙amaurosis 黑蒙amaurosis 全盲amaurotic familial idiocy 黑蒙性先天白痴amaurotic idiocy 黑蒙性白痴amaurotic 黑蒙性amaxophobia 乘车恐怖症amazement 惊愕ambidexterity 两手同能ambidextrality 两手同能ambidextrism 两手同利ambidextrous 两手同利ambidextrously 两手同利的ambient conditions 周围情况ambient noise 周围环境噪声ambient pressure 环境压力ambient vision 周围环境视觉ambiequal type 两向型ambiequal 两向的ambiguity cue 模棱线索ambiguity intolerance 难忍的模棱两可ambiguity tolerance 模棱容忍度ambiguity tolerance 易忍的模棱两可ambiguity 模棱两可ambiguous case 两可情况ambiguous figure 两可图形ambiguous perspective 交变透视ambiguous stimulus 模棱刺激ambiguous word 歧义字ambiguous 两可图ambilateral 两侧的ambilerosity 两手不利ambilingual 双语的ambiopia 复视ambisextrous 两性的ambisexual 两性的ambisexuality 两性人ambit 界限ambitendency 矛盾意向ambition 雄心ambitious paranoia 夸大性偏执狂ambivalence of the will 意志矛盾ambivalence 矛盾心态ambivalent depression 矛盾性抑郁症ambivalent personality 矛盾人格ambivalent phase 矛盾期ambivalent word 词义对立词ambivalent 矛盾的ambiversion 两向性格ambivert 两向性格者amblyacousia 听觉迟钝amblyaphia 触觉迟钝amblygeustia 味觉迟钝amblyope 弱视者amblyopia 弱视amblyopiatrics 弱视矫正法amblyscope 立体像融合镜amblyscope 弱视镜amblystomas 蝾螈类ambrosiac 麝香气ambulate 行走ambulatory automatism 觉醒游行症ambulatory psychotherapy 自助式心理治疗ambustion 灼伤amelanotic 不含黑色素的amelioration 褒义化amend 修正amenity 愉快amenorrhoea 闭经ament 白痴ament 精神错乱者amentia 智力缺陷American Educational Research Journal 美国教育研究American Geriatrics Association 美国老年病学协会American Journal of Community Psychology 美国社区心理学杂志American Journal of Mental Retardation 美国智力迟钝杂志American Journal of Psychoanalysis 美国心理分析杂志American Journal of Psychology 美国心理学杂志American Neurological Association 美国神经病学协会American Organizational Psychology Association 美国组织心理学协会American Physiological Association 美国生理学会American Psychiatric Association 美国精神病学会American Psychoanalyst 美国精神分析学家American Psychoanalytic Association 美国精神分析协会American Psychological Association 美国心理学会American Psychologist 美国心理学家美国心理学家American Psychopathological Society 美国精神病理学会American Science Information Institute 美国科学情报学会American Sign Language 美语手语American Society for Genetics 美国遗传学学会amerism 分音节不能Ames demonstration 艾姆斯深度知觉演示Ames demonstration 空间错觉演示Ames illusions 艾姆斯错觉Amesametrometer 屈光不正测量器ametropia 屈光不正amiability 和蔼amicine 生长抑制素amimia 表情缺失amine oxidase inhibitor 胺氧化酶抑制物amine 胺amino acid 氨基酸amino acid autoradiography 氨基酸放射自显术aminoacidopathy 氨基酸缺陷病aminoaciduria 氨基酸尿aminogram 氨基酸谱aminophylline 氨茶碱aminosis 氨基酸过多症ammeter 安培计Ammon samnalgesia 遗忘止痛法amnemomic aphasia 遗忘性失语amnesia amimia 遗忘性表情不能amnesia confabulation 失忆性虚构amnesia optica 视觉缺失amnesia syndrome 遗忘综合症amnesia 健忘症amnesia 失忆症amnesic amimia 遗忘性表情不能amnesic aphasia 遗忘性失语amnesic color blindness 遗忘性色盲amnesic 遗忘的amnestic aphasia 健忘性失语amnestic apraxia 遗忘性失用症amnestic syndrome 失忆综合症amnestic syndrome 遗忘综合症amodal completion 变形的完成amodal perception 变形知觉amoeba 变形虫amoeboid movement 变形运动amok 残暴性狂症among groupsamoral character 非道德品格amoral 非道德的amoralism 非道德论amorality 超道德amorality 非道德amorous 多情的amorpha 无定形病amorphinism 吗啡断瘾状态amorphism 无定形性amorphognosia 形态失认amorphosynthesis 形态综合不能amorphous personality 无定型人格amorphous type 情绪淡漠amort 意气消沉的amotio retinae 视网膜脱落amotio 脱落amotivational syndrome 缺动机综合症amount of change 变动量amount of forgetting 遗忘量amount of information 信息量amount of input information 输入信息量amount of inspection 检验数量amount of reinforcement 强化量amount of sweat 汗量amount of transmitted information 信息传递量amount of variability 变异量amount of work 工作量amount 总数amour propreamour 不正当男女关系amp 安培amphamphoterodiplopia 两眼复视ampheclexis 两性选择amphetamine 安非他明amphibian 两栖类amphiblestritis 视网膜炎amphibolia 不稳定期amphibology 模棱两可amphichroic reaction 两性反应amphichroic 两性的amphichromatic 两性反应的amphicrania 两侧头痛amphicroic 两性的amphigonous inheritance 双亲遗传amphilepsis 双亲遗传amphimixis 两性融合amphineura 双神经网amphoric 空瓮性amphorophony 空瓮性语音amphoteric 两性的amphoterodiplopia 两眼复视amphotony 交感迷走神经过敏ampliate 放大的ampliation 运动因果错觉amplification 放大amplifier stage 放大级amplifier 放大器amplitude distortion 波幅畸变amplitude distribution analysis 振幅分布分析amplitude of accommodation 调节幅度amplitude of convergence 会聚幅度amplitude of cycles 循环幅度amplitude of fluctuation 波动幅度amplitude of variation 幅度变化amplitude of vibration 振幅amplitude of wave 波幅amplitude probability density 振幅概率密度amplitude ratio 振幅比率amplitude velocity 幅速amplitude modulatedamplitude 幅amplitude 幅度ampulla 壶腹ampullitis 壶腹炎amuck 杀人狂症状amulet 护身符amusement motive 游乐性动机amusia 乐歌不能amusia 失音症amyasthenia 肌无力amychophobia 恐抓伤症amyelencephalia 无脑脊髓畸形amyeletrophy 脊髓萎缩amyelia 无脊髓畸形amyelic nerve fiber 无髓神经纤维amyelic 无髓的amyelinic fiber 无髓鞘纤维amyelinic 无髓鞘的amyelonic 无髓的amygdala 扁桃体amygdala 杏仁核amygdaline 扁桃体的amygdaloid body 杏仁体amygdaloid nucleus 杏仁核amylene hydrate 水合戊烯amylenization 戊烯麻醉amylobarbitone 异戊巴比妥amynology 免疫学amyo esthesiaamyocardia 心肌无力amyoesthesia 肌觉缺失amyoplasia 肌发育不全amyostasia 肌震颤amyosthenia 肌无力amyotaxia 肌运动失调amyotaxy 肌共济失调amyotonia 肌弛缓amyotrophia 肌萎缩amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 肌肉萎缩性一侧硬化amyotrophic 肌肉萎缩的amytal interview 阿密妥面谈amytal test 阿密妥测验anabasis 病加重期anabiosis 回生anabolic effect 合成作用anabolic phenomenon 合成代谢现象anabolic 合成代谢anabolism 合成代谢anabolite 合成代谢产物anabology 后加演化anaboly 后加演化anacamptic 折射的anacamptometer 反射计anacatesthesia 彷徨不安感anachoresis 摄菌作用anachoresis 退隐anachronism 时代错乱anaclasimeter 屈光检查仪anaclasis 光折射anaclastic 折射的anaclisis 依附性anaclitic choice 依赖性择配anaclitic depression 依赖性抑郁anaclitic identification 依附性认同anaclitic object choice 依赖对象选择anaclitic object 依附对象anaclitic therapy 依赖治疗法anaclitic 依附的anacmesis 成熟受阻anacousia 全聋anacusia 全聋anadipsia 剧渴anadrenalismus 肾上腺机能缺失anaemia 贫血anaemotrophy 血液滋养不足anaerobic respiration 缺氧呼吸anaerobiosis 厌氧生活anaerosis 呼吸间断anaesthesia 麻木anaesthesia 麻醉anaesthetization by acupuncture 针刺麻醉anaesthetization 麻醉anagenesis 再生anaglyph method 视差图像法anaglyph 视差图像anaglyphoscope 反视镜anaglyphoscope 观立体镜观立体镜anagocytic 抑制细胞再生的anagoge 理想精神anagogic interpretation 潜因释梦anagram 字谜anagram 拚字图anahormone 类激素anakusis 全聋anal character 肛门性格anal erotism 肛原性anal fixation 肛门期滞留作用anal impotence 肛门无能anal masochism 肛门被虐性anal masturbation 肛门手淫anal personality 肛门期性格anal phase 肛门期anal sadism 肛门加虐性anal stage 肛门期anal expulsiveanal expulsiveanal rapeanal retentiveanal retentiveanaleptics 兴奋剂analgesia algera 痛区感觉缺失analgesia 失痛症analgesics 镇痛药analgesimeter 痛觉测量器analog code 模拟编码analog computation 模拟计算analog computer 模拟计算机analog control 模拟控制analog data 模拟数据analog display 模拟显示analog network 模拟网络analog psychology 模拟心理学analog quantity 模拟量analog representation 类比表征analog signal 模拟信号analog simulation 相似模拟analog systems 模拟系统analog 类似analog 模拟analogical change 类推变化analogical extension 类推扩展analogical inference 类比推理analogical method 类推法analogical probation 类推论证analogical reasoning 类比推理analogical 类拟的analogies of experience 经验类比analogies test 类比测验analogism 类比推理analogist 类推者analogous argumentation 类比论证analogous concept 类比概念analogous evolution 平行进化analogous inference 类比推理analogous type 模拟型analogue computer 模拟计算机analogue digital conversion 模拟数字转换analogue display 模拟显示analogue method 模拟法analogue model 模拟模型analogue signal 模拟信号analogue technique 模拟技术analogue transmission 模拟传输analogue type 模拟型analogue 类似物analogue 模拟analogy of attribution 属性类比analogy of proportionality 比例类比analogy test 模拟测验analogy 类比analysand 被分析者analysand 精神分析对象analysator 分析器analysis approach 分析研究analysis by filtering 过滤式分析analysis by synthesis theory 综合分析理论analysis by synthesis 综合分析analysis chart 分析图analysis language 分析型语言analysis of correlation 相关分析analysis of covariance model 协方差分析模型analysis of covariance structures 协方差结构分析analysis of covariance table 协方差分析表analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of data 数据分析analysis of human error 人为失误分析analysis of language 语言分析analysis of Latin Square 拉丁方阵分析analysis of learning potential 学习潜能分析analysis of matter 质料分析analysis of motion 运动分析analysis of network 网络分析Analysis of Readiness Skills 已备技能分析analysis of sensation 感觉分析analysis of variance 方差分析analysis of variance model 方差分析模型analysis of variance of factorial design 析因设计方差分析analysis of variance table 方差分析表analysis situs 拓朴学analysis tolerance 耐力分析analysis generalizationanalysis 分析analysor 分析器analyst programmeranalyst 分析者analytic group psychotherapy 分析团体心理治疗法analytic language 分析性语言analytic mechanics 分析力学analytic method 分析法analytic process 分析过程analytic proposition 分析命题analytic psychology 分析心理学analytic psychotherapy 分析心理治疗analytic reliability 分析信度analytic therapy 分析疗法analytic thinking 分析思维analytic syntheticanalytical activity 分析活动analytical argument 分析的论辩analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical conceptualizing style 分析考量型analytical diagnostic test 分析诊断测验analytical geometry 解析几何analytical judgment 分析判断analytical language 分析性语言analytical method of teaching 分析教学法analytical method 分析法analytical model 解析模型analytical probation 分析的论证analytical psychology 分析心理学analytical psychotherapy 分析心理治疗法analytical rating 分析的评定法analytical realism 分析实在论analytical research 分析性研究Analytical Scale for Judging of Handwriting 评判书法分析量表analytical scale 分析量表analytical social sciences 分析的社会科学analytical structure 分析结构analytical system 分析系统analytical test 分析测验analytical theory 分析论分析论analytical thinking 分析思维analytical type 分析型analyticity 分析性analytics 解析学analyze 分析analyzer 分析器anamnesis reaction 回忆反应anamnesis 回忆anamorphism 渐变anamorphosis 渐进anamorphosis 歪象ananabasia 登高不能ananastasia 起立不能anancasm 强迫性重复行为anancastia 强迫性反应性格anancastic 强迫观念与行为的anandia 运动性失语anandria 男性特征缺乏anankastia 强迫性反应性格anapepsia 胃蛋白酶缺乏anaphia 触觉缺失anaphia 失触觉症anaphoria 上隐斜眼anaphrodisia 性欲缺乏anaphrodisiac 制欲的anaphylactic reaction 心理过敏反应anaphylactic shock 过敏性休克anaphylactin 过敏素anaphylactogen 过敏源anaphylactogenesis 过敏反应发生anaphylaxis 过敏性anaphylodiagnosis 过敏性诊断法anapnograph 呼吸速度描记器anaptic 触觉缺失anarchic 反常的anarchism 无政府主义anarchist 无政府主义者anarchy 无政府状态anarithmia 计算不能anarthria 口吃anastral figure 无星图像anastral spindle 无星纺锤体anastral 无星的Anatman 无我anatomia chirurgica 外科解剖学anatomia medica 内科解剖学anatomia pathologica 病理解剖学anatomia topographica 局部解剖学anatomia 解剖学anatomical age 解剖年龄anatomical features 解剖特点anatomical lens 解剖镜anatomical physiology 解剖生理学anatomicomedical 医用解剖学的anatomicopathological 病理解剖学的anatomicophysiological 解剖生理学的anatomicosurgical 外科解剖学的anatomist 解剖学家anatomize 解剖anatomy 解剖学anatomypathology 病理解剖学anatropia 上隐斜眼anatta 无我anaxon 无轴索神经细胞ancestor language 母语ancestor worship 祖先崇拜ancestor 原始现象ancestral features 遗传性状ancestry 祖先anchor point 参照点anchor stimulus 参照刺激anchor test 参照测验anchorage effect 参照效应anchored scaleanchoring approach 参照法anchoring effect 参照效应anchoring group 参照组anchoring of ego 自我安妥anchoring points 参照点anchylosis 关节僵硬ancient civilization 古代文明ancient psychological thought 古代的心理学思想ancient 古代的ancillary estimator 辅助估计量Andersch sandrocentric theory 男性本位说androcentric 以男性为中心的androgamone 雄配素androgen 男性荷尔蒙androgen 雄性激素androgenization 雄激素化作用androglossia 女性男声androgyne 两性体androgyneity 两性畸形androgynism 两性现象androgynoid 女化男性androgynous personality 双性人性androgynus 男化女性androgyny 双性性格andromania 慕男狂androphobia 恐男人症androphobia 男子恐怖症androsterone 雄酮anecdotage 轶事集anecdotal evidence 轶事证据anecdotal method 轶事法anecdotal record 轶事记录anecdote 轶事anecdotist 轶事收集者anechoic chamber 消声室anechoic 无回声的anemic anoxia 贫血性缺氧anemophobia 恐风症anemophobia 通风恐怖症anemotaxis 向风性anemotropism 趋风性anepithymia 食欲不振anerethisia 兴奋缺失anergasia 活动力缺失anergastic reaction 活动力缺乏性反应anergastic 器质性精神病的anergia 无力anergic 无变应性的anergy 无力anerythropsia 红色盲anesthecinesia 感觉与运动能力缺失anesthesia functional 机能性感觉缺失anesthesia 感觉缺失anesthetic resistance memory 抗麻醉性记忆anesthetic 麻醉的anesthetization 麻醉法anesthetized animal 麻醉动物anesthetospasm 麻醉期痉挛anestrus 不动情期anethopathy 病态性悖德anetiological 非病原学的anetoderma 皮肤松垂anfractuosity 纡曲Angelucci sanger 愤怒angiectomy 血管切除术angina 咽痛angioedema 血管性水肿angiography 血管造影法angiology 血管学angiometer 血管运动描记器angioneuralgia 血管神经痛angioneurosis 血管神经病angiospastic anesthesia 血管痉挛性感觉缺失angiosthenia 动脉张力angiotensin 血管紧缩素angiotensinogen 血管紧缩素原angle illusion 角度错觉angle of contact 接触角angle of convergence 辐合角angle of incidence 入射角angle of iris 虹膜角angle of reflection 反射角angle of repose 隐角angle range 角范围angle tolerance 角耐性angle transformation 角变换angle visualAnglomania 英国狂Anglophobia 英国恐怖症angophrasia 言语涩滞angry aggression 愤怒性攻击angry womanangry 愤怒angst 焦虑angstrom 埃Angstrom sanguish 苦恼angular curve 角曲线angular displacement 角曲移置angular gyrus 角回angular mandibula 下颔角angulus anterior 前角angusty 狭窄anheaphia 触觉缺失anhedonia 快感缺乏anhelation 气促anhidrosis 无汗症anhistic 无构造的anhormonia 激素缺乏anhydraemia 缺水血症anhydromyelia 脊髓液缺乏anhydrous alcohol 无水酒精aniconia 无映象anility 老年型痴愚anility 衰老anima 女性意像anima 阴性基质animal aggression 动物攻击行为animal anatomy 动物解剖学animal behavior 动物行为animal biological rhythm 动物生物节律animal breeding 动物育种animal clinical psychology 动物临床心理学animal communication 动物通信animal community 动物群落animal courtship behavior 动物求偶行为animal cult 动物崇拜animal dispersal 动物传播animal distress call 动物危难叫喊animal ecology 动物生态学animal ethology 动物生态学animal ethology 动物习性学animal experiment 动物试验animal genetics 动物遗传学animal geography 动物地理学animal gregarious behavior 动物合群行为animal hemisphere 动物性半球animal host 动物寄主animal house 动物屋animal hypnosis 动物催眠animal inoculation 动物接种animal instinct 动物本能animal instinctive behavior 动物本能行为animal intelligence 动物的智能Animal Learning and Behavior 动物学习与行为animal learning 动物学习animal magnetism 动物磁性说animal mating behavior 动物配偶行为animal migration 动物迁移animal navigation behavior 动物导航行为animal parental behavior 动物的父母行为animal physiology 动物生理学animal population 动物种群animal protection 动物保护animal psychology 动物心理学animal psychophysics 动物心理物理学animal sexual behavior 动物性行为animal society 动物社会animal sociology 动物社会学animal spirit 动物的元气animal unit 动物单位animal vocalization 动物发声animal spiritanimal 动物animalism 动物性animalization 动物化animate 动物名词animation 活跃animatism 物活论animism 泛灵论animistic materialism 物活论唯物主义animosity 仇恨animus 男性意向animus 阳性基质anincretinosis 内分泌缺乏anion 阴离子aniseikonia 网膜异象症aniso accommodationanisochromasia 色素不均anisocoria 瞳孔不均anisogeny 雌雄异型遗传anisomerism 不对称性anisometrope 屈光参差者anisometropia 屈光不等anisophoria 垂直向隐斜视anisopia 两眼视力不等anisotropic distribution 异向异性分布anisotropic 各向异性的anisotropism 各向异性anisotropy of space 空间方向错误anisotropy of visual space 视觉空间方向错误anisotropy of visual space 视野异形anisotropy 方向错误ankle clonus 踝阵挛ankle jerk 足踝反射ankle joint 踝关节ankle reflexankyloglossia 结舌ankylophobia 关节强硬恐怖症ankylosis 关节强硬anlage 基础annals 年鉴annex 附加annihilate 消灭annihilation anxiety 毁灭焦虑anniversary hypothesis 周年假说anniversary reaction 周年反应Anno Domini 公元annotation 注释announce 宣布annoyance of noise 噪声烦扰度annoyance threshold 烦恼阈限annoyance 烦恼annoyer 烦恼物annual data 年度资料annual death rate 年死亡率annual gradient 年度化率annual improvement factor 年增长因素annual rate of growth 年增长率annual returns 年报Annual Review of Psychology 心理学年鉴annual seasons 年季度annual succession 年演替annual 一年生的annuity 年金annul 取消annulospiral ending 环螺形末梢annulus 环anodal depression 阴极性阻抑anodal dosing contraction 阴极通电收缩anodal opening contraction 阴极断电收缩anodmia 失嗅症anodyne 止痛的anodynia 无痛anoesis 无意识anoia 白痴anomalies 异常的因果情况anomalism 反常现象anomalopia 色觉异常anomaloscope 色觉鉴别器anomalotrophy 营养异常anomalous contour 不规则轮廓anomalous differences 异常误差anomalous personality 异常人格anomalous retinal correspondence 视网膜异常对应anomalous structure 异常结构anomalous substitution 反常取代anomalous succession 不规则演替anomalous trichromatism 三色觉异常anomaly of visual perception 视知觉异常anomaly 反常anomia 称名不能anomic aphasia 命名性失语anomic suicide 失范型自杀anomic 反常状态anomie 规范缺失anomie 失范anomy theory 反常状态理论anonym 匿名者anonymous 匿名的anophoria 上隐斜视anopia 上斜视anopsia 废用性弱视anorchus 无睾者anorexia nervosa 神经性厌食症anorexia 厌食症anorgasmy 性快感缺乏anorthography 运动性失写症anorthopia 眼偏视anorthoscope 动景镜anorthoscope 弱视镜anorthosis 直立不能anosmatic 嗅觉缺乏的anosmia 失嗅症anosmia 嗅觉缺失anosmic aphasia 嗅觉性失语anosodiaphoria 疾病漠视anosognosia 疾病失认症anosphrasia 嗅觉丧失anostosis 骨发育不全another world 另一世界anotropia 上显斜视ANOVA 方差分析anovulation 排卵停止anovulia 排卵停止anoxemia 缺氧血症anoxia 缺氧症anoxic 缺氧的ANS 自主神经系统ansa 脊神经Anstie sanswer key 答案answer up 对应迅速answer 回答answering model 回答模式antagonism 颉抗作用antagonist reflex 颉抗反射antagonist 颉抗性antagonistic action 颉抗作用antagonistic behavior 斗争性行为antagonistic color 对抗色antagonistic contradiction 对抗性矛盾antagonistic cooperation 对抗合作antagonistic muscle 颉抗肌antagonistic process 对抗过程antagonistic reflex 颉抗反射antagonistic substance 对抗物质antagonistic symbiosis 对抗共生antagonistic 敌对的antagonistic 颉抗的antagonize 起反作用antalgic reaction 防痛反应antalgic 防痛的antapoplectic 防止中风的antasthenic 恢复体力的ante mortem 死前antecardium 腹上部antecedent circumstance 先行情况antecedent condition 先行条件antecedent ground 先行根据antecedent consequent前件后因antecedent 前因antecedents of interpersonal attraction 人际吸引条件antecessor 先行者antecurvature 前弯antedating reaction 提前反应antedating response 提前反应anteflection 前屈antenatal training 胎教antenatal 胎儿的antenna 触角antennae nerve 触角神经antennal nerve 触觉神经antennal neuromere 触角神经元节antennal organ 触觉器antennal process 触角突antennal receptor 触角感受器antennal segment 触觉节antennal sensilla 触角感器antennal 触觉的antenniferous tubercle 触角突antenniferous 触角的antennulary ganglion 触角神经节antennulary 触角的antenuptial 婚前的antephialtic 抗梦魇的antergic 对抗作用的antergic 拮抗的anterior basal membrane 前基膜anterior blastomere 前裂球anterior centrosome 前中心体anterior chamber 前房anterior coelom 前体腔anterior column 前柱anterior commissure 前连合anterior cornu 前角突anterior gray commissure 前灰质连合anterior horn 前角anterior lobe hormones 脑垂体前叶激素anterior lobe of hypophysis 脑下垂体前叶anterior lobe 前叶anterior nerve root 前神经根anterior neuropore 前神经孔anterior nucleus 前核anterior orbit 前眶anterior palate 前腭anterior pituitary gland 脑垂腺前叶anterior pituitary hormones 脑垂体前叶激素anterior pituitary likeanterior pituitary 脑垂体前叶anterior pyramidal tract 前锥体束anterior radicle cell 前根细胞anterior root 前根anterograde amnesia 顺行性遗忘anterograde amnesia 远事遗忘anterograde degeneration 顺行性变性anterograde 顺行的anteromedian 前中裂anterotic 制欲的antetype 前型antetype 先型anthophilous 喜花的anthophobia 花恐怖症anthracometer 二氧化碳测量器anthropic factor 人为因素anthropic 人为的anthropobiology 人类生物学anthropocentric theory 人类中心说anthropocentrism 人类中心论anthropochorous 人传播的anthropochory 人为传播anthropogenesis 人类起源anthropogenetic sere 人为演替系列anthropogenetic succession 人为演替anthropogenetic 人类起源的anthropogenetic 人为的anthropogenic succession 人为演替anthropogenic 人为的anthropogeny 人类起源anthropogeography 人类地理学anthropography 人类分布学anthropography 人类志anthropoid 类人猿Anthropoidea 类人猿亚目Anthropoids 类人目anthropokinetics 人类活动学anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anthropological materialism 人类学唯物主义anthropological studies 人类学研究anthropological viewpoint 人类学观点anthropologism 人类主义anthropologist 人类学家anthropology 人类学anthropometer 人体测量器anthropometric test 人体测验anthropometrist 人体测量学家anthropometry 人体测量学anthropomorphic dummy 人体模型anthropomorphic system 拟人系统anthropomorphic thinking 拟人化思维anthropomorphism 拟人论anthropomorphology 人类形态学anthroponomy 人类行为学anthroponomy 人体进化论anthropopathy 情感拟人说anthropophagy 嗜食人肉anthropophobia 恐见人症anthroposociology 人类社会学anthroposophy 人性论anthroposophy 人智学anthropotomy 人体解剖学anthysteric 抗癔病的anti symmetric law 反对称律anti symmetry 反对称性anti temptation 抗拒诱惑anti cathexisanti coincidenceanti competitionanti Ganti illiteracyanti instinctanti insulinanti intellectualism反智主义anti interferenceanti intraceptionanti introspectionanti logyanti maniacalanti mentalismanti Oedipusanti pollutionanti predatoranti rationalismanti rationalityanti socialanti temptationanti traitantiadrenergic 抗肾上腺素能的antiamboceptor 抗介体antianaphylactin 抗过敏素antianaphylaxis 抗过敏antiandrogen 抗雄激素antianxiety drug 抗焦虑剂antianxiety 抗焦虑的antiarrhythmic 抗心律失常的antibacterial 抗细菌的antibiosis 抗菌antibiotics 抗菌素antibody like receptor 抗体样受体antic 滑稽动作anticathexis 反感情投注anticathexis 反精神宣泄anticephalalgic 抗头痛的anticholinergic drug 抗胆碱能药anticholinesterase 抗胆碱脂酶anticipation adaptation 前发适应anticipation anxiety 预期焦虑anticipation error 期望误差anticipation judgment 预期判断anticipation method 提示法anticipation method 预期法anticipation invigorationanticipation 预期anticipative anxiety 预期焦虑anticipator 期望者anticipatory aggression 防卫性攻击anticipatory anxiety 预期焦虑anticipatory assimilation 先行同化anticipatory behavior 预期行为anticipatory conditioned response 先期条件反应anticipatory control 先期控制anticipatory dissimilation 先行异化anticipatory error 预期错误anticipatory goal reaction 预期目标反应anticipatory goal response 预期目标反应anticipatory guidance 先期辅导anticipatory image 预期表象anticipatory imagination 预期想象anticipatory insanity 先发性精神病anticipatory method 预期法anticipatory of experience 经验的预测anticipatory reaction 预先反应anticipatory response 预先反应anticipatory schema 预期图式anticipatory socialization 预期社会化anticipatory survey 前景调查anticipatory symbol 预期症候anticipatory timing 预期计时anticlinal 对外倾斜的anticonformity behavior 反从众行为anticonformity 反从众性anticonvulsant 抗惊厥的anticonvulsant 镇痉剂anticonvulsive drug 镇痉挛剂anticonvulsive 镇痉的anticultural group 反文化集团anticultural 反文化的anticyclone 反气旋antidemocratic personality 反民主的人格antidepressant drug 抗抑郁剂antidinic 防眩晕的antidipsetic 止渴的antidiuresis 抑制尿分泌antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素antidromic conduction 逆向传导antidromic impulse 逆向冲动antidromic nerve impulse 逆向神经冲动antidromic 逆向的antidumping laws 反倾销法antidumping 反倾销antiepileptic 抗癫痫的antierotica 制性欲剂antiestrogenic 抗雌激素的antievolution 反进化论antievolutionist 反进化论者antigonadotrophic 抗促性腺激素的Antigone complex 安提戈涅情结Antigone complex 纯爱情结antigrowth hormone 抗生长激素antigrowth 抗生长的antihallucinatory 抗幻觉的antihistamines 抗组胺antihormone 抗激素antihypertensive 抗高血压的antihypnotic 抗眠的antihysteric 抗癔病的antijamming 抗干扰antikantism 反康德派antiketogenesis 抗生酮作用antikinesis 抗动态antikinesis 逆向运行antilethargic 抗嗜眠的antilogical 反逻辑antimaniacal drugs 抗躁狂剂antimaniacal 抗躁狂的antimanic agents 抗躁狂药物antimatter 反物质antimere 对称部antimetabolite 抗代谢物antimetropia 远近视antimicrobial 抗菌的antimongolism 反相先天愚型antimongoloid 反相先天愚型样的antinarcotic 抗麻醉的antinauseant 止恶心的antineuralgic 止神经痛的antineuritic 抗神经炎的antineurotoxin 抗神经毒素antinomian 唯信仰论者antinomianism 唯信仰论antinomy of distance 距离的矛盾antinomy of reason 理性的矛盾antinomy of Russell 罗素悖论antinomy 二律背反antinomy 自相矛盾antiparalytic 抗麻醉的antiparasympathomimetic 拟抗副交感的antipathy 反感antiphrases 反语antiphrasis 反语法antipode 对映体antiposia 厌饮antipositivism 反实证主义antipredatory aggression 反掠夺攻击antiproperty 对立的性质antipsychiatry 反精神病学antipsychologism 反心理主义antipsychotic drug 抗精神病药物antipsychotic 抗精神病的antipsychotics 抗精神病药antiquarian 喜爱古物的antiquity 古代风习antiracism 反种族主义antiscience 反科学antisensibilisin 抗致敏素antiskeptical 反怀疑论antisocial aggression 反社会性攻击antisocial behavior 反社会行为antisocial child 反社会儿童antisocial group 反社会群体antisocial personality disorder 反社会性人格障碍antisocial personality 反社会型人格antisocial reaction 反社会反应antisocial socialization 反社会社会化antisocial violence 反社会的暴力行为antisocial 不爱社交的antisocial 反社会的antisociality 反社会性antispasmodic 镇痉的antisymmetric relation 反对称关系antisymmetrical state 反对称态antisympathetic 抗交感神经的antithesis concept 对偶概念antithesis 对立antithetical ideas 对立思想antithing 对立物antithyrotropic hormone 抗促甲状腺激素antitrinitarianism 非三位一体论antitrismus 张口痉挛antitrope 对称体antitropic 相似对称的antiverbalism 反语词主义antivivisection 反活体解剖antiworld 反物质世界Anton sAnton Babinskiantonym test 反义字测验antonym 反义字antonymy 反义现象antorphine 丙烯去甲吗啡antrophose 中枢性光幻觉anxietas 焦虑anxiety attack 焦虑发作anxiety battery 焦虑成套测验anxiety complex 焦虑情结anxiety conservation 焦虑保存anxiety disorder 焦虑性障碍anxiety dream 恶梦anxiety hierarchy 焦虑层序anxiety hysteria 焦虑癔症anxiety melancholia 焦虑忧郁症anxiety neurosis 焦虑神经症anxiety psychosis 焦虑精神病anxiety reaction 焦虑反应anxiety reduction theory 焦虑消灭论anxiety scale 焦虑量表anxiety state 焦虑状态anxiety test 焦虑测验anxiety tolerance 焦虑耐量anxiety 焦虑anxiolytic drugs 抗焦虑药物anxiolytic 抗焦虑的anxiolytics 抗焦虑药anxious expectation 焦躁的期待anxiousness 焦急AP 动作电位APA Monitor 美国心理学会通讯apagoge 反证法apallesthesia 振动觉缺失apandria 远男症apanthropia 远人症aparalytic 无麻痹的aparathyrosis 甲状旁腺机能缺失apareunia 性交不能apastia 拒食apathetic dementia 冷漠性痴呆apathetic type 冷漠型apathia 无情感的apathism 冷淡病apathy syndrome 冷漠综合症apathy 冷漠apathy 情感淡漠APC 自动程序控制ape 类人猿apeidosis 形态渐失apeirophobia 无限恐怖apeman 猿人aperiodic reinforcement 不定期强化aperiodic tracking signals 非周期性追踪信号aperiodic 非周期性aperiodicity 非周期性aperture color 孔隙色apery 仿效apex beat 心尖博动apex cordis 心尖apex linguae 舌尖apexcardiogram 心尖心动图apexcardiography 心尖心动描记法Apgar Scale 阿普加量表Apgar score 阿普加新生儿评分APH 脑垂体前叶激素aphagia 不食症aphagia 吞咽不能aphasia area 失语症关连中枢aphasia zone 失语症关连区aphasia 失语症aphasiac 失语的aphasiac 失语者aphasiologist 失语症学家Aphasiology 失语症学aphasiology 失语症学aphemesthesia 听读不能aphemia 运动性失语症aphephobia 恐接触症。

在一般科学哲学的范围内的表示与表征-自然辩证法论文-哲学论文

在一般科学哲学的范围内的表示与表征-自然辩证法论文-哲学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——一、引言科学表示（scientific representation）在近些年的一般科学哲学研究中，逐渐成为了一个比较热门的话题。

这一点，从一些著名科学哲学家近年来所出版的专著的题目上可见一斑，如苏佩斯的《科学结构的表示与不变性》与范弗拉森的《科学表示：视角的悖论》。

国内在一般科学哲学的范围内，也对科学表示问题作了一些讨论，但是对represen-tation却出现了多种不同的汉译名称，如表征或表象、表达，本文作者主张将representa-tion理解并翻译为表示。

像representation这样基本的概念，竟然出现了多种直觉上有较大差异的汉译名称，更为严峻的是有的汉语译名，还对应着其他的英文术语，如表征(characterization[化学、化工、材料等])、表象（appearance[哲学]与image[心理学])、表达（expression[遗传学]）；从表面上看这是一个译名的选取问题，但其实却说明国内对科学哲学中所讨论的科学中的表示的理解，有着较大的差异。

本文将从分析科学中对应于representa-tion的各种不同的译名切入，进而论证在一般科学哲学的范围内，应该将representation统一的理解并翻译为表示。

二、汉译科技名词中对representation的翻译在科学哲学的汉语表述中所出现的不同译名，一般来说，是由在科学的汉语表述中所出现的不同译名导致的。

下面以全国科学技术名词审定委员会的在线术语查询数据库（以下简称名词委术语库）的查询结果为依据，给出在科学的汉语表述中，关于representation的不同译名：表1 为representation在名词委术语库中的精确查询结果，共有 4 条自然科学学科的记录，其中在心理学的普通心理学与实验心理学子学科中译为表征，计算机科学技术的语言与编译中译为表示，物理学的量子理论子学科中既译为表象又译为表示。

心理学专业名词中英文对照

心理学专业名词中英文对照感觉记忆（SM）—sensory memory 短期记忆（STM）—short-term M.长期记忆（LTM）—long-term memory 复诵---rehearsal预示(激发)----priming 童年失忆症---childhood amnesia视觉编码（表征）---visual code (representation) 听觉编码—acoustic code运作记忆---working memory 语意性知识—semantic knowledge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P.自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S. .程序性知识—procedural knowledge命题（陈述）性知识--propositional（declarative）knowledge情节（轶事）性知识—episodic K. 讯息处理深度—depth of processing精致化处理—elaboration 登录特殊性—coding specificity记忆术—mnemonic 位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word （线）探索（测）(激发)字—prime关键词---key word 命题思考----propositional thought心像思考---imaginal thought 行动思考---motoric thought概念---concept原型----prototype 属性----property 特征---feature范例策略--exemplar strategy 语言相对性（假说）—linguistic relativity th.音素---phoneme 词素---morpheme(字词的)外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning（句子的）表层与深层结构—surface & deep structure语意分析法---semantic differential 全句语言—holophrastic speech过度延伸---over-extension 电报式语言—telegraphic speech关键期----critical period 差异减缩法---difference reduction方法目的分析---means-ends analysis 倒推---working backward动机---------motive 自由意志------free will决定论------determinism 本能-----------instinct种属特有行为-----species specific 驱力----drive诱因------incentive 驱力减低说---drive reduction th.恒定状态（作用）—homeostasis 原级与次级动机—primary & secondary M.功能独立—functional autonomy 下视丘侧部（LH）—lateral hypothalamus脂肪细胞说----fat-cell theory. 下视丘腹中部（VMH）—ventromedial H定点论---set point th. CCK───胆囊调节激素第一性征---primary sex characteristic第二性征---secondary sex characteristic自我效能期望—self-efficiency expectancy内在（发）动机—intrinsic motive外在（衍）动机—extrinsic motive成就需求---N. achievement需求层级—hierarchy of needs 自我实现---self actualization冲突----conflict 多项仪---polygraph肤电反应----------GSR (认知)评估---(cognitive appraisal)脸部回馈假说---facial feedback hypothesis (生理)激发----arousal挫折-攻击假说---frustration-aggression hy. 替代学习----vicarious learning 发展------development 先天-----nature后天-----nurture 成熟-------maturation(视觉)偏好法-----preferential method习惯法-----habituation 视觉悬崖-----visual cliff剥夺或丰富(环境)---deprivation or enrichment of env. 基模----schema同化----assimilation 调适-----accommodation 平衡----equilibrium 感觉动作期----sensorimotor stage 物体永久性----objective permanence运思前期----preoperational st. 保留概念----conservation道德现实主义---moral realism 具体运思期-----concrete operational形式运思期----formal operational st. 前俗例道德---pre-conventional moral俗例道德----conventional moral 超俗例道德----post-conventional moral气质----temperament 依附---attachment 性别认定---gender identity性别配合----sex typing 性蕾期---phallic stage 恋亲冲突—Oedipal conflict认同-----identification 社会学习----social learning 情结---complex性别恒定----gender constancy 青年期----adolescence 青春期-- -puberty第二性征---secondary sex characteristics 认同危机---identity crisis定向统合---identity achievement 早闭型统合---foreclosure未定型统合---moratorium 迷失型统合---identity diffusion传承---generativity心理动力------psycho-dynamics 心理分析------psychoanalysis行为论-------behaviorism 心理生物观---psycho-biological perspective 认知---------cognition 临床心理学家-clinical psychologist谘商--------counseling 人因工程-------human factor engineering组织--------organization 潜意识---------unconsciousness完形心理学---Gestalt psychology 感觉------------sensation知觉--------perception 实验法--------experimental method独变项-------independent variable 依变项--------dependent V.控制变项------control V. 生理------------physiology条件化---------conditioning 学习------------learning比较心理学---comparative psy. 发展-------------development社会心理学---social psy. 人格--------------personality心理计量学—psychometrics 受试(者)---------subject实验者预期效应—experimenter expectancy effect双盲法-----double—blind 实地实验--------field experiment相关-----------correlation 调查-------------survey访谈-----------interview 个案研究-------case study观察-----------observation 心理测验-------psychological test纹理递变度-----texture gradient 注意------------attention物体的组群---grouping of object 型态辨识—pattern recognition形象-背景----figure-ground 接近律--------proximity相似律--------similarity 闭合律-------closure连续律--------continuity 对称律-------symmetry错觉-----------illusion 幻觉----------delusion恒常性--------constancy 大小----------size形状-----------shape 位置---------- location单眼线索-----monocular cue 线性透视----linear- perspective双眼线索-----binocular cue 深度---------depth调节作用-----accommodation 重迭----superposition双眼融合-----binocular fusion 辐辏作用-----convergence双眼像差-----binocular disparity 向度--------- dimension自动效应-----autokinetic effect 运动视差----- motion parallax诱发运动---- induced motion 闪光运动----- stroboscopic motion上下文﹑脉络-context 人工智能------artificial intelligence A.I.脉络关系作用-context effect 模板匹配------template matching整合分析法---analysis-by-synthesis 丰富性---------redundancy选择性---------selective 无意识的推论-unconscious inferences运动后效---motion aftereffect 特征侦测器—feature detector激发性---excitatory 抑制性----inhibitory几何子---geons 由上而下处理—up-down process由下而上处理---bottom-up process 连结者模式---connectionist model联结失识症---associative agnosia 脸孔辨识困难症---prosopagnosia意识--conscious（ness）意识改变状态---altered states of consciousness无意识----unconsciousness 前意识---------preconsciousness内省法---introspection 边缘注意---peripheral attention多重人格-----multiple personality午餐排队(鸡尾酒会)效应—lunch line(cocktail party) effect自动化历程----automatic process解离----dissociate 解离认同失常----dissociative identity disorder 快速眼动睡眠----REM dream非快速眼动睡眠—NREM dream神志清醒的梦----lucid dreaming 失眠---insomnia显性与隐性梦---manifest & latern content 心理活动性psychoactive冥想------meditation 抗药性---- tolerance 戒断----withdrawal感觉剥夺---sensory deprivation 物质滥用----substance abuse成瘾--------physical addiction 物质依赖----sub. dependence戒断症状----withdrawal symptom 兴奋剂--stimulant幻觉（迷幻）剂----hallucinogen 镇定剂---sedative﹐抑制剂--depressant 酒精中毒引起谵妄—delirium tremens麻醉剂---narcotic 催眠-------hypnosis催眠后暗示----posthypnotic suggestion 催眠后失忆 posthypnotic amnesia超心理学---parapsychology 超感知觉extrasensory perception ESP心电感应---telepathy 超感视---clairvoyance 预知---precognition心理动力—psycokinesis PK 受纳器-----receptor 绝对阈----absolute threshold 差异阈----------difference threshold 恰辨差------- -JND韦伯律---------Weber's law 心理物理-----psychophysical费雪纳定律---Fechner's law频率-----frequency振幅----------amplitude 音频-------pitch基音----------fundamental tone 倍音-----overtone和谐音-------harmonic 音色------timbre白色噪音----white noise 鼓膜-----eardrum耳蜗----------cochlea 卵形窗—oval window圆形窗-------round window 前庭-----vestibular sacs半规管-------semicircular canals 角膜-------cornea水晶体-------lens 虹膜------------iris瞳孔----------pupil 网膜---------retina睫状肌-------ciliary muscle 调节作用---accommodation脊髓---------spinal cord 反射弧--------reflex arc脑干---------brain stem 计算机轴性线断层扫描-- CA T 或CTPET---正子放射断层摄影 MRI-----磁共振显影延脑----medulla 桥脑-----pons 小脑----cerebellum网状结构---reticular formation RAS----网状活化系统视丘----thalamus 下视丘----hypothalamus大脑----cerebrum 脑（下）垂体（腺）—pituitary gland脑半球---cerebral hemisphere 皮质---cortex胼胝体----corpus callosum 边缘系统------limbic system海马体----hippocampus 杏仁核--------amygdala中央沟---central fissure 侧沟-----------lateral fissure脑叶------lobe 同卵双生子----identical twins异卵双生子—fraternal twins古典制约--classical conditioning 操作制约---operant conditioning非制约刺激—(US unconditioned stimulus非制约反应—(UR)unconditioned R. 制约刺激---(CS) conditioned S. 制约反应----(CR)conditioned R.习(获)得-----acquisition 增强作用------reinforcement消除(弱)------extinction 自(发性)然恢复----spontaneous recovery前行制约—forward conditioning 同时制约--simultaneous conditioning回溯制约---backward cond. 痕迹制约——trace conditioning延宕制约—delay conditioning 类化(梯度)---generalization (gradient)区辨------discrimination (次级)增强物-------(secondary) reinforcer嫌恶刺激---aversive stimulus 试误学习---trial and error learning效果率-----law of effect 正(负)性增强物—positive (negative) rei.行为塑造—behavior shaping 循序渐进-----successive approximation自行塑造—autoshaping 部分(连续)增强—partial (continuous)R定比(时)时制—fixed ratio (interval) schedule FR或FI变化比率(时距)时制—variable ratio (interval) schedule VR或VI逃离反应---escape R. 回避反应—avoidance response习得无助----learned helplessness 顿悟--------insight学习心向—learning set 隐内(潜在)学习---latent learning认知地图---cognitive map 生理回馈------biofeedback敏感递减法-systematic desensitization 普里迈克原则—Premack's principle洪水法----flooding 观察学习----observational learning动物行为学----ethology 敏感化—sensitization习惯化---habituation 联结---association认知学习----cognitional L. 观察学习---observational L.登录﹑编码----encoding 保留﹑储存-----retention提取------retrieval 回忆----(free recall全现心像﹑照相式记忆---eidetic imagery﹑photographic memory.舌尖现象（TOT）—tip of tongue 再认---------recognition再学习--------relearning 节省分数----savings外显与内隐记忆--explicit & implicit memory 记忆广度---memory span组集--chunk 序列位置效应---serial position effect起始效应---primacy effect 新近效应-----recency effect心(情)境依赖学习---state-dependent L. 无意义音节—nonsense syllable顺向干扰---proactive interference 逆向干扰---retroactive interference闪光灯记忆---flashbulb memory 动机性遗忘----motivated forgetting器质性失忆症—organic amnesia 阿兹海默症---Alzheimer"s disease近事（顺向）失忆症—anterograde amnesia旧事（逆向）失忆—retrograde A. 高沙可夫症候群—korsakoff"s syndrome 凝固理论—consolidation th.。

心理学专业(英语)术语

心理学专业（英语）术语感觉记忆（SM）—sensory memory短期记忆（STM）—short-term M.长期记忆（LTM）—long-term memory复诵——rehearsal预示（激发）——priming童年失忆症——childhood amnesia视觉编码（表征）——visual code（representation）听觉编码—acoustic code运作记忆——working memory语意性知识—semantic knowledge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P.自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S.程序性知识—procedural knowledge命题（陈述）性知识——propositional（declarative）knowledge 情节（轶事）性知识—episodic K.讯息处理深度—depth of processing精致化处理—elaboration登录特殊性—coding specificity记忆术—mnemonic位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word（线）探索（测）（激发）字—prime关键词——key word命题思考——propositional thought心像思考——imaginal thought行动思考——motoric thought概念——concept原型——prototype属性——property特征——feature范例策略——exemplar strategy语言相对性（假说）—linguistic relativity th.音素——phoneme词素——morpheme（字词的）外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning （句子的）表层与深层结构—surface & deep structure 语意分析法——semantic differential全句语言—holophrastic speech过度延伸——over-extension电报式语言—telegraphic speech关键期——critical period差异减缩法——difference reduction方法目的分析——means-ends analysis倒推——working backward动机——motive自由意志——free will决定论——determinism本能——instinct种属特有行为——species specific驱力——drive诱因——incentive驱力减低说——drive reduction th.恒定状态（作用）—homeostasis原级与次级动机—primary & secondary M.功能独立—functional autonomy下视丘侧部（LH）—lateral hypothalamus 脂肪细胞说——fat-cell theory.下视丘腹中部（VMH）—ventromedial H 定点论——set point th.CCK───胆囊调节激素第一性征——primary sex characteristic第二性征——secondary sex characteristic 自我效能期望—self-efficiency expectancy内在（发）动机—intrinsic motive外在（衍）动机—extrinsic motive成就需求——N. achievement需求层级—hierarchy of needs自我实现——self actualization冲突——conflict多项仪——polygraph肤电反应——GSR（认知）评估——（cognitive appraisal）脸部回馈假说——facial feedback hypothesis（生理）激发——arousal挫折-攻击假说——frustration-aggression hy.替代学习——vicarious learning发展——development先天——nature后天——nurture成熟——maturation（视觉）偏好法——preferential method习惯法——habituation视觉悬崖——visual cliff剥夺或丰富（环境）——deprivation or enrichment of env. 基模——schema同化——assimilation调适——accommodation平衡——equilibrium感觉动作期——sensorimotor stage物体永久性——objective permanence运思前期——preoperational st.保留概念——conservation道德现实主义——moral realism具体运思期——concrete operational 形式运思期——formal operational st. 前俗例道德——pre-conventional moral 俗例道德——conventional moral超俗例道德——post-conventional moral 气质——temperament依附——attachment性别认定——gender identity性别配合——sex typing性蕾期——phallic stage恋亲冲突—Oedipal conflict认同——identification社会学习——social learning情结——complex性别恒定——gender constancy青年期——adolescence青春期——-puberty第二性征——secondary sex characteristics 认同危机——identity crisis 定向统合——identity achievement 早闭型统合——foreclosure未定型统合——moratorium迷失型统合——identity diffusion传承——generativity心理动力——psycho-dynamics心理分析——psychoanalysis行为论——behaviorism心理生物观——psycho-biological perspective 认知——cognition临床心理学家-clinical psychologist谘商——counseling人因工程——human factor engineering组织——organization潜意识——unconsciousness完形心理学——Gestalt psychology感觉——sensation知觉——perception实验法——experimental method独变项——independent variable依变项——dependent V.控制变项——control V.生理——physiology条件化——conditioning学习——learning比较心理学——comparative psy.发展——development社会心理学——social psy.人格——personality心理计量学—psychometrics受试（者）——subject 实验者预期效应—experimenter expectancy effect 双盲法——double—blind实地实验——field experiment相关——correlation调查——survey访谈——interview个案研究——case study观察——observation心理测验——psychological test纹理递变度——texture gradient注意——attention物体的组群——grouping of object型态辨识—pattern recognition 形象-背景——figure-ground 接近律——proximity相似律——similarity闭合律——closure连续律——continuity对称律——symmetry错觉——illusion幻觉——delusion恒常性——constancy大小——size形状——shape位置——location单眼线索——monocular cue 线性透视——linear- perspective 双眼线索——binocular cue 深度——depth调节作用——accommodation 重迭——superposition双眼融合——binocular fusion 辐辏作用——convergence双眼像差——binocular disparity 向度——dimension自动效应——autokinetic effect 运动视差——motion parallax 诱发运动——induced motion闪光运动——stroboscopic motion 上下文﹑脉络-context人工智能——artificial intelligence A.I. 脉络关系作用-context effect 模板匹配——template matching整合分析法——analysis-by-synthesis丰富性——redundancy选择性——selective无yi识的推论-unconscious inferences运动后效——motion aftereffect特征侦测器—feature detector激发性——excitatory抑制性——inhibitory几何子——geons由上而下处理—up-down process由下而上处理——bottom-up process连结者模式——connectionist model联结失识症——associative agnosia脸孔辨识困难症——prosopagnosia意识——conscious（ness）意识改变状态——altered states of consciousness 无意识——unconsciousness前意识——preconsciousness内省法——introspection边缘注意——peripheral attention多重人格——multiple personality午餐排队（鸡尾酒会）效应—lunch line（cocktail party）自动化历程——automatic process解离——dissociate解离认同失常——dissociative identity disorder 快速眼动睡眠——REM dream非快速眼动睡眠—NREM dream神志清醒的梦——lucid dreaming失眠——insomnia显性与隐性梦——manifest & latern content心理活动性psychoactive effect冥想——meditation抗药性——tolerance戒断——withdrawal感觉剥夺——sensory deprivation 物质滥用——substance abuse 成瘾——physical addiction物质依赖——sub. dependence 戒断症状——withdrawal symptom 兴奋剂——stimulant幻觉（迷幻）剂——hallucinogen 镇定剂——sedative抑制剂——depressant酒精中毒引起谵妄—delirium tremens 麻醉剂——narcotic催眠——hypnosis催眠后暗示——posthypnotic suggestion 催眠后失忆posthypnotic amnesia 超心理学——parapsychology超感知觉extrasensory perception ESP 心电感应——telepathy超感视——clairvoyance预知——precognition心理动力—psycokinesis PK受纳器——receptor绝对阈——absolute threshold 差异阈——difference threshold 恰辨差——-JND韦伯律——Weber''s law心理物理——psychophysical费雪纳定律——Fechner''s law 频率——frequency振幅——amplitude音频——pitch基音——fundamental tone 倍音——overtone和谐音——harmonic音色——timbre白色噪音——white noise鼓膜——eardrum耳蜗——cochlea卵形窗—oval window圆形窗——round window前庭——vestibular sacs半规管——semicircular canal 角膜——cornea水晶体——lens虹膜——iris瞳孔——pupil网膜——retina睫状肌——ciliary muscle调节作用——accommodation 脊髓——spinal cord反射弧——reflex arc脑干——brain stem计算机轴性线断层扫描——CAT或CT PET——正子放射断层摄影MRI——磁共振显影延脑——medulla桥脑——pons小脑——cerebellum网状结构——reticular formation RAS——网状活化系统视丘——thalamus下视丘——hypothalamus大脑——cerebrum脑（下）垂体（腺）—pituitary gland 脑半球——cerebral hemisphere 皮质——cortex胼胝体——corpus callosum边缘系统——limbic system海马体——hippocampus杏仁核——amygdala中央沟——central fissure侧沟——lateral fissure脑叶——lobe同卵双生子——identical twins异卵双生子—fraternal twins古典制约——classical conditioning 操作制约——operant conditioning 非制约刺激—（US unconditioned stimulus 非制约反应—（UR）unconditioned R. 制约刺激——（CS）conditioned S. 制约反应——（CR）conditioned R. 习（获）得——acquisition增强作用——reinforcementxiao除（弱）——extinction自（发性）然恢复——spontaneous recovery 前行制约—forward conditioning同时制约——simultaneous conditioning 回溯制约——backward cond.痕迹制约——trace conditioning延宕制约—delay conditioning类化（梯度）——generalization（gradient）区辨——discrimination（次级）增强物——（secondary）reinforcer嫌恶刺激——aversive stimulus试误学习——trial and error learning效果率——law of effect正（负）性增强物—positive（negative）rei.行为塑造—behavior shaping循序渐进——successive approximation自行塑造—autoshaping部分（连续）增强—partial（continuous）R定比（时）时制—fixed ratio（interval）schedule FR或FI变化比率（时距）时制—variable ratio（interval）schedule VR或VI 逃离反应——escape R.回避反应—avoidance response习得无助——learned helplessness顿悟——insight学习心向—learning set隐内（潜在）学习——latent learning认知地图——cognitive map生理回馈——biofeedback敏感递减法-systematic desensitization普里迈克原则—Premack''s principle洪水法——flooding观察学习——observational learning动物行为学——ethology敏感化—sensitization习惯化——habituation联结——association认知学习——cognitional L.观察学习——observational L.登录﹑编码——encoding保留﹑储存——retention提取——retrieval回忆——（free recall全现心像﹑照相式记忆——eidetic imagery﹑photographic memory .舌尖现象（TOT）—tip of tongue再认——recognition再学习——relearning节省分数——savings外显与内隐记忆——explicit & implicit memory记忆广度——memory span组集——chunk序列位置效应——serial position effect起始效应——primacy effect新近效应——recency effect心（情）境依赖学习——state-dependent L.无意义音节—nonsense syllable顺向干扰——proactive interference逆向干扰——retroactive interference闪光灯记忆——flashbulb memory动机性遗忘——motivated forgetting器质性失忆症—organic amnesia阿兹海默症——Alzheimer''s disease近事（顺向）失忆症—anterograde amnesia 旧事（逆向）失忆—retrograde A.高沙可夫症候群—korsakoff''s syndrome凝固理论—consolidation。

ABSTRACT Progressive Simplicial Complexes

Progressive Simplicial Complexes Jovan Popovi´c Hugues HoppeCarnegie Mellon University Microsoft ResearchABSTRACTIn this paper,we introduce the progressive simplicial complex(PSC) representation,a new format for storing and transmitting triangu-lated geometric models.Like the earlier progressive mesh(PM) representation,it captures a given model as a coarse base model together with a sequence of reﬁnement transformations that pro-gressively recover detail.The PSC representation makes use of a more general reﬁnement transformation,allowing the given model to be an arbitrary triangulation(e.g.any dimension,non-orientable, non-manifold,non-regular),and the base model to always consist of a single vertex.Indeed,the sequence of reﬁnement transforma-tions encodes both the geometry and the topology of the model in a uniﬁed multiresolution framework.The PSC representation retains the advantages of PM’s.It deﬁnes a continuous sequence of approx-imating models for runtime level-of-detail control,allows smooth transitions between any pair of models in the sequence,supports progressive transmission,and offers a space-efﬁcient representa-tion.Moreover,by allowing changes to topology,the PSC sequence of approximations achieves betterﬁdelity than the corresponding PM sequence.We develop an optimization algorithm for constructing PSC representations for graphics surface models,and demonstrate the framework on models that are both geometrically and topologically complex.CR Categories:I.3.5[Computer Graphics]:Computational Geometry and Object Modeling-surfaces and object representations.Additional Keywords:model simpliﬁcation,level-of-detail representa-tions,multiresolution,progressive transmission,geometry compression.1INTRODUCTIONModeling and3D scanning systems commonly give rise to triangle meshes of high complexity.Such meshes are notoriously difﬁcult to render,store,and transmit.One approach to speed up rendering is to replace a complex mesh by a set of level-of-detail(LOD) approximations;a detailed mesh is used when the object is close to the viewer,and coarser approximations are substituted as the object recedes[6,8].These LOD approximations can be precomputed Work performed while at Microsoft Research.Email:jovan@,hhoppe@Web:/jovan/Web:/hoppe/automatically using mesh simpliﬁcation methods(e.g.[2,10,14,20,21,22,24,27]).For efﬁcient storage and transmission,meshcompression schemes[7,26]have also been developed.The recently introduced progressive mesh(PM)representa-tion[13]provides a uniﬁed solution to these problems.In PM form,an arbitrary mesh M is stored as a coarse base mesh M0together witha sequence of n detail records that indicate how to incrementally re-ﬁne M0into M n=M(see Figure7).Each detail record encodes theinformation associated with a vertex split,an elementary transfor-mation that adds one vertex to the mesh.In addition to deﬁninga continuous sequence of approximations M0M n,the PM rep-resentation supports smooth visual transitions(geomorphs),allowsprogressive transmission,and makes an effective mesh compressionscheme.The PM representation has two restrictions,however.First,it canonly represent meshes:triangulations that correspond to orientable12-dimensional manifolds.Triangulated2models that cannot be rep-resented include1-d manifolds(open and closed curves),higherdimensional polyhedra(e.g.triangulated volumes),non-orientablesurfaces(e.g.M¨o bius strips),non-manifolds(e.g.two cubes joinedalong an edge),and non-regular models(i.e.models of mixed di-mensionality).Second,the expressiveness of the PM vertex splittransformations constrains all meshes M0M n to have the same topological type.Therefore,when M is topologically complex,the simpliﬁed base mesh M0may still have numerous triangles(Fig-ure7).In contrast,a number of existing simpliﬁcation methods allowtopological changes as the model is simpliﬁed(Section6).Ourwork is inspired by vertex uniﬁcation schemes[21,22],whichmerge vertices of the model based on geometric proximity,therebyallowing genus modiﬁcation and component merging.In this paper,we introduce the progressive simplicial complex(PSC)representation,a generalization of the PM representation thatpermits topological changes.The key element of our approach isthe introduction of a more general reﬁnement transformation,thegeneralized vertex split,that encodes changes to both the geometryand topology of the model.The PSC representation expresses anarbitrary triangulated model M(e.g.any dimension,non-orientable,non-manifold,non-regular)as the result of successive reﬁnementsapplied to a base model M1that always consists of a single vertex (Figure8).Thus both geometric and topological complexity are recovered progressively.Moreover,the PSC representation retains the advantages of PM’s,including continuous LOD,geomorphs, progressive transmission,and model compression.In addition,we develop an optimization algorithm for construct-ing a PSC representation from a given model,as described in Sec-tion4.1The particular parametrization of vertex splits in[13]assumes that mesh triangles are consistently oriented.2Throughout this paper,we use the words“triangulated”and“triangula-tion”in the general dimension-independent sense.Figure 1:Illustration of a simplicial complex K and some of its subsets.2BACKGROUND2.1Concepts from algebraic topologyTo precisely deﬁne both triangulated models and their PSC repre-sentations,we ﬁnd it useful to introduce some elegant abstractions from algebraic topology (e.g.[15,25]).The geometry of a triangulated model is denoted as a tuple (K V )where the abstract simplicial complex K is a combinatorial structure specifying the adjacency of vertices,edges,triangles,etc.,and V is a set of vertex positions specifying the shape of the model in 3.More precisely,an abstract simplicial complex K consists of a set of vertices 1m together with a set of non-empty subsets of the vertices,called the simplices of K ,such that any set consisting of exactly one vertex is a simplex in K ,and every non-empty subset of a simplex in K is also a simplex in K .A simplex containing exactly d +1vertices has dimension d and is called a d -simplex.As illustrated pictorially in Figure 1,the faces of a simplex s ,denoted s ,is the set of non-empty subsets of s .The star of s ,denoted star(s ),is the set of simplices of which s is a face.The children of a d -simplex s are the (d 1)-simplices of s ,and its parents are the (d +1)-simplices of star(s ).A simplex with exactly one parent is said to be a boundary simplex ,and one with no parents a principal simplex .The dimension of K is the maximum dimension of its simplices;K is said to be regular if all its principal simplices have the same dimension.To form a triangulation from K ,identify its vertices 1m with the standard basis vectors 1m ofm.For each simplex s ,let the open simplex smdenote the interior of the convex hull of its vertices:s =m:jmj =1j=1jjsThe topological realization K is deﬁned as K =K =s K s .The geometric realization of K is the image V (K )where V :m 3is the linear map that sends the j -th standard basis vector jm to j 3.Only a restricted set of vertex positions V =1m lead to an embedding of V (K )3,that is,prevent self-intersections.The geometric realization V (K )is often called a simplicial complex or polyhedron ;it is formed by an arbitrary union of points,segments,triangles,tetrahedra,etc.Note that there generally exist many triangulations (K V )for a given polyhedron.(Some of the vertices V may lie in the polyhedron’s interior.)Two sets are said to be homeomorphic (denoted =)if there ex-ists a continuous one-to-one mapping between them.Equivalently,they are said to have the same topological type .The topological realization K is a d-dimensional manifold without boundary if for each vertex j ,star(j )=d .It is a d-dimensional manifold if each star(v )is homeomorphic to either d or d +,where d +=d:10.Two simplices s 1and s 2are d-adjacent if they have a common d -dimensional face.Two d -adjacent (d +1)-simplices s 1and s 2are manifold-adjacent if star(s 1s 2)=d +1.Figure 2:Illustration of the edge collapse transformation and its inverse,the vertex split.Transitive closure of 0-adjacency partitions K into connected com-ponents .Similarly,transitive closure of manifold-adjacency parti-tions K into manifold components .2.2Review of progressive meshesIn the PM representation [13],a mesh with appearance attributes is represented as a tuple M =(K V D S ),where the abstract simpli-cial complex K is restricted to deﬁne an orientable 2-dimensional manifold,the vertex positions V =1m determine its ge-ometric realization V (K )in3,D is the set of discrete material attributes d f associated with 2-simplices f K ,and S is the set of scalar attributes s (v f )(e.g.normals,texture coordinates)associated with corners (vertex-face tuples)of K .An initial mesh M =M n is simpliﬁed into a coarser base mesh M 0by applying a sequence of n successive edge collapse transforma-tions:(M =M n )ecol n 1ecol 1M 1ecol 0M 0As shown in Figure 2,each ecol uniﬁes the two vertices of an edgea b ,thereby removing one or two triangles.The position of the resulting uniﬁed vertex can be arbitrary.Because the edge collapse transformation has an inverse,called the vertex split transformation (Figure 2),the process can be reversed,so that an arbitrary mesh M may be represented as a simple mesh M 0together with a sequence of n vsplit records:M 0vsplit 0M 1vsplit 1vsplit n 1(M n =M )The tuple (M 0vsplit 0vsplit n 1)forms a progressive mesh (PM)representation of M .The PM representation thus captures a continuous sequence of approximations M 0M n that can be quickly traversed for interac-tive level-of-detail control.Moreover,there exists a correspondence between the vertices of any two meshes M c and M f (0c f n )within this sequence,allowing for the construction of smooth vi-sual transitions (geomorphs)between them.A sequence of such geomorphs can be precomputed for smooth runtime LOD.In addi-tion,PM’s support progressive transmission,since the base mesh M 0can be quickly transmitted ﬁrst,followed the vsplit sequence.Finally,the vsplit records can be encoded concisely,making the PM representation an effective scheme for mesh compression.Topological constraints Because the deﬁnitions of ecol and vsplit are such that they preserve the topological type of the mesh (i.e.all K i are homeomorphic),there is a constraint on the min-imum complexity that K 0may achieve.For instance,it is known that the minimal number of vertices for a closed genus g mesh (ori-entable 2-manifold)is (7+(48g +1)12)2if g =2(10if g =2)[16].Also,the presence of boundary components may further constrain the complexity of K 0.Most importantly,K may consist of a number of components,and each is required to appear in the base mesh.For example,the meshes in Figure 7each have 117components.As evident from the ﬁgure,the geometry of PM meshes may deteriorate severely as they approach topological lower bound.M 1;100;(1)M 10;511;(7)M 50;4656;(12)M 200;1552277;(28)M 500;3968690;(58)M 2000;14253219;(108)M 5000;029010;(176)M n =34794;0068776;(207)Figure 3:Example of a PSC representation.The image captions indicate the number of principal 012-simplices respectively and the number of connected components (in parenthesis).3PSC REPRESENTATION 3.1Triangulated modelsThe ﬁrst step towards generalizing PM’s is to let the PSC repre-sentation encode more general triangulated models,instead of just meshes.We denote a triangulated model as a tuple M =(K V D A ).The abstract simplicial complex K is not restricted to 2-manifolds,but may in fact be arbitrary.To represent K in memory,we encode the incidence graph of the simplices using the following linked structures (in C++notation):struct Simplex int dim;//0=vertex,1=edge,2=triangle,...int id;Simplex*children[MAXDIM+1];//[0..dim]List<Simplex*>parents;;To render the model,we draw only the principal simplices ofK ,denoted (K )(i.e.vertices not adjacent to edges,edges not adjacent to triangles,etc.).The discrete attributes D associate amaterial identiﬁer d s with each simplex s(K ).For the sake of simplicity,we avoid explicitly storing surface normals at “corners”(using a set S )as done in [13].Instead we let the material identiﬁer d s contain a smoothing group ﬁeld [28],and let a normal discontinuity (crease )form between any pair of adjacent triangles with different smoothing groups.Previous vertex uniﬁcation schemes [21,22]render principal simplices of dimension 0and 1(denoted 01(K ))as points and lines respectively with ﬁxed,device-dependent screen widths.To better approximate the model,we instead deﬁne a set A that associates an area a s A with each simplex s 01(K ).We think of a 0-simplex s 00(K )as approximating a sphere with area a s 0,and a 1-simplex s 1=j k 1(K )as approximating a cylinder (with axis (j k ))of area a s 1.To render a simplex s 01(K ),we determine the radius r model of the corresponding sphere or cylinder in modeling space,and project the length r model to obtain the radius r screen in screen pixels.Depending on r screen ,we render the simplex as a polygonal sphere or cylinder with radius r model ,a 2D point or line with thickness 2r screen ,or do not render it at all.This choice based on r screen can be adjusted to mitigate the overhead of introducing polygonal representations of spheres and cylinders.As an example,Figure 3shows an initial model M of 68,776triangles.One of its approximations M 500is a triangulated model with 3968690principal 012-simplices respectively.3.2Level-of-detail sequenceAs in progressive meshes,from a given triangulated model M =M n ,we deﬁne a sequence of approximations M i :M 1op 1M 2op 2M n1op n 1M nHere each model M i has exactly i vertices.The simpliﬁcation op-erator M ivunify iM i +1is the vertex uniﬁcation transformation,whichmerges two vertices (Section 3.3),and its inverse M igvspl iM i +1is the generalized vertex split transformation (Section 3.4).Thetuple (M 1gvspl 1gvspl n 1)forms a progressive simplicial complex (PSC)representation of M .To construct a PSC representation,we ﬁrst determine a sequence of vunify transformations simplifying M down to a single vertex,as described in Section 4.After reversing these transformations,we renumber the simplices in the order that they are created,so thateach gvspl i (a i)splits the vertex a i K i into two vertices a i i +1K i +1.As vertices may have different positions in the different models,we denote the position of j in M i as i j .To better approximate a surface model M at lower complexity levels,we initially associate with each (principal)2-simplex s an area a s equal to its triangle area in M .Then,as the model is simpliﬁed,wekeep constant the sum of areas a s associated with principal simplices within each manifold component.When2-simplices are eventually reduced to principal1-simplices and0-simplices,their associated areas will provide good estimates of the original component areas.3.3Vertex uniﬁcation transformationThe transformation vunify(a i b i midp i):M i M i+1takes an arbitrary pair of vertices a i b i K i+1(simplex a i b i need not be present in K i+1)and merges them into a single vertex a i K i. Model M i is created from M i+1by updating each member of the tuple(K V D A)as follows:K:References to b i in all simplices of K are replaced by refer-ences to a i.More precisely,each simplex s in star(b i)K i+1is replaced by simplex(s b i)a i,which we call the ancestor simplex of s.If this ancestor simplex already exists,s is deleted.V:Vertex b is deleted.For simplicity,the position of the re-maining(uniﬁed)vertex is set to either the midpoint or is left unchanged.That is,i a=(i+1a+i+1b)2if the boolean parameter midp i is true,or i a=i+1a otherwise.D:Materials are carried through as expected.So,if after the vertex uniﬁcation an ancestor simplex(s b i)a i K i is a new principal simplex,it receives its material from s K i+1if s is a principal simplex,or else from the single parent s a i K i+1 of s.A:To maintain the initial areas of manifold components,the areasa s of deleted principal simplices are redistributed to manifold-adjacent neighbors.More concretely,the area of each princi-pal d-simplex s deleted during the K update is distributed toa manifold-adjacent d-simplex not in star(a ib i).If no suchneighbor exists and the ancestor of s is a principal simplex,the area a s is distributed to that ancestor simplex.Otherwise,the manifold component(star(a i b i))of s is being squashed be-tween two other manifold components,and a s is discarded. 3.4Generalized vertex split transformation Constructing the PSC representation involves recording the infor-mation necessary to perform the inverse of each vunify i.This inverse is the generalized vertex split gvspl i,which splits a0-simplex a i to introduce an additional0-simplex b i.(As mentioned previously, renumbering of simplices implies b i i+1,so index b i need not be stored explicitly.)Each gvspl i record has the formgvspl i(a i C K i midp i()i C D i C A i)and constructs model M i+1from M i by updating the tuple (K V D A)as follows:K:As illustrated in Figure4,any simplex adjacent to a i in K i can be the vunify result of one of four conﬁgurations in K i+1.To construct K i+1,we therefore replace each ancestor simplex s star(a i)in K i by either(1)s,(2)(s a i)i+1,(3)s and(s a i)i+1,or(4)s,(s a i)i+1and s i+1.The choice is determined by a split code associated with s.Thesesplit codes are stored as a code string C Ki ,in which the simplicesstar(a i)are sortedﬁrst in order of increasing dimension,and then in order of increasing simplex id,as shown in Figure5. V:The new vertex is assigned position i+1i+1=i ai+()i.Theother vertex is given position i+1ai =i ai()i if the boolean pa-rameter midp i is true;otherwise its position remains unchanged.D:The string C Di is used to assign materials d s for each newprincipal simplex.Simplices in C Di ,as well as in C Aibelow,are sorted by simplex dimension and simplex id as in C Ki. A:During reconstruction,we are only interested in the areas a s fors01(K).The string C Ai tracks changes in these areas.Figure4:Effects of split codes on simplices of various dimensions.code string:41422312{}Figure5:Example of split code encoding.3.5PropertiesLevels of detail A graphics application can efﬁciently transitionbetween models M1M n at runtime by performing a sequence ofvunify or gvspl transformations.Our current research prototype wasnot designed for efﬁciency;it attains simpliﬁcation rates of about6000vunify/sec and reﬁnement rates of about5000gvspl/sec.Weexpect that a careful redesign using more efﬁcient data structureswould signiﬁcantly improve these rates.Geomorphs As in the PM representation,there exists a corre-spondence between the vertices of the models M1M n.Given acoarser model M c and aﬁner model M f,1c f n,each vertexj K f corresponds to a unique ancestor vertex f c(j)K cfound by recursively traversing the ancestor simplex relations:f c(j)=j j cf c(a j1)j cThis correspondence allows the creation of a smooth visual transi-tion(geomorph)M G()such that M G(1)equals M f and M G(0)looksidentical to M c.The geomorph is deﬁned as the modelM G()=(K f V G()D f A G())in which each vertex position is interpolated between its originalposition in V f and the position of its ancestor in V c:Gj()=()fj+(1)c f c(j)However,we must account for the special rendering of principalsimplices of dimension0and1(Section3.1).For each simplexs01(K f),we interpolate its area usinga G s()=()a f s+(1)a c swhere a c s=0if s01(K c).In addition,we render each simplexs01(K c)01(K f)using area a G s()=(1)a c s.The resultinggeomorph is visually smooth even as principal simplices are intro-duced,removed,or change dimension.The accompanying video demonstrates a sequence of such geomorphs.Progressive transmission As with PM’s,the PSC representa-tion can be progressively transmitted by ﬁrst sending M 1,followed by the gvspl records.Unlike the base mesh of the PM,M 1always consists of a single vertex,and can therefore be sent in a ﬁxed-size record.The rendering of lower-dimensional simplices as spheres and cylinders helps to quickly convey the overall shape of the model in the early stages of transmission.Model compression Although PSC gvspl are more general than PM vsplit transformations,they offer a surprisingly concise representation of M .Table 1lists the average number of bits re-quired to encode each ﬁeld of the gvspl records.Using arithmetic coding [30],the vertex id ﬁeld a i requires log 2i bits,and the boolean parameter midp i requires 0.6–0.9bits for our models.The ()i delta vector is quantized to 16bitsper coordinate (48bits per),and stored as a variable-length ﬁeld [7,13],requiring about 31bits on average.At ﬁrst glance,each split code in the code string C K i seems to have 4possible outcomes (except for the split code for 0-simplex a i which has only 2possible outcomes).However,there exist constraints between these split codes.For example,in Figure 5,the code 1for 1-simplex id 1implies that 2-simplex id 1also has code 1.This in turn implies that 1-simplex id 2cannot have code 2.Similarly,code 2for 1-simplex id 3implies a code 2for 2-simplex id 2,which in turn implies that 1-simplex id 4cannot have code 1.These constraints,illustrated in the “scoreboard”of Figure 6,can be summarized using the following two rules:(1)If a simplex has split code c12,all of its parents havesplit code c .(2)If a simplex has split code 3,none of its parents have splitcode 4.As we encode split codes in C K i left to right,we apply these two rules (and their contrapositives)transitively to constrain the possible outcomes for split codes yet to be ing arithmetic coding with uniform outcome probabilities,these constraints reduce the code string length in Figure 6from 15bits to 102bits.In our models,the constraints reduce the code string from 30bits to 14bits on average.The code string is further reduced using a non-uniform probability model.We create an array T [0dim ][015]of encoding tables,indexed by simplex dimension (0..dim)and by the set of possible (constrained)split codes (a 4-bit mask).For each simplex s ,we encode its split code c using the probability distribution found in T [s dim ][s codes mask ].For 2-dimensional models,only 10of the 48tables are non-trivial,and each table contains at most 4probabilities,so the total size of the probability model is small.These encoding tables reduce the code strings to approximately 8bits as shown in Table 1.By comparison,the PM representation requires approximately 5bits for the same information,but of course it disallows topological changes.To provide more intuition for the efﬁciency of the PSC repre-sentation,we note that capturing the connectivity of an average 2-manifold simplicial complex (n vertices,3n edges,and 2n trian-gles)requires ni =1(log 2i +8)n (log 2n +7)bits with PSC encoding,versus n (12log 2n +95)bits with a traditional one-way incidence graph representation.For improved compression,it would be best to use a hybrid PM +PSC representation,in which the more concise PM vertex split encoding is used when the local neighborhood is an orientableFigure 6:Constraints on the split codes for the simplices in the example of Figure 5.Table 1:Compression results and construction times.Object#verts Space required (bits/n )Trad.Con.n K V D Arepr.time a i C K i midp i (v )i C D i C Ai bits/n hrs.drumset 34,79412.28.20.928.1 4.10.453.9146.1 4.3destroyer 83,79913.38.30.723.1 2.10.347.8154.114.1chandelier 36,62712.47.60.828.6 3.40.853.6143.6 3.6schooner 119,73413.48.60.727.2 2.5 1.353.7148.722.2sandal 4,6289.28.00.733.4 1.50.052.8123.20.4castle 15,08211.0 1.20.630.70.0-43.5-0.5cessna 6,7959.67.60.632.2 2.50.152.6132.10.5harley 28,84711.97.90.930.5 1.40.453.0135.7 3.52-dimensional manifold (this occurs on average 93%of the time in our examples).To compress C D i ,we predict the material for each new principalsimplex sstar(a i )star(b i )K i +1by constructing an ordered set D s of materials found in star(a i )K i .To improve the coding model,the ﬁrst materials in D s are those of principal simplices in star(s )K i where s is the ancestor of s ;the remainingmaterials in star(a i )K i are appended to D s .The entry in C D i associated with s is the index of its material in D s ,encoded arithmetically.If the material of s is not present in D s ,it is speciﬁed explicitly as a global index in D .We encode C A i by specifying the area a s for each new principalsimplex s 01(star(a i )star(b i ))K i +1.To account for this redistribution of area,we identify the principal simplex from which s receives its area by specifying its index in 01(star(a i ))K i .The column labeled in Table 1sums the bits of each ﬁeld of the gvspl records.Multiplying by the number n of vertices in M gives the total number of bits for the PSC representation of the model (e.g.500KB for the destroyer).By way of compari-son,the next column shows the number of bits per vertex required in a traditional “IndexedFaceSet”representation,with quantization of 16bits per coordinate and arithmetic coding of face materials (3n 16+2n 3log 2n +materials).4PSC CONSTRUCTIONIn this section,we describe a scheme for iteratively choosing pairs of vertices to unify,in order to construct a PSC representation.Our algorithm,a generalization of [13],is time-intensive,seeking high quality approximations.It should be emphasized that many quality metrics are possible.For instance,the quadric error metric recently introduced by Garland and Heckbert [9]provides a different trade-off of execution speed and visual quality.As in [13,20],we ﬁrst compute a cost E for each candidate vunify transformation,and enter the candidates into a priority queueordered by ascending cost.Then,in each iteration i =n 11,we perform the vunify at the front of the queue and update the costs of affected candidates.4.1Forming set of candidate vertex pairs In principle,we could enter all possible pairs of vertices from M into the priority queue,but this would be prohibitively expensive since simpliﬁcation would then require at least O(n2log n)time.Instead, we would like to consider only a smaller set of candidate vertex pairs.Naturally,should include the1-simplices of K.Additional pairs should also be included in to allow distinct connected com-ponents of M to merge and to facilitate topological changes.We considered several schemes for forming these additional pairs,in-cluding binning,octrees,and k-closest neighbor graphs,but opted for the Delaunay triangulation because of its adaptability on models containing components at different scales.We compute the Delaunay triangulation of the vertices of M, represented as a3-dimensional simplicial complex K DT.We deﬁne the initial set to contain both the1-simplices of K and the subset of1-simplices of K DT that connect vertices in different connected components of K.During the simpliﬁcation process,we apply each vertex uniﬁcation performed on M to as well in order to keep consistent the set of candidate pairs.For models in3,star(a i)has constant size in the average case,and the overall simpliﬁcation algorithm requires O(n log n) time.(In the worst case,it could require O(n2log n)time.)4.2Selecting vertex uniﬁcations fromFor each candidate vertex pair(a b),the associated vunify(a b):M i M i+1is assigned the costE=E dist+E disc+E area+E foldAs in[13],theﬁrst term is E dist=E dist(M i)E dist(M i+1),where E dist(M)measures the geometric accuracy of the approximate model M.Conceptually,E dist(M)approximates the continuous integralMd2(M)where d(M)is the Euclidean distance of the point to the closest point on M.We discretize this integral by deﬁning E dist(M)as the sum of squared distances to M from a dense set of points X sampled from the original model M.We sample X from the set of principal simplices in K—a strategy that generalizes to arbitrary triangulated models.In[13],E disc(M)measures the geometric accuracy of disconti-nuity curves formed by a set of sharp edges in the mesh.For the PSC representation,we generalize the concept of sharp edges to that of sharp simplices in K—a simplex is sharp either if it is a boundary simplex or if two of its parents are principal simplices with different material identiﬁers.The energy E disc is deﬁned as the sum of squared distances from a set X disc of points sampled from sharp simplices to the discontinuity components from which they were sampled.Minimization of E disc therefore preserves the geom-etry of material boundaries,normal discontinuities(creases),and triangulation boundaries(including boundary curves of a surface and endpoints of a curve).We have found it useful to introduce a term E area that penalizes surface stretching(a more sophisticated version of the regularizing E spring term of[13]).Let A i+1N be the sum of triangle areas in the neighborhood star(a i)star(b i)K i+1,and A i N the sum of triangle areas in star(a i)K i.The mean squared displacement over the neighborhood N due to the change in area can be approx-imated as disp2=12(A i+1NA iN)2.We let E area=X N disp2,where X N is the number of points X projecting in the neighborhood. To prevent model self-intersections,the last term E fold penalizes surface folding.We compute the rotation of each oriented triangle in the neighborhood due to the vertex uniﬁcation(as in[10,20]).If any rotation exceeds a threshold angle value,we set E fold to a large constant.Unlike[13],we do not optimize over the vertex position i a, but simply evaluate E for i a i+1a i+1b(i+1a+i+1b)2and choose the best one.This speeds up the optimization,improves model compression,and allows us to introduce non-quadratic energy terms like E area.5RESULTSTable1gives quantitative results for the examples in theﬁgures and in the video.Simpliﬁcation times for our prototype are measured on an SGI Indigo2Extreme(150MHz R4400).Although these times may appear prohibitive,PSC construction is an off-line task that only needs to be performed once per model.Figure9highlights some of the beneﬁts of the PSC representa-tion.The pearls in the chandelier model are initially disconnected tetrahedra;these tetrahedra merge and collapse into1-d curves in lower-complexity approximations.Similarly,the numerous polyg-onal ropes in the schooner model are simpliﬁed into curves which can be rendered as line segments.The straps of the sandal model initially have some thickness;the top and bottom sides of these straps merge in the simpliﬁcation.Also note the disappearance of the holes on the sandal straps.The castle example demonstrates that the original model need not be a mesh;here M is a1-dimensional non-manifold obtained by extracting edges from an image.6RELATED WORKThere are numerous schemes for representing and simplifying tri-angulations in computer graphics.A common special case is that of subdivided2-manifolds(meshes).Garland and Heckbert[12] provide a recent survey of mesh simpliﬁcation techniques.Several methods simplify a given model through a sequence of edge col-lapse transformations[10,13,14,20].With the exception of[20], these methods constrain edge collapses to preserve the topological type of the model(e.g.disallow the collapse of a tetrahedron into a triangle).Our work is closely related to several schemes that generalize the notion of edge collapse to that of vertex uniﬁcation,whereby separate connected components of the model are allowed to merge and triangles may be collapsed into lower dimensional simplices. Rossignac and Borrel[21]overlay a uniform cubical lattice on the object,and merge together vertices that lie in the same cubes. Schauﬂer and St¨u rzlinger[22]develop a similar scheme in which vertices are merged using a hierarchical clustering algorithm.Lue-bke[18]introduces a scheme for locally adapting the complexity of a scene at runtime using a clustering octree.In these schemes, the approximating models correspond to simplicial complexes that would result from a set of vunify transformations(Section3.3).Our approach differs in that we order the vunify in a carefully optimized sequence.More importantly,we deﬁne not only a simpliﬁcation process,but also a new representation for the model using an en-coding of gvspl=vunify1transformations.Recent,independent work by Schmalstieg and Schauﬂer[23]de-velops a similar strategy of encoding a model using a sequence of vertex split transformations.Their scheme differs in that it tracks only triangles,and therefore requires regular,2-dimensional trian-gulations.Hence,it does not allow lower-dimensional simplices in the model approximations,and does not generalize to higher dimensions.Some simpliﬁcation schemes make use of an intermediate vol-umetric representation to allow topological changes to the model. He et al.[11]convert a mesh into a binary inside/outside function discretized on a three-dimensional grid,low-passﬁlter this function,。

医内科学中的应用(王永炎、王飞)

Dynamic and spatial-temporal -- evolution and development of ZhengHou
多维界面——证候的构成关系
Multi-dimensional interfaces -- constitution-relation of ZhengHou
诠释学在中医内科学中的应用
证
Syndrome
某一阶段病理概括
Summation of pathological condition in a certain stage
疾病发展全过程
The whole process of disease development
诠释学在中医内科学中的应用
The Application of Hermeneutics Methodology in Studying Internal Medicine of TCM
充实完善
The second gradation maturity of disease
系统规范
The third gradation Systematic development of disease
诠释过程的三个层次
Three gradations of process of Hermeneutic
第三层次：现代阐释 The third gradation：Modern explanation
肺胀（Lung distension）:
多种慢性肺系疾患反复发作，迁延不愈，导致肺气胀满，不能敛降的一种病证。临床表现为胸部膨满，憋闷如塞，喘气上逆，咳嗽痰多，烦躁，心悸，面色晦暗，或唇甲紫绀，脘腹胀满，肢体浮肿等。
病：一种完整的过程
Disease: an integrated process

特征映射融合

特征映射融合Feature mapping fusion is a technique that combines multiple feature maps from different sources or modalities to improve the overall performance of a system or model. This process can help capture complementary information and enhance the representation of the underlying data. By fusing the features extracted from different sources, the model can learn more robust and comprehensive representations that can lead to better generalization and prediction performance.特征映射融合是一种将来自不同来源或模态的多个特征映射结合在一起以提高系统或模型整体性能的技术。

这个过程可以帮助捕捉互补信息并增强底层数据的表示。

通过融合来自不同来源提取的特征，模型可以学习更加稳健和全面的表示，从而实现更好的泛化和预测性能。

One common approach to feature mapping fusion is to concatenate or combine the feature maps at a certain level of a neural network. This can be done at various stages of the network, such as early, intermediate, or late fusion, depending on the specific task and the characteristics of the data. By fusing the features early on in thenetwork, the model can learn a more integrated representation that takes into account information from all sources simultaneously.特征映射融合的一种常见方法是在神经网络的特定层级上连接或合并特征映射。

英汉翻译：心理学术语

感觉记忆(SM)—sensory memory短期记忆(STM)—short-term M。

长期记忆(LTM)—long-term memory复诵——rehearsal预示(激发)——priming童年失忆症——childhood amnesia视觉编码(表征)——visualcode(representation)听觉编码—acoustic code运作记忆——working memory语意性知识—semantic knowledge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P。

自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S。

程序性知识—procedural knowledge命题(陈述)性知识——propositional(declarative)knowl edge情节(轶事)性知识—episodic K。

讯息处理深度—depth of processing精致化处理—elaboration登录特殊性—coding specificity记忆术—mnemonic位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word(线)探索(测)(激发)字—prime关键词——key word命题思考——propositional thought心像思考——imaginal thought行动思考——motoric thought概念——concept原型——prototype属性——property特征——feature范例策略——exemplar strategy语言相对性(假说)—linguisticrelativity th。

音素——phoneme词素——morpheme(字词的)外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning(句子的)表层与深层结构—surface& deep structure语意分析法——semanticdifferential全句语言—holophrastic speech过度延伸——over-extension电报式语言—telegraphic speech关键期——critical period差异减缩法——differencereduction方法目的分析——means-endsanalysis倒推——working backward动机——motive自由意志——free will决定论——determinism本能——instinct种属特有行为——species specific驱力——drive诱因——incentive驱力减低说——drive reductionth。

高英vocabulary

L esson One Face to Face with Hurricane CamilleNounhurricane, motel汽车旅馆, main, generator发电机, pane嵌板, blast冲击波, ferocity凶猛, swipe猛击, swath, vacationer, debris, sanctuary, lean-to, thrust, spaghetti, salvation, canteen, wreckage, wrath, litter, bar, loan,Verblash, pummel, scud, disintegrate, douse, scramble, shudder, maroon, devastate, snap, implore, extinguish, waver, topple, prop, tilt, slant, hinge, diminish, strew, festoon, coil, rake, rampage, pitch, salvage, afflict, weld, reflect, abandon, whip, lap, skim, grade, huddle, recede, elevateAdjective and adverbgruff, methodically, spectacular, portable, virtually, incomprehensibleNoun phrasethe blues, water main, window pane, vantage point, coastal communities, a power failure, French door, gun-like reports, a fire brigade, outward calm, concentrated breadth, a populated area, power lines, National Guard, civil-defense unit, refugee center, Salvation Army, mountain slide, a delayed reaction, low-interest, long-term business loansVerb phrasebatten down, ride out, sit out, mount to a roar, inch its way, take responsibility, be bound to, wipe out, blow in, blow off, break apart, shoot out, trail away, prop up, give way, stream in, pitch inOther phraseinch by inch, above sea level, by the minute, on the verge of, in donations, in a low wood, in its swathL esson Two MarrakechNounpomegranate, chant, bier, lot, mound, gazelle, hindquarter, navvy, municipality, ghetto, skull-cap, booth, clamour, witchcraft, grove, legionnaire, lucerne, fodder, harrow, furrow, trickle, subsoil, packsaddle, bridle, halter, gut, plight, stork, syphilis, garrison, charger, mourner, skeleton, lathe, bandit, column, infantry, scrubVerbthread, hack, butt, sidle, stow, infest, warp, grope, yoke, infuriate, squash, slump, hobble, wail, nibble, erode, wring, invert, mummify, tipAdjective and adverboblong, lumpy, hummocky, undifferentiated, prickly, bumpy, sore, frenzied, self-contained, square, conspicuous, back-breaking, desolate, damnably, inquisitive, sullen, literally, gratefully, windowless, sore-eyed, prehistoric, instantly, reach-me-down, sensitive, contemptuous,Noun phraseprickly pears, building-lot, burying ground, colonial empires, coral insect, skull-cap, impossible luxury, dark rumors, money-lender, a beast of burden, broken-up brick, earth-colored body, garrison town, scraps of paper, Distressed Areas, Foreign Legionnaires, dried-up earthVerb phrasethread one’s way, appeal to, take in, register oneself, reduce to, it doesn’t matter twopence, chances are (that)Other phrasein rags, in a cloud, out of shape, more or less, for show, stalk by stalk, next to, in this connection,L esson Three Pub Talk and the King’s EnglishNounconversationalist, anecdote, intimate, musketeers of Dumas, recess, convict, churl, alchemy, rift, dandelion, underling, ultimatum, chimpanzee, charm, affirmations, denials, descendant, snobbery, representation, chef,Verbindulge, delve, scamper, intercept, abuse, coin, tussle, edict, meander, sparkle, multiply, harden, punctuate, justify, celebrate, bind, renderAdjective and adverbi ntricate, desultorily, tart, bilingual, pejorative, facetious, immune, sociable, ignorantly,literate, sinister, lofty,Noun phraseclass rift, bilingual education, Norman Conquest, cultural barrier, cultural humiliation, racial discrimination, cultural domination, common sense,Verb phraseindulge in, make a point, get out of bed on the wrong side, delve into, press on one’s mind, lay down, sit down to, ring true, sit up at, talk sense, burst into, think into the shoes ofOther phraseon the rocks, in a flash, without any focus, out of snobbery, in general use,on wings, into the shoes ofL esson Four Inaugural AddressNounforebear, generosity, heir, foe, prey, invective, shield, writ, adversary, civility, beachhead, endeavor, tribulation, alliance, testimony, renewal, oath, aggression, subversion,Verbsignify, prescribe, outpace, unleash, belabor, formulate, tap, heed, embattle, forge, abolish, temper, discipline, commit, assure, pledge, replace, convert, renew, enlarge, engulf, overburden, alter, negotiate, invoke, summon, grant, undoAdjective and adverbinaugural, almighty, sovereign, asunder, hostile, accidental, deadly, rightly, twilight, fruitful, patient, maximum, mortalNoun phraseinaugural address, friend and foe, ranks of the free, iron tyranny, colonial control, mass misery, chains of poverty, hostile powers, co-operative ventures, cultural and spiritual origins, world assembly, sovereign states, balance of terror, sign of weakness, jingle of suspicionVerb phrasesplit asunder, pay price, bear burden, meet hardship, support friend, oppose foe, end up, break the bonds, convert words into deeds, cast off, oppose aggression, tap the ocean depths, preserve peace, give testimony to, bear arms, cast off, convert into, split asunder, tempt with, exchange with, be subject toOther phraseat issue, a host of, at odds, beyond doubt, year in and year outL esson Five Love is a FallacyNounfallacy, trauma, dynamo, scalpel, faddist, fad, craze, acme, appendicitis, raccoon, temple, gear, pin-up, proportions, making, carriage, specialty, dipper, sauerkraut, pelt, waif, kick, dimension, premise, ember, analogy, brief, blueprint, chunk, pitchblende, indignation, cretin, let-up, chink, constellation, hulk, perspiration, infamy, turf, knot-head, jitterbug, idiocy, Pygmalion, Frankenstein, craterVerbunfetter, mumble, shed, covet, veer, wax, wane, wince, tug, desist, chirp, deposit, smolder, blubber, fracture, gurgle, hamstring, fashion, languish, surge, wag, bellow, reel, modulate, diagnose, poise, shamble, croak, swivelAdjective and adverbenterprising, limp, flaccid, pedantic, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute, penetrating, incredulous, unsanitary, unsightly, narrowly, cerebral, exquisite, gravy, gamy, reverent, canny, greasy, canny, contrite, glum, fraught, yummy, exultant, grueling, well-heeled, hollow-eyed, impressionable, thickly, testilyNoun phrasepin-up proportions, trysting place, pedantic discipline, negation of reason, erectness of carriage, ease of bearing, a torn man, Dicto Simpliciter, Hasty Generalization, Post Hoc, Contradictory Premises, Ad Misericordiam, False Analogy, Hypothesis Contrary to Fact, Poisoning the WellVerb phrasedevelop argument, cite instances, reach an conclusion, sweep up, surrender oneself to, give anything for, slip into high gear, further a career, smarten up, hammer away, grind one’s teeth, go steadyOther phrasein a month of Sundays, beyond the frontiers of, without doubt, as dumb as an ox, in the swim, in ringing tones, out of the pictureSupplementary words and expressionsself-confident self-contained self-conscious self-promisedforce . spree wrath excitementpush down push ahead push along push backfade back fail off fade away shrink offpull dig wring allude to reach-me-downweep whisper moan wailobject s tuff matter skin behold belaborcontemporaneous contemptible contemptuous contemplativesnapped trailed hobbled inflamedtribulation contingent bordering upon distinctionblasts inverted sovereign testimonyslumped diatribes delayed。

考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表

考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表(一)感觉记忆（SM）—sensory memory短期记忆（STM）—short-term M.长期记忆（LTM）—long-term memory复诵——rehearsal预示（激发）——priming童年失忆症——childhood amnesia视觉编码（表征）——visual code（representation）听觉编码—acoustic code运作记忆——working memory语意性知识—semantic knowledge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P.自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S.程序性知识—procedural knowledge命题（陈述）性知识——propositional（declarative）knowledge 情节（轶事）性知识—episodic K.讯息处理深度—depth of processing精致化处理—elaboration登录特殊性—coding specificity记忆术—mnemonic位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word（线）探索（测）（激发）字—prime关键词——key word命题思考——propositional thought心像思考——imaginal thought行动思考——motoric thought概念——concept原型——prototype属性——property特征——feature范例策略——exemplar strategy语言相对性（假说）—linguistic relativity th.音素——phoneme词素——morpheme（字词的）外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning （句子的）表层与深层结构—surface & deep structure语意分析法——semantic differential全句语言—holophrastic speech过度延伸——over-extension电报式语言—telegraphic speech关键期——critical period差异减缩法——difference reduction方法目的分析——means-ends analysis倒推——working backward动机——motive自由意志——free will决定论——determinism本能——instinct种属特有行为——species specific驱力——drive诱因——incentive驱力减低说——drive reduction th.恒定状态（作用）—homeostasis原级与次级动机—primary & secondary M. 功能独立—functional autonomy下视丘侧部（LH）—lateral hypothalamus 脂肪细胞说——fat-cell theory.下视丘腹中部（VMH）—ventromedial H定点论——set point th.CCK───胆囊调节激素第一性征——primary sex characteristic 第二性征——secondary sex characteristic 自我效能期望—self-efficiency expectancy 内在（发）动机—intrinsic motive外在（衍）动机—extrinsic motive成就需求——N. achievement需求层级—hierarchy of needs自我实现——self actualization冲突——conflict多项仪——polygraph肤电反应——GSR（认知）评估——（cognitive appraisal）脸部回馈假说——facial feedback hypothesis（生理）激发——arousal挫折-攻击假说——frustration-aggression hy.替代学习——vicarious learning考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表(二)发展——development先天——nature后天——nurture成熟——maturation（视觉）偏好法——preferential method习惯法——habituation视觉悬崖——visual cliff剥夺或丰富（环境）——deprivation or enrichment of env.基模——schema同化——assimilation调适——accommodation平衡——equilibrium感觉动作期——sensorimotor stage物体永久性——objective permanence运思前期——preoperational st.保留概念——conservation道德现实主义——moral realism具体运思期——concrete operational形式运思期——formal operational st. 前俗例道德——pre-conventional moral 俗例道德——conventional moral超俗例道德——post-conventional moral 气质——temperament依附——attachment性别认定——gender identity性别配合——sex typing性蕾期——phallic stage恋亲冲突—Oedipal conflict认同——identification社会学习——social learning情结——complex性别恒定——gender constancy青年期——adolescence青春期—— -puberty第二性征——secondary sex characteristics 认同危机——identity crisis定向统合——identity achievement早闭型统合——foreclosure未定型统合——moratorium迷失型统合——identity diffusion传承——generativity心理动力——psycho-dynamics心理分析——psychoanalysis行为论——behaviorism心理生物观——psycho-biological perspective 认知——cognition临床心理学家-clinical psychologist谘商——counseling人因工程——human factor engineering组织——organization潜意识——unconsciousness完形心理学——Gestalt psychology感觉——sensation知觉——perception实验法——experimental method独变项——independent variable依变项——dependent V.控制变项——control V.生理——physiology条件化——conditioning学习——learning比较心理学——comparative psy.发展——development社会心理学——social psy.人格——personality心理计量学—psychometrics受试（者）——subject 实验者预期效应—experimenter expectancy effect 双盲法——double—blind实地实验——field experiment相关——correlation调查——survey访谈——interview个案研究——case study观察——observation心理测验——psychological test 纹理递变度——texture gradient 注意——attention物体的组群——grouping of object 型态辨识—pattern recognition形象-背景——figure-ground接近律——proximity相似律——similarity闭合律——closure连续律——continuity对称律——symmetry错觉——illusion幻觉——delusion恒常性——constancy大小——size形状——shape位置—— location单眼线索——monocular cue线性透视——linear- perspective 双眼线索——binocular cue深度——depth调节作用——accommodation重迭——superposition双眼融合——binocular fusion辐辏作用——convergence双眼像差——binocular disparity向度—— dimension自动效应——autokinetic effect运动视差—— motion parallax诱发运动—— induced motion闪光运动—— stroboscopic motion上下文﹑脉络-context人工智能——artificial intelligence A.I. 脉络关系作用-context effect模板匹配——template matching整合分析法——analysis-by-synthesis丰富性——redundancy选择性——selective无意识的推论-unconscious inferences运动后效——motion aftereffect特征侦测器—feature detector激发性——excitatory抑制性——inhibitory几何子——geons由上而下处理—up-down process由下而上处理——bottom-up process连结者模式——connectionist model联结失识症——associative agnosia脸孔辨识困难症——prosopagnosia意识——conscious（ness）意识改变状态——altered states of consciousness无意识——unconsciousness前意识——preconsciousness内省法——introspection边缘注意——peripheral attention多重人格——multiple personality午餐排队（鸡尾酒会）效应—lunch line（cocktail party） effect 自动化历程——automatic process解离——dissociate解离认同失常——dissociative identity disorder快速眼动睡眠——REM dream非快速眼动睡眠—NREM dream神志清醒的梦——lucid dreaming考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表(三)显性与隐性梦——manifest & latern content心理活动性psychoactive冥想——meditation抗药性——tolerance戒断——withdrawal感觉剥夺——sensory deprivation物质滥用——substance abuse成瘾——physical addiction物质依赖——sub. dependence戒断症状——withdrawal symptom兴奋剂——stimulant幻觉（迷幻）剂——hallucinogen镇定剂——sedative抑制剂——depressant酒精中毒引起谵妄—delirium tremens麻醉剂——narcotic催眠——hypnosis催眠后暗示——posthypnotic suggestion 催眠后失忆posthypnotic amnesia超心理学——parapsychology超感知觉extrasensory perception ESP 心电感应——telepathy超感视——clairvoyance预知——precognition心理动力—psycokinesis PK受纳器——receptor绝对阈——absolute threshold 差异阈——difference threshold 恰辨差——-JND韦伯律——Weber''s law心理物理——psychophysical费雪纳定律——Fechner''s law 频率——frequency振幅——amplitude音频——pitch基音——fundamental tone倍音——overtone和谐音——harmonic音色——timbre白色噪音——white noise鼓膜——eardrum耳蜗——cochlea卵形窗—oval window圆形窗——round window前庭——vestibular sacs半规管——semicircular canals角膜——cornea水晶体——lens虹膜——iris瞳孔——pupil网膜——retina睫状肌——ciliary muscle调节作用——accommodation脊髓——spinal cord反射弧——reflex arc脑干——brain stem计算机轴性线断层扫描——CAT或CT PET——正子放射断层摄影MRI——磁共振显影延脑——medulla桥脑——pons小脑——cerebellum网状结构——reticular formation RAS——网状活化系统视丘——thalamus下视丘——hypothalamus大脑——cerebrum脑（下）垂体（腺）—pituitary gland脑半球——cerebral hemisphere皮质——cortex胼胝体——corpus callosum边缘系统——limbic system海马体——hippocampus杏仁核——amygdala中央沟——central fissure侧沟——lateral fissure脑叶——lobe同卵双生子——identical twins异卵双生子—fraternal twins古典制约——classical conditioning操作制约——operant conditioning非制约刺激—（US unconditioned stimulus 非制约反应—（UR）unconditioned R.制约刺激——（CS）conditioned S.制约反应——（CR）conditioned R.习（获）得——acquisition增强作用——reinforcement消除（弱）——extinction自（发性）然恢复——spontaneous recovery 前行制约—forward conditioning同时制约——simultaneous conditioning回溯制约——backward cond.痕迹制约——trace conditioning延宕制约—delay conditioning类化（梯度）——generalization（gradient）区辨——discrimination（次级）增强物——（secondary）reinforcer嫌恶刺激——aversive stimulus试误学习——trial and error learning效果率——law of effect正（负）性增强物—positive（negative）rei.行为塑造—behavior shaping循序渐进——successive approximation自行塑造—autoshaping部分（连续）增强—partial（continuous）R定比（时）时制—fixed ratio（interval）schedule FR或FI变化比率（时距）时制—variable ratio（interval）schedule VR或VI 逃离反应——escape R.回避反应—avoidance response习得无助——learned helplessness顿悟——insight学习心向—learning set隐内（潜在）学习——latent learning认知地图——cognitive map生理回馈——biofeedback敏感递减法-systematic desensitization普里迈克原则—Premack''s principle洪水法——flooding观察学习——observational learning动物行为学——ethology敏感化—sensitization习惯化——habituation联结——association认知学习——cognitional L.观察学习——observational L.登录﹑编码——encoding保留﹑储存——retention提取——retrieval回忆——（free recall全现心像﹑照相式记忆——eidetic imagery﹑photographic memory . 舌尖现象（TOT）—tip of tongue再认——recognition再学习——relearning节省分数——savings外显与内隐记忆——explicit & implicit memory 记忆广度——memory span组集——chunk序列位置效应——serial position effect起始效应——primacy effect新近效应——recency effect心（情）境依赖学习——state-dependent L.无意义音节—nonsense syllable顺向干扰——proactive interference逆向干扰——retroactive interference闪光灯记忆——flashbulb memory动机性遗忘——motivated forgetting器质性失忆症—organic amnesia阿兹海默症——Alzheimer''s disease近事（顺向）失忆症—anterograde amnesia旧事（逆向）失忆—retrograde A.高沙可夫症候群—korsakoff''s syndrome凝固理论—consolidation考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表(三)失眠——insomnia显性与隐性梦——manifest & latern content心理活动性psychoactive冥想——meditation抗药性——tolerance戒断——withdrawal感觉剥夺——sensory deprivation物质滥用——substance abuse成瘾——physical addiction物质依赖——sub. dependence戒断症状——withdrawal symptom兴奋剂——stimulant幻觉（迷幻）剂——hallucinogen镇定剂——sedative抑制剂——depressant酒精中毒引起谵妄—delirium tremens麻醉剂——narcotic催眠——hypnosis催眠后暗示——posthypnotic suggestion 催眠后失忆posthypnotic amnesia超心理学——parapsychology超感知觉extrasensory perception ESP 心电感应——telepathy超感视——clairvoyance预知——precognition心理动力—psycokinesis PK受纳器——receptor绝对阈——absolute threshold 差异阈——difference threshold 恰辨差——-JND韦伯律——Weber''s law心理物理——psychophysical费雪纳定律——Fechner''s law 频率——frequency振幅——amplitude音频——pitch基音——fundamental tone倍音——overtone和谐音——harmonic音色——timbre白色噪音——white noise鼓膜——eardrum耳蜗——cochlea卵形窗—oval window圆形窗——round window前庭——vestibular sacs半规管——semicircular canals 角膜——cornea水晶体——lens虹膜——iris瞳孔——pupil网膜——retina睫状肌——ciliary muscle调节作用——accommodation脊髓——spinal cord反射弧——reflex arc脑干——brain stem计算机轴性线断层扫描——CAT或CT PET——正子放射断层摄影MRI——磁共振显影延脑——medulla桥脑——pons小脑——cerebellum网状结构——reticular formation RAS——网状活化系统视丘——thalamus下视丘——hypothalamus大脑——cerebrum脑（下）垂体（腺）—pituitary gland 脑半球——cerebral hemisphere皮质——cortex胼胝体——corpus callosum边缘系统——limbic system海马体——hippocampus杏仁核——amygdala中央沟——central fissure侧沟——lateral fissure脑叶——lobe同卵双生子——identical twins异卵双生子—fraternal twins古典制约——classical conditioning操作制约——operant conditioning非制约刺激—（US unconditioned stimulus 非制约反应—（UR）unconditioned R.制约刺激——（CS）conditioned S.制约反应——（CR）conditioned R.习（获）得——acquisition增强作用——reinforcement消除（弱）——extinction自（发性）然恢复——spontaneous recovery 前行制约—forward conditioning同时制约——simultaneous conditioning回溯制约——backward cond.痕迹制约——trace conditioning延宕制约—delay conditioning类化（梯度）——generalization（gradient）区辨——discrimination（次级）增强物——（secondary）reinforcer 嫌恶刺激——aversive stimulus试误学习——trial and error learning效果率——law of effect正（负）性增强物—positive（negative）rei.行为塑造—behavior shaping循序渐进——successive approximation自行塑造—autoshaping部分（连续）增强—partial（continuous）R定比（时）时制—fixed ratio（interval）schedule FR或FI变化比率（时距）时制—variable ratio（interval）schedule VR或VI 逃离反应——escape R.回避反应—avoidance response习得无助——learned helplessness顿悟——insight学习心向—learning set隐内（潜在）学习——latent learning认知地图——cognitive map生理回馈——biofeedback敏感递减法-systematic desensitization普里迈克原则—Premack''s principle洪水法——flooding观察学习——observational learning动物行为学——ethology敏感化—sensitization习惯化——habituation联结——association认知学习——cognitional L.观察学习——observational L.登录﹑编码——encoding保留﹑储存——retention提取——retrieval回忆——（free recall全现心像﹑照相式记忆——eidetic imagery﹑photographic memory . 舌尖现象（TOT）—tip of tongue再认——recognition再学习——relearning节省分数——savings外显与内隐记忆——explicit & implicit memory记忆广度——memory span组集——chunk序列位置效应——serial position effect起始效应——primacy effect新近效应——recency effect心（情）境依赖学习——state-dependent L.无意义音节—nonsense syllable顺向干扰——proactive interference逆向干扰——retroactive interference闪光灯记忆——flashbulb memory动机性遗忘——motivated forgetting器质性失忆症—organic amnesia阿兹海默症——Alzheimer''s disease近事（顺向）失忆症—anterograde amnesia 旧事（逆向）失忆—retrograde A.高沙可夫症候群—korsakoff''s syndrome 凝固理论—consolidationTHANKS致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。

stereotype英语作文

Stereotypes are widely prevalent in society,often leading to misunderstandings and misjudgments.They are oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a particular group of people,which can be based on race,gender,age,or other characteristics.Here are some key points to consider when discussing stereotypes in an English essay:1.Definition of Stereotypes:Begin by defining what a stereotype is and how it differs from a generalization.Explain that while generalizations can be based on some truth, stereotypes are often exaggerated and do not account for individual differences.2.Origins of Stereotypes:Discuss the historical and social contexts that give rise to stereotypes.This could include the role of media,cultural differences,and the need for people to categorize others for ease of understanding.3.Examples of Stereotypes:Provide examples of common stereotypes,such as the lazy teenager,the shy Asian,or the careless blonde.Be sensitive and avoid reinforcing these stereotypes in your essay.4.Effects of Stereotypes:Explore the negative impacts of stereotypes on individuals and society.This can include discrimination,selffulfilling prophecies,and the perpetuation of inequality.5.Challenges to Stereotypes:Discuss how stereotypes can be challenged and overcome. This might involve education,exposure to diverse cultures,and promoting openmindedness.6.Personal Experiences:If appropriate,share personal experiences or observations that highlight the presence or consequences of stereotypes.7.Counterarguments:Address potential counterarguments,such as the idea that stereotypes can sometimes be useful for quick judgments in certain situations.However, emphasize the importance of critical thinking over relying on stereotypes.8.Strategies for Change:Suggest strategies for individuals and society to combat stereotypes,such as promoting diversity in media representation,encouraging dialogue, and fostering empathy.9.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your essay and reiterate the importance of recognizing and challenging stereotypes to create a more inclusive and understanding society.10.Call to Action:End with a call to action,encouraging readers to reflect on their own biases and to actively work against perpetuating stereotypes.Remember to use evidence and examples to support your arguments,and to maintain a respectful and thoughtful tone throughout your essay.。

第3章人工智能基础知识——机器学习与算法

有无资金流动异常
需监控账户数据无异常
需监控账户数据有异常
账户信息清晰稳定并且长时间无变化
账户出现异常数据无违法证据
账户出现异常数据存疑需进一步分析
无监督学习的应用 • 案例2：用户细分
案例2：用户细分这个对于广告平台很有意义，我们不仅把用户按照性别、年龄、地理位置等维度进行用户细分，还可以通过用户行为对用户进行分类。通过很多维度的用户细分，广告投放可以更有针对性，效果也会更好。
人工智能常用的算法——仿生类
遗传和进化算法
人工免疫算法
萤火虫算法
智能蚁群算法
粒子群算法
人工鱼群算法
人工蜂群算法
按
决策树（Decision Tree）类
照
模型
线性分类器类
训
练
方式
无监督学习类算法
人工神经网络
不同
聚类分析（Cluster analysis）类
人工智能基础知识
测试数据
邮件Xi
发现规律规则
1. 发件人邮件地址异常 2. 标题含有低价促销信息 3. 低俗信息 4. ……
测试
结果评估
Yi：垃圾邮件or正常
机器学习主流分为：监督学习无监督学习强化学习
• 机器学习领域有两种主要类型：监督式和无监督式。
• 监督学习的目标是学习一个函数，该函数在给定样本数据和期望输出的情况下，最接近于数据中可观察到的输入和输出之间的关系。另一方面，无监督学习没有标注输出，因此其目标是推断一组数据点中存在的自然结构。
插值：精确通过给定点；拟合：不需要精确通过给定点

参数英语作文范文模板

参数英语作文范文模板英文回答：Introduction。

In the realm of academic discourse, parameters play a pivotal role in shaping the scope and direction of research. Parameters define the boundaries within which a study is conducted, ensuring rigor and reproducibility. Understanding the concept of parameters and their judicious application is essential for researchers seeking to produce credible and impactful work.Definition and Types of Parameters。

A parameter is a characteristic or feature that can be varied or controlled in an experiment. It can be either qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (numerical). Qualitative parameters include variables such as treatment group, ethnicity, or gender. Quantitative parameters, onthe other hand, encompass variables like temperature, time, or concentration.Parameters can be classified into two main types:1. Independent Variables: These are the parameters that the researcher manipulates or controls to observe their effect on the dependent variable.2. Dependent Variables: These are the parameters that are measured or observed to assess the impact of the independent variables.Purpose and Importance of Parameters。

外国人对中国人的刻板印象英语作文结尾

外国人对中国人的刻板印象英语作文结尾全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1I used to have a lot of strange ideas about Chinese people before I actually met some and got to know them better. I think a lot of my misunderstandings came from things I saw on TV, in movies, or even just stories people would tell. It's so easy to believe stereotypes when you don't have much real experience with a group of people.But now that I've become friends with several Chinese kids in my class and their families, I realize how wrong a lot of those stereotypes were. For example, I always imagined Chinese people as being really quiet, shy, and studious. While some of my Chinese friends are on the quieter side, others are just as loud, goofy, and rambunctious as any of my other friends! I was surprised at first, but it makes total sense - people are individuals no matter what country they're from.Another big stereotype I had was that all Chinese people were amazing at math. I'm actually better at math than a couple of my Chinese friends, even though they work really hard at ittoo. That stereotype puts a lot of unfair pressure on Chinese kids. Just because your ancestors invented things like the abacus, it doesn't automatically make you a calculating genius!I also thought that all Chinese people ate really weird foods like chicken feet or duck tongues for every meal. But theirday-to-day food is actually pretty normal - they eat a lot of the same things my family does like rice, noodles, vegetables, and meat. The "weird" dishes I heard about are just special delicacies, not an everyday thing. I tried a chicken foot once with my friend's family and you know what? It was surprisingly tasty!Another silly assumption I had was that all Chinese people practiced kung-fu and could do wild acrobatic flips and kicks. My friend David is actually a basketball player who can barely do a cartwheel. He thought my assumption was hilarious. I think I watched too many Jackie Chan movies growing up!One of the most harmful stereotypes is that Chinese people are dishonest, untrustworthy, and good at scamming others. This is such an unfair generalization. My friend Alice is one of the most honest, trustworthy people I know - she'd never lie or cheat. She gets really upset when she hears people making stereotypes like this about Chinese people. I understand why after becoming friends with her and her family.At the end of the day, I've learned that judging an entire group of people based on their ethnicity or nationality makes no sense. There's so much diversity within every culture. People are individuals first, with their own unique personalities, interests, strengths and flaws. Getting to actually know people as friends is the best way to overcome stereotypes and see each person for who they truly are.My advice? Don't believe everything you hear - seek out real experiences with people from different backgrounds than you. You might just become great friends and learn how inaccurate many of those stereotypes really are. I know I've become a lot wiser and more open-minded thanks to the Chinese friends I've made. Our differences are what make the world such an interesting, amazing place!篇2I think a lot of people from other countries have some weird ideas about Chinese people. It's kind of silly because we're just regular people like everyone else. But I can understand why they might get those impressions from movies, TV shows, and stuff like that.One big stereotype is that all Chinese people know kung fu and can do crazy martial arts moves. While it's true that kung fu originated in China, most Chinese people nowadays don't actually practice it. We take dance classes, play sports, or do other activities for fun and exercise just like kids in other countries. Only a small number of people seriously study martial arts. I'm definitely not a kung fu master - I'm more of a video game master!Another common stereotype is that Chinese people are really good at math. I have to admit, this one is kind of true! Math is really emphasized in Chinese schools from an early age. All of my Chinese friends are math whizzes. I'm decent at it too, but I definitely struggle more than they do. Our parents and teachers just put a lot of importance on building strong math skills. But of course, not every single Chinese person is a genius at math. We're just given a lot of practice and instruction.People also seem to think that all Chinese people are super disciplined and hard workers who do nothing but study all day and night. That's really exaggerated though! We still find time to play, hang out with friends, watch TV, etc. Yes, Chinese parents do push their kids to work hard in school. But we also have a lotof fun. I certainly don't spend every waking hour with my head in a book!One funny stereotype is the idea that Chinese people only eat weird foods like snake, duck feet, and chicken feet. While it's true that some Chinese delicacies may seem a bit exotic, most of the Chinese food people are used to seeing is just normal stuff like rice, noodles, vegetables, and meat. The only thing that might seem unusual is that we use chopsticks instead of forks and knives. But plenty of other Asian cultures use chopsticks too.I've also noticed some people think all Chinese people look exactly the same and have trouble telling us apart. That's pretty understandable since there are over a billion Chinese people, and a lot of us do have similar features like black hair and brown eyes. But we definitely don't all look identical! There's still a ton of diversity in our appearances. It would be like saying all white people look the same - which obviously isn't true either.Ultimately, I think a lot of stereotypes about Chinese people come from not having much exposure or personal interaction with us. The more people from different cultures interact, the more they'll realize that we're not really all that different. We're just regular people with our own customs, values, and quirks - just like every other culture in the world. Stereotypes are never afull or accurate representation of any group of people. The best way to learn about a culture is to experience it firsthand with an open mind. I hope people don't judge all Chinese people by the stereotypes, and give us a chance to show who we really are as individuals.篇3Lots of people who aren't from China have some funny ideas about what Chinese people are like. Some of these stereotypes are kind of true, but a lot of them aren't very accurate at all. I've learned that we shouldn't judge people just based on where they're from!One big stereotype is that all Chinese people are super smart at math. It's true that schools in China put a lot of emphasis on math and science. We have to take really hard tests and do lots of practice problems. So I guess Chinese students do get really good at those subjects. But it's not like we're all geniuses or anything. I still have to study really hard, and some math concepts give me a ton of trouble just like any other kid.Another common stereotype is that Chinese people only eat with chopsticks and weird foods like chicken feet. While it's true that we do use chopsticks for most meals, Chinese cuisine is waymore diverse than just strange animal parts. My favorite foods are dumplings, noodles, and Peking duck - those are all pretty normal, right? And forks are getting more and more popular, especially for Western foods like pasta or steak. We're not uncivilized cavemen who can't use utensils properly or anything.I've also heard people say that Chinese families are super strict, and we have tons of absurd rules we have to follow. Like we're not allowed to go outside after 6pm, or date until we're 30, or something crazy like that. That's just not accurate at all. Sure, Chinese parents can be a little strict sometimes when it comes to our schoolwork and behavior. But it's not like we're locked up in cages or anything. We still get plenty of freedom and have fun like other kids.One ridiculous rumor I've heard is that Chinese people have no individual personalities - that we're all identical robots who think and act exactly the same. That couldn't be further from the truth! Just look at any classroom in China, and you'll see tons of different personalities. You've got the class clowns, the shy kids, the teacher's pets, the athletes, the artists, the rebels...just like anywhere else. We're all unique individuals with our own interests, strengths, and quirks. That stereotype is just racist nonsense.So in conclusion, while a few stereotypes about Chinese people might have a nugget of truth, most of them are totally ridiculous and inaccurate. We're not all geniuses, we eat way more than just weird animal parts, we have plenty of freedom, and we're definitely not identical robots. We're just regular people - some of us are smart, some are funny, some are creative, and some are clumsy. Just like everywhere else in the world. Stereotypes are almost never a good way to judge an entire group. The best approach is to get to know people as individuals instead of making lazy generalizations. That's what I've learned, anyway!篇4I used to believe a lot of the stereotypes about Chinese people that my friends and even some adults would talk about. But after learning more about China and Chinese culture, I've realized how wrong and unfair those stereotypes are. Chinese people are just regular people, with the same range of personalities, interests, and values as anyone else.One stereotype I bought into for a long time was that Chinese people are really good at math. I thought all Chinese kids were forced by their super-strict parents to do math problems for hours every night until they were calculators onlegs. But then I met Yao, who is Chinese-American and absolutely hates math. His parents don't push him to be good at it at all. And my friend Lina, who is from Beijing, is obsessed with art and poetry instead of numbers. Just like kids from anywhere else, some Chinese kids love math and some couldn't care less about it.Another stereotype is that Chinese people only eat weird foods like chicken feet and duck tongues. Sure, those are delicacies in some parts of China. But Chinese cuisine is so much more than that! My friend Jia's family makes the most delicious dumplings, noodle soups, and stir-fries using really normal ingredients we'd all recognize like beef, vegetables, and sauces. Their homemade meals are just as comforting as any American home cooking. And we all know Chinese takeout like lo mein, fried rice, and egg rolls are popular with everyone.I also used to believe Chinese families were extremely strict, with kids having no freedom and getting screamed at constantly for small mistakes. Some Chinese parents can be quite strict, yes. But so can parents of any culture if they have very high expectations. My friend Ming's parents actually seem morelaid-back than my own! They let Ming have sleepovers, play video games, and stay out pretty late with friends as long as hisgrades are good. They believe in giving him independence and making his own choices.Speaking of making choices, that's another big stereotype - that Chinese people just mindlessly obey authority and don't think for themselves. But every Chinese person I know has really strong opinions and isn't afraid to respectfully disagree with teachers, parents, or anyone else. My friend Mei got into a huge debate with her history teacher over the teacher's interpretation of an event in the Cultural Revolution. She made such thoughtful, well-researched points that she actually changed the teacher's mind! Creative independent thinking is really valued in Chinese culture despite what some people assume.One silly stereotype is that all Chinese people are martial arts experts. Other than doing some basic tai chi with his grandpa, my friend Dewei has zero martial arts training. He's a total klutz who can barely run around the baseball diamond without tripping over his own feet. His parents just enrolled him in little league like many American parents do - martial arts never even came up. While kung fu is amazing and some Chinese people do practice it seriously, it's not like everyone in China is a ninja by default.Another dated stereotype is that Chinese people are hopelessly backwards people still living in the ancient past with antiquated values and technology. This one is just laughable when you see China's ultra modern megacities with soaring skyscrapers and cutting-edge industry. My older cousins in Shanghai have more advanced computers, better internet, and cooler digital lifestyles than I could ever dream of. Their Generation Z culture of gaming, streaming, and trends is really not that different from youth culture anywhere else. Sure, China has long traditions it celebrates. But it's not some feudal society frozen in time - it's an economic and technological superpower!In the end, I've learned that judging an entire country and culture by stereotypes is just ignorant. Chinese people are so diverse, just like Americans or any other group of people on Earth. They have all the same varietRies of personalities, interests, values, and lifestyles that you'd find anywhere. Stereotyping them as all being good at math, eating exotic foods, living under harsh discipline, having no independent thinking, knowing martial arts, or being trapped in the past is completely misguided. Getting to actually know Chinese people as individuals is a real eye-opener in seeing how overgeneralized and inaccurate those stereotypes are.We're all just human beings shaped by our unique experiences, environments, and personal natures - not by stigmas, stereotypes or prejudices based on where we were born. I'm grateful for my Chinese friends expanding my perspective and helping me see the world with more openness and understanding. Hopefully sharing what I've learned can help others avoid falling for those same misguided stereotypes about Chinese people that I once wrongly believed.篇5The world is full of different cultures, and people often have stereotypes or generalized ideas about how other cultures are. When it comes to Chinese people, there are quite a few common stereotypes that foreigners tend to believe. While some have a basis in truth, many are just misconceptions. Here are some of the main ones I've noticed:One big stereotype is that all Chinese people are good at math. It's true that math and academic success are highly valued in Chinese culture. Parents put a lot of emphasis on education from a young age. However, this doesn't mean every single Chinese person is a math genius. There is still a wide range of math abilities, just like any other culture. It can create a lot ofpressure when the expectation is that you'll naturally excel at math just because you're Chinese.Another common stereotype is that Chinese people only eat weird foods like chicken feet or duck tongues. Chinese cuisine does have some foods that seem unusual to Westerners. However, the majority of Chinese dishes are made up of very normal ingredients like vegetables, rice, noodles, meat, etc. Most of the so-called "weird" foods are delicacies that even many Chinese people don't eat regularly. Speaking from experience, my family cooks very typical Chinese dishes at home using basic ingredients.Many foreigners also believe that all Chinese families have strict parenting styles and push their kids to extreme levels. The idea of the stereotypical "tiger mom" comes to mind. While it's true that Chinese parents do tend to have higher academic expectations for their children compared to Western parents, not all take it to an extreme. My parents value education highly, but have always encouraged me to work hard while still leaving time for fun. Every family is different when it comes to parenting approaches.One outdated but still persistent stereotype is that Chinese people are rude, loud, and have no sense of personal space orboundaries. This mostly seems to come from a misunderstanding of Chinese social norms and population density. In crowded cities, it's more accepted to be pushing and assertive to get around. But Chinese culture still absolutely has rules for polite behavior and respecting others. I've always been taught to greet others respectfully and be considerate.There's also an idea that Chinese people are really superstitious and believe in a lot of irrational ideas like lucky numbers, astrology, feng shui, etc. While some Chinese people are superstitious, many are not. Like any culture, you'll find a range of beliefs. My family celebrates traditional holidays, but we don't necessarily buy into every superstition. I think foreigners tend to focus on and exaggerate these cultural elements that seem exotic to them.The last major stereotype I'll mention is that Chinese people are closed off, unfriendly to outsiders, and don't want to assimilate when living abroad. This seems to come from general miscommunication and cultural differences. In China, making direct eye contact, smiling at strangers, or being very outgoing can be seen as rude or awkward. So behaviors that may seem cold to a Westerner aren't necessarily meant that way. As for assimilation, Chinese people value maintaining their culturalidentity, but most are very appreciative when living in other countries.Overall, these stereotypes are generalizations that don't apply to every single Chinese person. There's a wide diversity of personalities, beliefs, and behaviors within Chinese culture, just like any other. It's important to keep in mind that each person is an individual who may or may not fit the stereotypes. The best way to learn about another culture is through open-minded interaction rather than making assumptions. I hope sharing my perspective as a Chinese student gives a more well-rounded view beyond the stereotypes.篇6In the end, I think it's really important for people from different countries and cultures to try to understand each other better. A lot of the stereotypes foreigners have about Chinese people aren't completely true or fair. We aren't all the same - we come from a huge country with lots of different regions, languages, and customs.Some foreigners think all Chinese people are super smart at math and science. While it's true that we study those subjects really hard in school, not every Chinese person is a genius. We'rejust like students anywhere else - some of us are great at math, while others struggle with it. My best subject is actually art and I'm not that good at algebra and geometry. My friend Xinping is the opposite - he's amazing at physics and calculus but can't draw or paint to save his life!Another stereotype is that Chinese people only care about money and business. Yes, china has become a major economic power and a lot of Chinese companies and entrepreneurs are very successful. But that doesn't mean we're all obsessed with getting rich. My parents actually work for a charity that builds schools in poor areas. And I want to be a writer or filmmaker when I grow up, not a businessperson. Lots of Chinese people these days are pursuing creative careers in the arts, entertainment, academia and other fields.Foreigners also sometimes assume all Chinese people are shy, quiet and super polite all the time. I have to laugh at that one! While it's true we're generally taught to respect our elders and authority figures, Chinese people can actually be quite loud, boisterous and outgoing. Just come to my house for dinner sometime - my grandparents yell at each other constantly and I have three younger siblings who never stop making noise and roughhousing. We know how to have fun and act silly too!I think a lot of these stereotypes come from the fact that China was a relatively poor, rural country for a very long time. But China has changed so much in recent decades as it modernized and opened up to the world. We have massive high-tech cities with flashy architecture and nightlife scenes. Chinese young people nowadays love trendy fashion, western music, video games and all the latest technology. We aren't stuffy orold-fashioned at all!At the same time, China is still a very traditional society in many ways and we have thousandsof years of incredible history, arts and culture. So in some ways, we are still quite different from western countries. For example, the idea of filial piety and revering one's ancestors is still very important to most Chinese families. We celebrate lots of colorful holidays and festivals that foreigners may not be familiar with, like Chinese New Year,Mid-Autumn Festival, Qingming Festival and Dragon Boat Festival. Our language and writing system is completely unique too.So I guess the main thing I want foreigners to understand is that Chinese people can't be summed up by a few overly simplistic stereotypes. We're multi-dimensional, diverse and constantly evolving as a society and culture. The reality is farmore interesting and complex than the cliches! If you meet a Chinese person, don't make assumptions - get to know us as individuals. I think you'll be surprised and fascinated by how dynamic, nuanced and varied we are as a people.Anyway, those are just some of my thoughts as a Chinese elementary school kid. Stereotypes and misunderstandings between cultures are natural to some degree, but we should always try our best to look past them. The world would be such a boring place if we were all exactly the same! Let's celebrate our differences while focusing on the humanity we all share. Thanks for reading and I hope this gave you some new perspective!。

教育心理学第四章

（二）知识的定义（认知的视野）当代著名的认知心理学家皮亚杰认为：
“知识是主体和环境或思维与客体相互交换而导致的知觉建构，知识不是客体的副本，也不是由主体决定的先验意识。” 根据当代信息加工心理学的观点，我们把知识定义为主体与其环境相互作用而获得的信息及其组织。储存于个体内即为个体的知识，储存于个体外即为人类的知识。知识的本质是信息在人脑中的表征。
(四) 双编码理论
双编码理论认为，陈述性知识以言语和意象两种方式表征。这一理论的提出者佩维沃（A.Pavio）认为，知识是由言语和意象（或表象）表征的联想网络构成的。言语系统中的词是客体、事件和抽象观念的代码，它们与其表征的对象的联系是任意的（如 “书”这个词与实际书并没有物理上的相似性）。意象系统（imagery system）的非言语表征与引起它们的知觉具有某些共同特征（如一本书的表象与实际书的知觉有某些共同特征）。
程序性知识的学习一般也可以分为三个
阶段。 1、与陈述性知识的学习相同。 2、通过应用规则的变式练习，使规则的陈述性形式向程序性形式转化。 3、规则完全支配人的行为，技能达到相对自动化的程度，这是程序性知识发展的最高阶段。
二、陈述知识的性质：陈述性知识的心理表征
知识的心理实质，词的再认。
鲁梅哈特和麦克里兰（Rumelhart, D.E. & McClelland, J.L., 1986）提出平行分布加工（parallel distributed processing）理论解释英语单词的识别。
按照平行分布加工理论，词义（概念）的激活依赖较低级音节和模式的激活。知晓意识中的任何东西（如，一个词、一个表象或一个概念）都要归根于神经网络中的基本表征，即联结的模式。虽然现代联结主义者对词义加工提供了解释，但其解释不如解释字形与字音的知觉有效。

repgfpn结构 -回复

repgfpn结构-回复【repgfpn结构】是一种被广泛应用于教学和学习领域的知识组织框架。

它由五个关键环节组成，分别是引入(representation)，展示(presentation)，推导(generalization)，发展(application)，和评估(assessment)。

本文将一步一步地讨论这五个环节的内容和作用。

引入(representation)是指引导学生建立与主题相关的知识结构和范畴。

在教学环境中，教师可以通过提供实例或问题来引入主题。

例如，讲解一个关于圆的几何概念时，教师可以展示一些圆形物体让学生观察，并问他们有关圆的特征。

通过引入的方式，学生可以开始概念的初步构建。

展示(presentation)是指教师提供主题相关的信息和资源，以帮助学生更好地理解和掌握知识。

教师可以使用多种教学方法和媒体，如幻灯片、视频、实物模型等，来呈现概念和内容。

这样的展示方式可以激发学生的学习兴趣，加深他们对知识的理解。

推导(generalization)是指学生从展示中提取出概念的共性和规律，并将其应用到更广泛的情境中。

通过与教师和同学的互动，学生可以通过分享观点和讨论案例来加深对概念的理解。

这一环节培养了学生的分析和思辨能力，促使他们思考如何将所学的知识应用到实际问题中。

发展(application)是指学生将所学的知识和技能应用到实际情境中，解决现实生活中的问题。

教师可以组织实践活动、小组合作或个人作业，以提供实际应用的机会。

这样的实践帮助学生将抽象的概念转化为具体的实践行动，促进他们的学习成果的巩固和深化。

评估(assessment)是指教师对学生学习成果的评价。

在repgfpn结构中，评估是一个重要的环节，通过评估教师可以了解学生的学习情况，并根据需要进行相应的调整和反馈。

评估可以包括课堂测验、项目报告、课堂讨论和作业等形式。

这样的评估不仅能够对学生学习成果进行总结，也可以促使学生反思和提高自己的学习方法和策略。

修订Bloom认知目标分类

修訂Bloom認知目標分類李坤崇成功大學教育研究所教授歐慧敏南華大學幼保系助理教授本文有關修訂布魯姆的認知歷程向度內涵參酌An derso n, Krathwohl, Airasia n, Cruikshank, Mater, Pintrich, Raths, & Wittrock（20（主）編之A taxonomy for learning, teach ing, and assess ing: A revisi on of Blobm tax onomy of educati onal objective與林世華（民93）於全國各縣市教育局課程督學增能研討會（93.01.15之會議手冊講稿。

有關命題示例係引用李坤崇教授帶領金門縣國民教育輔導團團員與南一書局研發團隊的研習成果、及歷屆基本學力測驗的題目。

個別向度(Se parate 知識向度(Kno wiedge Dime知識記憶(Kno wledge) 動詞層面(Remember)理解(Verbaspect ）了解(Co mp rehe nsio n) (Un dersta nd)應用應用(App licati on) (Apply)分析分析(An alysis) (An alyze) 綜合■ ■評鑑(Sy nthesis) (Evaluate)評鑑創作(Evaluati on) (Create) 認知歷程向度(Cog nitiveP rocessDime nsion)事實知識(FactualKno wledge)概念知識(ConceptualKno wledge)程序知識(ProceduralKno wledge)後設認知知識(Metacog名詞層面(Noun asp圖1 原架構與修訂架構的結構比較（修改自Anderson& Krathwohl, 2001, p.268）表1 修訂Bloom分類表引自：Anderson,Krathwohl, Airasian, Cruikshank,Mater, Pintrich, Raths, & Wittrock,2001, p.28An derso n& Krathwoh（2001強調新舊版本有三方面，每方面均有四個項目，計十二項的改變。

商务英语5大逻辑怪圈

商务英语5大逻辑怪圈商务英语5大逻辑怪圈商务交谈中，逻辑是非常重要的，那你知道有哪些逻辑怪圈会让你栽跟头么?1. Hasty Generalization1.草率结论A hasty generalization is a conclusion that is based on few examples. Here are a few that have been used in research papers:草率结论是指例证不足就下的结论。

下面是一则研究报告中出现的草率结论：Elderly people are bad drivers.老年人驾车技术都不好。

Be careful not to draw conclusions in your own research afteryou've seen a few individual pieces of evidence.要注意在自己的研究过程中不要仅仅依靠个别例子就草率下结论。

(tip：要避免这种错误，可以加一个程度副词，比如mosly等等。

上句话可改为：Elderly people are mostly bad drivers.)2. Slippery Slope2. 滑坡谬误The slippery slope fallacy occurs when we get carried away and start making claims that one event will lead to another--when those claims are not necessarily accurate. Here is a conclusion that doesn't add up:滑坡谬误指我们开始洋洋洒洒地写作，一个断言推出另一个断言，但这些断言并非十分准确。

下面就是一个不合理的结论：If we let students use their cell phone calculators during tests, they'll start cheating by using other apps to find the answers. Then no one will ever learn anything. Everyone will fail.如果我们让学生在考试中使用手机上的计算器，他们就会用其他的.手机应用找答案作弊。

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BALARAMAN RA VINDRANOFFICE ADDRESSDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst,MA01003,U.S.A.Tel:+1(413)545-1596Fax:+1(413)5451249 Email:ravi@URL:/˜ravi HOME ADDRESS990N.Pleasant St.Apt A3Amherst,MA01002,U.S.A. Tel:+1(413)546-0806RESEARCH INTERESTSMachine Learning,Abstraction in Machine Learning,Reinforcement Learning,Hierarchical Learning Ar-chitectures,Developmental Models of Learning,Model Minimization,Relational Learning,Knowledge Representation and Generalization.EDUCATIONDoctor of Philosophy February2004 Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of Massachusetts,Amherst,MA.Adviser:Andrew G.BartoMaster of Science(Engineering)April1996 Department of Computer Science and AutomationIndian Institute of Science,Bangalore,Karnataka,India.Adviser:S.Sathiya KeerthiBachelor of Engineering April1993 Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringThiagarajar College of EngineeringMadurai-Kamaraj University,Madurai,Tamil Nadu,India.RESEARCH EXPERIENCEResearch Assistant,University of Massachusetts,Amherst September2002-August2003 Project Title:Dynamic Abstractions in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning.It is frequently the case that certain independence assumptions hold for brief periods during the execution of a large complex task.We can abstract out unnecessary information for the duration of the sub-task at hand while these assumptions hold.Such abstractions are called dynamic abstractions,since they change during the course of the problem.My work in this project involves developing an algebraic abstraction framework that supports dynamic abstraction.Research Assistant,University of Massachusetts,Amherst September1999-August2002 Project Title:Temporal Abstraction in Reinforcement LearningThis project investigated reinforcement learning approaches to learning,planning and representing knowl-edge at multiple temporal resolutions,with special reference to the options framework.We also developed additional mathematical theory and studied the validity of various models of animal behavior related to this approach.My contribution consisted of investigating various formulations of utility of given sets of options and developing an algebraic framework suitable for abstraction at multiple scales of temporal resolution.Research Assistant,University of Massachusetts,Amherst September1996-August1999 Project Title:Application of Reinforcement Learning to Combinatorial Optimization Problems. Approximate solution techniques are often employed to solve combinatorial optimization problems that are NP hard.This project investigated combining reinforcement learning with approximate solution techniques to derive better solutions for such problems.My work included investigating the use of reinforcement learning to solve dynamic optimization problems,especially single and multiple uninhabited air vehicle routing and planning problems.Research Project,University of Massachusetts,Amherst Fall1998 Project Title:An Adaptive approach to Information FilteringWe developed an informationﬁltering algorithm that adapts a user proﬁle by extracting useful features from judged documents.The algorithm uses incremental clustering with some modiﬁcations to accommodate a growing feature set.We demonstrated the performance of the algorithm on a test bed of news stories and compared the performance with that of a standard informationﬁltering algorithm.Consultant,Satyam Computer Systems Limited,Bangalore,India May1996-July1996 Project Title:Search PadI was part of the team that developed Search Pad,an intelligent,personalizable search agent.The product hit the markets in summer of1997.Research Assistant,Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore,India January1996-May1996 Project Title:Search PadI collaborated in developing the learning component of Search Pad.TEACHING EXPERIENCETeaching Assistant,University of Massachusetts,Amherst Fall2003 Course:Introduction to Reinforcement Learning(Instructor:Andrew G.Barto)Duties included developing new material,lecturing,grading homeworks and tests,and designing and grad-ing laboratory exercises.Teaching Assistant,University of Massachusetts,Amherst Fall2000 Course:Introduction to Reinforcement Learning(Instructor:Andrew G.Barto)Duties included grading homeworks and tests,handling certain lectures,and designing and grading labora-tory exercises.Grader and part-time teaching assistant,University of Massachusetts,Amherst Fall1997 Course:Introduction to Advanced Algorithms(Instructor:Arnold Rosenberg)Duties included grading homeworks and answering students’questions.Instructor,Satyam Computer Systems Limited,Bangalore,India June1996 Course:Introduction to Programming with PERLDesigned and co-taught a one month course on programming with Perl for employees of SCSL. Teaching Assistant,Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore Summer1995 Course:Summer School on Neural Networks for Engineering Teachers(Instructor:S.Sathiya Keerthi) Taught classes on reinforcement learning.Designed and conducted the laboratory sections of the course, based on the Matlab neural network toolbox.HONORS AND A WARDSResearch Fellowship,Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore,India-August1993-December1995.Scored in the top3percentile in the country in the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering(GATE),1993. PUBLICATIONSInternational Conferences:Ravindran,B.and Barto,A.G.(2003)“Relativized Options:Choosing the Right Transformation”.In the Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Machine Learning(ICML2003),pp.608-615. AAAI Press.Ravindran,B.and Barto,A.G.(2003)“SMDP Homomorphisms:An Algebraic Approach to Abstraction in Semi Markov Decision Processes”.In the Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Joint Conference on Artiﬁcial Intelligence(IJCAI03),pp.1011-1016.AAAI Press.Ravindran,B.and Barto,A.G.(2002)“Model Minimization in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning”.In the Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Abstraction,Reformulation and Approximation(SARA2002), pp.196-211,LNCS,Springer Verlag.Sutton,R.S.,Singh,S.P.,Precup,D.and Ravindran,B.(1999)“Improved Switching among Temporally Abstract Actions”.In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems11(Proceedings of NIPS’98), pp.1066-1072.MIT Press.Book Chapters:Keerthi,S.S.and Ravindran,B.(1996)“C3:Reinforcement Learning”.In Handbook Of Neural Computa-tion,E.Fiesler and R.Beale,Editors,Oxford University Press,U.K.National Journal:Keerthi,S.S.and Ravindran,B.(1994)“A Tutorial Survey Of Reinforcement Learning”.In Sadhana(Pro-ceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences),V ol.19,Dec.1994,pp.851-889.Unrefereed International Workshops:Ravindran,B.and Barto,A.G.(2003)“An Algebraic Approach to Abstraction in Reinforcement Learning”. In the Proceedings of the Twelfth Yale Workshop on Adaptive and Learning Systems,pp.109-114.McGovern,E.A.,Precup,D.,Ravindran,B.,Singh,S.P.and Sutton,Richard S.(1998)“Hierarchical Optimal Control of MDPs”,Proceedings of the Tenth Yale Workshop on Adaptive and Learning Systems, pp.186-191.Technical Reports and Theses:Ravindran,B.(2004)“An Algebraic Approach to Abstraction in Reinforcement Learning”,Ph D.Thesis, Department of Computer Science,University of Massachusetts,Amherst,MA.Ravindran,B.and Barto,A.G.(2001)“Symmetries and Model Minimization of Markov Decision Pro-cesses”.Computer Science Technical Report01-43,University of Massachusetts,Amherst,MA.Ravindran,B.(1996)“Solution of Delayed Reinforcement Learning Problems having Continuous Action Spaces”,Master’s Thesis,Department of Computer Science and Automation,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,India.In Preparation:Ravindran,B.and Barto,A.G.(2004)“MDP Homomorphisms:An Algebraic Approach to Abstraction in Markov Decision Processes”,To be submitted to the Journal of Artiﬁcial Intelligence Research.OTHER PRESENTATIONSRavindran,B.(2002)“Relativized Options”.In State-Action Reward Day in New England(SARDINE),a workshop on recent advances in reinforcement learning,May2002,University of Massachusetts,Amherst, MA.Ravindran,B.and Perkins,T.J.(1999)“Learning to Decompose”.Poster presentation at the AT&T student poster competition,Oct.1999,AT&T Research Labs,Florham Park,NJ.THESESPh.D.ThesisTitle:An Algebraic Approach to Abstraction in Reinforcement LearningAdviser:Andrew G.BartoAbstract:To operate effectively in complex environments learning agents require the ability to form useful abstractions,that is,the ability to selectively ignore irrelevant details.Stated in general terms this is a very difﬁcult problem.Much of the work in thisﬁeld is specialized to speciﬁc modeling paradigms or classes of problems.In this thesis we introduce an abstraction framework for Markov decision processes(MDPs) based on homomorphisms relating MDPs.We build on classicalﬁnite-state automata literature and develop a minimization framework for MDPs that can exploit structure and symmetries to derive smaller equivalent models of the problem.Because employing homomorphisms for minimization requires that the resulting abstractions be exact,we introduce approximate and partial homomorphisms and develop bounds in loss while employing relaxed abstraction criteria.Our MDP minimization results can be readily employed by reinforcement learning(RL)methods for form-ing abstractions.We extend our abstraction approach to hierarchical RL,speciﬁcally using the options framework.We introduce relativized options,a generalization of Markov sub-goal options,that allow us to deﬁne options without an absolute frame of reference.We introduce an extension to the options framework, based on relativized options,that allows us to learn simultaneously at multiple levels of the hierarchy and also employ hierarchy-speciﬁc abstractions.We provide certain theoretical guarantees regarding the perfor-mance of hierarchical systems that employ approximate abstraction.We empirically demonstrate the utility of relativized options in several test-beds.Relativized options can also be interpreted as behavioral schemas.We demonstrate that such schemas can be proﬁtably employed in a hierarchical RL setting.We also develop algorithms that learn the appropriate pa-rameter binding to a given schema.We empirically demonstrate the validity and utility of these algorithms. Relativized options allow us to model certain aspects of deictic or indexical representations.We develop a modiﬁcation of our parameter binding algorithm suited to hierarchical RL architectures that employ deictic representations.Master’s ThesisTitle:Solution of Delayed Reinforcement Learning Problems having Continuous Action Spaces.Adviser:S.Sathiya KeerthiAbstract:This work concerns the solution of delayed Reinforcement Learning problems having continuous action spaces.Weﬁrst discuss the problems associated with continuous action spaces and present various existing algorithms for solving the problem.We then propose an extension of Q–learning for solving de-layed RL problems having continuous action spaces which overcomes drawbacks associated with existing methods.We present simulation results to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.GRADUATE COURSESAdvanced Algorithms,Data Structures and Algorithms,Theory of Computation,Artiﬁcial Intelligence, Neural Networks,Learning Automata,Reinforcement Learning,Distributed Operating Systems,Informa-tion Retrieval,Topics in Information Retrieval,Topics in Game Theory,Combinatorial Optimization,Linear Algebra,Empirical Methods in Computer Science.Audited:Machine Learning,Advanced Topics in Reinforcement Learning,Hierarchical Probabilistic Mod-els for AI,Statistical Pattern Recognition and Applications.SERVICE AND ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITIESReviewed papers for IEEE transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics,and International Conference on Machine Learning2002and2003.Web and System Administrator September1996-August2002 Adaptive Networks Laboratory/Autonomous Learning LaboratoryDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Massachusetts,Amherst.Manager,Computer Science Educational Laboratory Fall2000 University of Massachusetts,AmherstDuties included managing a group of12monitors and ensuring smooth day to day operation of the Education Laboratory catering to the undergraduate and graduate students’computing needs.Web and System Administrator August1993-April1996 Intelligent Systems LaboratoryDepartment of Computer Science and AutomationIndian Institute of Science,Bangalore,India.OTHER INTERESTSCoordinator,V olunteers in Service to Education in India,Amherst Chapter(1999-2001).VSEI is a non-proﬁt organization working to fund education related projects in India,focusing on women and handicapped education.Co-Founder and administrator of two popular web sites,(founded1996)and (founded1998)that together attract more than a100,000hits a month.REFERENCESProf.Andrew G.Barto Prof.Sridhar Mahadevan Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science140Governor’s Drive140governor’s DriveUniversity of Massachusetts University of Massachusetts Amherst,MA01003Amherst,MA01003U.S.A.U.S.A.Tel:+1(413)545-2109Tel:+1(413)545-3140Fax:+1(413)545-1249Tel:+1(413)545-1249Email:barto@ Email:mahadeva@ Prof.Roderic A.Grupen Prof.S.Sathiya Keerthi Department of Computer Science Department of Mechanical Engineering 140Governor’s Drive National University of Singapore University of Massachusetts10Kent Ridge CrescentAmherst,MA01003Singapore119260U.S.A.Republic of SingaporeTel:+1(413)545-3280Tel:+656874-4684Fax:+1(413)545-1249Fax:+656779-1459Email:grupen@ Email:mpessk@.sg。