考研英语写作、词汇与阅读练习2011-2-11
考研英语真题单词-2011(英一)
2011（一）完形 - 笑与情绪 Part1 单词1、impair v.损害；削弱2、sacrifice n.牺牲3、determine v.查明，主语（⼈人或调查）决定，主语（某原因）4、manageable a.可操纵的；可处理理的5、renewable a.可再⽣生的；可延⻓长有效期的6、decrease v.降低increase v.增⻓长7、varnish n.清漆8、apparently ad.似乎（显然地）9、tone n.[僻]肌⾁肉结实10、asthma n.哮喘11、subconscious a.潜意识的12、internal a.体内的，内⼼心的13、exhaust v.筋疲⼒力力尽（+⼈人）（+物，耗尽）14、suppress v.抑制15、jockey n.⻢马骑师16、contract v.[僻]收缩（使动）Part2 短语1、despite sth. to the contrary 尽管有...与此相反claim / evidence / idea / advice statement2、the way = as 引导⽅方式状语从句句eg. the way walking does 就像散步⼀一样3、in turn 轮流：强调顺序相应地：强调因果关系eg. Interest rates were cut and, in turn, share prices rose.利利率下降，相应地，股票就上涨了了。
4、die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息5、draw nearer the point of ... 近乎(做某事)6、up to 胜任，取决于，多达7、as for ⾄至于，关于= as to8、not + v. +because 否定转移9、turn to 求助于；使⽤用新东⻄西eg. Many people here are turning to solar power.这的⼈人都开始使⽤用太阳能。
(免费)2011年考研复试英语翻译和写作(试题)
1．Whatever the explanation, the idea of a work-life balance is a staple of European discourse, studied in think tanks, mulled over by policymakers. In the US, the term, when it’s used at all, is said with the sort of sneer reserved for those who eat quiche. But it might still catch on. When Bill Keller was named executive editor of the New York Times last week, he encouraged the staff to do “a little more savoring” of life, spending time with their families or viewing art.不管如何解释，工作与生活的平衡总是欧洲人的主要谈资，同时也是智囊团和政策制定者研究和考虑的主题。
在美国，人们使用这个说法时总是带着几分针对那些吃蛋奶火腿馅饼的悠闲人士才会表现出来的冷嘲热讽的态度。
但是，它可能还是会流行起来的。
时任《纽约时报》执行主编的比尔・凯勒曾鼓励员工们要给生活增加一些色彩，多陪陪家人或去欣赏艺术。
2．P. L. Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, “You do not chop off a section of your imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for— if you are honest—you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins. It is all endless and all one.” There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling’s books, starting with their language. Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent.《欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟之极。
考研英语真题单词-2011(英二)
2011（二）完形- 提供网络安全保障的措施更多资料信息联系QQ：3324785561Part1 单词1、anonymity n.匿名，名字不公开2、blessing n.好事，有益之事3、explosion 【僻】n.激增4、cyber-crime n.网络犯罪cyber-czar n.网络总管5、preserve v.保护，维护6、voluntary a.资源的，自动的7、registered a.注册的，登记过的8、navigate v.(在互联网或网站上)导航9、infrastructure n.基础建设10、administration n.(尤指美国)政府11、applaud v.称赞，赞许12、initiative n.倡议，新方案13、compulsory a.(因法律或规则而)必须做的，强制的14、mentality n.心态，思想状况15、envision v.展望，想象Part2 短语1、population explosion 人口急剧增长;explosion of interest 兴趣的陡增2、the International Tennis Federation 国际网球联合会3、a United Nations peace initiative 联合国的和平倡议a government initiative to combat unemployment政府应付失业问题的新方案4、compulsory subject / education 必修科目/义务教育;Text 1 - 外部董事Part1 单词1、compensation n.报酬，薪水2、biased a.有偏见的，结果偏倚的3、weather v.平安渡过(难关)，挨过，经受住4、proxy n.代表权，委托书5、departure n.离开，离去6、subsequently ad.其后，随后，接着7、blow n.打击，意外的灾害，摧毁8、incentive n.动机，鼓励，刺激Part2 短语1、under fire 受到攻击和批评2、bonus payouts 奖金支出3、outside director 外部董事4、for the rest of 余下的...... 间5、by the end of 2009 到2009 年末6、be biased against 对......存偏见7、to weather the recession 挺过萧条期8、a firm’s board 公司董事会9、make one ’ s wealth and reputation成就功名10、a proxy for 是......的代表11、be suggestive of sth 暗示......的12、proxy statement 股东委托书13、deport a board 从董事会离职14、a surprise departure 突然离职15、restate earnings 重申盈利16、federal class-action lawsuit 联邦集体诉讼17、a correlation between ... and ... ......与......之间的联系18、jump off a sinking ship 跳离沉船19、a blow reputations 有损名誉20、be on the board 在董事会任职21、follow the example of 效仿22、on campus 在校园Text 2 - 挣扎求生的美国报业Part1 单词1、recession n.经济衰退，不景气;后退，撤退2、chronicle v.将(某事物)载入编年史;记录3、commission n.委员会，委员4、subsidize v.以津贴补助;以金钱收买;向......发放奖金5、inhabit v.居住;在......出现;填满6、routine n.常规，通常情况7、afloat ad.漂流着的，漂浮不定8、overboard ad.越过船边坠入水中9、revenues n.(复数)总收入10、reliance n.依靠，依赖11、proportion n.比，比率，比例12、stable a.稳定的13、whirlwind n.旋风;猛烈的势力;破坏性的力量或事物14、distinctive a.有特色的，与众不同的;区别的，有鉴别性的15、bureau n.局;(提供某方面信息的)办事处16、savagely ad.野蛮的;残忍的;粗野的17、virtue n.美德;德行;价值;长处Part2 短语1、launch into sth 开始、着手做某事2、flee to the internet 转向互联网3、launch a round of talks 发起一轮讨论4、shrug off 耸肩表示蔑视;抖去;摆脱5、sign of crisis 危机迹象6、return to profit 恢复赢利7、profit margins 利润空间8、all the same 虽......，仍然9、have the nerve 好意思做某事，有胆量做某事10、desperate measures 孤注一掷的措施11、in proportion (大小、数量、程度)按比例地out of proportion 不成比例12、a healthier mix of revenues 更加健康的收益比例13、in reliance on sth 对......依赖14、not surprisingly 毫无疑问15、restate earnings 重申盈利16、the Federal Bureau of Investigation 美国联邦调查局17、by / in virtue of 因为，由于;make a virtue of 将(不乐意的事)变成有利的18、sweep through 掠过，扫过19、film reviewers 电影评论员Text 3 - 简约设计风Part1 单词1、prosperity n.繁荣，兴旺，昌盛2、restraint n.抑制，控制，限制，约束3、stylish a.时髦的，流行的，入时的4、stimulus n.刺激物，刺激因素5、architect n.建筑师，设计师6、signature n.签名,署名;识别标志，鲜明特征7、laminated a.由薄片叠成的,分层的,迭片的8、sophisticated a.复杂的，精致的9、elegant a.优美的，漂亮的，简练的，简洁的10、equivalent n.对等物11、modest a.适度的，适中的，端庄的12、commission v.委任，授予13、aesthetic a.美学的，审美的14、forthright a.直率的，直接的，(观点)明确的15、mechanic n.技工，机修工16、acquire v.获得，取得17、desirable a.令人满意的,值得拥有的,可取的18、inevitable a.不可避免的;必然发生的Part2 短语1、by the millions 数以百万计2、line up 排队3、marriage bureau 婚姻登记处4、when it comes to sth 在某个方面，说到某事5、common sense 常识6、live with 忍受，容忍7、take up posts 就职8、architecture school 建筑学院9、derive from 由......起源;取自10、signature phrase 口头禅11、take granted for 认为......理所当然12、mask the fact 掩盖事实13、rather than 而非14、Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive 芝加哥湖滨大道Gold Coast 黄金海岸15、equivalent of 对应物16、abstract art 抽象艺术17、to delay the inevitable 缓兵之计18、acquire sth as a skill or habit 获得(技能);养成(习惯)Text 4 - 欧盟的危机Part1 单词1、cheerleader n.啦啦队长;(强有力的)支持者2、acute a.尖锐的，严重的3、converge v.(线条、运动的物体等)会于一点;使聚集4、devaluation n.(货币)贬值5、disintegration n.瓦解，崩溃6、stuck a.动不了的，被卡住的，被难住的7、harmonization n.和谐，协调，相称8、quasi-automatic a.准自动的9、sanction n.制裁，处罚10、mega-project n.特大型项目11、suspension n.暂停，悬挂12、ministerial a.内阁的，部长的，行政(上)的13、rigour n.严苛，严酷14、intervene v.介于......之间15、fiscal a.(美)财政上的16、murmur v.咕哝，发牢骚，私下抱怨17、curb v.制止，束缚;限制，抑制18、remarkable ad.引人注目的，明显的，非常的19、liberal a.开明的，自由的20、blunt v.使迟钝21、benign a.温和的，仁慈的，善良的Part2 短语1、a leading cheerleader for 主要支持者2、converge on a place 汇集于一处3、chronic problems 长期性棘手问题4、an acute crisis 一场迫在眉睫的危机5、quick fix 应急措施，权宜之计6、save from 使...... 免遭7、dominate powers 主导力量8、agree on 对......取得一致性意见9、sanction against sth 为制止某事而实施的制裁10、with the full rigour of the law 严格依法办理11、backed by 依靠，在......的支持下12、a small majority 微弱多数13、headed by 由...... 带领的，以......为首的14、intervene in 介入，干预15、fiscal transfers 财政转移16、corporate-tax rates 企业税率17、labour costs 劳动力成本18、write off 毁掉，结束掉;认定......不重要(或无用);忽视19、trading block 贸易集团，贸易区块20、blunt an edge 使边角变钝，磨光新题型- 名医呼吁打压垃圾食品Part1 单词1、figure n.人物2、outlet n.经销店;廉价经销店3、restrict v.限制，限定，约束4、sponsorship n.赞助者的地位; 赞助行为，资助行为5、halt v.使停止;使中断; 阻止6、spiral v.盘旋上升(或下降)，(物价等)不断急剧的上升(或下降)7、diabetes n.<医>糖尿病;多尿症8、Paediatrics n.儿科学，小儿科9、inconceivable a.不能想象的，不可思议的，难以置信的10、courageous a.勇敢的，无畏的，有胆量的11、alarm v. 警告12、campaigner n.竞选者，集会者，社会运动人士13、centerpiece n.中心装饰品14、bold a.勇敢的，无畏的，莽撞的15、inducement n.诱导，诱惑，诱因16、lure v.吸引，引诱17、takeaway n.外卖食品，外卖店18、tactics n.战术，策略，手段19、deploy v.展开，施展，部署Part2 短语1、in respect of 关于，涉及2、product placement 产品植入;植入式广告;置入性行销翻译- 绿色IT的神话Part1 单词1、volume n.量2、emission n.排放，排放物，散发物(尤指气体)Part2 短语1、take a toll on 造成损失(或危害、伤亡)作文1 - 建议信Dear Bob，I' m exceedingly delighted to hear the news that you have just been enrolled by Stanford University. Congratulations! And I am writing to give you several suggestions on preparation for college life.First, compared with high school, there will be more freedom and spare time in Ivory Tower. Accordingly, it is advisable to read extensively in library. It is reading that enables you to build up knowledge and ability. Second, college life is best characterized by a rich variety of activities, which will bring opportunities to show your talents, help you to make more friends and arouse your enthusiasm for life; therefore, it is essential to participate in them.Please consider my sincere advice and make your plan, and I am convinced that your college life will be fruitful and meaningful.Your truly,Zhang Wei译：亲爱的鲍勃：听到你刚被斯坦福大学录取的消息，我非常高兴。
2011考研英语二真题阅读理解手动整理无错版
Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased,advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the res earchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinkin g ship. Often they “trade up.” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Y et these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. the most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mie’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly orga nized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mie’s s ophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent o f the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic ef fect came from the landscape, new materials and forthrightdetailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Y et the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favor French interference.A“southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner co re of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates orlabour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A]it has more or less lost faith in markets[B]even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C]some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D]it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A]are competing for the leading position[B]are busy handling their own crises[C]fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D]disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B]stricter regulations be imposed[C]only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D]voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that ____.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel ____.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopeful。
2011年考研英语二作文
2011年考研英语二作文It was a cold and rainy day when I decided to take the plunge and apply for the postgraduate entrance examination.I had been contemplating this decision for months, and finally, I felt ready to take on the challenge. The thought of studying for the exam while juggling work and personal life seemed daunting, but I was determined to push through and prove to myself that I was capable of achieving my goals.As I began to prepare for the exam, I quickly realized that it was going to be a long and arduous journey. The amount of material to cover was overwhelming, and I often found myself feeling discouraged and exhausted. However, I refused to let these negative emotions consume me. I reminded myself of the reasons why I had decided to pursue further education and used them as motivation to keep pushing forward.The months leading up to the exam were filled withcountless hours of studying and sacrificing social activities. There were moments when I questioned whetherall the hard work would pay off in the end. But I refusedto let doubt creep in, and I continued to put in the effort, trusting that my diligence would eventually yield positive results.Finally, the day of the exam arrived, and I felt a mixof nervousness and excitement. As I sat down to take the test, I reminded myself to stay calm and focused. The hours flew by, and before I knew it, the exam was over. I leftthe testing center feeling a sense of relief and accomplishment, knowing that I had given it my all.In the end, all the hard work and dedication paid off.I received my exam results and was thrilled to see that I had passed with flying colors. The sense of pride and satisfaction that washed over me was indescribable. It wasa reminder that perseverance and determination can lead to great success, and I was grateful for the experience andthe lessons it taught me.Looking back on the entire process, I realized that the journey to preparing for the postgraduate entrance exam had been just as valuable as the end result. It had taught me the importance of resilience, discipline, and the power of believing in oneself. I was grateful for the opportunity to challenge myself and grow, and I knew that this experience would stay with me for years to come.。
2011考研英语阅读翻译(正文+选项)
2011 Text 12009年纽约交响乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert担任下一任音乐指挥，这是自从突然宣布他的任命以来古典派音乐界一直谈论的话题。
大体上说，这种反应至少可以说是称赞性的。
连严肃认真的古典音乐评论家Anthony Tommasini 也写道，“很好哇！终于有结果啦！”然而，这次任命出人意料的原因之一是Gilbert相对来说，知名度不大。
甚至连在《时代》周刊上支持对Gilbert任命的Tommasini都把他称作为“一位不张扬的音乐家，他没有音乐指挥家那种令人生畏的傲气”。
作为对至今一直由Mahler和Pierre这样的音乐家指挥过的乐队的下一任音乐指挥的描述，上述说法似乎很可能使得至少一些《时代》的读者认为是一种菲薄的赞扬。
至于我，我不知道Gilbert是否是一位很棒的指挥家或者甚至是一位优秀的指挥家。
确实，他指挥了许多感人肺腑的、引人入胜的乐曲。
而我就不必访问Avery Fisher Hall，或者到任何其他地方去听令人感兴趣的管弦乐。
我要做的一切就是去我的CD架处，或打开我的计算机并从iTunes下载更多的录制的音乐。
那些听音乐会的发烧友回答说，录音音乐无法替代实况表演，但他们说错了。
就热爱艺术的公众的时间、精力和财力而论，古典乐器演奏家们必须不仅与歌剧院、舞蹈文工团、戏剧公司和博物馆竞争，而且与20世纪的伟大古典音乐家的录音表演竞争。
这些录音唱片廉价、随处可以买到，而且常常在艺术质量上比当今的实况表演高得多；此外，听者可以在任意选择的时间和地点来“消费享受”这些音乐唱片。
而且到处都能买到，因而造成了传统古典音乐会的体制危机。
一个可能的应对办法是，古典音乐表演家去设计有魅力的新的音乐，而这种音乐还没有被录制成唱片，所以买不到。
Gilbert 自己对新音乐的兴趣一直得到大家广泛的注意：古典音乐评论家Alex Ross认为他是一位能夠把纽约交响乐团转变成“一个明显不同的、更有生气的组织”。
考研英语二历年真题阅读与写作常见词汇及短语
merse 合
merger 合并 acquisition 收购
↑
↑
merge
acquire 收获，得到 inquire 询问 require 要求
↓
emerge 涌现，浮现（合并以后出来的东西）
emerging countries 新兴国家
emergence 涌现；出现
emergency 紧急情况
acquire 收获，得到
（对于 mortal 解释就是用生死来做个约定，但当今社会是法治社会，不能用真正的生死来做
个约定，因此只能用生命中最有价值的东西来做约定，比如将房子抵押出去来换贷款）
mortal combat 殊死搏斗
cheap mortgage 低息抵押贷款
2. 表示萧条的单词：recession、recede、depression、depress（○1 使萧条○2 使沮丧）、slump
stagnation 停滞
↑
stick 粘 例如：stick to 坚持
stick → struck
例如：get stuck 困住（2008 年联考）
shrug off the recession 摆脱经济萧条（2011 年英语二）
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考研英语二历年真题阅读与写作常见词汇及短语
shrug 耸肩← shrink 缩
shake off 摆脱
表示颤抖的几个单词：shake、shiver、quake、quiver
3. 与经济复苏的有关的单词：
revival
recovery
upturn 的反义词：downturn 萧条
↑
↑
revive 复活（再次活过来） recover 康复，使…复苏
2011考研英语真题阅读2
departed[diˈpɑ:tid]adj.死了的,已往的,过去的,1explanation[ˌekspləˈneiʃən]n.解释, 说明,解释性说法；说明性文字,2straight up[]真的3Rather than[](要)…而不…, 与其…倒不如…instead of sb/sth 而不是4cloak[kləuk]n.（尤指旧时的）披风，斗篷,外衣, 伪装,战袍,vt.遮盖；掩盖,n.[人名] 克洛克,5exit[ˈeksit，ˈeɡzɪt]n.出口, 通道, 安全门,退出, 退场,vi.离开，退去，离去; 退场,退出（计算机程序） ,6depart[diˈpɑ:t]vi.离开; 出发; 开出, 离职 ,7usual[ˈju:ʒuəl]adj.经常的, 通常的; 寻常的, 惯常的,8vague[veiɡ]adj.模糊的,不清楚的,朦胧的,(表达或感知)含糊的, 不明确的, 不清楚的,不具体的,不详细的,粗略的; 不精确的,n.[人名] 韦格,9right out[ˈraɪtˈaʊt]明白地,坦率地10board[bɔ:d]n.板, 牌子, 黑板,纸板, 木板,委员会, 董事会,(包饭的)伙食,vt.用木板覆盖或封闭,上(船、车或飞机),让乘客登机（或上船等）,收费供…膳宿；收费为…供膳,vt. & vi.搭伙(并寄宿), 收费供膳食(及住宿),vi.(火车、轮船、飞机等)接受乘客, [人名]博德11Hartford[ˈhɑ:tfəd]哈特福德(美国康涅狄格州首府)12Financial[faiˈnænʃəl]adj.财政的, 金融的,财务的；财源的，资金的；财经家的,13Services[/ˈsɜːvɪsis/]n.公共事业机构（或公司）,（提供技术或帮助的）服务,宗教礼仪；礼拜仪式,14position[pəˈziʃən]n.方位, 位置,地位, 身份,职位, 职务,姿势, 姿态,状态, 状况, 境况, 形势,vt.将(某物)放在(某一)位置上,安装；安置；使处于,确定…的位置，找到…的位置, vi.担任或保持一个职务,15line up[]排成一行排队等候组织, 邀集16reflect on[]仔细想; 回忆影响…的荣誉; 使丢脸17aspiration[ˌæspəˈreiʃən]n.强烈的愿望, 志向, 抱负,发送气音；发 h 音,18executive[iɡˈzekjutiv]n.（公司或机构的）经理，主管领导，管理人员,（政府的）行政部门；(政党、团体、工会等的)执行委员会,（统称公司或机构的）行政领导，领导层,adj.有执行权的；实施的；行政的,经营管理的；经理的；决策的 ,豪华的；高档的；供高级人员使用的 ,19boards[]板纸;纸板20scrutinize[ˈskru:tnˌaɪz，ˈskruːtənaɪz]vt.仔细检查，详审，认真检查，细致审查,21succession[səkˈseʃən]n.继续；连续,连续不断的人[事物],继承, 继任; 继承权,22in response to[]对…做出反应23shareholder[ˈʃeəˌhəʊldə]n.股东;股票持有人,24move on[]继续前进, 继续进行, 往前走对…采取行动出发;离开25turbulent[ˈtə:bjulənt]adj.骚动的; 骚乱的; 汹涌的;混乱而难以控制的,26senior[ˈsi:njə]adj.年长的,资深的; 地位高的,〈美〉最高年级的, (级别、地位等)较高的,n.较年长者,高年级学生,〈美〉毕业班学生, [英格兰人姓氏] 西尼尔。
2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版
2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版2011-1-16 14:46教育在线Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation‘s cyber-czar，offered the federal government a4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace，with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”。
2011考研英语二真题答案解析超详解析
2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read t he following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices markedA, B, C a nd D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWERSHEETl.(10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a globalepidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the WorldHealth Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Genevathat convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____inBritain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patientsexperiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ ofany medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authoritiesnoticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthyadults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to_____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed t o fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived.But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activityin almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swineflu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____morethan one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the nationalstockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ aheadof expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in earlyOctober 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spraytype, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those withbreathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it wasstill possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers,people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant[D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D]applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding offSection ⅡReading comprehensionPart AText 1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramaticnote with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever ”，at Sotheby ’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetchingmore than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. Asthe auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckonsClare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm —double the figure fiveyears earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the marketgenerates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst ’s sale, spending of any sortbecame deeply unfashionable, especially in NewYork, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of manyart-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away fromgalleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in themost overheated sector —for Chinese contemporary art —they were down by nearly 90%in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world ’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie ’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clientswho had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stoppedbuying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most seriouscontraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far morefluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie ’s chief executive, says: “I ’m pretty confident we ’re at the bottom. ”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high,there was no demand e ven though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie ’s revenuesin the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almosteveryone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problemat the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The threeDs—death, debt and divorce —still deliver works of art to the market. But anyonewho does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as“a last victory ”because ____.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable ”(Line 1-2,Para.3) ，the author suggests that_____.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in ArtsText 2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had beenparticularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that womenfrequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man l ooked puzzled and hurt. "It's true,"he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American mentend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern iswreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" thatmost of the women she interviewed —but only a few of the men—gave lack ofcommunication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate ofnearly 50 percent ，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my o wn research complaints from womenabout their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career toaccompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found asHacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first andforemost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of theirwives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up infront of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework.27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc ”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will mostprobably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText 3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors —habits —among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when c ustomers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of asoap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people ’s habits, ”Dr. Curtis said. “Wewanted to learn from private industry how to create new beh aviors that happen automatically. ”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to —Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers ’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you ’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, waterpurifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins —are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one ofthe other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn ’t drink water outside of a meal . Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and nowoffice workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as partof morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become p art of daily or weekly patterns, ”said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.“Creating pos itive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers ’lives, andit ’s essential to making new products commercially viable. ”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning havelearned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues throughrelentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams orunhealthy foods.31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deeply rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people ’s habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C] indicate their effect on people ’s buying power[D] manifest the significant role of good habits33. Which of the following does NOTbelong to products that help create people ’s habits?[A]Tide[B] Crest[C] Colgate[D] Unilever34. From the text we know that some of consumer ’s habits are developed due to_____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. The author ’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people ’s habits is____[A] indifferent[B] negative[C] positive[D] biasedText 4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucialdemocratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimalqualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; thatjurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of thecommunity; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on accountof race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trialby their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best survivingexample of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives togovern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with thesedemocratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to personsof supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although theSupreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discriminationin jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practiceof selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include womenon juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was notuntil the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Eventhen several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice wasjustified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolishedspecial educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selectedat random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries berepresentative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional andordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______[A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices38. Even in the 1960s, womenwere seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to beabolished[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federaljurors[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentPart BBOTHBoeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight compositescertainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approachto cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper bya German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birdsflying in formation —a V-shape, echelon or otherwise —expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird ’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerlyat Caltech and the University of SouthernWhen applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. DrKroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing fromLos Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume aninverted V-formation, occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumedas much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output).Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by arounda quarter.There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, orat least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles,and would not be in the unnervingly cosy groupings favoured by display teams likethe Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the otherplanes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation. Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that makeformation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes ’wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one ofthe areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines toco-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, America ’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier thisyear the country ’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans topay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were lowon fuel during the second world war, but Dr Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAFpilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin, ”he adds. So he should know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales ofnew Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducingresistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearlydefined.45. It has been documented that during World War II, America ’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Writeyour translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability ”has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the conceptwill always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-orientedvalues must be expressed though everyday action and choice 。
2011年—2021年真题单词
2011年真题完型填空部分precious a.宝贵的，珍贵的claim n.声明；宣称；断言to the contrary 与此相反（的）fitness n.健康blood vessel 血管oxygen n.氧气consumption n.消耗量，消费量jogging n.慢跑strain v.用力拉，拉紧；拉伤build v.发展，构成apparently ad.看来，似乎，好像date back to 自……存在至今，追溯到……年代tone n.（肌肉）结实、强壮【僻义】die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息conceivably ad.可想象地，可信地feedback n.反馈state n.状况，状态muscular a.肌肉的artificial a.人为的；非自然的enthusiastically ad.热心地；满腔热情地contract v.（使某物）紧缩或收缩【僻义】frown n.皱眉the other way around 相反地、倒过来、以相反方式阅读理解部分Text 1【词汇注释】Philharmonic n.爱乐乐团favorable a.称赞的sober-sided a.持重的，严肃的comparatively ad.比较上，相对地unpretentious a.不爱炫耀的air n.感觉；印象；神态formidable a.可怕的；令人敬畏的conductor n.指挥家orchestra n.管弦乐队hitherto ad.迄今composition n.音乐作品devoted a.挚爱的；忠诚的；全心全意的concertgoer n.音乐会常客substitute n.代替者；代替物instrumentalist n.乐器演奏家troupe n.演出团，剧团，歌舞团institution n.由来已久的习惯，制度markedly ad.显著地，明显地repertoire n.（剧团、表演者的）全部曲目/节目【词汇搭配】the talk of 讨论的话题to say the least 至少可以说with no air of 没有……的架子strike...as...给某人以……印象for one's part 就某人来说a variety of 各种各样的orchestral music 交响乐boot up 装入操作系统，启动计算机公众号：八爪丸子live/recorded performance 现场/录音演奏of one's choosing 自主选择bring about 引起，导致be capable of 具备能力expand the orchestra's repertoire 增加表演节目Text 2【词汇注释】straight a.坦率的，直截了当的cloak v.遮盖；掩盖vague a.含糊的，不明确的broadcast v.公开宣布（信息等）board n.董事会impulsive a.冲动造成的aspiration n.渴望，抱负，志向executive n.高管scrutinize v.仔细查看；认真检查succession n.继承，继任，继承权turbulent a.动荡的；动乱的cautious a.小心的；谨慎的pronouncement n.声明，公告，宣告cloud v.使模糊；给……蒙上阴影turnover n.人事变更率；人员调整率abound v.大量存在headhunter n.猎头instruct v.指示；命令sitting a.现任的recruiter n.招聘人员disgrace n.丢脸，耻辱【词汇搭配】depart as 辞去……职务come out 公开表明（同意或不同意）reflect on 认真思考succession plans 继任计划，接班人的培训计划get the nod 得到点头认可take hold 开始完全控制，变得十分强大deputy chiefs 副总裁，二把手pick up 恢复，改善adhere to 坚持，墨守，遵从attend to 处理；对付；照料；关怀Text 3【词汇注释】exploit v.运用，利用alternative a.可供替代的；其他的promote v.宣传（某物）以促进销售leverage v.利用alert n.警报，文中引申为“提醒”approach v.着手处理（事务、难题等）act v.充当；起作用initiator n.创始人，发起人define v.阐明；明确；界定traffic n.流量appeal n.吸引力voice v.表露，表达（感情或意见）hijack v.劫持asset n.财产，资产hostage n.人质，本文衍生为“劫持物”公众号：八爪丸子stakeholder n.利益相关者activist n.激进分子allegation n.说法，指控boycott v.抵制steep a.（上升或下降）突然的；急剧的alleviate v.减轻engage v.与……建立密切关系；尽力理解dominance n.支配，控制【词汇搭配】print advertisement 平面广告promote sth.to sb.将某物推荐给某人stem from 是……的结果，起源于be obsessed with 牵挂、着迷或痴迷于act as 充当，担任define...as...将……定义为……in one's infancy 处于萌芽状态，幼年期go further 走得更远，有更大发展the presence of ……的出现/存在user traffic 用户访问量dramatic technological changes 重大技术变革voice one's opinions 发表意见the opposite of ……的反面become hostage to 成为……的人质make negative allegations 发表负面评论apply pressure on 向……施加压力put sb./sth.at risk 使……处于危机中racall crisis 召回危机well-orchestrated 精心策划的engage with sb.与……接洽，交流Text 4【词汇注释】insightful a.富有洞察力的fulfilling a.让人感觉有意义的；令人满足的miserable a.不幸的，可怜的dampen v.使扫兴，使沮丧newsstand n.报摊pregnant a.怀孕的feature v.以……为特色persistently ad.持续不断地celebrate v.颂扬procreation n.生育provoke v.煽动，激励gape v.张开；裂开；豁开dumb a.愚钝的glamorous a.富有魅力的，诱人的happiness-enhancing a.提升幸福感的【词汇搭配】child rearing 育儿anything less than 绝不是moment-to-moment joy 即时即地的快乐day-to-day experience 日复一日的经历dampen one's moods 使人心情沮丧as well as 既……又……；此外mom-to-be 准妈妈be equivalent to 等同于公众号：八爪丸子be bothered with 受……困扰lean on 依赖，依靠on one's own 独自round-the-clock 日夜不停，夜以继日的a piece of cake 小菜一碟in a small way 以细微的方式contribute to 增加、增进新题型部分【词汇注释】professionalism n.专业化enthusiasm n.热切，热情humanities n.［复数］人文学科concern n.忧虑，担心，关切discipline n.知识领域，学科leading a.最重要的，首要的grounding n.基础训练canon n.原则，准则，标准glue n.胶，粘合剂professorship n.教授的级别（或职位等）post n.职务，岗位award v.授予（奖项、学位等）variety n.种类，类型non-specialist n.非专业人员qualification n.专业资格professionalise v.使专业化grant n.（政府、机构的）拨款faculty n.（大学的）系或院，全体教员acquisition n.（知识、技能等的）获得prerequisite n.先决条件，前提specialisation n.专业transmissible a.可传递的transferable a.可转用的，行得通的academic n.大学教师detach v.挣脱，脱离society n.［作可数名词时］社会（指有共同的法律、组织、习俗等的某个群体）inquiry n.调查，探索exclusionary a.排外的holistic a.整体的，全面的quite ad.完全地，真正地subtle a.微妙的，精致的intelligent a.睿智的，聪明的resistance n.抵抗，抵制capture v.捕捉；（准确地）表达、描述【经典搭配】seize on 突然大为关注，抓住drop out 退学；辍学go out of style 过时major in 主修，专攻have/get a grounding in sth.在某方面有基础educated person 受到良好教育的人end up with 以……结束；最终成为graduate school 研究生院，研究所cut across 抄近路穿过，径直穿过，与……相抵触liberal-arts education 文科教育embark on/upon sth.着手，开始（新的或艰难的事情）公众号：八爪丸子rise/increase fourfold 增加至四倍，增长了三倍take its toll (on sb./sth.)产生恶果；造成重大损失turn sb./sth.into sth.使某人或某物变成翻译部分【词汇注释】weaver n.织布工，编织者in-depth a.彻底的，深入详尽的assumption n.假定，假设erroneous a.错误的sustain v.使保持，使稳定持续illusion n.错觉presence n.出席，存在embody v.具体表现contention n.看法，观点justification n.正当理由rationalization n.合理化，理性化exploitation n.剥削，榨取superiority n.优越inferiority n.低等，卑微knee-jerk a.本能反应的prospect n.成功的机会，前途biographer n.传记作家sobering a.使人警醒的，使人清醒的upside n.（糟糕局面的）好的一面，正面array n.一系列，大量【经典搭配】be faced with 面临across with 符合，一致be designed to 被设计用于bring out 激发，激起be up to 取决于……的，须由……决定的【亮点表达】we are continually faced with 我们不断面对……be damaged by the presenceof 因……的出现而受到损害写作部分小作文部分【必备表达】inspirational a.给予启迪的self-discovery 自我发现aspirant a.有抱负的undergo v.经历"ugly duckling-swan"phase 丑小鸭变天鹅历程be true to oneself 忠于本心the glamour of fashion industry 时尚界的光鲜魅力【活用外刊】strike a chord with...引起……的共鸣add appeal to...为……增加吸引力大作文部分公众号：八爪丸子【必备表达】recklessly ad.不在意地scenery n.景色be littered with...充满……的spoil v.毁坏；破坏poignant criticism 尖锐犀利的批评uncivil conduct 不文明行为scenic spot 景点casually ad.不经意地no big deal 没什么了不起的passer-by 过客swallow up 吞没for one thing...for another...一方面……另一方面……relevant authorities 相关部门supervise v.监督law breaker 违法者shared efforts 共同的努力landscape n.风景magnificent a.壮丽的ancient monument 古迹tourism industry 旅游产业scenery/scenicspot/touristattraction 景区household garbage 生活垃圾the deterioration of our environment at tourist spots 景区环境退化【活用外刊】clutter v.乱堆放/n.杂乱的东西a clutter of 形容放置混乱的物品assume responsibility for...接受……的责任2012年真题完型填空部分ethical a.伦理的，道德的justice n.法官legitimacy n.合法，合理，正当guardian n.保护者；守卫者the rule of law 法治impartial a.公正的，中立的code n.道德准则judiciary n.司法部，司法系统framer n.制定者envision v.展望；想象apart from 远离，脱离开permanent a.永久的，永恒的constitutional a.宪法的，立宪的fundamental a.基本的，根本的inescapably ad.不可避免地ideological a.意识形态的阅读理解部分Text 1【词汇注释】whisper v.小声说，耳语contend v.主张，坚决认为recipient n.接受者state-sponsored a.州政府资助的perceptive a.敏锐的，有洞察力的critique n.批评，评论lameness n.缺陷，不足之处spot-on a.准确的公众号：八爪丸子mobilize v.调动，动员glaring a.明显的probe v.探索，探究subtle a.不易察觉的，微妙的bureaucrat n.官员、官僚steer n.引导virtuous a.有道德的tactic n.方法，策略engineer v.策划，设计【僻义】【经典搭配】whispered message 耳语peer pressure 同侪压力lead to no good 带不来什么好事social cure 社会治疗group dynamics 群体互动in action 进行中的，正在发挥作用的set out to do sth.开始做某事HIV-prevention initiative 预防艾滋病毒的倡议dare to do sth.敢于做某事desire nothing more than...最渴望……fit in 融入，合群take a page from sb.向某人学习general effectiveness 整体效果a glaring flaw 明显的缺陷lasting changes 持久的变化exert influence on sth.对某事产生影响positive/negative health habits 积极/消极健康习惯break up 拆开the back row 后排pair A with B 将A 和B 配对insist on doing sth.坚持做某事Text 2【词汇注释】involve v.包含，牵连supplier n.供应者，供应商justified a.合理的；无可厚非的outrage n.义愤，愤怒longstanding a.长时间的constitutionality n.合宪性desperate a.不顾一切的，孤注一掷的surface v.（隐藏或掩盖一段时间后）浮出水面，显露reactor n.反应堆approval n.赞成，批准，认可operate v.工作，运转subject a.取决于；视……而定legislature n.立法机关foresee v.预见，预知partial a.部分的，不完全的collapse n.突然倒下；倒塌；坍塌leakage n.渗漏；泄漏invalid a.无效的regulatory a.管理的，控制的obscure a.不分明的，费解的precedent-setting a.开创先例的patchwork n.拼缝物，补丁pledge v.保证给予、正式承诺review v.复审，重新考虑公众号：八爪丸子defy v.藐视，蔑视，违抗withdraw v.撤回【经典搭配】energy supplier 能源供应商renege on 背信弃义，食言alongstandingcommitmentto 对……的一项长期承诺abide by 遵守challenge the constitutionality of 质疑……的合宪性federal court 联邦法院a desperate effort 拼死努力as a condition of 作为……的条件seek permission from 获取……的许可extension of the license 许可证延期be subject to 服从，受……支配，取决于live by 按照某种信念或原则生活、做事；遵守a string of 一连串raise questions about...引起对……的质疑keep one's words 遵守承诺beside the point 与讨论的问题无关，无关紧要go to war with 与……开战pledge to do 保证，发誓keep in mind 牢记Text 3【词汇注释】idealize v.（使）理想化context n.背景，环境subsequent a.随后的，后来的misinterpretation n.误解self-deception n.自欺deceptiveness n.欺骗protoscience n.源科学stake v.用桩支撑，标桩mining n.采矿scrutiny n.仔细而彻底的检查credibility n.可信，可靠inspection n.检查，审查intellectual a.智力的interaction n.相互作用，相互影响paradox n.悖论，自相矛盾的话duplication n.重复，复制modification n.修改，修饰refutation n.辩驳，反驳novelty n.新奇的事物physiologist n.生理学家inspire v.激发想法、启发、启迪correspond v.相一致、符合revise v.校订，修正conception n.理解；概念【经典搭配】idealized version 理想方式carry out one's work 开展工作follow a...route 沿着……路径prior knowledge 先验知识opportunities for...……的可能性stake (out)a claim 公开声明对……拥有所有权公众号：八爪丸子full of potential 充满潜能transform...into 将……转变为……take control of 掌控act as 担任……角色work one's way through 排除困难朝特定方向前进be viewed as 被视为not surprisingly 毫不奇怪地appear to be 貌似……open to challenge 面对挑战happen to 突然降临到……身上correspond to 相当于Text 4【词汇注释】represent v.为……代言，维护……的利益prime n.全盛时期unionized a.加入到工会的bright a.聪明的dominate v.支配，控制，影响fearsome a.可怕的，害怕的budget n.预算patrol v.巡查，巡逻backload v.回程装载modest a.些许的，不太大（或太贵等）generous a.大量的，丰富的secure v.（尤指经过努力）获得augment v.增加，增大oppose v.反对，反抗notoriously ad.出名地academy n.私立中学，学院，学会variable n.可变的事物，可变的量hardline a.强硬的，不妥协的norm n.标准，规范【经典搭配】civil servants 公务员be in one's prime 正值鼎盛时期public sector 公共部门private sector 私有部门left-of-centre politics 中左政治go back a long way 由来已久Labor Party 工党as its name implies 顾名思义at the...level 在……层面/范围state's budget 州政府预算keep an eye on 密切留意work practices 工作惯例、体制pay deals 工资协定charter schools 特许学校merit pay 绩效工资get rid of 摆脱clamp down 镇压rally against 召集人群以反对……norms of culture 文化标准civil services 行政部门stay out 保持不变high achievers 成功人士fat pay packets 丰厚工资attract much criticism 饱受指摘新题型部分【词汇注释】公众号：八爪丸子fleeting a.短暂的，飞逝的laptop n.笔记本电脑，便携式电脑brown-paper a.牛皮纸的envelope n.信封，封皮marvel n.奇迹inheritor n.（生活或思想的）继承人entrepreneur n.企业家visionary n.梦想家，有远见的人labour v.辛勤工作，努力studio n.录音室，播音室；工作室distribution n.分配，分发reception n.接收；接待celebrate v.赞美，称颂upload v.（信息、计算机程序等）上传beaver n.海狸superfluous a.多余的，不必要的sculpture n.雕刻，雕塑architecture n.建筑stuck a.不能动；不能继续做某事advent n.出现，到来pyramid n.金字塔modify v.修改，更改tap n.水龙头（文中为比喻用法）flow v.流动stickiness n.粘性；吸引人adhere v.粘着，依附，追随precisely ad.恰好，正是strip v.除去，剥夺constituent n.成分，构成humanity n.人性millennium n.千禧年embed v.使嵌入access v.到达，进入，使用spark v.引起，导致shape v.对……有影响mount v.发起，施加bear v.具有，带有，显示persistence n.持续、持久性reverse v.颠倒，彻底改变【经典搭配】a dream come true 梦想成真printing press 印刷机the mail carrier 邮差act with caution 步步小心，言行谨慎commercial agenda 商业模式at work 在起作用，在运作中move through 穿过，通过（movethrough the world 在文中比喻“动物在世上生存”）turn around 反过来，扭转过来strip sb.of sth.剥夺（头衔、财产或权力）（A 项）翻译部分【词汇注释】characterize v.以……特征enterprise n.（尤指艰巨而重大的）事业commonality n.普遍性，共性explicatory a.解释的unification n.统一generative a.生成的equation n.等式，公式simplification n.简化公众号：八爪丸子dimension n.范围universe n.领域entail v.牵涉，使（某事物）必要justification n.证明为正当，辩护trace v.追溯，追查constrained a.受限制的，受约束的bewildering a.令人眼花缭乱的courtship n.求爱ritual n.仪式cognitive a.认知的comparative a.比较的trait n.特性consider v.讨论universality n.普遍性initiate v.发起，创始innate a.天生的acquisition n.（语言）习得dictate v.命令，支配unfold v.展现，充分表现empirical a.经验主义的identify v.确定，辨认constraint n.限制，束缚track v.穿过，通过predict v.预言，预测lineage n.宗族，谱系【经典搭配】filter out...from...过滤courtship rituals 示爱仪式in terms of 在某一方面，从某方面来说in the light of 根据，按照result from 由……造成family tree 谱系bear out 证实【亮点表达】bind...into...束缚，约束take sth.to extreme 把某事物推向极端itseemsreasonabletosupposethat 似乎有理由认为put sth.to the test 使受考验、检验be independent of 不相关的，不受影响的strong co-dependencies between...紧密互依性、相互依赖写作部分小作文部分【必备表达】facilitate v.使便利，促进overcome language barriers 克服语言障碍practice diligently 勤练it is advisable to...建议……boast v.有，以拥有……而自豪fulfilling a.有意义的，实现自我的【活用外刊】culture shock 文化冲击get acquainted with （使某人或自己）开始了解、熟悉某事be familiar with 熟悉、精通……大作文部分公众号：八爪丸子【必备表达】get tipped over 被打翻在地spill v.泼洒，使溅出gloomy a.沮丧的，情绪低落的wear a ...look 面带……之色lament v.悲叹agreeably ad.愉悦地reach out 伸手去拿confront v.（问题或困境）降临于spell v.（通常是坏事）招致，意味着spur v.鞭策，激励self-evident a.不言而喻的，明显的adversity n.逆境strike v.打击a comprehensive perspective 辩证全面的眼光keep forging ahead 快速前进，不断进步optimistic a.乐观的optimist n.乐观者positive a.积极的bright a.光明的promising a.有前途的sanguine a.乐观的pessimistic a.悲观的pessimist n.悲观者negative a.消极的grim a.（前景）暗淡的despair v./n.绝望【活用外刊】curse one's luck 骂自己运气不好look for a silver lining 在困境中寻找一线光明2013年真题完型填空部分unbiased a.公正的，无偏见的speculate v.推测，猜测sentence v.宣判，判决defendant n.被告turn to 改用，开始转向（新的方法、新的对象等）admission n.允许进入，录用scale n.等级，级别in conjunction with sb./sth.与某人/某物一起candidate n.应试者，投考者otherwise ad.用别的方法，在另外的情况下阅读理解部分Text 1【词汇注释】version n.版本descend v.下降；下去bargin n.便宜货doubtless ad.无疑地；确定地feverish a.发热的；焦躁不安的indictment n.起诉书；控告label n.标签；商标anticipate v.预期，期望公众号：八爪丸子turnaround n.转变；转向inventory n.存货，存货清单disposable a.可任意处理的wash n.洗涤，洗一水dirt-cheap a.非常便宜的hijack v.抢劫victim n.受害人；牺牲品knit n.编织衣物strain v.滥用non-durable a.不耐用的roughly ad.概略地craft n.工艺；手艺curb v.控制exhibit v.表现出；显示idealism n.理想主义sustainability n.持续性；永续性vanity n.虚荣心constant n.恒量【经典搭配】played by 由……饰演scold sb.for sth.因……斥责某人descend from...to...由……降至……over the years 这些年来，多年来fashion show 时装秀，时装展out of date 过时at odds with 与……相矛盾react to 对……做出反应anticipate demand 预测需求style-conscious consumers 有时尚意识的消费者last only a wash or two 只禁得住洗一两次on-trend items 正流行的物品at dirt-cheap price 以极低的价格long accustomed to 长久以来习惯于……be limited to 仅限于……rely on 依赖，依靠order in volumes 大量下订单massive amount of 大量的fill a hunger and need 满足食欲和需求nomatterhowmuch/how many/when/how...无论多少/什么时候/如何……towards the end of 在……即将结束之时assb.isthefirst tonote/mention/write 正如被……首次注意到/提到/写到的一样it takes sb ...to do sth.花费……做某事knock off 迅速而轻松地完成make efforts to do sth.努力做某事curb one's impact on 控制……对……的影响collection line 某一时装系列effect lasting change 生成持久的变化common to 常见于某一群体之中shop sustainably 可持续性购买，绿色购物Text 2【词汇注释】公众号：八爪丸子fraction n.部分behavioural a.行为的illustrate v.阐明，举例说明fine-grained a.精准的assume v.假定track v.追踪explicit a.明确的；清楚的permission n.允许，许可browser n.浏览器alliance n.联盟，联合default n.系统默认值horrify v.使恐惧；惊骇setting n.设置preference n.偏爱，倾向oblige v.迫使；强制comply v.遵守；顺从guarantee n.保证favourably ad.有利地blog v.发博客【经典搭配】An old saying has it that...常言道……The trouble is...问题是……advertising budget 广告预算in the internet age 在互联网时代at least in theory 至少在理论上search for 搜索click on 点击aim sth.at sb.使某物针对某人most likely to do sth.最有可能做某事in the past couple of weeks 在过去的几周里fine-grained information 精准信息explicit permission 明确许可Federal Trade Commission FTC ，美国联邦贸易委员会internet browser 互联网浏览器due to do sth.预定做某事get crack on 加快做某事的速度respond to 对……做出反应set off the row 挑起争论human nature being what it is 人性使然stick with 坚持chief executive 最高层管理者worse off 恶化，情况更坏better off 情况好转oblige sb.to do sth.迫使某人做某事object to 反对press on 坚定地继续go it alone 单独行动，独自干comply with 顺从，遵从work out 想出，得出huge selling point 大卖点compare...favourably with...将……与……进行有利对比on that count 在那一方面Text 3【词汇注释】vision n.美景；幻象uniformly ad.一致地glowingly ad.白热地；灼热地ill n.不幸；困难公众号：八爪丸子fulfilment n.实现，完成utopia n.乌托邦（理想中最美好的社会）unfashionable a.过时的；不时髦的appreciation n.认识；理解asteroid n.小行星epidemic a.流行的；传染性的tempt v.诱惑gloominess n.悲观；沮丧misplace v.放错地方endure v.持续Homo sapiens 智人（现代人的学名）adaptable a.能适应的flagship n.旗舰mechanical a.机械的wilfully ad.任性固执地dazzlingly ad.耀眼地fiction n.小说；虚构futurologist n.未来学家envisage v.想象publication n.出版物considerable a.相当大的assurance n.保证descendant n.后裔；子孙pessimistic a.悲观的fad n.时尚；一时流行的狂热rosy a.美好的knowledgeable a.知识渊博的【经典搭配】by no means 绝不glowingly positive 极为乐观cure ills 治疗疾病，解决问题lead to 通往，引入gain an appreciation of...获得对……的认识face a threat 面临威胁asteroid strike 小行星撞击be tempted to 禁不住……look forward to 展望，期盼fossil record 化石记录have an excellent chance 大有希望look up 查阅threatened species 濒危物种result in 导致，致使population decline 种群衰落，人口下降flagship project 旗舰项目mark time 计时thousands of years hence此后数千年immediate/near future 近期未来，不久的将来social consequence 社会影响it's best to do sth.最好做某事launch a publication 发行一本刊物dedicated to 致力于take a ...view 采取……的视角a surprising amount 惊人的数量identify a pattern 识别出一种模式shape the history of...塑造……的历史make forecast 作出预测long perspective 长远视角pessimistic view 悲观看法a passing fad 一时的风尚to be sure 的确，诚然reduce risk 减少风险公众号：八爪丸子threaten the existence of...威胁……的生存improve the lot of 改善……命运Text 4【词汇注释】Constitution n.宪法defeat n.失败overturn v.推翻，倾覆contest v.质疑，提出异议provision n.规定，条款fashion v.使成形，做成parallel a.平行的deliberately ad.谨慎地，慎重地intrude v.闯入，侵入privileged a.享有特权的verify v.核实；查证enforcement n.执行conflict v.冲突statute n.法规；法令robust a.强有力的assertion n.声明invalidate v.使无效legitimate a.合法的exclusively ad.唯一地；专有地administration n.管理；行政rightly ad.合适地；恰当地remarkable a.值得注意的；惊人的【经典搭配】knock out 破坏、使无效on the matter of 在……的问题上upset the balance of powerbetween...打破两者间力量的平衡（使情况向有利自身的方向发展）have sb.do sth.使某人做某事run parallel to 与……平行contested provision 受质疑条款intrude on 侵犯，违背privileged powers 特权come in contact with 接触到law enforcement 执法agree with 同意conflict with 与……相抵触、冲突go back to 追溯到turn on 以……为中心、取决于comply with 遵守；符合to the letter 丝毫不差；不折不扣in effect 实际上，事实上in essence 实际上，其实carry out 执行、贯彻、完成、实现新题型部分【词汇注释】flouring a.繁荣的academia n.学术界swell v.增加，上涨enormous a.庞大的，巨大的sustainable a.可持续的agro-technological a.农业技术的eradicate v.根除artificial a.人造的fertilizer n.肥料paraphrase v.（用更容易理解的文字）解释公众号：八爪丸子destruction n.破坏，毁灭disciplinary a.学科的internal a.内部的external a.外部的tackle v.处理accumulation n.积聚，累积trick n.窍门，技巧direct v.控制，管理specifically ad.专门地，特意地collaborative a.合作的，协作的endeavor n.努力integrate v.使……完整；使……成整体demographic a.人口统计学的marine a.海洋的mindset n.心态，思维方式evolve v.发展specialized a.专业的stem v.阻止consumption n.消费；消耗reluctant a.不情愿的；勉强的cross-cutting n.跨领域，交叉【经典搭配】as of 直至，在……时not necessarily 不一定，未必so long as 只要be up in arms over sth.对某事强烈反对翻译部分【词汇注释】speculate v.推测irrepressible a.抑制不住的strike v.使意识到（尤指强烈地），突然想到，猛然意识到speak of 显示出urge n.强烈的欲望；冲动turbulence n.（环境或情绪的）混乱，迷惑sacred a.神圣的；受崇敬的crude a.粗糙的，简陋的，未精加工的composure n.镇静，沉着，宁静discerniblea.可识别的；可辨别inarticulate a.沉默无言的intrinsic a.固有的，内在的，本质的demoralization n.道德败坏，精神颓废，士气消沉，自暴自弃oppression n.压抑，沉闷，苦恼vanish v.消失；突然不见；消亡unfeasible a.不能实行的，难实施的implicit a.不言明的；含蓄的；隐含的synthetic a.合成的，人造的biophilia n.热爱生命的天性yearning n.思念，渴望uncanny a.神秘的【经典搭配】in the midst of 在……之中；在……的时候in effect 事实上，实际上be deprived of 丧失；被剥夺give in to 屈服于公众号：八爪丸子【亮点表达】There is no doubt that...……是毋庸置疑的wh-ever/however 无论/不管……blame sth.on sb./sth.把某坏事归咎于某人/某事写作部分小作文部分【必备表达】host n.主持人plain a.简单的，平实的contemporary a.当代的perseverance n.坚持不懈late a.已故的heartbreakingly ad.使人心碎地extraordinary a.非凡的intellectual n.知识分子diligent a.勤奋的【活用外刊】benefit...alike 使……都受益at earliest convenience方便时请早日……大作文部分【必备表达】a flock of 一群a fork in the road 分岔路口an air of...……的样子dilemma n.困境it's imperative to...必须……make a prudent and sensible decision 做出谨慎而明智的决定an objective appraisal of one's abilities 对自己的能力进行客观评估It may sound cliche ……也许听起来陈词滥调set one's heart on...对……下定决心compass n.指南针make an optimal choice 做出最优选择choice/option/selection 选择life path 人生道路life journey 人生旅程make a wise/good choice 做出明智的/好的选择make a careful choice/carefully choose from 小心地选择【活用外刊】hunt for jobs 求职，找工作go a long way to/toward 对……大有帮助/好处2014年真题完型填空部分acquaintance n.相识的人，熟人occurrence n.（事件的）发生，发生的事senior n.老年人，较年长的人innocent a.无害的，无恶意的公众号：八爪丸子systematically ad.系统地，成体系地modify v.稍改，修改，（尤指）使改进resistance n.抵抗力，抗力，耐力vary v.使某事物有变化，改变阅读理解部分Text 1【词汇注释】Chancellor n.大臣，长官Exchequer n.英国财政部upfront a.预先的，预付的eligible a.有资格的，符合条件的fortnightly ad.两星期一次地，每两周地allowance n.津贴，补贴claim v.声称，断言benefit n.津贴，救济金complete with 装备有某事物，具有某特点indulgent a.放纵的，纵容的subsidise v.给……津贴或补助zeal n.热心，热情claimant n.申请人，要求者prospect n.可能性，机会，希望psychologically ad.心理上地embarrassing a.使人尴尬的，令人为难的feed v.养活instinct n.本能dependency n.依赖性ready a.愿意falsehood n.错误，虚伪insure v.保证，确保unconditional a.无条件的，无限制的payment n.支付款，支付的金额entitlement n.拥有或获得某物的权利insurance n.保障，保障措施【经典搭配】introduce a scheme 引进/推行一项计划only if...will...只有……才能……register for 登记、注册be eligible for 有资格的sign on 注册，登记stay off...远离……those on benefits 那些依靠救济生活的人get into work 找到工作on first hearing 乍听之下demand sth.from sb.要求某人做某事skip down 蹦蹦跳跳with a song in one's heart 心哼小曲、暗自兴奋delighted at the prospect of 因对……的憧憬而兴奋double your income 收入翻番be excluded from 被排除在……之外first instinct 第一直觉too ready to 非常愿意……，过分愿意……公众号：八爪丸子ever-tougher 日益严厉insure...against the risk of 保障……抵抗……风险unconditional payment 无条件支付conditional on 以……为条件Text 2【词汇注释】generate v.引发（某种感情）；造成（某种情况）hostility n.敌意，愤怒ground n.（常复数）充分的理由inflation n.通货膨胀（率）skyscraper n.摩天大楼pile v.蜂拥，拥挤nuisance n.（法律）妨碍公共利益的行为filer n.诉讼律师tort n.民事侵权行为costly a.昂贵的，代价高的excessive a.过多的，过分的path n.（达到或成就某事的）途径，方式the bar 法律专业（人士），法律界sensible a.明智的，合理的，实际的around ad.存在着body n.团体，机构implement v.实施，落实stern a.严厉的，严格的liberalize v.使自由化，放松对……的限制【经典搭配】all around the world 全世界范围内generate hostility 招惹敌意with the possible exception of...……可能排除在外have grounds for...有……的理由the economic crisis 经济危机legal services 法律服务make skyscrapers-full of money 赚得盆满钵满pile into 涌入the tort system 民事侵权法律系统excessive costs 高昂的费用；过高的代价legal education 法律教育the American Bar Association 美国律师协会the bar exam 律师资格考试average law-school graduate 普通的法学院毕业生on top of 除……之外work fearsomely hard 拼命努力工作for a long time 一段时间state-level body 州级机构too conservative to...太过保守以至于不能……sit for the bar 参加律师资格考试a would-by lawyer 想要成为律师的人cut...by a third将……削减三分之一guild-like ownership structure 行会式所有权结构公众号：八爪丸子from within the profession 从该行业内部isolate...from...使……远离……law firm 律师事务所professional manager 职业经理人focus on 聚焦于……after all 毕竟Text 3【词汇注释】Fundamental physics 基础物理学string n.一连串，一系列lucrative a.利润丰厚的，赚大钱的telephone-number-sized 像电话号码一样长的benefactor n.捐助者，捐资人a handful of 几个，少数class n.阶级，社会等级upstart a.暴富的exercise n.（为达到某种结果而进行的）活动，任务self-promotion 自我宣传distort v.扭曲，使失真peer review 同行评审，专家互相评阅cement v.加强，巩固status quo 现状perpetuate v.使持续scattered a.分散的distribute v.分配，分散recipient n.接受者，领受者outgrow v.长得太大了而不适用collaborative a.合力的，协作的row n.争论，争议boson n.玻色子legitimacy n.合法性，正统性mechanism n.机制gratitude n.感激，感谢grace n.优美，优雅【经典搭配】Fundamental Physics Prize 基础物理学奖be far from sth.远非……a string of 一连串，一系列be funded from 由……资助telephone-number-sized bankaccounts 巨额银行存款draw (sb)attention to...吸引对……的注意力news feature 新闻专题、特写you cannot buy class 金钱买不来地位draw...into...把……吸引入……make one's career在事业上有所成就some legitimate concerns about...一些关于……的合理担忧take a...view of sth.以……的眼光看某事when it comes to 当提及……的时候，涉及……的时候set up 设立as much as 尽管很……complain about 对……抱怨rather than 而不是公众号：八爪丸子Text 4【词汇注释】affirm v.确认，证实，断言the humanities and social sciences 人文与社会科学regrettably ad.令人遗憾地address v.处理，解决congressional a.国会的，议会的excellence n.优点，卓越top-tier 顶尖的，一流的prominent a.突出的，杰出的admirable a.值得赞扬的，可贵的presuppose v.预先设定，以……为先决条件informed a.了解情况的，见多识广的citizenry n.公民，市民（集合称）craft v.精制coherent a.连贯的curriculan.课程，课程体系（curriculum 的复数）illiberal a.缺乏人文教育的；无需人文教育的deprive v.剥夺，夺取，使丧失inquiry n.调查，质询，探究vehicle n.工具，传播媒介progressive a.进步的，不断前进的routinely ad.例行公事地，惯常地portray v.描述，描绘self-reliance 自力更生，自给自足display v.显示，展示obscure v.掩盖illuminate v.阐明，说明【经典搭配】deserve praise 值得赞扬liberal democracy 自由民主制the true nature 真实本质liberal education 人文教育cause more harm than good 招致更多损害而非好处take actions 采取行动individual benefactor 个人捐助者top-tier-university president 顶尖大学校长business executive 企业高管prominent figure 重要人物representative government 代议制政府an informed citizenry 开明的公民群体full literacy 全民教育digital technology 数字技术call for 呼吁coherent curricula 连贯的课程bring sth.to bear on/upon sth.用某物对某物施加压力/影响international affairs 国际事务study abroad program 留学项目in the making 在发展中，在形成中get to the heart of the matter 直击问题核心be deprived of 丧失，被剥夺at home 驾轻就熟，运用自如liberal idea 人文思想公众号：八爪丸子。
11年英语一text1解析
11年英语一text1解析摘要：1.英语一11年text1解析概述2.文章结构分析3.重点词汇和短语解析4.实用阅读技巧分享5.题目解答及解析正文：一、英语一11年text1解析概述2011年的英语一Text1是一篇关于心理学的文章，主要探讨了人们在面对压力和挑战时的应对策略。
文章通过介绍两种不同的应对方式：一种是采取主动应对，通过积极解决问题来减轻压力；另一种是采取被动应对，通过逃避现实来缓解压力。
文章分析了这两种应对方式的优缺点，并提倡采取主动应对策略以更好地应对生活中的压力。
二、文章结构分析本文共分为五个段落。
第一段引出话题，说明人们面临压力和挑战时需要采取应对策略；第二段介绍主动应对方式，阐述其优点；第三段讲述被动应对方式，并指出其不足；第四段对比两种应对方式的优缺点；第五段总结全文，强调采取主动应对策略的重要性。
三、重点词汇和短语解析1.cope with：应对，处理2.stress-related illness：与压力相关的疾病3.constructive：建设性的4.proactive：积极主动的5.confront：面对6.exacerbate：加剧，恶化7.rendum：投票决定8.burnout：疲惫不堪四、实用阅读技巧分享1.快速浏览文章，抓住主旨大意；2.关注段落主题句，理解段落内容；3.分析文章结构，理清作者思路；4.运用词汇知识，猜测生词含义；5.结合生活经验，加深对文章主题的理解。
五、题目解答及解析1.题目一：根据文章第一段，人们在面临压力和挑战时需要采取应对策略，故答案为A。
2.题目二：根据文章第二段，主动应对方式可以减轻压力，故答案为B。
3.题目三：根据文章第三段，被动应对方式不能解决问题，反而可能加剧压力，故答案为C。
4.题目四：根据文章第四段，主动应对方式优于被动应对方式，故答案为D。
2011考研英语二 作文
2011考研英语（二）写作真题详解与参考范文参考范文Dear Li Ming,Congratulations! I’m absolutely delighted to hear that you have just been admitted to Stanford University. I know there was a lot of competition this year but your hard work and perseverance certainly paid off.I’d like to give you several practical proposals on how to prepare for your university life. Firstly, it’s my hope that you will take advantage of the library in your university by reading books outside the college curriculum. Secondly, I believe that free-time should be divided into three main activities: physical exercise, relaxation, and communication with friends and family.Wish you further success in your continuing studies and hope you wil l invite me to your graduation ceremony in four years time. (115 words)Yours faithfully,Zhang Wei参考译文李明：祝贺你！得知你已被斯坦福大学录取，我由衷地高兴。
11年英二真题答案解析
11年英二真题答案解析Introduction:在备战英语考试过程中，解析历年真题是一种常见的有效策略。
本文将对2011年英语二真题进行解析，旨在帮助考生掌握解题技巧，并深入理解英语学科知识。
Section 1: 阅读理解阅读理解是英语考试中的重要部分，本节将对2011年英语二真题中的阅读理解部分进行分析。
1. Passage 1:该篇文章介绍了一个关于文化差异的实验，并要求考生理解其中的细节、观点和逻辑关系。
题目类型多样，包括选择题、配对题和填空题。
在解答该篇文章时，考生应先仔细阅读问题并扫描全文，然后根据问题的要求找到相关信息。
答案通常以原文中的关键词为线索，考生需要将原文信息与问题要求进行精确匹配。
2. Passage 2:本文主要涉及环保和能源议题。
题目类型包括选择题、判断题和填空题。
题目针对文章的观点、背景、详情等进行提问。
在解答该篇文章时，考生应注意文章结构和观点表达。
解题时可以先阅读问题，然后带着问题回到原文中寻找相关信息。
同时，考生还需注意选项之间的细微差别，以确保选择正确答案。
Section 2: 完型填空完型填空是考察考生对文本整体理解能力的重要题型。
本节将对2011年英语二真题中的完型填空部分进行分析。
该部分设有一篇短文，并伴有15个空格。
每个空格中都提供了四个选项。
考生需要在阅读全文后，结合上下文语境和词汇提示，选择出最恰当的选项。
在解答该部分时，考生应注意文章的逻辑连贯性和语境推断能力。
同时，了解词汇搭配和常用短语也能够帮助考生更好地理解和推测词义。
Section 3: 翻译翻译是英语考试中一个重要且具有挑战性的环节。
本节将对2011年英语二真题中的翻译部分进行分析。
该部分包含两个翻译任务，分别是中译英和英译中。
翻译任务的关键在于准确理解原文的意思，并能够正确地表达出来。
在解答该部分时，考生应根据所给的词汇和语法要求，将原文中的意思转化为流畅、准确、语法正确的句子。
平时的词汇积累和语法学习对提高翻译能力有一定的帮助。
2011年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。
作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种方法做了评述。
二、试题解析1.【答案】A【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。
鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑，并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。
A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A为正确答案。
B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”；C 项walk 意为“走，步行”；D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。
2.【答案】C【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关系。
空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety andsecurity to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。
A 项for 表示因果关系；B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。
2011年考研英语一参考答案
2011年考研英语一参考答案：阅读的答案：1——5： cbdba6——10：bdaac11——15：dcbca16——20：cdadb完形的标准答案：1. [C]despite2. [D]produce3. [B]boosting4. [B]sustain5.[A]measurable6. [B]In fact7.[A]opposite8. [D]relaxes9. [C]moderate10.[A]physical11. [B]According to12. [C]in13. [D]because14. [C]precedes15. [B]from16.[D]hold17.[A]disappointed18. [D]reacted19.[A]suggesting20. [C]Similarly新题型答案：G-B-D-E-A-C-F出处Professionalising the professorThe difficulties of an American doctoral studentUniversity education in AmericaFeb 25th 2010翻译的答案：1、爱伦的贡献在于为我们提供了一个能分析和揭示错误性质的假设，这个假设就是：我们不是机器人，所以我们能控制我们的思想。
2、尽管仅凭借意识我们就能保持着控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，那就是为什么不能完成这件事情或那件事情。
3、这似乎能为必要时的忽视找到合理的解释，同时也能合理解释剥削，上层人士的优越感和底层人们的自卑感。
4、环境似乎是为了选出强者，只要我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识地努力逃离我们的旧处境。
5、好的一面在于我们处在这样的一个位置，在这里我们知道所有事情都取决于自己;以前我们面对的是一系列限制，而现在我们成了权威小作文范文：Dear Lucy,I am writing this letter to strongly recommend you a movie I have recently watched. This is a French movie c alled “leschorises”, and I can not wait to share it with you.The moving touches me greatly first because of its heart-warming plot. It talksabout a salvation story set in 1930s in a country school where a teacher, Clement Mathieu, changed the fate of a group of rebellious children through music. The theme conveyed by this movie is love, hope and forgiveness, and while watching it my heart was truly filled up with these positive emotions. Another highlight of this movie is its beautiful background music. I can not find a more enjoyable thing than listening to the pure and heavenly sound of children’s choir.I have always known that we have similar taste for movie, so I strongly recommend you watch it and I believe it will touch your heart as it has mine.Yours sincerely,Li Ming 大作文范文：As is shown in this picture, two friends are taking sightseeing by boat while a man is paddling for them. As these two tourists are happily eating some snacks, they discard the waste into the river casually. Not far away from them we can see the river is teamed with all kinds of garbage, including food basket, food packaging, bottles, lunch-box and watermelon peel. What a disgusting and depressing scene!This picture gives emphasis on the need to improve the citiz ens’ manners in scenic spots. Over these years, Chinese people’s living standards have greatly improved, allowing a great number of people to take their own adventures outside. But just as apparent as people’s desire to go out for touring is their ignoranc e of their obligation to protect natural beauty. The garbage littered everywhere, the stains of spitting and chewing gums on the floor, the names carved on some statues and some other uncivil behavior, not only damage the natural surroundings, cause inconv enience and discomfort to other tourists, but also degrade China’s image as a nation.Therefore, to enhance the civil manners in attractions is in no sense an act of one’s own, it has far-reaching implications to our whole nation. In my opinion, to eliminate bad manners in places of interest, first laws and regulations must be set up and firmly implemented. In addition, a nation-wide campaign must be launched to enhance people’s awareness of the importance of protecting environment while taking a tour and to give them some tips on improving their behaviors, such as bringing a garbage bag along with them and spiting in the tissue paper, etc.。
2011考研英语二试题【3】
2011考研英语二试题【3】Text 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation &Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story。
2011年英语考研真题与答案
2011年英语考研真题与答案Dapparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,socialpsychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with theirteeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite[D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting[C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable[C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical[B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from[C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring[C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently[C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, asober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often muchhigher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, aclassical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchest ra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’soldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the authorfeels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a positionlined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve don e where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institutionthree years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spu rred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media –such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began withretailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset orcampaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking ofit as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of i ntense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children isequivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, b ut unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yetto hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: withround-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their socialresponsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students inEnglish drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. A t Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly becauseuniversities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degreebefore embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production ofknowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professorof English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G → 41.B→42. D→ E →43.A→44.C→45.FPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the m aster weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.(我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。
2011年考研英语二真题答案与解析
2011年考研英语二小作文真题：suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university writehim/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe2011年考研英语二小作文范文：Dear friend,I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence and give you some suggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college life.In order for you to adapt yourself to the university life, you are advised to get prepared physically and intellectually. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks. Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in your secondary school, you are highly suggested to find some introductory books from the library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take in your college life. Given your sound ability, you are sure to have a successful college life.Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei2011年考研英语二大作文真题：write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsyou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分【品牌份额示意图】2011年考研英语二大作文范文This bar chart indicates different market shares of automobiles of three types of brand affiliations between 2008 and 2009.In 2008, cars with Japanese brands topped the three types of vehicles, accounting for 35% of the total market. What follows is the cars with Chinese brands, hitting 25% of the auto market, with the share of American brand bottomed out at 15%. In 2009, some developments are noticeable in that the cars with the largest share became those of Chinese brands, which occupied roughly 32% of the market, while cars with Japanese and American brands took 25% and 15% of the whole market respectively.It is observed that between 2008 and 2009, cars of Chinese and Japanese brands took turns to be the No.1 in terms of market share while those with American brands ranked the last in both years. And the share of Chinese-brand cars witnessed a mild increase and that of the Japanese-brand cars saw a moderate decrease, while the American-brand cars stayed the same.From this graph, we can come to the safe conclusion that the Chinese automakers are doing a good job in outcompeting their Japanese and American counterparts in 2009, but the gap is not so significant and if no efforts were made from the part of the Chinese auto industry, the distribution map might be rewritten in the future.分析：今年考研英语二的作文不是很难。
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2012考研英语风
2011-2-11
一、写作练习
二、词汇与阅读练习
Philanthropist brings his charity to Taiwan
A mainland tycoon on a charity tour of Taiwan gave NT$70,000 ($2,420) to an elderly woman who had been waiting for him at his hotel in Taipei, media reported on Thursday.
Chen Guangbiao, China's most famous philanthropist, is touring the island to express his gratitude for its help to the mainland in natural disasters. Along the way, he is distributing hongbao, or red packets of gift money, to the poor to help them celebrate the Spring Festival.
Following his breakfast at the Grand Hotel on Thursday, he gave the needy woman NT$50,000 cash in a red envelope. After she said her mother had gone blind, he handed her another NT$20,000, Central News Agency reported.
Chen, president of Jiangsu Huangpu Renewable Resources
Company who made his fortune from recycling, brought NT$500
million to give to charities during his tour of Taiwan.
Leading a delegation of more than 50 entrepreneurs from the
mainland on a weeklong tour of nine counties and cities, Chen
arrived on the island on Wednesday night and on Thursday paid
a visit to Hsinchu in northern Taiwan.
While he was there, he handed out NT$10,000 each to people in need and made a grant of NT$6.57 million to the county government, local media reported on Thursday.
Prior to his trip, the 42-year-old tycoon wrote on his micro blog that he wanted to show his gratitude to the people of Taiwan for lending a hand in the past when the mainland was struck by natural disasters.
In addition to bringing good wishes to Taiwan for the Spring Festival, Chen said his visit was intended to share the experience of philanthropy across the Straits.
His controversial trip has already triggered mixed reactions, with some Taiwan officials claiming that it is inappropriate for him to distribute cash handouts to the poor and undignified for the recipients.
However, 64 percent of the 14,959 respondents polled by the mainland's website said on Thursday that they supported Chen's charity tour of the island.
Eighty percent of the respondents also said they did not see any problem in Chen personally giving cash to the needy, provided that all parties were happy with the arrangement.
During an earlier interview, Chen said he planned to make a philanthropic visit to Taiwan an annual event in his schedule.
He also expressed his desire to do business on the island by recycling its waste, promising to give 60 percent of the net profit he makes from the concern to charity in Taiwan.。