NATO Defense Ministers Approve Troop Cut in Kosovo
bbc文章——精选推荐
BBC NEWS 1The BBC has learned that the British Prime Minister Gordon Brown has decided that the British general election will take place on May 6th.Mr. Brown will go to Buckingham Palace tomorrow Tuesday to ask Queen Elizabeth to dissolve parliament,and then make a formal announcement of the election date.That will start the official election campaign,which, a BBC correspondent says,will be dominated by issues of taxation and spending in the wake of the global recession.BBC NEWS 2Less than six months before a general election in Britain,the governing Labour Party is embroiled again in internal strife.Two former cabinet ministers have called for secret ballot of members to decide whether the Prime Minister Gordon Brown should continue as party leader.Mr. Brown has called a general election by June this year.Our political correspondent Rob W atson reports.The two former cabinet ministers Geoff Hoon and Patricia Hewitt had stunned everyone at W estminster with their last-minute efforts to challenge Gordon Brown's leadership.But Downing Street and Labour Party officials have moved quickly to quash any revolts.Most importantly, current cabinet ministers have come out and backed the prime minister,orbiting some cases with little apparent enthusiasm.So the latest challenge looks likely to be short lift.Although many within the Labour Party doubt Mr. Brown's leadership qualities,they also seem to think it would only make things worse to get rid of him before the general election.BBC 3The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is offering to scale back Britain's nuclear deterrence if an international agreement is reached to cut the world's nuclear arsenals.Mr. Brown is expected to tell a special session of the United Nations Security Council on Thursday that he'll be willing to give up one of four royal navy submarines that carry Trident nuclear missiles.Officials are insisting that cost isn't a factor here.Here's our defence correspondent Nick Childs.Gordon Brown is saying he'll be ready to throw part of the trident force into the port in the context of a much bigger global disarmament deal.He said so in general terms before.This offer though is more concrete.There is a growing sense that to avoid what some fear could be a sudden cascade of new nuclear states, the established nuclear powers need to do more in terms of disarmament to keep the proliferation regime intact.The Prime Minister will hope his move will be seen as an important gesture.But the key to the process will be the actions of the big players,the United States and Russia.BBC 4The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is expected to confirm that he is sending hundreds more troops to Afghanistan, bringing the total number of British troops there to about 9,500.Britain has the second largest NATO contingent in Afghanistan after the United States.Our defense correspondent Caroline W yatt reports.In his statement on Afghanistan,it's believed Mr. Brownwill say he's agreed in principle to send around 500 extra British troops to Helmand.The military advice says that extra forces are needed to help maintain progress and dominate the ground more effectively to keep the Taliban out of key areas.However, there will be caveats.The Prime Minister will want assurances from military chiefs that the extra troops will be properly equipped. ]But he'll also expect Britain's NATO partners to follow suit by offering more forces themselves. NATO defense ministers are likely to discuss troop levels on a meeting formally in Bratislava next week.BBC 5]Stock markets in Europe and the United States have fallen sharply in response to further signs that the debt crisis in Greece is intensifying. and could spread to other countries.Share prices in New Y ork, London, Frankfurt and Paris fell by more than 2% after a major international credit rating agencyStandard & Poor's downgraded Greek debt to a level known informally as junk.Nils Blythe has more. Standard & Poor's downgraded its assessment of Greek bonds to the so-called junk status because of the growing danger that the bond holders will not be paid back in full. Many big investment funds have rules that forbid them from holding junk bonds,says the move is likely to trigger a further round of selling.Share markets have taken fright,fearing that if Greece does default on its debts,it would hit many European banks which hold Greek bonds and could trigger a wider financial crisis.Already pressure is mounting on Portugal which has also seen its credit rating downgraded today, although it remains above junk status.BBC 6The International Monetary Fund has told governments across the world that further action is needed to help return the global financial system to stability.In a fresh estimate of the scale of the problem, the IMF says global losses on toxic assets could total four trillion dollars. Andrew W alker reports.This report does identify what it calls some early signs of stabilization in financial systems,but there are not many of them.And the IMF says further action will be needed if they're to be sustained. In two key areas, it says that progress by governments has been piecemeal and reactive, dealing with the problem assets held by financial institutions and how to handle banks that need extra capital. For that problem the report says temporary government ownership may sometime be necessary.BBC 7[00:00.00]Officials in Germany say[00:01.42]the total financial aid package for Greece[00:04.28]could be more than double, the 60 billion dollars[00:07.64]that is previously expected.[00:09.44]The head of the International Monetary Fund Dominique Strauss-Kahn[00:12.61]is in Berlin trying to persuade Germany[00:15.35]to agree to the financial rescue plan.[00:17.65]He said the deal needed to be implemented quickly[00:20.26]as the situation was getting worse every day[00:23.00]and could affect other European countries.[00:25.36]but the German Chancellor Angola Merkel said[00:28.04]Berlin needed to be searching[00:30.40]that Greece was serious about spending cuts.BBC 8[00:00.00]The head of the International Monetary Fund says[00:02.85]Greece has nothing to fear from the organization.[00:05.46]At a news conference in W ashington,[00:07.95]Dominique Strauss-Kahn said the IMF was trying to provide Greece [00:11.99]with the advice and resources necessary[00:14.11]to help with its debt problem.[00:16.03]Andrew W alker reports from W ashington.[00:18.02]Mr.Strauss-Kahn was responding to a Greek journalist[00:21.13]who said the Greek public are demonizing the IMF[00:24.12]that they fear things will be worse with IM F involvement.[00:27.23]The agency has a reputation for requiring borrowing countries [00:31.02]to make deep cuts in popular government spending programs. [00:33.82]Mr. Strauss-Kahn said the Greek people should think of the IMF [00:37.56]as a cooperative organization[00:39.55]where the countries of the world work together[00:41.72]to help those in trouble[00:43.21]by providing resources and advice[00:45.27]on behalf of the international community.BBC 9[00:00.00]Finance ministers of the world's leading industrialized[00:03.24]and developing countries, the G20,[00:05.23]have agreed to continue supporting the global economic recovery. [00:08.58]In a statement released after their meeting in Scotland,[00:11.63]the ministers said conditions had improved,[00:14.18]but economic and financial recovery was uneven[00:17.11]and unemployment a worry.[00:18.79]Andrew W alker reports.[00:20.03]The communiqué avoids complacency.[00:21.90]Although economic and financial conditions have improved, [00:25.07]they decided they still need to keep up the initiatives[00:27.93]intended to restore growth.[00:29.30]The meeting was, however,[00:30.67]rather overshadowed by a statement[00:32.53]from the British Prime Minister Gordon Brown,[00:34.40]suggesting a tax on financial transactions[00:37.07]as one of a number of options for making banks[00:39.31]pay for the crisis. His calls have been received politely[00:40.93]by the finance ministers[00:43.98]but several made remarks which suggest[00:45.84]that other ways of tackling the problem[00:47.90]are rather more likely to be adopted.BBC 10[00:00.00]The European Union has initialed an agreement[00:03.89]to end one of the world's longest-running trade disputes over bananas. [00:07.31]The EU, the world's biggest importer of bananas,[00:10.67]is to cut the duty it imposes on Latin American producers of the fruit, [00:14.59]while bananas grows in former European colonies[00:17.39]will gradually lose the preferential terms[00:19.69]they've enjoyed. Andrew W alker reports.[00:22.17]The deal signed in Geneva[00:23.85]commits the European Union to gradually lowering the tariffs it imposes[00:27.34]on bananas imported mainly from Latin America.[00:30.01]The cut will be over a third by 2017.[00:33.75]That will reduce the competitive advantage of a group of countries, [00:37.60]mainly former colonies of EU states in Africa and Caribbean,[00:41.27]which enjoyed tariff-free access.谣言：吃太咸了会得病？导语：“人体每日摄入食盐不应过多，否则易患多种疾病。
NATO北大西洋公约组织简介(英文)
NATO's eastward expansion
May 1955, Federal Republic of Germany to join NATO.
This expansion led the Soviet Union （苏联）and Poland（波兰）, the Czech Republic（捷克）, East Germany（民主德国）, Romania, Hungary（匈牙利）, Bulgaria（保加利亚）,Albania （阿尔巴尼亚）and other Eastern European countries on May 14 the same year set up the Warsaw Pact （华约组织） Since then, NATO and the Warsaw military bloc began a few decades of military confrontation under the Cold War
Portugal
Iceland
Britain
Italy
2012-5-26
Belgium
Tankertanker Design
Greece, Turkey on February 18, 1952, Federal Republic of Germany on May 6, 1955, Spain in 1982 formally joined the organization.
BBC News Item 1 to 12 政治
BBC News Item 1 政治：英国首相确定大选时间The BBC has learned that the British Prime Minister Gordon Brown has decided that theBritish general election will take place on May 6th. Mr. Brown will go to Buckingham Palacetomorrow Tuesday to ask Queen Elizabeth to dissolve parliament, and then make a formalannouncement of the election date. That will start the official election campaign, which, a BBCcorrespondent says, will be dominated by issues of taxation and spending in the wake of the globalRecession.SWIFT号码，该号码是国际编号，每个地区的每个银行都不同。
该号相当于各个银行的身份证号。
从国外往国内转帐外汇必须得使用该号码。
BIC =BANKING IDENTIFY CODE 银行识别码。
相当于银行的SWIFT号码IBAN - International Bank Account Number 国际银行帐号，是由欧洲银行标准委员会（ European Committee for Banking Standards，简称 ECBS）安装其标准制定的一个银行帐户号码。
参加ECBS的会员国的银行帐户号码都有一个对应杜IBAN号码。
可以联系你的开户行获取IBAN号码。
IBAN号码最多是34位字符串。
BBC News Item 2 政治：大选在即，布朗遭遇挑战Less than six months before a general election in Britain, the governing Labour Party isembroiled again in internal strife. Two former cabinet ministers have called for secret ballot ofmembers to decide whether the Prime Minister Gordon Brown should continue as party leader. Mr.Brown has called a general election by June this year. Our political correspondent Rob Watsonreports.The two former cabinet ministers Geoff Hoon and Patricia Hewitt had stunned everyone atWestminster with their last-minute efforts to challenge Gordon Brown’s leadership. But DowningStreet and Labour Party officials have moved quickly to quash any revolts. Most importantly,current cabinet ministers have come out and backed the prime minister, orbiting some cases withlittle apparent enthusiasm. So the latest challenge looks likely to be short lift. Although manywithin the Labour Party doubt Mr. Brown’s leadership qualities, they also seem to think it wouldonly make things worse to get rid of him before the general election.BBC News Item 3 军事：英国核缩减计划The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is offering to scale back Britain’s nucleardeterrence if an international agreement is reached to cut the world’s nuclear arsenals. Mr. Brown isexpected to tell a special session of the United Nations Security Council on Thursday that he’ll bewilling to give up one of four royal navy submarines that carry Trident nuclear missiles. Officialsare insisting that cost isn’t a factor here. Here’s our defence correspondent Nick Childs.Gordon Brown is saying he’ll be ready to throw part of the trident force into the port in thecontext of a much bigger global disarmament deal. He said soin general terms before. This offerthough is more concrete. There is a growing sense that to avoid what some fear could be a suddencascade of new nuclear states, the established nuclear powers need to do more in terms ofdisarmament to keep the proliferation regime intact. The Prime Minister will hope his move will beseen as an important gesture. But the key to the process will be the actions of the big players, theUnited States and Russia.BBC News Item 4 军事：英国派军阿富汗The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is expected to confirm that he is sending hundredsmore troops to Afghanistan, bringing the total number of British troops there to about 9,500. Britainhas the second largest NATO contingent in Afghanistan after the United States. Our defensecorrespondent Caroline Wyatt reports.In his statement on Afghanistan, it’s believed Mr. Brown will say he’s agreed in principle tosend around 500 extra British troops to Helmand. The military advice says that extra forces areneeded to help maintain progress and dominate the ground more effectively to keep the Taliban outof key areas. However, there will be caveats. The Prime Minister will wantassurances frommilitary chiefs that the extra troops will be properly equipped. But he’ll also expect Britain’s NATOpartners to follow suit by offering more forces themselves. NATO defense ministers are likely todiscuss troop levels on a meeting formally in Bratislava next week.英国首相戈登预计将确认他将向阿富汗派遣更多军队，使英国军队总数约9500。
世界各大组织地英文缩写
世界各大组织的英文缩写UN ( the United Nations) 联合国FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (联合国)粮食及农业组织UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 联合国教科文组织UNCF (United Nations Children's Fund,其前身是United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) 联合国儿童基金会UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)联合国工业发展组织UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)联合国开发计划署UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)联合国环境署UNCDF(United Nations Capital Development Fund)联合国资本开发基金会UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议WHO (World Health Organization) 世界卫生组织WMO (World Meteorological Organization) 世界气象组织WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关税及贸易组织WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)世界知识产权组织WPC (World Peace Council) 世界和平理事会ILO (International Labour Organization) 国际劳工组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织IOC (International Olympic Committee) 国际奥林匹克委员会UPU (Universal Postal Union) 万国邮政联盟ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 国际电信联盟IFC(International Finance Corporation) 国际金融公司IMO (International Maritime Organization) 国际海事组织ISO (International Standard Organization) 国际标准化组织ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) 国际民用航空组织IDA (International Development Association) 国际开发协会IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) 国际农业发展基金会IOJ (International Organization of Journalists) 国际新闻工作者协会ICC(International Chamber of Commerce)国际商会UEA(Universal Esperanto Association)国际世界语协会INTELSAT (International telecommunications Satellitic)国际通信卫星机构IRTO (International Radio and Television Organization)国际广播电视组织IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) 国际原子能机构NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)北大西洋公约组织OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 石油输出国组织OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作与发展组织CMEA(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)经济互助委员会(经互会)APEC (Asia and Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经和组织ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)东南亚国家联盟OAU (Organization of African Unity) 非洲统一组织OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference) 伊斯兰会议组织CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 独立国家联合体EU (European Union) 欧洲联盟IPU (Inter-Parliamentary Union) 各国议会联盟OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe)欧洲安全与合作组织EEC (European Economic Communities) 欧洲经济共同体OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation)欧洲经济合作组织NAM (the Non-Aligned Movement) 不结盟运动ANC (African National Congress) 非洲人民大会PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)巴勒斯坦解放组织ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) 红十字国际委员会回答者：十七级大学士 -经理四级 10-11 17:21评价已经被关闭目前有 1 个人评价好100%（1）不好0% （0）对最佳答案的评论UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)联合国环境署。
联合国机构一览表
联合国机构一览表Organs of United Nationsaaaa１９４６年６月《联合国宪章》在美国旧金山签署，同年１０月《宪章》生效，联合国正式成立。
其宗旨是维持国际和平及安全，制止侵略行为，发展国际间以尊重人民平等权利及自决原则为根据的友好关系，促成国际合作等。
凡要求加入联合国的国家必须声明接受宪章规定的义务，由安理会推荐，经联合国大会２／３票数通过，才被接纳为会员国。
截止１９９６年４月，已有１８５个会员国。
联合国有６个主要机构：大会、安全理事会、经社理事会、托管理事会、国际法院和秘书处。
联合国总部设在纽约，在瑞士日内瓦设有联合国欧洲办事处。
主要机构及其附属机构、特设机构和其他有关机构如下：大会General Assembly主要委员会：Main Committees:第一委员会（裁军和国际安全委员会）First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee)第二委员会（经济和财政委员会）Second Committee (Economic and Financial Committee)第三委员会（社会、人道主义和文化委员会）Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee)第四委员会（政治和非殖民化委员会）Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization Committee)第五委员会（行政和预算委员会）Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary Committe e)第六委员会（法律委员会）SixthCommittee (Legal Committee)特别政治委员会Special Political Committee程序委员会：Procedural Committee:总务委员会General Committee全权证书委员会Credentials Committee常设委员会：Standing Committees:行政和预算问题咨询委员会Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions-- ACABQ会费委员会Committee on Contributions国际公务员制度委员会International Civil Service Commission新闻委员会Committee on Information附属机构、特设机构和其他有关机构：Subsidiary, Ad Hoc and Related Bodies:中部非洲安全常设委员会（１９９２年５月成立）Standing Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa大会临时委员会（俗称“小型联大”）Interim Committee of the General Assembly维持和平行动特别委员会Special Committee on Peace-Keeping O perations联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会Special Committee on the Charter of the United N ations and on theStrengthening of the Role of the Organization裁军审议委员会Disarmament Commission -- UNDC世界裁军会议问题特设委员会Ad Hoc Committee of the World Disarmament Conference审查联合国在裁军领域所起作用特设委员会Ad Hoc Committee on the Review of the Roleof the United Nations in the Field of Disarmament印度洋特设委员会Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean和平利用外层空间委员会Committee of Peaceful Uses of Outer Space -- COPUOS 联合国科学咨询委员会（科学咨委会）United Nations Scientific Advisory Committee联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会（辐射科委会）United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation -- UNSCEAR调查和调解小组Panel for inquiry and Conciliation和平观察委员会Peace Observation Commission军事专家小组Panel of Military Experts联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine -- UNCCP 巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to C olonial Countries and Peoples种族隔离问题特别委员会Special Committee on Apartheid联合国南非信托基金委员会Committee of Trustees of the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa联合国纳米比亚基金United Nations Fund for Namibia安哥拉情势问题小组委员会Sub-Committee on the Situation in Angola联合国南部非洲教育和训练方案咨询委员会Advisory Committee on the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会议）UnitedNations Conference on Trade and Development -- UNCTAD联合国贸发会议、世界贸易组织的国际贸易中心联合咨询小组Joint Advisory Group on the UNCTAD/WTO Inter national Trade Centre联合国防治艾滋病联合计划署United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS -- UNAIDS联合国开发计划署（开发计划署）United Nations Development Programme -- UNDP联合国工业发展组织（工发组织）United Nations Industrial Development Organization -- UNIDO联合国环境规划署（环境规划署）United Nations EnvironmentProgramme -- UNEP联合国特别基金United Nations Special Fund -- UNSF联合国人口基金会United Nations Population Fund -- UNPF世界粮食计划署World Food Programme -- WFP联合国人类住区（生境）委员会United Nations Commission on Human Settlements -- UNCHS (Ha bitat)联合国系统结构问题专家小组Group of Experts on the Structure of the United Nations System改组联合国系统经济和社会部门特设委员会Ad Hoc Committee on the Restructuring of the Economic and Social Sectors of the United Nations System世界粮食理事会World Food Council-- WFC联合国训练研究所（训研所）United Nations Institute for Training and Research -- UNITAR联合国大学United Nations University -- UNU青年问题特设咨询小组Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Youth联合国儿童基金会（儿童基金会）United Nations Children's Fund --UNICEF消除种族歧视委员会Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination -- CERD联合国人权奖得奖人遴选事宜特别委员会Special Committee to Select the Winners of the United Nations Hu man Rights Prize联合国难民事务高级专员公署（难民署）Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees -- UNHCR领土庇护公约草案专家小组Group of Experts on the Draft Convention on Terrtiorial Asylum国际妇女年会议协商委员会审计委员会Board of Auditors外聘审计团Panel of ExternalAuditors联合检查组（联检组）nt Inspection Unit-JIU货币不稳定问题工作组Working Group on Currency Instability新闻工作协商小组Consultative Panel on PublicInformation会议委员会Committee on Conferences联合国方案和预算机构工作组Working Group on United Nations Programme and Budget Machinery联合国财政紧急情况协商委员会Negotiating Committee on the Financial Emergency of the United Nations联合国行政法庭United Nations Administrative Tribunal申请复核行政法庭判决事宜委员会Committee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements国际法委员会International Law Commission -- ILC联合国宪章特设委员会Ad Hoc Committee on the Charter of the United Nations自然资源永久主权委员会mission of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources联合国国际法教学、研究、传播和普及的援助方案咨询委员会Advisory Committee on the United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemi nation and Wider Appreciation of International Law联合国国际贸易法委员会（贸易法委会）United Nations Commission on International Trade Law-- UNCITRAL与东道国关系委员会Committee on Relations with the Host Country国际原子能机构International atomic Energy Agency -- IAEA信息与资料中心（设在华沙，１９９５年１０月正式使用）Information and Data Center增强国际关系中不使用武力原则效力问题特别委员会Special Committee on Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Principleof Non-use of force in InternationalRelations安全理事会（安理会）Security Council下设机构：联合国军事参谋团（军参团）Military Staff Committee -- UNMSC裁军审议委员会Disarmament Commission-- UNDC集体措施委员会CollectiveMeasures Committee联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处（近东救济工程处）United Nations Reliefand Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near Fast -- UNRW A常设机构：Standing Committees：专家委员会Committee of Experts接纳新会员国委员会Committee on the Admission of New Members安全理事会在总部以外地点开会问题委员会Committee on Council Meetings Away from Headquarters特设机构：Ad Hoc Committees：联合国印度尼西亚问题委员会United Nations Commission for Indonesia联合国停战监督组织United Nations TruceSupervision Organization -- UNTSO联合国驻印度巴基斯坦军事观察小组United Nations Military Observer Group on India and Pakistan-UNMOGIP反对种族隔离特别委员会Special Committee Against Apartheid联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队（联塞部队）United Nations Peace-Keeping Force in Cyprus -- UNFICYP联合国紧急部队（紧急部队）United Nations Emergency Force -- UNEF联合国脱离接触观察员部队（观察员部队）United NationsDisengagement Observer force -- UNDOF根据安全理事会第２５３（１９６８）号决议设立的委员会（有关制裁罗得西亚的实施情况）Security Council Committee Established in Pursuance of Resolution 253 (1968) Concerning the Question of Southern Rhodesia微小国家”问题专家委员会Committee of Expertson the Question of Micro-States调查以色列侵犯占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权行为特别委员会Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories联合国监督伊拉克销毁化学、生物和核武器特别委员会U.N. Special Commission Supervising the Destruction of Iraq's Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Weapons -- UNSCOM联合国驻马其顿共和国预防性部署部队U.N. Prevention Deployment Force in theFormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia -- UNPREDEP联合国东斯拉沃尼亚、巴拉尼亚和西斯雷姆地区过渡行政当局（东斯过渡当局）U.N. TransitionalAdministration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and W estern Sirmium -- UNTAES联合国驻普雷夫拉卡半岛军事观察团（联普观察团）U.N. Mission of Observers in Prevlaka -- UNMOP联合国驻格鲁吉亚观察团（联格观察团）U.N. Observer Mission in Georgia-- UNOMIG联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队（联黎部队）U.N. interim force in Lebanon -- UNIFIL联合国伊拉克－科威特军事观察团（伊科观察团）U.N. Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission -- UNIKOM联合国安哥拉观察团U.N. Angola Observer Mission联合国西撒哈拉公民投票特派团（西撒特派团）U.N. Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara -- MINURSO联合国利比里亚观察团（联利观察团）U.N. Observer Mission in Liberia -- UNOMIL国际警察工作队International Police Task Force -- IPTF联合国多国稳定部队U.N. Multinational Stabilization Force -- SFOR联合国驻塔吉克斯坦观察团（联塔观察团）U.N.Mission of Observers in Tajikistan联合国海地支助团U.N. Support Mission in Haiti -- UNSMIH联合国危地马拉军事观察团U.N. Missionof Military Observers in Guatemala联合国经济及社会理事会（经社理事会）United Nations Economic and Social Council -- ECOSOC会期委员会：Sessional Committees第一（经济）委员会First (Economic) Committee第二（社会）委员会Second (Social) Committee第三（计划和协调）委员会Third (Programme and Co-Ordination) Committee职司委员会：Functional Commissions:防止犯罪和刑事司法委员会（1992年设立）Commission on Crime Prevention and Cri minal Justice人权委员会Commission on Human Rights麻醉品委员会Commission on Narcotic Drugs社会发展委员会Commission for Social Development妇女地位委员会Commission on the Status of Women可持续发展委员会Commission on Sustainable Development（1993年2月12日设立）人口委员会Population Commission统计委员会Statistical Commission区域委员会：Regional Commissions：非洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Africa -- ECA欧洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Europe -- ECE拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean -- ECLAC亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会（亚太经社会）Economic and Social Commission for Asia andthe Pacific -- ESCAP西亚经济社会委员会Economic and Social Commissio for Western Asia -- ESCW A常设委员会：Standing Committees：行政协调委员会Administrative Committee on Co-Ordination -- ACC发展规划委员会Committee for Development Planning -- CDP危险物品运输问题专家委员会Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods人类住区委员会Commission on Human Settlement自然资源委员会Committee on Natural Resources -- CNR与政府间机构商谈委员会Committee on Negotiations with Intergovernmental Agencies非政府组织委员会Committee on Non-governmental Organizations方案和协调委员会Committee for Programme and Co-ordination -- CPC跨国公司委员会Commission on Transnational Corporations -- CTC特设机构和其他有关机构：Ad Hoc Bodies Other Related Bodies：联合国人口与发展委员会U.N. Commission on Population and Development联合国国际麻醉品管制署United Nations International Drug Control Programme -- UNIDCP世界粮食计划署World Food Programme -- WFP世界粮食理事会（粮食理事会）World Food Council -- WFC联合国社会发展研究所（社发研究所）United Nations Research institute for Social Development -- UNRISD联合国特别基金会United Nations Special Fund-- UNSF联合国地名专家小组UnitedNations Group of Experts on Geographical Names发达国家和发展中国家间税务条约专家小组Group ofExperts on Tax Treaties Between Developed and Developing Countries设立提高妇女地位国际研究训练所问题专家小组Group of Experts on the Establishment of an International Research and Training institute for the Advancement of Women联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会议）United Nations Conference onTrade and Development -- UNCTAD联合国儿童基金会（儿童基金会）United Nations Children's Fund-- UNICEF联合国难民事务高级专员公署（难民署）Office of the United Nations High Commissionerfor Refugees - UNHCR联合国开发计划署（开发计划署）United Nations Development Programme -- UNDP联合国环境规划署（环境规划署）United Nations Environment Programme -- UNEP联合国人口基金会United Nations Population Fund -- UNFPA联合国训练研究所（训研所）United Nations institute for Training and Research -- UNITAR联合国大学United Nations University -- UNUFAO联合国人类住区（生境）中心United Nations Commission on Human Settlements -- UN CHS (habitat)与经社理事会有关的专门机构和独立组织：世界贸易组织World Trade Organization -- WTO国际劳工组织International Labor Organization -- ILO联合国粮食及农业组织（粮农组织）Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations -- FAO联合国教育、科学及文化组织（教科文组织）United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization -- UNESCO世界卫生组织World HealthOrganization -- WHO国际货币基金组织International Monetary Fund -- IMF国际开发协会Internatoinal Development Association -- IDA国际复兴开发银行（世界银行）International Bank for Reconstruction and Development -- IBRD国际金融公司International Finance Corporation -- IFC国际民用航空组织International Civil Aviation Organization -- ICAO万国邮政联盟Universal Postal Union -- UPU国际电信联盟International Telecommunication Union -- ITU世界气象组织World Meterological Organization -- WMO国际海事组织International Maritime Organization -- IMO世界知识产权组织World intellectual Property Organization -- WIPO国际农业发展基金会（农发基会）International Fund for Agricultural Development -- IFAD联合国工业发展组织（工发组织）United Nations industrial Developmen t Organization -- UNIDO托管理事会Trusteeship Council国际法院International Courtof Justice -- ICJ下设：简易程序分庭Chamber of Summary Procedure预算和行政委员会Budgetrary and Administrative Co mmittee关系委员会Committee on Relations图书馆委员会Library Committee修订国际法规约委员会Committee for the Revision of the Rules of the Court审判前南斯拉夫战犯法庭International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia -- ICTY卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭International Criminal Tribuanal forRwanda -- ICTR国际海洋法法庭International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea -- ITLS秘书处United Nations Secretariat主要机构：秘书长办公厅Executive officeof the Secretary-General负责特别政治事务的副秘书长办公室Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Special Political Affairs负责政治和大会事务的副秘书长办公室Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Political and GeneralAssembly Affairs负责特别政治问题的助理秘书长办公室Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Political andGeneral Assembly Affairs法律事务厅Office of Legal Affairs -- EEG机构间事务和协调厅Office of Inter-Agency Affairs and Coordination政治和安全理事会事务部Department of Political and Security Council Affai rs -- DPSCA/PSCA政治事务、托管和非殖民化部Department of Political Affairs, Trusteeship and De-Colonization国际经济和社会事务部Department of International Economic and Social Affairs联合国跨国公司中心United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations行政和管理事务部Department of Administration and Management会议事务部Department of ConferenceServices新闻部Office of PublicInformation联合国日内瓦办事处United Nations office at Geneva。
世界组织的英语名称
七国集团Group of Seven (G7)七十七国集团Group of 77石油输出国组织(欧佩克) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 世界海关组织World Customs Organization世界和平理事会World Peace Council (WPC)世界基督教联合会World Council of Churches (WCC)世界教师工会协进会World Federation of Teachers’Unions世界科学工作者联合会World Federation of Scientific Worker (WFSW)世界劳工联合会World Confederation of Labour (WCL)世界旅游组织World Tourism Organization (WTO)世界贸易组织World Trade Organization (WTO)世界穆斯林大会World Muslim Congress世界穆斯林联盟Muslim World League (MWL)世界青年大会World Assembly of Youth (WAY)世界人权大会World Conference on Human Rights世界野生动物基金会World Wildlife Fund (WWF)世界伊斯兰大会World Islamic Congress世界医学学会World Medical Association世界艺术与科学学会World Academy of Art and Science世界犹太人大会World Jewish Congress世界幼儿教育组织World Organization for Early Children’s Education世界针灸学会联合会World Federation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Societies世界自然保护联盟World Conservation Union世界宗教和平大会World Conference on Religion and Peace (WCRP)?pinyin T?太平洋经济合作理事会Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC)?pinyin X?西方七国首脑会议Seven-Nation Economic Summit; Group of Seven Summit (G7 Summit)西非国际经济共同体Economic Community of West African States (ECOW AS)西欧联盟Western European Union (WEU)?pinyin Y?亚大邮联Asian-Oceanic Postal Union (AOPU; UPAO)亚非法律协商委员会Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee (AALCC)亚非会议Asian-African Conference亚非拉人民团结组织Organization of Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America (OSPAALA)亚非人民团结组织Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization (AAPSO)亚非新闻工作者协会Afro-Asian Journalists’Association (AAJA)亚欧合作理事会Council for Asia-Europe Cooperation (CAEC)亚欧环境技术中心Asia-Europe Environmental Technology Center亚太平安合作理事会Council on Security Cooperation in Asia and Pacific Region (CSCAP)亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)亚太空间技术应用多边合作会议Asia-Pacific Conference on Multilateral Cooperation in Space Technology and Applications (APC-MCSTA conference)亚太大洋洲邮政联盟Asian-Oceanic Postal Union (AOPU; UPAO)亚洲化学学会联合会Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS)亚洲环境问题协会Asian Environmental Society (AES)亚洲基督教会议Christian Conference of Asia (CCA)亚洲及太平洋和平与裁军区域中心Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific亚洲及太平洋理事会Asian and Pacific Council (ASPAC)亚洲开发银行Asian Development Bank (ADB)亚洲科学联合会Federation of Asian Scientific Academies and Societies亚洲青年理事会Asian Youth Council (AYC)亚洲生产力组织Asian Productivity Organization亚洲太平洋播送联盟Asian-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU)亚洲-太平洋通讯社组织Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies (OANA)亚洲-太平洋邮政联盟Asian-Pacific Postal Union亚洲遥感协会Asian Association on Remote Sensing (AARS)?pinyin Y?伊斯兰会议组织Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)伊斯兰教事务最高理事会Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs印度洋特设委员会Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean英联邦British Commonwealth of Nations (Commonwealth)?pinyin Z?中非国家经济共同体Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)中非国家联盟Union of Central African States (UEAC)中美洲共同市场Central American Common Market中美洲国家组织Organization of Central American States转自: :// /mil/2009-11-30/content1_14955.shtml海湾(阿拉伯国家)合作委员会Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf; Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)海洋研究科学委员会Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)海洋研究气象委员会Commission on Maritime Meteorology (CMM)海洋资源研究咨询委员会Advisory committee on Marine Resources Research和平利用外层空间委员会Committee of Peaceful Uses of Outer Space和平利用原子能国际会议咨询委员会Advisory Committee of the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy和平利用原子能委员会Committee on the Use of Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes (CUAEPP)红十字与红月会国际联合会International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)环境问题科学委员会Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)环境与开展国际研究中心(环发中心) Centre for International Research of Environment and Development (CIRED)环太平洋论坛Pacific Rim Forum (PRF)?pinyin J?基督教会联合会World Council of Churches (WCC)基督教女青年会Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA)基督教青年会Young men’s Christian Association (YMCA)方案生育- 世界人口组织Planned Parenthood –World Population加勒比共同体和共同市场Caribbean community and Common Market (CARICOM)经济合作与开展组织(经合组织) organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)?pinyin K?孔塔多拉集团Contadora Group?pinyin L?拉丁美洲共同市场Latin America Common Market (LACM)拉丁美洲和加勒比禁止核武器组织Organization for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean拉丁美洲货币同盟Latin American Monetary Union拉丁美洲经济体系Latin American Economic System (LAES)拉丁美洲经济委员会Economic Commission of Latin America (ECLA)拉丁美洲开展金融机构协会Latin American Association of Development of Financing Institutions拉丁美洲能源组织Latin American Energy Organization (OLAE)拉丁美洲社会学会Association of Latin American Sociology (ALAS)拉丁美洲协调特别委员会Special Committee on Latin American Coordination拉丁美洲一体化协会Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)拉丁美洲自由贸易区Latin American Free Trade Area (LAFTA)拉丁美洲自由贸易市场Latin American Free Trade Market拉丁美洲自由贸易协会Latin American Free Trade Association联合国协会世界联合会World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA)伦敦核供给国俱乐部London Suppliers’Club?pinyin M?马格理布联盟Union du Maghreb (UMA)美洲出口贸易促进中心Inter-American Export Promotion Centre美洲储蓄和贷款银行Inter-American Saving and Loans Banks美洲国家间人权委员会Inter-American Commission on Human Rights美洲国际组织Organization of American States (OAS)美洲经济及社会理事会Inter-American Economic and Social Council美洲开发银行Inter-America Development Bank美洲人权委员会Inter-America Commission on Human Rights (IACHR)?pinyin N?南北协调委员会North-South Coordinating committee南部非洲开展共同体Southern African Development Community (SADC)南部非洲关税同盟Southern African Customs Union (SACU)南方共同市场South Common Market南南会议South-South Conference南太平洋论坛South Pacific Forum (SPF)南亚区域合作联盟South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)?pinyin O?欧洲平安与合作组织(欧安组织，原欧洲平安与合作会议) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE, formerly known as Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe)欧洲裁军会议Conference on Disarmament in Europe (CDE)欧洲复兴开发银行European Bank of Reconstruction and Development欧洲经济合作组织Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)欧洲联盟(欧盟) European Union (EU)欧洲人权法院European Court of Human Rights欧洲人权委员会European Commission of Human Rights欧洲原子能委员会European Atomic Commission (EAC)欧洲原子能学会European Atomic Energy Society (EAES)欧洲自由贸易联盟European Free Trade Association (EFTA)转自: :// /mil/2009-11-30/content1_14954.shtml各国议会联盟Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)国际奥林匹克委员会International Olympic Committee (IOC)国际版权协会International Copyright Society国际保护工业产权联盟(即巴黎联盟)International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Union)国际保护工业产权协会International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property (IAPIP)国际保护知识产权联合局United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI)国际保护自然资源联盟International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)国际笔会(国际诗人，剧作家，编辑，散文家和小说家协会)International PEN (International Association of Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists and Novelists)国际标准化知识International Standardization Organization (ISO)国际标准协会International Standard Association (ISA)国际材料物理中心International Center for Materials Physics (ICMP)国际船东协会International Shipping Federation (ISP)国际船级社协会International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)国际纯粹和应用化学联盟International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)国际纯粹和应用生物物理学联盟International Union of Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB)国际大坝委员会International Commission on Large Dam (ICOLD)国际大学生体育联合会Federation Internationale du Sport Universitaire (FISU)国际地球科学信息网络集团Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)国际地球学联盟International Geographical Union (IGU)国际地震中心International Seismological Centre (ISC)国际地质大会International Geological Congress (IGC)国际地质科学联盟International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)国际冻土协会International Permafrost Association (IPA)国际独立油船东协会International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (INTERTANKO)国际度量衡局International Bureau of Weight and Measurements (IBWM)国际儿童福利联合会International Union for Child Welfare (IUCW)国际法官联合会International Union of Judges国际法协会International Law Association国际法学家委员会International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)国际法学协会International Association of Legal Science (IALS)国际纺织学会International Textile Institute (ITI)国际辐射防护协会International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA)国际妇女同盟International Alliance of Women (IAW)国际妇女协会International Women Society国际港口协会International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH)国际公务员协会联合会Federation of International Civil Servants Associations (FICSA)国际公务员制度委员会International Civil Service Commission (ICSC)国际古生物协会International Palaeontological Association (IPA)国际雇主知识International Organization of Employers (IOE)国际播送协会International Association of Broadcasting (IAB)国际海道测量知识International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)国际海底管理局International Sea-Bed Authority国际海事卫星知识International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT)国际海运联盟International Shipping Federation国际航标协会International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)国际航空科学理事会International Council of Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS)国际航空联合会Aeronautic International Federation (FAI)国际航空运输协会International Air Transport Association (IATA)国际航运会议常设协会Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC)国际航运协会International Chamber of Shipping国际和平利用原子能会议International Conference on the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy国际和平学会International Peace Academy (IPA)国际核数据委员会International Nuclear Data Committee (INDC)国际红十字International Red Cross (IRC)国际环境法理事会International Council of Environmental Law国际环境事务研究所International Institute for Environmental Affairs国际方案生育联合会International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)国际建筑师协会International Union of Architects (IUA)国际救济联合会International Relief Union (IRU)国际军事体育理事会International Military Sports Council (IMSC)国际开发委员会Commission on International Development (CID)国际科学基金会International Foundation of Sciences (IFS)国际科学联盟理事会International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)国际空间研究委员会International Committee on Space Research (ICSR)国际空运协会International Air Transport Association (IATA)国际理论和应用力学联盟International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 国际理论物理中心International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)国际律师协会International Bar Association (IBA)国际毛纺知识International Wool Textile Organization (IWTO)国际民主妇女联合会Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF)国际难民知识International Refugee Organization (IRO)国际能源机构International Energy Agency (IEA)国际殴亚科学院International Academy for Europe and Asia (IAEA)国际清算银行Bank for International Settlements (BIS)国际人口问题科学研究联合会International Union for the Scientific Study ofPopulation (IUSSP)国际人权法院International Court of Human Rights国际人权联合会International Federation of Human Rights国际人与生物圈保护区网络International Man and Biosphere Reserve Network国际商会International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)国际商事仲裁协会International Commercial Arbitration Association国际商业仲裁会International Council for Commercial Arbitration国际生态学协会International Association for Ecology国际生物化学与分子生物学联盟International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB)国际生物科学联合会International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS)国际圣经协会International Bible Society (IBS)国际世界语协会Universala Esperanto-Asocio; Universal Esperanto Association (UEA)国际数学联盟International Mathematical Union (IMU)国际水资源协会International Water Resources Association (IWRA)国际丝绸协会International Silk Association (ISA)国际体操联合会Federation Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG); International Federation of Gymnastics国际天文学联合会International Astronomical Union (IAU)国际通讯卫星知识International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT)国际投资银行International Investment Bank (IIB)国际土壤协会International Society of Soil Science (ISSS)国际细胞生物学联合会International Federation for Cell Biology (IFCB)国际心理科学联盟International Union of Psychological Science国际新闻工作者协会International Federation of Journalists国际信息和文献联合会International Federation for Information and Documentation国际刑法协会International Association of Penal Law (IAPL)国际刑警组织International Criminal Police Organization (INERPOL; ICPO)国际刑事学会International Association of Criminal Science国际宣教协会International Missionary Council (IMC)国际学生联合会International Union of Student (IUS)国际移民组织International Organization for Migration (IOM)国际遗传学联合会International Genetics Federation (IGF)国际译联International Federation of Translators国际音乐理事会International Music Council (IMC)国际应用心理学协会International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP)国际有线发行联盟International Alliance for Distribution by Cable国际宇航科学院International Academy of Astronautics (IAA)国际植物生理学家协会International Association for Plant Physiologists (IAPP)国际自动控制联合会International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC)国际自由工会联合会(自由工联)International confederation of Free Trade Union (ICFTU)国际足球联合会International Football Federation (FIFA)转自: :// /mil/2009-11-30/content1_14953.shtml阿拉伯共同市场Arab Common Market (ACM)阿拉伯国家联盟(阿盟)League of Arab States (Arab League; LAS)阿拉伯货币基金组织Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)阿拉伯经济统一委员会Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)阿拉伯联盟教科文组织Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO)阿拉伯马格里布联盟Union de Maghreb Arabe (UMA); Union of the Arab Maghreb阿拉伯石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)安第斯共同市场Andean Common Market (ANCOM)安第斯共同体Andean Community安第斯条约组织Andean Pact Organization (APO); Pacto Andino (PA)?pinyin B?八国集团Group of Eight (G8)巴黎俱乐部Paris Club (Group of Ten)巴黎联盟(国际保护工业产权联盟)Paris Convention (International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property)巴黎统筹委员会(巴统)Coordinating Committee on Export Control (COCOM); Coordinating Committee for Export to Communist Countries北大西洋公约组织(北约)North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)北大西洋合作理事会North Atlantic Cooperation Council北美自由贸易区North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA)北南核控制联合委员会North-South Nuclear Joint Committee北欧理事会Nordic Council北欧邮政联盟Nordic Postal Union (NPU)北太平洋海洋科学组织North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES)伯尔尼(国际保护文学艺术作品)联盟Berne Union (for he Protection of Literary and Artistic Works)不结盟运动Non-Aligned Movement (NPU)?pinyin C?朝鲜半岛能源开发组织Korea Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO)船长协会国际联合会International Federation of Shipmasters’Association (IFSMA)促进种族平等公民协会Citizens’Association for Racial Equality?pinyin D?大陆架界限委员会Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf大气科学委员会Commission of Atmospheric Sciences (CAS)大气污染管制委员会Air Pollution Control Commission (APCC)大气污染控制管理局Air Pollution Control Administration (APCA)大赦国际Amnesty International大西洋自由贸易区Atlantic Free Trade Area (AFTA)第三世界科学院Academy of Sciences for the Third World东非共同体East African Community (EAC)东加勒比共同市场East Caribbean Common Market (ECCM)东加勒比组织Organization of the Eastern Caribbean States东盟各国议会组织ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Organization东盟自由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)东南非共同市场Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)东南亚国家联盟(东盟)Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?pinyin F?开展工业产权和有关权利合作常设委员会Permanent Committee for Development Cooperation Related to Industrial Rights开展中国家间经济合作委员会Committee on Economic Cooperation Among Developing Countries开展著作权和邻接权利合作常设委员会Permanent Committee for Development Related to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights法语国家首脑会议Somet de la francophonie; Summit of Francophone Countries反对原子弹氢弹会议Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs泛非电信联盟Pan African Telecommunication Union (PA TU)泛非妇女组织Organization Panafricaine des Femmes (OPF); Pan-African Women’s Organization (PAWO)防止空气污染协会国际联合会International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Association (IUAPPA)防止歧视和保护少数小组委员会Sub-committee on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities防止外层空间军备竞赛特设委员会Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space非殖民化委员会(24国委员会)Commission on Decolonisation (Committee of 24)非洲，加勒比和太平洋地区国家集团(非加太集团)Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific Region Countries (ACP Group)非洲经济共同体African Economic Community非洲人权和民族权委员会African Committee on Human and People’s Right非洲统一组织(非统组织)Organization of African Unity (OAU)非洲邮政联盟African Postal Union (APU)扶轮社国际Rotary Internationaldisc jockey DJ dissolve 解散division chief 处长，科长doctorial tutor 博士生导师 door money 入场费dove 主和派，鸽派duet 二重唱Duma 〔俄〕杜马，俄罗斯议会dux 学习标兵，学习尖子economic sanction 经济制裁economic take-off 经济腾飞El Nino 厄尔尼诺现象electric power 电力eliminate 淘汰embargo 禁运en route to 在……途中enlisted man 现役军人epidemic 流行病exclusive interview 独家采访expo〔sition〕博览会face-to-face talk 会晤fairplay trophy 风格奖family planning 方案生育flea market 跳蚤市场flying squad 飞虎队frame-up 诬陷，假案front page 头条front row seat 首席记者full house 满座gear…to the international conventions把…与国际接轨grass widow / widower 留守女士 / 留守男士guest of honor 贵宾guest team / home team 客队 / 主队hawk 主战派，鹰派heroin 海洛因highlights and sidelights 要闻与花絮his-and-hers watches 情侣表hit parade 流行歌曲排行榜hit product 拳头产品hit-and-runner 肇事后逃走者Hong Kong compatriot 香港同胞honor guard 仪仗队hostage 人质housing reform 住房改革hypermedia 多媒体ideology 意识形态idle money 闲散资金in another related development 另据报道incumbent mayor 现任市长info-highway 信息高速公路in-service training 在职训练inspector-general 总监interim government 过渡政府invitation meet 邀请赛judo 柔道karate 空手道kiosk 小卖部knock-out system 淘汰制knowledge economy 知识经济ksei 棋圣laid-off 下岗leading actor 男主角lease 租约，租期man of mark 名人，要人manuscript 原稿，脚本marriage lines 结婚证书master key 万能钥匙medium 媒体，媒介mercy killing 安乐死moped 助力车Moslem 穆斯林multimedia 多媒体music cafe 音乐茶座national anthem 国歌negative vote 反对票nest egg 私房钱news agency 通讯社news briefing 新闻发布会news conference 记者招待会news flash 短讯，快讯nominee 候选人notions 小商品null and void 无效的off-hour hobby 业余爱好off-the-job training 脱产培训on standby 待命on-the-job training 在职培训on-the-spot broadcasting 现场直播opinion poll 民意测验overpass 〔人行〕天桥overseas student 留学生overture 序曲overwhelming majority 压倒性多数palm phone 大哥大parliament 国会passerby 过路人pay-to-the-driver bus 无人售票车peaceful co-existence 和平共处peace-keeping force 维和部队peak viewing time 黄金时间pedestrian 行人pension insurance 养老保险Pentagon 五角大楼perk 外快PM = prime minister 首相，总理politburo 政治局poor box 济贫箱pope 教皇pose for a group photo 集体合影留念poverty-stricken area 贫困地区power failure 断电，停电premiere 首映，初次公演press briefing 新闻发布会press corps 记者团press spokesman 新闻发言人prize-awarding ceremony 颁奖仪式professional escort “三陪〞效劳profiteer 投机倒把者protocol 草案，协议puberty 青春期public servant 公务员questionnaire 调查表quick-frozen food 速冻食品quiz game 智力竞赛racial discrimination 种族歧视rapport 默契reciprocal visits 互访recital 独唱会，独奏会red-carpet welcome 隆重欢送red-hot news 最新消息red-letter day 大喜之日redundant 下岗人员re-employment 再就业rep = representative 代表rip off 宰客senate 参议院tenure of office 任职期the other man / woman 第三者top news 头条新闻tornado 龙卷风tour de force 代表作township enterprises 乡镇企业township head 乡长traffic tie-up 交通瘫痪truce 停火，休战trustee 董事two-day dayoffs 双休日tycoon 巨富umpire 裁判V.D. = venereal disease 性病vaccine 疫苗vehicle-free promenade 步行街vote down 否决well-off level 小康水平well-to-do level 小康水平Who's Who 名人录working couple 双职工wreckage 残骸The Himalayas 喜马拉雅山Great Wall 〔中国〕长城Forbidden City 〔北京〕故宫Mount Fuji 〔日本〕富士山Taj Mahal 〔印度〕泰姬陵Angkor Wat 〔柬埔寨〕吴哥窟Bali 〔印度尼西亚〕巴厘岛Borobudur 〔印度尼西亚〕波罗浮屠Crocodile Farm 〔泰国〕北榄鳄鱼湖Mosque of St 〔土耳其〕圣索非亚教堂Suez Canal 〔埃及〕苏伊士运河Aswan High Dam 〔埃及〕阿斯旺水坝Nairobi National Park 〔肯尼亚〕内罗毕国家公园Cape of Good Hope 〔南非〕好望角Sahara Desert 撒哈拉大沙漠Pyramids 〔埃及〕金字塔n.名词The Nile 〔埃及〕尼罗河Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁Sydney Opera House 〔悉尼〕歌剧院Ayers Rock 艾尔斯巨石Mount Cook 库克山Notre Dame de Paris 〔法国〕巴黎圣母院Effiel Tower 〔法国〕艾菲尔铁塔Arch of Triumph 〔法国〕凯旋门Elysee Palace 〔法国〕爱丽舍宫Kolner Dom 〔德国〕科隆大教堂Leaning Tower of Pisa 〔意大利〕比萨斜塔Colosseum in Rome 〔意大利〕古罗马圆形剧场Big Ben in London 〔英国〕伦敦大笨钟Buckingham Palace 〔英国〕白金汉宫Hyde Park 〔英国〕海德公园London Tower Bridge 〔英国〕伦敦塔桥Westminster Abbey 〔英国〕威斯敏斯特大教堂The Mediterranean 地中海Niagara Falls 〔美国〕尼亚加拉大瀑布Panama Canal 巴拿马大运河Yellowstone National Park 〔美国〕黄石国家公园Statue of Liberty 〔美国纽约〕自由女神像Times Square 〔美国纽约〕时代广场The White House 〔美国华盛顿〕白宫World Trade Center 〔美国纽约〕世界贸易中心Central Park 〔美国纽约〕中央公园Yosemite National Park 〔美国〕尤塞米提国家公园Grand Canyon 〔美国亚利桑那州〕大峡谷APEC APEC所代表的是Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation 〔forum〕，即亚洲及太平洋地区经济合作组织〔论坛〕，简称为亚太经合组织。
国际环境保护
利比亚问题：中国立场
• 1970号决议中国投了赞成票 • 1973号决议中国投了弃权票
——政治上反对，法律上不阻拦 考虑到阿拉伯国家和非盟的关切和立场以及利比 亚当前的特殊情况，中方和有关国家一道对决议 投了弃权票，没有阻拦决议的通过。
全球化时代的法律冲突与对话
讨论：后卡扎菲时代的利比亚命运
• “后卡扎菲时代”的来临 • 利比亚内战不能简单定性为民主反对专制、自由反对压制
全球化时代的法律冲突与对话
• 理想中的R2P
1. 必须是大规模、持续的侵犯人权已经出现或即将发生 2. 必须出于人道主义动机，而不存在政治、经济或意识
形态方面的考虑，或此种考虑完全处于从属地位 3. 一切的和平努力已告失败 4. 采取的人道主义行动必须与该情势的严重程度相称 5. 人道主义干涉不能构成对国际和平与安全的威胁，以
应建立一个机制，解决主权与人道主义干涉的关系问题。 • 2000年加拿大政府承担了研究任务并支持建立了“干涉与国
家主权国际委员会”（International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty， ICISS) • 2001年该委员会研究报告正式发表，题目就是《保护的责任 》（Responsibility to Protect, RtoP, R2P)
全球化时代的法律冲突与对话
R2P的主要内涵
• 核心：将干涉的权利改变成干涉的责任，即在出 现人道危机时，国际社会有保护受害者的责任。
• 关键词 • 人道危机（humanitarian crisis or catastrophes ） • 国际社会 （international community） • 保护（protect） • 受害者（victims or vulnerable populations） • 责任（responsibility）
BBC新闻稿22篇
The two former cabinet minister Geoff Hoon and Patricia Hewitt had stunned everyone at westminster with their last-minute efforts to challenge Gordon Brown's leadership. But downing street and labour party officials have moved quickly to quash any revolts . Most importantly,current cabinet minister have come out and backed the prime minister,orbiting some cases with little apparent enthusiasm . So the latest challenge looks likely to be short lift . Although many within the labour party doubt Mr. Brown's leadership qualities ,they also seen to think it would only make things worse to get rid of him before the general election.
Public diplomacy and Hard Power_ The Challenges Facing NATO
95Public Diplomacy and Hard Power: The Challenges Facing NATOPhilip SeibIf the North Atlantic T reaty Organization (NATO) vanished tomorrow, would anyone notice?NATO is still with us, but is it valued by Americans and Europeans as it was during the Cold War? Does it really amount to anything more than an adjunct to the U.S. military? Just asking such questions is politi-cally incorrect in some circles, but NATO’s future is far from certain. Its leaders should be formulating answers to such queries.Since its creation in 1949, NATO has seen its mission evolve from being a U.S. and Western European counterweight to the military might of the Soviet Union. In recent years, NATO has served as a strike force in Kosovo and Libya and has contributed to combat operations in Afghanistan. Adversaries have become more diverse; today, the enemy is no longer the Red Army but, rather, Somali pirate crews. Perhaps most importantly, NATO remains the primary military connec-tion between Western Europe and the United States. It is a symbol of a stability that is part real, part illu-sion. Despite the Balkans war and tensions resulting from the breakup of Philip Seib is Professor of Journalism and Public Diplomacy and Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California. His most recent book is Real-Time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era.NATO remains the primary military connection between Western Europe and the United States. It is a symbol of a stability that is part real, part illusion.the fletcher forum of world affairs96the former Soviet bloc, the large-scale conflagration feared at the time of NATO’s birth has not happened.NATO has expanded to include twenty-eight members and possessesa huge bureaucracy indicative of an assumption that it is a permanentmultinational institution. It derives strength from the aspirations of Eastern European states that see NATO membership as protection against a post-Soviet Russia that is still considered avaricious. In recent years, however, NATO has displayed vulnerability, and its neglect of public diplomacy has contributed to the organization’s problematic trajectory.At the heart of this problem is the lack of fairly apportioned burden-sharing in the organization’s finances. In June 2011, then Secretary of Defense Robert Gates told NATO members that, during the Cold War, the United States had thought it worthwhile to contribute roughly 50 percent of NATO’s military spending but that recently the U.S. share had risen to more than 75 percent. Gates said, “The blunt reality is that there will be dwindling appetite and patience in the U.S. Congress—and in the American body politic writ large—to expend increasingly precious funds on behalf of nations that are apparently unwilling to devote the necessary resources or make the necessary changes to be serious and capable partners in their own defense.” Gates pointed out that in the NATO intervention in Libya, every member state voted for the mission, but fewer than a third took part in the actual air strikes and fewer than half participated at all. Of this, Gates said, “Frankly, many of those allies sitting on the sidelines do so not because they do not want to participate but simply because they can’t.The military capabilities simply aren’t there.”1The current Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, echoed Gates when he told NATO countries’ defense ministers in June 2013 that “over-depen-dence on any one country for critical capabilities brings with it risks.”Hagel also said that NATO “must address the gaps in military expenditures and capabilities of its partners. The tough decisions cannot continue to be deferred.”2A case can be made that it is only a matter of time before many of thenon-American NATO members become so non-functional as financial and military contributors that NATO funding will become politically unsus-tainable in the United States. Without the United States, NATO, as it is now constituted, would implode.Further diminishing U.S. interest in NATO is the increased American attention to regions other than Europe. James Goldgeier, Dean of American University’s School of International Service, recently wrote that “the U.S.will seek to recast the transatlantic relationship as one in which Europe will97maintain the peace on its own continent and engage in small interventions in its broader neighborhood when its interests are at stake, while the U.S. rebalances its foreign policy to manage the challenges arising dramatically in the Asia-Pacific region.”3While the U.S. focus broadens, NATO cannot afford to cling to an evaporating status quo. The organization—mainly its non-American members—must more assertively and more creatively address NATO’s future and, in doing so, reach a broader base, particularly the public’s of the member countries whose taxes support NATO-related defense spending. Given the amount of information available to global publics through social media and other new venues, the notion that NATO’s future can be determined by an elite few is obsolete. People know what is going on in the world and they want to be part of any process that affects their future. As a matter of basic politics, they resent being taken for granted. If the broadened base of support that Gates and Hagel have called for is to come into being, NATO will need greater country-by-country public support for essential spending. Public diplomacy in itself will not ensure NATO’s continued relevance, but if NATO fails to do a better job of listening to and reaching out to its diverse constituencies, the chances for its demise will increase significantly.Screams of protest can be anticipated from Brussels in response to assertions of NATO deficiencies in public diplomacy. NATO would assert that it does regard public diplomacy seriously and has high-ranking offi-cials, including an Assistant Secretary General for Public Diplomacy, who are responsible for its communications in this field. But NATO’s public diplomacy efforts persistently stumble while trying to reconcile a funda-mentally hard power role with a purported appreciation of soft power. The NATO website, for instance, while technologically up-to-date, often does not always link its content to NATO’s duties. A recent video news story for offered a thorough report about obstacles Afghan women may face when voting in their country’s 2014 presidential election. But nowhere in the story was there a mention of NATO or of how NATO might help ensure women’s security during the electoral cycle. NATO may be training the Afghan military and police whose job it will be to protect women’s voting rights, but this point was not explicitly made.public diplomacy and hard power: the challenges facing nato Given the amount of information available to global publics through social media and other new venues, the notion that NATO’sfuture can be determined by an elite few is obsolete.the fletcher forum of world affairs98This soft-sell may not be the most appropriate strategy. Beyond its combat role, NATO provides troops to assist relief efforts during humani-tarian emergencies. This has been a great service on numerous occasions, but no one is going to confuse NATO with the Red Cross. The organiza-tion’s public diplomacy is more likely to succeed if it were instead to focus on the realities of a world in which hard power is, for good or ill, still an essential element of geopolitics.NATO should direct its public diplomacy toward two general audi-ences. First, it should target the broad public that includes Americans and make the case that the end of the Cold War did not mean the end of a need for European defense. Second, it should focus on the publics of NATO’s non-U.S. member states and impress upon them that it is in their own interest to keep NATO intact and efficient by increasing defense spending and military capability.Concerning the first of these tasks, I recently attended a Baltic defense conference in Estonia and soon realized, as one of the few Americans partic-ipating, that the physical distance between the United States and Russia can make Americans nonchalant about Russian power and intentions. We allow ourselves to be distracted by ploys such as Russian President Vladimir Putin’s venting on The New York Times op-ed page while his near neighbors feel the persistent pressure of “soft coercion” applied by Russia. Still angry about NATO’s expansion onto what was once Soviet-controlled turf, Russia is turning economic screws on countries such as Moldova and Ukraine to keep them from drifting farther westward. That kind of pres-sure has already compelled Armenia to turn away from its European neigh-bors and join Russia’s customs union.4Sometimes, Russia’s tactics are not so soft. During spring and summer 2013, Russian military exercises in northern Europe included simulated air strikes and electronic warfare against Sweden and substantial troop move-ments near the Baltic states. NATO held its own exercises later in 2013, but they were considerably smaller in scale (and menace) than those conducted by Russia. There are even some joint NATO-Russia military drills, but they are limited to matters such as subma-rine rescue practice—useful but essen-tially token gestures.NATO enlarged its mandate when it expanded eastward but has simultaneously seen its capabilities shrink, as U.S. Defense Secretaries Gates and Hagel have pointed out, NATO enlarged its mandate when it expanded eastward but has simultaneously seen its capabilities shrink.public diplomacy and hard power: the challenges facing nato99because in terms of pure military strength, there is lopsided dependence within the organization on the United States. NATO is a partnership, butnot every partner can carry an equal amount of weight. Financial and oper-ational responsibilities should subsequently be apportioned realistically, including duties reassigned in recognition that the U.S. role may decrease.This proactive step is essential to maintain faith in NATO’s ability to preserve peace. If the organization’s newest members in the former Soviet satellite states feel neglected by the West and left to their own devices,the chances of a tragic mistake occurring amidst the back-and-forth of competing military exercises will increase. Even a minor error—such as one scared soldier pulling a trigger—could lead to a crisis. Were that to happen, the United States would be drawn in, even if just tangentially, andthe already rickety U.S.-Russia relationship would become even flimsier.At the Estonia conference, no one saw a significant confrontation as likely,but Russia’s military activity was viewed as troubling.While Russia pursues its aggressive maneuvering, a strong but not provocative NATO presence can serve as a calming influence, and that works to the advantage of the United States, Europe, and the broader world. NATO has done a poor job of delivering this message to its member nations’ publics, as is evidenced by some of those nations’ diminished contributions. The second part of this proposed public diplomacy task for NATO is, thus, crucial. It must convince the citizens of its member coun-tries to invest more in their own defense as it relates to their role in NATO. Within the organization, the agreed-upon benchmark for defense spendingis 2 percent of the GDP, but as of 2012, according to NATO records, only four NATO members reached this spending threshold—the United States,the United Kingdom, Greece, and Estonia.5 Secretary Gates had warned in 2011 that NATO could be “turning into a two-tiered alliance … between those willing and able to pay the price and bear the burdens of alliance commitments, and those who enjoy the benefits of NATO membership—be they security guarantees or headquarters billets—but don’t want to sharethe risks or costs.” This, said Gates, “is no longer a hypothetical worry.”6 As NATO’s military operations in Afghanistan and Libya have illustrated, the organization’s original mandate of protecting its mostly European members has changed. The U.S. military recognizes that Asia has become the locus of the most significant strategic challenges for the near future, and sub-Saharan Africa will also require more attention given the increased activity of al-Qaeda-related militant groups there. The United States sees Europe today more as a staging ground rather than a prospec-tive battleground, and its security will be entrusted to a less U.S.-centricthe fletcher forum of world affairs100NATO and the European Union, with America acting as NATO’s guar-antor of last resort.NATO’s mission today is broader than the conventional, border-based defense that for which it was originally conceived. Publics in the United States and Europe should be reminded that NATO can help defend against modern threats such as cyberattacks, terrorism, nuclear prolifera-tion, and other dangers that require capabilities far removed from Cold War defense strategies. That is the new reality to which NATO must adjust as it makes the case for its continued relevance. The adjustment is more political than military and, as such, will require the kind of imaginative and thorough public diplomacy that NATO has yet to prove that it can master. By the time of the 2014 NATO summit, the organization should have a comprehensive plan to maintain and expand the broad-based public support it needs to ensure a healthy future. fENDNOTES1 Robert M. Gates, “The Security and Defense Agenda (Future of NATO),” speechdelivered at B russels, B elgium, June 10, 2011 </speeches/speech.aspx?speechID=1581> (accessed October 22, 2013).2 Jorge Benitez, “Will the U.S. ‘Rebalance’ Its Contribution to NATO?” Defense One,October 20, 2013 </ideas/2013/10/will-us-rebalance-its-contribution-nato/72281/?oref=d-interstitial-continue> (accessed October 21, 2013).3 James Goldgeier, “Washington’s Call to Arms,” The World T oday, October-November2013, 25.4 David M. Herszenhorn, “Russia Putting a Strong Arm on Neighbors,” The New YorkTimes, October 23, 2013.5 B enitez.6 Gates.。
english listening scripts
[ti:][ar:][al:][by:华研外语][00:00.00]The BBC has learned that the British Prime Minister Gordon Brown [00:03.44]has decided that the British general election will take place on May 6th.[00:07.56]Mr. Brown will go to Buckingham Palace tomorrow Tuesday [00:11.41]to ask Queen Elizabeth to dissolve parliament,[00:13.53]and then make a formal announcement of the election date. [00:16.34]That will start the official election campaign,[00:18.96]which, a BBC correspondent says,[00:21.32]will be dominated by issues of taxation and spending[00:24.31]in the wake of the global recession.[ti:][ar:][al:][by:华研外语][00:00.00]Less than six months before a general election in Britain,[00:04.71]the governing Labour Party is embroiled again in internal strife.[00:08.20]Two former cabinet ministers have called for secret ballot of members [00:12.11]to decide whether the Prime Minister Gordon Brown[00:14.66]should continue as party leader.[00:16.53]Mr. Brown has called a general election by June this year.[00:19.27]Our political correspondent Rob Watson reports.[00:22.44]The two former cabinet ministers Geoff Hoon and Patricia Hewitt[00:26.98]had stunned everyone at Westminster[00:29.22]with their last-minute efforts to challenge Gordon Brown's leadership. [00:32.64]But Downing Street and Labour Party officials[00:35.81]have moved quickly to quash any revolts.[00:38.18]Most importantly, current cabinet ministers[00:42.03]have come out and backed the prime minister,[00:44.40]orbiting some cases with little apparent enthusiasm.[00:48.19]So the latest challenge looks likely to be short lift.[00:51.86]Although many within the Labour Party doubt[00:54.60]Mr. Brown's leadership qualities,[00:56.28]they also seem to think it would only make things worse[00:59.58]to get rid of him before the general election.[ti:][ar:][al:][by:华研外语][00:00.00]The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown[00:03.89]is offering to scale back Britain's nuclear deterrence[00:06.81]if an international agreement is reached[00:09.30]to cut the world's nuclear arsenals.[00:11.35]Mr. Brown is expected to tell a special[00:13.72]session of the United Nations Security Council on Thursday[00:17.14]that he'll be willing to give up one of four royal navy submarines[00:21.24]that carry Trident nuclear missiles.[00:23.23]Officials are insisting that cost isn't a factor here.[00:26.47]Here's our defence correspondent Nick Childs.[00:28.58]Gordon Brown is saying he'll be ready to[00:31.51]throw part of the trident force into the port[00:33.37]in the context of a much bigger global disarmament deal. [00:35.92]He said so in general terms before.[00:38.60]This offer though is more concrete.[00:40.59]There is a growing sense that to avoid what some fear[00:44.07]could be a sudden cascade of new nuclear states,[00:46.50]the established nuclear powers need to do more[00:48.99]in terms of disarmament[00:50.35]to keep the proliferation regime intact.[00:52.34]The Prime Minister will hope his move[00:54.40]will be seen as an important gesture.[00:56.08]But the key to the process will be the actions of the big players, [00:59.44]the United States and Russia.[ti:][ar:][al:][by:华研外语][00:00.00]The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is expected to confirm [00:04.60]that he is sending hundreds more troops to Afghanistan, [00:07.09]bringing the total number of British troops there to about 9,500.[00:10.76]Britain has the second largest NATO contingent in Afghanistan [00:15.12]after the United States.[00:16.92]Our defense correspondent Caroline Wyatt reports.[00:19.41]In his statement on Afghanistan,[00:21.90]it's believed Mr. Brown will say he's agreed in principle[00:24.26]to send around 500 extra British troops to Helmand.[00:27.74]The military advice says that extra forces are needed[00:30.67]to help maintain progress[00:31.97]and dominate the ground more effectively[00:34.03]to keep the Taliban out of key areas.[00:36.08]However, there will be caveats.[00:38.50]The Prime Minister will want assurances from military chiefs [00:41.37]that the extra troops will be properly equipped.[00:44.10]But he'll also expect Britain's NATO partners to follow suit [00:47.27]by offering more forces themselves.[00:49.33]NATO defense ministers are likely to discuss troop levels[00:52.69]on a meeting formally in Bratislava next week.It's back to work for Indian government oil workersafter a three-day strike that crippled Indian commerce.Some 45,000 oil workers walked off the jobafter the government refused their demands for higher pay.The labor standoff endedafter days of intense government pressure,including threats of job loss and even arrest to strikers. Meantime, talks with a second group of nationwide strikersmay soon be underway.The Indo-Asian News-Service saysIndia's transport minister is readyto discuss demands from truckers.Many across India have parked their rigs,calling for reduction in diesel and tyre prices.The U.S. government closes its embassyin the Middle Eastern country of Yemen,and that is because of security concerns.One official says that a group called al Qaedain the Arabian Peninsula might beplanning an attack against the facility.That same group said it was behind an attempted plotto set off an explosive onboard a planeheading to Detroit, Michigan.That took place on Christmas day.The suspect allegedly brought the explosiveson the plane in his underwear.The plan failed when the device he tried to usedidn't detonate correctly.Some people have askedhow the suspect made it past security.One U.S. official says it's because of human error.President Obama has promisedthat everyone involved in the attackwill be held accountable for it.But some critics arguethat the president's responseto the situation hasn't been fast enough,hasn't been aggressive enough.Indian Commerce Minister Anand Sharma and his counterparts from the Association of Southeast Asian Nationssealed the agreement in Bangkok Thursday.They met on the sidelinesof the annual ASEAN Economic Ministers Meeting.The agreement creates one of Asia's biggest trading areasand integrates India's fast growing economywith 10 of its neighbors.Trade between India and ASEAN amounts to$40 billion each year.Under the pact, India and ASEAN will eliminatetariffs on various goods by 2016.Britain's political life has been dominatedfor the past three decades by two parties- the Conservatives, now led by David Cameron,and Labor headed by current Prime Minister Gordon Brown.But a third party, the Liberal Democrats,are turning this election into a three-horse race.Their campaign was given a major boostby Britain's first ever televised debate last week;Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg emerged as the clear winner. Viewer polls taken after this second debate,which focused on foreign policy,showed there was no runaway victor.The last time Britain had a hung parliament was in 1974.A final televised debate is to take place next Thursday,followed by the election on May 6.Stock markets in Europe and the United States have fallen sharplyin response to further signs that the debt crisis in Greece is intensifying and could spread to other countries.Share prices in New York, London, Frankfurt and Parisfell by more than 2% after a major international credit rating agency Standard & Poor's downgraded Greek debtto a level known informally as junk.Nils Blythe has more.Standard & Poor's downgraded its assessmentof Greek bonds to the so-called junk statusbecause of the growing dangerthat the bond holders will not be paid back in full.Many big investment funds have rulesthat forbid them from holding junk bonds,says the move is likely to trigger a further round of selling. Share markets have taken fright,fearing that if Greece does default on its debts,it would hit many European banks which hold Greek bonds and could trigger a wider financial crisis.Already pressure is mounting on Portugalwhich has also seen its credit rating downgraded today, although it remains above junk status.Lawmakers in Nebraska have approved a big changeto the state's controversial safe haven law.Under the new measure,children older than 30 dayscan not be dropped off at state hospitals.35 children, many of them,preteens or even teenagers,have been abandoned in hospitalssince the original law took effect in July.State lawmakers say it was intended to prevent newborns from being dumped in trash bins or even worse. The new law is expected to go into effect at midnight.On the second day of debate all signs continued topoint toward an easy confirmation win for Sotomayor,the 55-year-old federal court judgenominated by President Barack Obama earlier this year.Although most of the 40 Senate Republicans are likely to vote against her,the decision Wednesday of Missouri Senator Kit Bondadded to the number of Republicans who have committed to voting for her.Senator Bond, who is one of several Republicansretiring from the Senate next year,said while he respects and agrees with the legal reasoningothers in his party used to oppose Sotomayor,lawmakers have an obligation to show deferenceto a president's choice of a nominee.The International Monetary Fundhas told governments across the worldthat further action is neededto help return the global financial system to stability.In a fresh estimate of the scale of the problem,the IMF says global losses on toxic assetscould total four trillion dollars. Andrew Walker reports.This report does identifywhat it calls some early signs of stabilization in financial systems,but there are not many of them.And the IMF says further action will be neededif they're to be sustained.In two key areas, it says that progress by governmentshas been piecemeal and reactive,dealing with the problem assets held by financial institutionsand how to handle banks that need extra capital.For that problem the report saystemporary government ownership may sometime be necessary.Officials in Germany saythe total financial aid package for Greececould be more than double, the 60 billion dollarsthat is previously expected.The head of the International Monetary Fund Dominique Strauss-Kahn is in Berlin trying to persuade Germanyto agree to the financial rescue plan.He said the deal needed to be implemented quicklyas the situation was getting worse every dayand could affect other European countries.but the German Chancellor Angola Merkel saidBerlin needed to be searchingthat Greece was serious about spending cuts.The head of the International Monetary Fund saysGreece has nothing to fear from the organization.At a news conference in Washington,Dominique Strauss-Kahn said the IMF was trying to provide Greece with the advice and resources necessaryto help with its debt problem.Andrew Walker reports from Washington.Mr.Strauss-Kahn was responding to a Greek journalistwho said the Greek public are demonizing the IMFthat they fear things will be worse with IMF involvement. The agency has a reputation for requiring borrowing countriesto make deep cuts in popular government spending programs. Mr. Strauss-Kahn said the Greek people should think of the IMF as a cooperative organizationwhere the countries of the world work togetherto help those in troubleby providing resources and adviceon behalf of the international community.Finance ministers of the world's leading industrializedand developing countries, the G20,have agreed to continue supporting the global economic recovery. In a statement released after their meeting in Scotland,the ministers said conditions had improved,but economic and financial recovery was unevenand unemployment a worry.Andrew Walker reports.The communiqué avoids complacency.Although economic and financial conditions have improved, they decided they still need to keep up the initiativesintended to restore growth.The meeting was, however,rather overshadowed by a statementfrom the British Prime Minister Gordon Brown,suggesting a tax on financial transactionsas one of a number of options for making bankspay for the crisis. His calls have been received politelyby the finance ministersbut several made remarks which suggestthat other ways of tackling the problemare rather more likely to be adopted.。
bbc
BBC News Item 5 经济：欧美股市大跌
Stock markets in Europe and the United States have fallen sharply in response to further signs that the debt crisis in Greece is intensifying and could spread to other countries. Share prices in New York, London, Frankfurt and Paris fell by more than 2% after a major international credit rating agency Standard & Poor’s downgraded Greek debt to a level known informally as junk. Nils Blythe has more. Standard & Poor’s downgraded its assessment of Greek bonds to the so-called junk status because of the growing danger that the bond holders will not be paid back in full. Many big investment funds have rules that forbid them from holding junk bonds, says the move is likely to trigger a further round of selling. Share markets have taken fright, fearing that if Greece does default on its debts, it would hit many European banks which hold Greek bonds and could trigger a wider financial crisis. Already pressure is mounting on Portugal which has also seen its credit rating downgraded today, although it remains above junk status.
BBC
[00:24.82]Standard & Poor's downgraded its assessment
[00:27.56]of Greek bonds to the so-called junk status
[00:30.04]because of the growing danger
[00:15.12]after the United States.
[00:16.92]Our defense correspondent Caroline Wyatt reports.
[00:19.41]In his statement on Afghanistan,
[00:21.90]it's believed Mr. Brown will say he's agreed in principle
[00:40.59]There is a growing sense that to avoid what some fear
[00:44.07]could be a sudden cascade of new nuclear states,
[00:46.50]the established nuclear powers need to do more
[00:44.40]orbiting some cases with little apparent enthusiasm.
[00:48.19]So the latest challenge looks likely to be short lift.
[00:51.86]Although many within the Labour Party doubt
国家安全法 english
国家安全法 englishChina's National Security Law: Safeguarding the Country's Sovereignty and StabilityChina's National Security Law, enacted in 2015, is a significant step towards ensuring the country's safety, sovereignty, and stability. This law serves as a robust framework to safeguard national interests and combat emerging threats, both internal and external, ensuring peace and prosperity for its citizens.The aim of the National Security Law is to protect China's territorial integrity, its political system, and its economic development. By implementing this law, the Chinese government seeks to counter various security challenges, such as terrorism, separatism, espionage, and foreign interference.One of the main objectives of the National Security Law is to counter terrorism. China faces threats from extremist groups, particularly in the Xinjiang region, where separatist movements have been attempting to disrupt social harmony and stability. The law enables the implementation of targeted measures to identify and prevent terrorist activities, thereby safeguarding the lives and well-being of Chinese citizens.In addition to countering terrorism, the National Security Law addresses the issue of separatism. This law recognizes the importance of national unity and the need to maintain a cohesive society. By criminalizing acts that promote separatism or undermine national unity, the law helps maintain stability and harmonious relations among different ethnic groups within China.Espionage poses a significant threat to national security, and China's National Security Law addresses this issue comprehensively. It provides a legal framework to prevent and combat espionage activities carried out by foreign entities or individuals within China. This ensures the protection of valuable state secrets and critical infrastructure.Furthermore, the National Security Law aims to safeguard China's political system from foreign interference. It recognizes that foreign forces may attempt to undermineChina's sovereignty through various means, including sponsoring dissident activities or interfering in domestic affairs. The law empowers the government to counter such activities and safeguard the country's political integrity.Economic security is another crucial aspect addressed by the National Security Law. As China's economy grows and becomes increasingly interconnected with the global economy, protecting vital economic sectors and technologies from unauthorized transfers or theft becomes imperative. The law provides mechanisms to safeguard intellectual property rights, trade secrets, and critical technologies, thereby ensuring sustained economic growth and development.It is important to note that the National Security Law also emphasizes the protection of individual rights and freedoms while maintaining national security. The law strikes a balance between security and civil liberties and includes provisions to protect the rights of citizens, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and privacy. These provisions ensure that national security measures are carried out within the boundaries of the law and protect the fundamental rights of the Chinese people.In conclusion, China's National Security Law plays a critical role in preserving the country's sovereignty, stability, and prosperity. By addressing terrorism, separatism, espionage, and foreign interference, the law ensures the safety and well-being of Chinese citizens. It safeguards national interests, protects critical infrastructure, and promotes economic growth while respecting individual rights and freedoms. The National Security Law is a vital tool in maintaining China's security and upholding its position as a responsible global player.。
解释北大西洋公约组织名词解释
解释北大西洋公约组织名词解释北大西洋公约组织（NATO）是一个国际政治和军事联盟，成立于1949年，其成员国主要由北美和欧洲国家组成。
本文将对北大西洋公约组织的相关名词进行解释，以帮助读者更好地理解该组织。
正文1. 北大西洋公约组织（NATO）: 北大西洋公约组织是一个由30个成员国组成的政治和军事联盟。
其成立宗旨是保护成员国的安全和稳定，并为维护国际和平作出贡献。
该组织以加强成员国之间的合作和协调为目标，通过政治和军事手段来应对各种安全挑战。
2. 成员国（Member States）: 北大西洋公约组织的成员国是指签署并接受《北大西洋公约》的国家。
目前，该组织共有30个成员国，涵盖了北美和欧洲地区的大部分国家。
每个成员国都有平等的权利和义务，包括共同决策和共同承担防务责任。
3. 《北大西洋公约》（North Atlantic Treaty）: 《北大西洋公约》是北大西洋公约组织的法律基础和组织章程。
该公约于1949年4月4日签署，旨在建立一个旨在推进成员国防务合作和加强地区安全的联盟。
公约规定了成员国之间的相互义务和承诺，包括集体防御和共同决策原则。
4. 集体防御（Collective Defense）: 集体防御是北大西洋公约组织的核心原则之一。
根据《北大西洋公约》，一旦任何一个成员国受到武装攻击，其他成员国将予以协助和支持，采取必要的行动来保护受到攻击的成员国。
这个原则强调了成员国之间的团结和一致性，以保护整个联盟的安全。
5. 北大西洋理事会（North Atlantic Council）: 北大西洋理事会是北大西洋公约组织的最高决策机构。
该理事会由成员国的外交部长或国防部长组成，负责制定和执行北大西洋公约的政策和决策。
理事会通过协商和共识来推动联盟的工作，并处理各种安全事务和政治议题。
6. 伙伴关系国家（Partner Countries）: 伙伴关系国家是指与北大西洋公约组织建立了特殊合作关系的国家。
北大西洋公约组织名词解释
北大西洋公约组织名词解释所谓北大西洋公约组织(NATO，又称北约，简称NATO)，是一个由美国、加拿大、英国、法国、德国、意大利、日本、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡九国组成的政府间国际组织。
其目标是共同防御北大西洋公约组织(NATO)，也称为北约，是冷战中的产物，成立于1949年4月4日。
所谓北大西洋公约组织(NATO)，是一个由美国、加拿大、英国、法国、德国、意大利、日本、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡九国组成的政府间国际组织。
其目标是共同防御北大西洋公约组织(NATO)，也称为北约，是冷战中的产物，成立于1949年4月4日。
是北约前身欧洲经济共同体和欧洲原子能共同体的继承者。
北约的正式名称是“北大西洋公约组织”。
简称“北约”。
北约是当今世界最大的军事集团，有数十个国家参加，总部设在比利时首都布鲁塞尔。
欧洲国家北约自建立以来就把主要精力放在军事领域。
1949年4月4日，美、加、英、法等国政府首脑在华盛顿举行会议，决定建立一个军事集团以取代老的北大西洋公约组织，并决定创建一个军事联盟以对抗苏联。
1953年2月，北约的6个主要国家在布鲁塞尔召开会议，签订了《建立欧洲防务集团条约》。
条约共14条，对北约的目的、性质、作用、地位和机构设置、权利和义务等都做出了规定。
“北约”的军事行动计划(TACOM，又称作“北约行动构想”)是北约发展历史上的重要里程碑。
这份文件的核心思想是在核战争时期，北约的军事存在是必要的。
北约的核心任务是防止大规模毁灭性武器的扩散，保护欧洲和世界不受美苏两个超级大国的侵略和控制。
“北约”的根本宗旨是防御，但是在防御的过程中也会发动进攻性战役。
但是在和平时期，“北约”的主要行动是加强合作，尤其是在经济领域。
另外，北约还以维持国际和平与安全为借口，推行其全球战略。
“北约”的存在将永远改变欧洲，也将永远改变世界。
北约一直打着人道主义的旗号，频繁地介入他国内政，干涉别国内政，在世界各地挑起事端，破坏稳定。
罗斯福新政的政府调控与市场自由的对抗统一
罗斯福新政的政府调控与市场自由的对抗统一罗斯福新政是美国历史上一个重要的政治运动，它代表了一个新的政府策略，以解决大萧条（The Great Depression）中的经济衰退和社会问题，同时兼顾政府调控与市场自由之间的对抗统一。
罗斯福总统通过对于国家经济中心的调控来解决经济问题。
他提出了“新政”政策，建立了一系列的政府计划来确保经济的稳定性和发展性。
其中，CCC（Civilian Conservation Corps）和WPA（Works Progress Administration）是重要的两个计划，它们主要是为了提供就业岗位，提高劳动力的素质和水平，并在国家基础设施建设、工业投资等领域推动经济的发展；另外还有国家银行复兴法案以及针对农业的AAA（Agricultural Adjustment Act）等法案，通过给予政府更多的干预财政和经济时期，来保证国家经济稳定和安全。
但是，政府干预也面临着市场自由的对抗。
罗斯福的新政引发了一些市场自由主义者的不满，他们认为政府干预会带来恶劣的副作用，引发经济动荡。
一些企业家和民主党的一些观点上的朋友们坚信，政府控制和管理多个方面的商业活动是不行的。
他们认为，“新政”及其代表了政府的过度控制和独断专行的管理，这会让市场变得混乱，抑制企业的自由竞争，甚至可能导致政治腐败。
在这些不同的观点之间，政府干预和市场自由似乎是相互对抗的。
但是，在理性分析之后，我们发现两者不是对立的。
政府的调控，从根本上说是为了促进市场的良性发展，维护市场运行的公平和稳定。
如果政府可以合理地制定政策和管理控制，它不仅可以通过公平的反垄断政策和贸易规则来维护市场的竞争和公平，以及对生产力和消费者保护，从而促进经济发展和市场自由竞争。
市场与政府之间的对抗统一，是为了更好地服务于人民的根本利益。
最终，罗斯福新政的政府调控和市场自由之间的对抗统一，体现了美国资本主义体系的优势。
这种体系不仅可以为投资者和企业家提供广阔的发展空间和机会，而且还可以通过优化政府和市场的合理化、合作和互相制约的关系，为整个社会创造更大的幸福和福利。
关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约英文版
关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约英文版The Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, signed on August 12, 1949, stands as a pivotal document in the annals of international law, dedicated to safeguarding the fundamental rights and dignity of civilians during conflicts. This Convention,often referred to as the Fourth Geneva Convention, is a testament to the international community's commitment to ensuring the humane treatment and protection of non-combatants caught in the crossfire of war.The Convention outlines a comprehensive set of measures aimed at minimizing the impact of war on civilians. It mandates that civilians under the power of a conflicting party shall be afforded protection and humane treatment, including the right to safe evacuation and the guarantee of fundamental rights for those who cannot be repatriated. The Convention prohibits the destruction of undefended townsand villages, the killing, coercion, abuse, and deportation of peaceful residents. It also forbids any measures causing physical suffering or annihilation, such as murder, torture,mutilation, and medical or scientific experiments not necessitated by treatment.Furthermore, the Convention underscores the respect for the personal, familial, honorary, property, religious, and cultural integrity of civilians, who must be treated with humanity and protected from all acts of violence, threats of violence, public curiosity, or humiliation. Occupying powers are prohibited from forcing protected persons to serve in their armed or auxiliary forces, and collective punishments and hostage-taking are strictly forbidden.The Fourth Geneva Convention also places an obligation on states to search for and prosecute individuals accused of or ordering serious violations of its provisions. This commitment extends to conflicts between states that are not necessarily signatories to the Convention, reflecting the universality of its protective principles.The genesis of this Convention can be traced back to earlier treaties such as the Hague Convention II in 1899 and Hague Convention IV in 1907, which contained scattered provisions on the protection of civilians. However, the Fourth Geneva Convention significantly expanded anddeveloped these earlier provisions, providing a more comprehensive and robust framework for the protection of civilians in times of war.The impact of the Convention has been felt far and wide, shaping the conduct of war and the treatment of civiliansin conflict zones. It has served as a powerful tool in the hands of advocates for human rights and humanitarian law, providing a legal basis for challenging abuses and demanding accountability. The Convention has also been invoked by international organizations and national governments to pressure belligerents into respecting the rights of civilians and adhering to the norms ofinternational law.Moreover, the Convention has had a significant educational impact, informing the understanding of war and its consequences among civilians and military personnel alike. It has been a vital component of international law education, helping to shape the ethical and legal frameworks within which decisions are made during conflicts. In conclusion, the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War represents alandmark achievement in the history of international humanitarian law. Its provisions have saved countless lives, preserved the dignity of civilians, and promoted the values of humanity and compassion in the midst of war. As we commemorate its adoption and continue to strive for a more peaceful world, it is crucial that we remember the Convention's legacy and its ongoing relevance in safeguarding the rights and welfare of civilians in timesof conflict.**关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约英文版及其深远影响**1949年8月12日签署的《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》是国际法领域的一部里程碑式文件，旨在保障冲突期间平民的基本权利和尊严。
wrap的用法和短语例句
wrap的用法和短语例句wrap有包;裹;覆盖;隐藏等意思，那么你知道wrap的用法吗?下面跟着小编一起来学习一下，希望对大家的学习有所帮助!wrap的用法大全：wrap的用法1：wrap的基本意思是包卷,指用纸、布或其他薄片把某物裹起来。
引申可表示缠绕覆盖遮蔽或使沉浸于使陷于对有极大兴趣等。
wrap的用法2：wrap既可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。
用作及物动词时,接简单宾语。
wrap的用法3：wrap的过去式和过去分词均为wrapped。
wrap的常用短语：用作动词(v.)wrap around〔round〕(v.+prep.)wrap in (v.+prep.)wrap up (v.+adv.)wrap的用法例句：1. NATO defense ministers wrap up their meeting in Brussels today.北约各国国防部长今天圆满结束了在布鲁塞尔的会议。
2. Diana is taking the opportunity to wrap up the family presents.黛安娜利用这个机会将家人的礼物包起来。
3. Wrap your baby snugly in a shawl or blanket. 拿一条披巾或毯子把宝宝舒舒服服地裹起来。
4. Wrap the foil over the fish.用箔纸把鱼包起来。
5. Remember to wrap up warmly on cold days. 记得天冷时穿暖和些。
6. Youd better wrap it with a piece of clean cloth. 你最好用一块干净的布把它包起来.7. Make sure you wrap up in the cold wind.冷风中,你一定要穿暖.8. Mind you wrap up well if you go out.你出外的话要围好围巾.9. You can wrap the skirt around your waist.你可以把裙子围在腰间.10. Use a cloth to wrap up the wound.用布把伤口包起来.11. You cant wrap fire in paper.纸包不住火.12. Lets wrap up the job and go home.我们收工回家吧.13. Wrap an oilcloth round the bedroll.行李卷儿外边再包一层油布.14. He is quite wrap ped up in studies.他专心于研究.15. I love crisp wintry days when you wrap up in cosy winter clothes.我喜欢清冽的冬日，可以裹着舒适的冬衣。
北约第5条
北约第5条
北约第5条是北大西洋公约组织（NATO）的一个重要条款，也被称为“集体防御条款”。
它是北约最核心的原则之一，旨在保障成员国在遭受武装攻击时的集体防御和支持。
北约第5条于1949年正式通过，成为北约组织的基本法律。
根据该条款，北约成员国确立了一个共同的承诺：如果任何一个成员国受到武装攻击，其他成员国将视此为对所有成员国的攻击，并采取一切必要的行动予以支持和保护。
这一原则旨在通过集体行动来防止任何单个成员国遭受攻击。
北约第5条的确立是为了维护成员国的安全和稳定。
在冷战时期，这一条款被视为对抗苏联的重要保障。
随着冷战的结束，北约组织也逐渐转变为一个更加多元化和包容的安全机制，但北约第5条的意义依然不可忽视。
在过去的几十年里，北约第5条曾经被多次激发。
最著名的一次是在2001年，美国遭受了“9·11”恐怖袭击。
在这一事件中，北约
成员国纷纷表示支持美国，并且首次启动了北约第5条。
这一行动也成为北约组织历史上第一次正式启用第5条的案例。
北约第5条的意义不仅在于提供了一种政治和军事上的集体保障，更在于树立了一个稳定和可预测的国际秩序。
它向世界展示了北约成员国之间的团结和坚定，也向潜在的对手表明了北约组织对于自身安全的坚定决心。
总的来说，北约第5条对于维护北约成员国的安全和稳定具有重要的意义。
它不仅是北约核心价值观的体现，更是国际社会维护和平与安全的重要保障。
通过集体防御和支持，北约成员国共同维护着一个和平、稳定和繁荣的国际秩序。
nato 翻译
nato 翻译NATO（North Atlantic Treaty Organization）是北大西洋公约组织的缩写。
它是一个由北美洲和欧洲国家组成的军事联盟，旨在保护成员国的安全和促进国际和平与稳定。
以下是一些常见的NATO相关用法和中英文对照例句：1. NATO成员国（NATO member states）- The United States is a NATO member state.（美国是NATO成员国。
）2. NATO秘书长（NATO Secretary General）- Jens Stoltenberg is the current NATO Secretary General.（延斯·斯托尔滕贝格是现任NATO秘书长。
）3. NATO峰会（NATO Summit）- The NATO Summit will be held in Brussels this year.（今年的NATO峰会将在布鲁塞尔举行。
）4. NATO军事演习（NATO military exercises）- NATO conducts regular military exercises to enhance interoperability among member states.（NATO定期进行军事演习，以加强成员国之间的互操作性。
）5. NATO防御预算（NATO defense budget）- Member states are committed to increasing their defense budgets to meet NATO's target.（成员国致力于增加防御预算，以满足NATO的目标。
）6. NATO联合行动（NATO joint operations）- NATO led joint operations in Afghanistan to combat terrorism.（NATO在阿富汗领导联合行动，打击恐怖主义。
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In remarks to reporters, German Defense Minister Franz Joseph Jung suggested that security would be beefed up with the recent deployment of a European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo, or EULEX, and the expansion of Kosovo's own security force in the coming months. Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia last year, despite strong opposition from Belgrade and from Moscow. Some analysts suggest that the NATO troops in Kosovo could be redeployed to Afghanistan where U.S. and NATO forces are battling a strong Taliban insurgency. Afghanistan was also on the agenda during the Brussels meeting. The first of some 21,000 additional American troops are beginning to arrive there ahead of presidential elections in August. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates. "There is a general feeling I could say that with all these additional troops and all these additional efforts that everybody is making to get to the elections in Afghanistan, to have a momentum, to have a free and fair election and then see over the next months whether we can begin to shift the momentum," Gates said. During the next year, Gates said, it will be critical to show that progress has been made in the war in Afghanistan. Otherwise, he said, patience in the United States and in other NATO countries for the mission could wear thin.
NATO Defense Ministers Approve Troop Cut in Kosovo
Broadcast date: 6-11-2009 / Written by Lisa Bryant
From /voanews/english/ The North Atlantic Treaty Organization says it plans to withdraw about a third of its force in Kosovo by next year because the security situation has improved. The announcement came during a meeting of NATO defense ministers in Brussels. The announced troop cut was widely anticipated and will leave about 10,000 NATO forces in Kosovo -- compared to up to 15,000 troops there at any given time. While NATO officials gave no specific timeline for the drawdown, Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer said it could take place by next January.
U.S. Secretary for Defense Robert Gates, right, shares a word with British Defense Secretary Bob Ainsworth, left, during a NATO meeting in