北航2011年考博英语真题
北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试试题一参考答案及详解
北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题一PART 1 Listening Comprehension (20 points) (略)PART II Reading Comprehension(30 points)Directions:There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids(小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids(流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us. But there are also thousands whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $ 40 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $ 10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn't be cheap.Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 400, 000 years. Sounds pretty rare-but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. "If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us," says one scientist. "It's that simple."The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? "The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them," said a New Y ork Times article.21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?A. They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B. They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C. There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D. Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?A. It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B. Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.C. Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D. It's still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.23. What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the course of asteroids?A. It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B. It may create more problems than it might solve.C. It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D. Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.24. We can conclude from the passage that _.A. while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the worldB. asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near futureC. the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetimeD. workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth.25. Which of the following best describes the author's tone in this pass age?A. Optimistic.B. Critical.C. Objective.D. Arbitrary.Passage 2Believe it or not,optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形)painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.Now the American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japan's success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest-curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bar.Chevrons, scientists say，not only give drivers the impress ion that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.26. The passage mainly discusses .A. a new way of highway speed controlB. a new pattern for painting highwaysC. a new approach to training driversD. a new type of optical illusion27. On roads painted with chevrons drivers tend to feel that .A. they should avoid speed-related hazardsB. they are driving in the wrong laneC. they should slow down their speedD. they are approaching the speed limit28. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former .A. can keep drivers awakeB. can cut road accidents in halfC. will have a longer effect on driversD. will look more attractive29. The American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to .A. try out the Japanese method in certain areasB. change the road signs across the countryC. replace straight horizontal bars with chevronsD. repeat the Japanese road patterns30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?A. They are falling out of use in the United States.B. They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.C. They are applicable only on broad roads.D. They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.Passage 3There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature ( often referred to as "background" ), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results ( often referred to as discussion).The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. Thisdetailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research.The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research 'article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting .and whether they are researchers or practitioners.31. The best title for this passage could beA. Types of Research ReportsB. Types of Journal ArticlesC. Writing of research ReportsD. Writing of Different Artic les32. The common aspect for the journal articles, theses and conference papers lies in thatA. they are all for the practitionersB. they are all to be read by researchersC. they are all for being publishedD. they are all forms of reporting research33. We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly throughA. their writing style and lengthB. their aims and possible audiencesC. their presented places and timeD. their content and purposes34. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in this passage?A. Both journal articles and conference papers are reported in a brief and informative way.B. All the theses or dissertations and conference papers are reported in spoken languages.C. Both the journal articles and conference papers are influenced greatly by the intended receivers.D. The various formats of research reports may be presented in different ways.35. How can a professor evaluate a student's capability of implementing the research?A. By concentrating on the main factors like the purpose, background, procedures and discussion.B. By emphasizing the practical implications and recommendations of the research.C. By focusing on the detailed description of the process of the research such as the tools, procedures, the process of data analysis, the results, conclusions, etc.D. By noticing the detailed method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, the techniques for analyzing the date and results, etc.Passage 4In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages have become interested in improving their bodies. They have become devoted to physical fitness. The need to exercise has almost become compulsive with many persons who have a strong desire to be more physically fit.By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about their hobbies and pastimes. They apply this enthusiasm, and energy to jogging/running. As a result, there are running clubs to join andmany books and magazines to read about running.The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the 1960s caused an increase on the part of the public in improving the human body.Middle-aged men especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, they are one group strongly interested in more physical exercise. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decrease in the 1970s and it is still decreasing.Physical fitness currently enjoys a favored role in the United States. It is a new "love" that many Americans have cherished. Will it last long? Only time will tell or until another "new passion" comes along.36. In recent years, many Americans have become interested in improving their bodies becauseA. they are enthusiastic about their hobbies and pastimesB. they have a strong desire to be more physically fitC. there are many running clubs to joinD. there are many books and magazines to read about running37. The passage implies that is a great favorite of many Americans, men and women, old and young.A. jogging/runningB. joining running clubsC. reading books and magazines about runningD. going in for all kinds of sports38. Middle-aged men suffering from heart attacksA. are compulsive joggersB. are encouraged by their doctors to go in for jogging/runningC. are interested in taking more physical exerciseD. are enthusiastic and energetic about hobbies and pastimes39. In the sentence "In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs", the word "sedentary" meansA. involving physical workB. needing much sittingC. energy-consumingD. sleep-producing40. According to the passage, will the love for physical exercise last long for Americans?A. Y es.B. No.C. Somebody can tell.D. It is hard to tell.PART III Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter oil the ANSWER SHEET witha single line through the center.41. Not until the game had begun __ at the sports ground.A. should he have arrivedB. had he arrivedC. did he arriveD. would he had arrived42. Neither at this meeting nor at the previous one _ the proposal.A. they did not discussB. did they discussC. do they discussD. would they discuss43. The molecules of gases move more freely than __A. do liquids and solidsB. liquids and solids doC. do those of liquids and solidsD. those do of liquids and solids44. The taller the container, _________ at the bottom.A. the greater will the water pressure beB. the water pressure will be greaterC. the greater will be the water pressureD. greater the water pressure will be45. from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.A. Jumped down the burglarB. Down the burglar jumpedC. The burglar jumped downD. Down jumped the burglar46. To the north of the city __ a small island.A. lainB. liesC. was thereD. there lays47. she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.A. That was from StephenB. It was Stephen whomC. It was from Stephen thatD. It was Stephen that48. Was it __ the professor regarded with such contempt?A. them whoB. them whomC. he whoD. those49. __ the Europeans began to learn how to use the compass on their ships.A. It was not until the 12th century whenB. Hardly it was the 12th century thanC. No sooner it was the 12th century whenD. It was not until the 12th century that50. When I try to understand _ _ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is51. More often it is the President, and not the members of his cabinet, __ the populace.A. who appeal toB. to whom appeal toC. whom appeals toD. who appeals to52. On the large board in the main hall of the airport .you can easily find the different Destinations __which airlines can take you.A. inB. ofC. toD. by53. Not until actually faced with water scarcity __ appreciate the value of water to a region.A. one canB. one can notC. can oneD. can not one54. Most people don't think of a stamp as a receipt, but that is __ it really is a proof of just how much money you have paid in advance for mail delivery.A. whatB. whyC. howD. who55. Without water from the Nile River, Egypt __ a farming country and become a desert.A. will cease to beB. would cease to beC. will cease beingD. would cease being56. Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that what I said.A. it was something inB. there was something asC. it was something asD. there was something in57. There is little, __, farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild countryside.A. if soB. if suchC. if notD. if any58. In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences that of their families.A. rather thanB. other thanC. except forD. but for59. The singer on the stage has a young __ face and a voice of an __A. boy...angelB. boy's…angelC. boy…ang el'sD. boy's…angel's60. A new material __, we have good reason to be optimistic.A. developedB. being developedC. was being developedD. was developed PART IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.What attracts customers? Obviously the quality of a product does, but visual images 61a great deal. It is not only the image provided by the packaging that 62 but the whole corporate63 of the company. There are now many products and services on the market which are similar in content 64 produced by different companies. It is vital, therefore, for a company to 65 itself from its competitors by having a strong company image which is immediately 66 Logos are part of this image. They are 67 which often include a name or initials to identify a company. The logo establishes a 68 identity for the company, just as different groups of young people express their identity through hairstyles and clothes. All groups from all cultures and 69 the ages have used colors and symbols to show their identity. In different cultures, different colors 70 different meanings. Some colors may be connected with coldness in one culture and with 71 in another:some colors represent 72 in one culture but death in another. International companies have, 73 , to make sure that their logos will not be misunderstood or misinterpreted in different countries.Many companies have, over the years, 74 their logos to fit in with contemporary design and to present more powerful images. Company logos can be emotive and can 75 loyalty by 76 the instinct. Some logos 77 an idea of the product, and a case in point is the steering wheel in the Mercedes logo. Logos are used on letterheads, packaging and 78 as well as on the product itself. They may also appear in newspapers or on television as part of an advertising 79 .Companies need to have a strong corporate identity. The logo helps to promote this image andto fix it in the minds of the 80 . Logos, therefore, need to be original and to have impact and style.61. A. attribute B. contribute C. devote D. attract62. A. concerns B. involves C. counts D. means63. A. features B. quality C. identity D. status64. A. instead B. and C. though D. as65. A. exist B. isolate C. hold D. distinguish66. A. observable B. differentiable C. recognizable D. accountable67. A. symbols B. signs C. signals D. indications68. A. visible B. visual C. brief D. explicit69. A. in B. throughout C. for D. between70. A. contain B. carry C. predominate D. convey71. A. mildness B. consolation C. affection D. warmth72. A. life B. love C. live D. alive73. A. otherwise B. still C. therefore D. additionally74. A. continued B. kept C. changed D. refreshed75. A. promote B. inspire C. prompt D. stir76. A. regarding B. impressing C. influencing D. effecting77. A. combine B. collaborate C. incorporate D. blend78. A. covers B. brochures C. contents D. volumes79. A. movement B. plan C. campaign D. function80. A. consumers B. employers C. reporters D. manufacturersPART V T ranslation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (2).The fact known to us is that war, different from what many people believe it to be, is not completely an outcome of" humanity". Otherwise，war and violence among people would exist in all the human history or ahnost all societies. However, this is not the truth. Archaeologists' investigation results seem to suggest that men lived quite a peaceful life long ago. For example, among ancient French cave drawings which were earlier than 10, 000 B. C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other. This indicates that, in that early period of mankind, fight among people was comparatively rare.In a certain way, this discovery is not surprising at all:in the world of animals, it's rare for one to prey on another of its own species. They do kill other kinds of animals, but not their own. Like most animals, the proportion of inner violence among early human beings was relatively small. Therefore, war is not the inherent outcome of humanity but that of certain social and cultural conditions.PART VI Writing(15 points)Directions:A. Study the following graph carefully and write an essay in 200 words.B. Your essay should meet the requirements below.Outline:1. Interpret the graph.2. Suggest counter-measures.3. Give advice for jobseekers.参考答案及解析21．B 依据文章第二段第1行可以判断出两者性质相似只是体积不同，排除A项；文中并无两者数量上的比较，排除C项；也没有涉及D项的内容。
北京航空航天大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析
北京航空航天大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析Education is an absolute imperative in the emerging globalknowledge society,so new ways of providing access to education fora much higher percentage of the population are now being devised.The most dramatic examples of access to education are found inthe11distance-education mega-universities found around the world.In"distance education,"the student is separated in time or spacefrom the teacher or professor.The largest of these high enrollmentuniversities is in China,the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity,with more than3million students.The English-speakingworld has the British Open University,with215,000students,and theUniversity of South Africa,with120,000students.In addition to themega-universities,dozens of other national and regional systems areproviding education at all levels to students.The base delivery system for the distance-education Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi mega-universities istelevision,supplemented by other technologies or even some onsiteinstruction in more-developed countries.Some distance-educationsystems use two-way interactive video connections to particularlocations where students gather;others supplement with the Internet,and still others deliver only by Internet.Withvideo-and-audio-streaming now available,the Internet appears to bethe technology of choice for systems where students have access to computers.Of course,these technologies merely add to the radio--delivered courses that have been offered for years in many countries around the world.The programs and courses offered vary from basic literacy courses to the highest graduate-level programming.Hundreds of university degrees are now available through distance education,where90%or more of the required credits are given at a distance,as are dozens of master's degrees and a small number of accredited doctoral degrees. One estimate suggests that50,000university-level courses are now available through distance-education delivery systems.There will be two main types of educational institutions:those that add value in coursework and those that are certifying agencies. The certifying colleges and universities are those that act as educational bankers for students.Students will earn credits from many places and have the credits or certifications of completion sent to the certifying university,then that certifying university will award the degree when enough credits of the right type have been accumulated.Regent's College of the University of the State of New York and Thomas Edison College of New Jersey are public certifying institutions that give accredited degrees.One vision for some of the remaining residential colleges in the United States,now serving mainly the18-to-23-year-old population, is that many will become certifying colleges.Students will come tothe colleges for their social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs.The basic commodity these colleges will sell is membership in the college community.Students will access their courses from colleges and universities around the world,transfer the credits to the college,then gain a degree.Faculty members will serve as tutors and advisers and may provide some courses live.(479words)51.What is the passage mainly about?[A]The emerging global knowledge society[B]Distance-education mega-universities[C]The largest of these high enrollment universities[D]Two main types of educational institutions52.It may be inferred that the Internet could be the technology of choice in_______.[A]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[B]the University of South Africa[C]the British Open University[D]the English-speaking world53.We learn from the passage that the distance-education programs may offer all the following EXCEPT______.[A]virtually all the basic literacy courses and the highest graduate-level programming[B]nearly90%of the required credits[C]courses for master's degrees and accredited doctoral degrees[D]50,000university-level courses54.The residential colleges in the United States______.[A]serve only the18-to-23-year-old population[B]provide students with social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs[C]provide courses from colleges and universities around the world[D]may provide a lot of faculty members to conduct courses lively55.Judging from the context we know that a mega-universityis_______.[A]the largest of these high enrollment universities[B]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[C]the British Open University[D]a university with very large number of studentsText1151. B.远程教育的百万人大学。
2011北京大学考博英语真题听力部分
2011北京大学考博英语真题听力部分Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear several short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation you will be given10seconds to answer each of the questions.Mark your choice on the ANSWERSHEET by blackening the corresponding letter you have chosen.1.[A]At the airport.[B]At a travel agency.[C]At the post office.[D]At a stationery store.2.[A]He wasn't in the picture.[B]He left the park in a hurry.[C]He couldn't run fast enough.[D]He didn't have enough film.3.[A]He won't clean anything until tomorrow morning.[B]He never cleans his desk in the morning.[C]He's already cleaned his desk today.[D]He went to the cleaner's earlier4.[A]His roommate has it with him.[B]It isn't really about Texas.[C]He doesn't know where it is.[D]He can't lend it out.5.[A]His bill was very high.[B]He doesn't care how much the salary is.[C]He was careful not to spend too much.[D]He didn't pay any more than she did.6.[A]His pen.[B]His suitcase.[C]His passport.[D]His hotel reservation.7.[A]Whether Dave's arm hurts.[B]Whether Dave broke his arm.[C]When Dave will be paying for the window.[D]When Dave broke the window8.[A]Both bags cost the same per pound.[B]The man shouldn't Spend so much money on potatoes.[C]She always buys the same size bag.[D]She doesn't usually eat any potatoes.9.[A]Working with a different lamp.[B]Changing the light bulb.[C]Fixing the desk tomorrow[D]Getting a better quality lamp.l0.[A]She thinks the other meeting would have been more interesting.[B]She wanted to say something else to the group.[C]She wanted everyone else to be quiet.[D]She was listening carefully to the other people.Section B.Directions:In this section you will hear two short passages.At the end of each passage you will be given10seconds to answer each of the questions.Mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter you have chosen.Questions11to15are based on the following talk.11.Which year is typical of the l950's according to the talk?A.l953.B.l954.C.l955.D.l956.-12.The talk is mainly concerned with which of the following aspects of United States history?A.The agricultural trends of the l950's.B.The unemployment rate in l955.C.The general economic situation in the I950's.D.The federal budget of l952.13.According to the talk,about how many million people were unemployed in l955?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four14.It can be inferred from the passage that most people in the United States in1955viewed the national economy with an air of.A.optimismB.confusionC.decisionD.suspicion15.Which of the following were LEAST satisfied with the national economy in the1950's?A.Farmers.B.Economists.C.Politicians.D.Steelworkers.Questions16to20are based on the following talk.16.When were herbs first used for medical purposes?A.In10000BC.B.In3000BC.C.In2698BC.D.In1000BC.17.Who are the most famous herbalists?A.The Chinese.B.The Egyptians.C.The Babylonians.D.The Indians.18.Who was Nicholas Culpeper?A.An English herbalist who tried to help the poor.B.An English scientist.C.An archeologist who studied herbs.D.An English man who bred swans.19.Why did the age of the herbalists come to an end in the West?A.Because Nicholas Culpeper used herbs incorrectly.B.Because people didn't trust Chinese medicine.C.Because people didn't want to help the poor.D.Because Nicholas Culpeper invented new scientific techniques.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionBird wings have a much more complex job to do than the wings of an airplane, for in addition to supporting the bird they must act as its engine, rowing it through the air. Even so the wing outline or a bird conforms to the same aerodynamic principles as those eventually discovered by people when designing airplanes, and if you know how different kinds of aircraft perform, you can predict the flight capabilities of similarly shaped birds. Short, stubby wings enable a tanager and other forest-living to swerve and dodge at speed through the undergrowth, just as they helped the fighter planes of the Second World War to make tight turns and acrobatic maneuvers in a dog-fight. More modern fighters achieve greater speeds by sweeping back their wings while in flight, just as peregrines do when they go into a 130kph dive, swooping to a kill. Championship gliders have long, thin wings so that, having gained height in a thermal up-current they can soar gently down for hours and an albatross, the largest of flying birds, with a similar wing shape and a span of 3 meters, can patrol the ocean for hours in the same way without a single wing beat. Vultures and hawks circle at very slow speeds supported by a thermal and they have the broad rectangular wings that very slow-flying aircraft have. People have not been able to adapt wings to provide hovering flight. That has only been achieved with the whirling, horizontal blades of a helicopter or the downward-pointing engines of a vertical landing jet. Hummingbirds have paralleled even this. They tilt their bodies so that they are almost upright and then beat their wings as fast as 80 times a second producing a similar downdraft of air. So the hummingbird can hover and even fly backwards.1．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Bird wings have to support the bird.B．Bird wings must act as the bird’s engine.C．Airplane’s wings must act as the airplane’s engine.D．Similar wing shapes in aircraft and birds produce similar flight capabilities.正确答案：C解析：题目问：根据文章内容，哪项不是真实的?第一段“Bird wings have a much more complex job to do than the wings of an airplane，for in addition to supporting the bird they must act as its engine，rowing it through the air．”通过这句话可知，与飞机的机翼相比，鸟的翅膀的功能更复杂，它能支持鸟体，还是鸟飞翔的引擎。
2011北航翻硕真题
基础英语第一部分词汇30个单选一个一分词汇很简单语法题比较少有个别词组搭配很常见比如ascribe to ，to some extent 等等词汇有encite ，prescribe ，ascribe，subscribe等等不是很难还有plug in 与plug into 的区分。
第二部分阅读理解三篇单选一篇主观答题的主观的是petroleum的。
很简单。
问题是petroleum的构成。
与coal的不同点。
还有为什么petroleum引起国际政治恐慌并举例子，应该举的大部分都是海湾战争吧？其它三篇阅读不太记得了不是很难顶多一两三个不确定的。
答案总是能排除掉两个。
英语作文是和去年换汤不换药 professional translation in 21st century 写篇450字作文。
2010年的作文是translation and interpreting in global age英语翻译第一部分考专业术语就那两本书上的coherencerephrasingtextual口译shift释词冗余没把书带回来不记得了日后再补上吧翻译是英译汉比较难至少比去年难多了去年两篇只有一个长句子不会翻译今年则是翻得大不如去年一篇是美国教育部长arne duncan 的关于教育制度改革的没找到原文有些词是political puffery，intellectual dishonest，hispanics ，modest narrowing，achievement gaps一篇是基因与作物产量的关键词genetically crop yield soil acid saline salt tolerence等等中译英一个是关于海南西昌市建立航天主题公园的一个是关于给力这个网络热词的给力上了人民日报的头版头条相对保守的党报给力的意思是酷牛带劲儿，人们根据它的汉语音译又给出了英语版本和法语版本等等。
总之不是很难汉语写作与百科知识百科都是选择题我对比其他学校的北航算是另类了感觉知识面很广居然还有法律和中国革命的但是只要理智一点的都能一一做对不算难啊也许我是瞎猫碰上死耗子了呵呵后面的题有找出能接触下句的句子很简单有个关于“万人空巷”的，让找出使用错误的一个句子应该是C还有一个比较难：为划线处选择恰当的句子，使上下文衔接。
2011年医学博士英语真题听力原稿
2011医学博士听力原稿医学博士听力原稿Part I. Listening Comprehension Section A 1.A: I don’t see much of you these days, where have you been? ’t even have time to breathe. B: I am working on a big project. I donQ: what can we learn from the conversation? 2.A: what time would your doctor be in today? B: He is here after 2:30. Do you need to see him today? A: Yes my back is killing me? Q: What’s the man’s problem? 3.Can that clock be right, 10:30? ’s 11:05 That clock is always off. ItWhat is true about the clock? 4.Well, Mr. Black, What brought you along today? I’ve got a pain in my stomach. How long have it been bothering you? A fortnight How long has the man’s stomach ache? 5.You come from S? Yes. I lived in England for 23 years. Are you married to an English man? I was, but we were divorced 15 years ago. Well, tell me about your trouble. Two hours after eating, I get pain, and then I feel it. What would the man do? 6.I am usually on the job Monday, Tuesday and Friday from 1 to 5 P.M. and Wednesday from 3 to 6 P.M. Do you work on weekends too? Yes, but only in the morning. What day is the man off duty? ’s called stethocope. It 7.Now Daddy I’m wearing this on your chest. It’ll warm it up. Feel the end, OK? First of all I’ll might be a little cold, Ilisten to your front and then your back. She has gone that a lot of times How many people have been involved in the situation? 8.What happened? I was in a fight and got my head hurt. Were your knocked out? No. ’ll need some I want you to go for an X-ray. And come back to me. Youstitches for that wound. What is the doctor going to do for the man? 9.Here, you two guy, you are fucking shot again. It It’’s not very entertaining or wise? Yes, thanks for advising us. It ’s time to enjoy life. What might the men do accordingly? 10. T aking a long view, I ’m leaving the company. Why? I often have to overwork which will do harm to my health. But the job market is very tight, you know. What does the woman mean? 11. W hat hat’’s the most likely diagnosis in this case? Most probably ------(一种病) What What’’s against that dianosis? Well, the infected hasn ’t had any change in the ---habit or lost weight. What are they doing now? 12. I heard all the time that John is dating several girls. But it ’s not true, he has explained everything to me. Do your really believe what he said? Yeah, I believe in our feelings for each other? Who is John? 13. L isa isa says says says that that that the the the job job job takes takes takes the the the back back back seat seat seat to to to the the the family family family after after after she she she is is married. She must be a good wife. This is noly what she says not what she does. What does the woman mean? 14. G ood morning. Would you like the private hotspring room today? For three people, it would be 250 Yuan per hour Are there any discounts? Yes, It is 50 Yuan cheaper for each additional hour. Then We ’ll have two hours. How much will the man pay? 15. Y ou are not thinking of getting back together with him, are you? Would he dream of it? What does the woman mean? Section B Dialogue A lot of doctors can tell what ’s wrong with you by sleeping, so can you er--- by smelling? Oh, Oh, absolutely. absolutely. absolutely. This This This actually actually actually goes goes goes back back back to to to the the the day day day of----. of----. of----. For For For example, example, you can walk into a room or get close to a patient who had diabetes that is not well controlled. There is a kind of sweetish smell. So So you you you mean mean mean often often often you you you can can can walk walk walk into into into a a a room room room and and and tell tell tell if if if a a a patient patient patient has has kidney failure or liver failure? Precisely. And now there is a machine that can do that too. Fascinating. Actually, there have been these machines in the past, but they meant just enormous. Are they used in therapy? They er---. These machines are imposible to use clinically, because, you know, know, it it it a a a whole whole whole room room room for for for the the the equipments----, equipments----, equipments----, but but but the the the newly-invented newly-invented ones are very small and ---. And then what do the new ones use? New laser technology. Is it now available given the size of the machine? It couldn ’t be better. Unlike the previous, this is the size of microwave. And I think it isn ’t far-off, right. Well, it ’s very much in the experimental stage. But interesting. However, unlike any of these things which are produced by commercial company, This work is being done be the federal government. Passage 1 Suicide Suicide is is is a a a very very very real real real risk risk risk for for for young young young people people people who who who suffer suffer suffer from from from clinical clinical depression. In fact during the past two years suicide has increased among youths between the ages of 10 and 19, but there aren ’t treatment that can help. Research show that the most effective treatment is the combination of anti-depression and talk therapy. Anti-depressants work by increasing--- chemcal --- which facilitate communications between neurons neurons in the in the brain. brain. ““Anti-depressants Anti-depressants are are are the the the most most most effective treatment effective treatment for most adults. But when it comes to teenagers, It ’s not enough.” Says doctor R, a psychiatrist with---- university medical center. 13 age years are full of turmoil, emotions and changes. And there are family conflicts and conflicts with relationship that can contribute to distress in adolescents adolescents””, S says. And anti-depressant medications may not be able to deal deal with with with all all all of of of those those those problems. problems. problems. ““Psycho Psycho therapy, therapy, therapy, specifically specifically specifically problem- problem- behavioral therapy need to----,” S says. In his recent major study, with the therapy therapy in in in use use use along along along with with with anti-depressants., anti-depressants., anti-depressants., 75% 75% 75% of of of kids kids kids are are are reported reported feeling feeling better better better and and and less less less suicidal suicidal suicidal after after after 3 3 3 month month month probably probably probably because because because the the problem-behavioral therapy tackle thinking and feeling in a very particular way that medicines may not. And in particalar suicidal case.” Say doctor F, a psychiatrist with---medical college. Passage 2 “Most people think when they are depressed, it just means you feel sad ”, says Doctor R, a psychiatrist with Cornell university medical college. In fact, fact, the the the so-call so-call so-call commonest commonest commonest symptoms symptoms symptoms of of of deppression deppression deppression are are are probably probably probably the the most painful for a lot of people which are a feeling that you are useless, wothless, wothless, unloveable, unloveable, unloveable, no no good or loser. loser. A A commonest symptom and and a a most extreme symptom, of course, is a suicidal feeling where you feel so hopeless that you don ’y believe anything will get better and you are better off. C therapy challenges that kind of thinking. For example, say, you are a a depressed depressed depressed teen, teen, teen, someone someone someone at at at school school school says says says something something something credible, credible, credible, typically typically that might lead you to think you are a completely loser. F says C theray help help patients patients patients see see see all all all the the time time they they they have have have been been been successful, successful, successful, both both both at at at school school and with friends. It is completely the opposite of how you feel. So you challenge challenge them them them with with with reality. reality. reality. And And And then then then you you you correct correct correct their their their disfunctional disfunctional release and that will actually change the way they feel, F says. It ’s a sort of personal reality check that will connect experiece in context. Once the combination of medication and therapy work, patient may decide to stop taking anti-depressants. But they should do so with caution because they may experience side effect. They can get rebound kind of syptoms. It can grow grow things things things like like like feeling feeling feeling anxious, anxious, anxious, or or or having having having insomnia, insomnia, insomnia, very very very dizzy dizzy dizzy and and having Nausea. 。
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷12(题后含答案及解析)
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷12(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．All the credit card organizations charge interest on a monthly basis which may______ 25 per cent a year, yet judicious purchasing using a card can mean that you obtain up to weeks interest-free-credit.A．come upB．account forC．add upD．work out正确答案：B解析：各项含义是：come up上升；account for占；add up合计；work out 制定。
由题意可知，所有信用卡组织定期征收利息，每年为25%，故选B。
知识模块：词汇2．As far as she is concerned, one piece of music is very much like______.A．anotherB．the otherC．otherD．any other正确答案：A解析：“as far as she is concerned”意思是“就她而言，依她的看法来讲”。
知识模块：词汇3．Many people in Wales have an affinity with music.A．reputation forB．solubility inC．tincture inD．attraction to正确答案：D解析：本题中，affinity的意思是“密切关系，吸引力，姻亲关系，亲和力”，affinity with的意思是“对……有吸引力”。
2011年10月中科院考博英语真题
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试题（2011年10月）考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一（PAPER ONE）和试卷二（PAPER TWO）两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。
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三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I 词汇15分钟10分II 完形填空15分钟15分III 阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：IV 英译汉30分钟15分V 写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分GRADUATE UNIVERSITY , CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORPH. D PROGRAMMEOctober 2011PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY（15 minutes，10 points，0.5 point each）Directions：Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. In swimming it is necessary to the movement of the arms and legs.A. coordinateB. harmonizeC. collaborateD. mediate2. Beijing’s private cars will be banned from the roads for one day a week during a six-month trial period.A. incidentallyB. occasionallyC. randomlyD. alternately3. Joe puts too much on pills from the drugstore and does not listen to his doctor.A. applianceB. defianceC. relianceD. compliance4. Among 169 cases, the smokers 85.79%, and the ratio between males and females is 3.7 to 1.A. answer forB. account forC. take upD. sum up5. inflation, driven by rising food and oil costs, is striking hardest at the world’s very poor, who are forced to spend 60 to 80 percent of their income on food.A. SurgingB. SproutingC. SpillingD. Spinning6. Because the workers were new and inexperienced, the manager had to watch them and their work closely.A. attendB. demandC. analyzeD. supervise7. The department store guards were nearly by the crowds of shoppers waiting forthe sale to begin.A. overflowedB. overthrownC. overturnedD. overwhelmed8. All bad things are interconnected, and any one of them is to be the cause of any other.A. subjectB. inferiorC. liableD. vulnerable9. Teachers have the authority to discipline pupils their position as a teacher.A. by way ofB. by virtue ofC. in light ofD. in spite of10. You can then eliminate all the genuinely suitable applicants without having to interview an enormous number of people in person.A. ofB. thatC. forD. but11. Debt and the destruction of war have brought major economic setbacks, damage to social services and human suffering.A. apart fromB. as good asC. except forD. rather than12. On the whole it’s a good book; and it would be unwise to those small defects.A. dwell onB. identify withC. persist inD. hack into13. The main objective reason is that some developed countries from the basic principle of anti-dumping and take the Anti-dumping Law as a tool for trade protection.A. deriveB. deviateC. refrainD. exempt14. While big corporations global business news, small companies are charging into overseas markets at a faster pace.A. overtakeB. occupyC. dominateD. reflect15. He used to his parents to help with the expenses.A. count onB. take inC. look intoD. get over16. I was embarrassed when the test paper my teacher spoke about turned out to be mine. I had forgotten to put my name on it.A. markedB. brandedC. anonymousD. fictitious17. We our voice depending on the circumstances, particularly in relationship to background noise.A. improveB. modulateC. rectifyD. temper18. I’m far from certain that this group is going to be able to what is necessary to gain complete control.A. carry outB. tear downC. break outD. close down19. I was lucky because I had turned my back on , pursuing instead common-sense reality.A. illustrationB. illusionC. imaginationD. imitation20. Excessive in sweets and canned drinks and the lack of availability of fresh fruit and vegetables in the house can teach poor eating patterns.A. aspirationB. intoleranceC. exposureD. indulgence PART II CLOZE TEST（15 minutes，15 points）Directions：For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Adolescents are taking longer to become fully productive members of society, Read Larson, professor of human development, University of Illinois, Champaign, told the World Future Society, Bethesda, Md. “What we expect of young people is 21 , ”he argued. They must go to school for 12 years or longer without any 22 that their education will mean career success or relevance when they become adults. 23 , they do so without financial rewards, accept an identity 24 by society, and delay starting a family, all of 25 keeps adolescents in a kind of indeterminate state for years.Larson says that “There should be way stations along the climb 26 adulthood that allow young people to rest, gather themselves, and consider 27 . ”The success of government, business, and private life in the next 50 years 28 it.Education, literacy, and versatile interpersonal skills 29 the list of necessary preparations for adulthood. Young people negotiating the complex worlds of home, work, and school 30 use these skills in order to do so 31 and competently. “The adolescent who is able to 32 in only one world is increasingly 33 for adult life,” he warns.As the time spent on the road to adulthood increases, so 34 the danger that more youths will by the wayside. New and increased opportunities and initiatives will keep more youngsters focused, 35 a smarter, more-versatile generation able to cope with the emerging global, high-tech world.21. A. aggressive B. original C. rigid D. extraordinary22. A. qualification B. guarantee C. probability D. recognition23. A. However B. Subsequently C. Furthermore D. Therefore24. A. denied B. defined C. questioned D. neglected25. A. these B. that C. what D. which26. A. into B. to C. on D. for27. A. temptations B. occasions C. alternatives D. inclinations28. A. depends on B. results in C. longs for D. copes with29. A. top B. cover C. hold D. rate30. A. could B. must C. ought D. shall31. A. temporarily B. smoothly C. instantly D. periodically32. A. operate B. engage C. tackle D. function33. A. ill-prepared B. ill-mannered C. ill-informed D. ill-advised34. A. did B. does C. is D. was35. A. created B. create C. creating D. to create PART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A ( 60 minutes，30points )Directions：Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneEveryone has been trying to understand Michael Jackson’s death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, cultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire ( a major founder of stage dance ) of the 1980s, the first to master the MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father? His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world.Yet Jackson’s current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as Jean-Paul Sartre ( French existentialist philosopher ) put it, at death we become prey to the “Other”—our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure: we can defy the opinionsthat other people try to project onto us. We can’t erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. It’s a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us.This is the existential condition of humanity—we are the artists of our own lives, although with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, it’s something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein (an Austrian-British philosopher) once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jackson’s body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing.Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jackson’s songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sartre, death is not the final chord of a melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the core—the real person—is perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, “Michael Jackson” is becoming the sum of what others hope to make of him.36. Paragraph 1 mainly tells that people have been trying to .A. define Jackson as a personB. speculate on Jackson’s deathC. stain Jackson’s reputationD. question Jackson as a celebrity37. According to Sartre, everybody at his death will surely .A. draw attention far and wideB. suffer immense defamationC. be the center of people’s talkD. be put under others’ judgment38. Sartre held that, as a moral being, one should NOT .A. do simply as others expectB. conceal one’s shameful pastC. always defy others’ opinionsD. retreat from various pressures39. As claimed by Wittgenstein, Jackson’s dead body revealed that he .A. had worked too hard in pleasing his fansB. had fallen victim to public opinionC. had been an extremely sentimental guyD. had experienced both joys and sorrows40. In the last paragraph, the “back catalogue” refers to Jackson’s .A. albums released at his deathB. MTV videos of his dancingC. music he had recorded beforeD. songs sung in his childhood41. It can be concluded that today what we hear about Michael Jackson may NOT be .A. invented storiesB. variable storiesC. biased storiesD. factual storiesPassage TwoMost graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market ( candidates for teaching positions that do not exist ) and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand ( research in subfields within subfields and publications in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues ), all at a rapidly rising cost.Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work “The Conflict of the Faculties,” wrote that universities should “handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee.”Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less.The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors.The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5,000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors.The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure, he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.42. According to Paragraph 1, it seems to be NOT worthwhile to attend an American graduate program at a high cost if one wants to .A. pursue a teaching careerB. do business in the futureC. become a prolific writerD. engage in administrative work43. Kant is quoted because .A. he pointed out why crises would arise in modern universitiesB. he proposed some idea of what a modern university should doC. he used to help relieve the problems universities had sufferedD. he found how to cope with conflicts among the faculties44. The boldfaced phrase “less and less” (in Paragraph 3) refers to .A. diminishing governmental supportB. publications in decreasing numberC. theories with growing intelligibilityD. increasingly specialized knowledge45. According to the author, in today’s educational system, it’s difficult to .A. attend courses of one’s own choiceB. get a scholarship in a desired specialtyC. produce students with new horizonsD. ask teachers to stay long in their jobs46. Enrollments in doctoral programs are promoted by universities mainly because they need .A. the cheap labor of the studentsB. to show high academic standardC. to attract enough full-time professorsD. the talented hands to help with research47. The author thinks it’s bad for faculty members to be .A. free from the supervision of the trusteesB. involved in any profit-making activitiesC. subject to peer view on all academic mattersD. restricted to the work in their own departmentsPassage ThreeNext week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating.In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia.Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts.The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of “the environment”—tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT ( which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate ).Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women.And what, after all, is the “danger” of these chemicals being debated? In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.48. When the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT in the 1960s, in Europe .A. the governments questioned the ban’s effectsB. the environmental authorities also banned itC. researchers paid more attention to the chemicalD. the general public showed support for the ban49. Some nongovernmental organizations believe that DDT .A. is somewhat good for illness preventionB. threatens the health of African childrenC. will regain popularity in EuropeD. can soon become a political issue50. According to the author, the “hazard-based standard”.A. can cause an increase in research expensesB. may lead to some environmental damageC. will be applied widely by researchersD. must be avoided in regulating chemicals51. The author believes that the real intent of those supporting the regulation is to .A. help cure insect-born tropical diseasesB. promote environmental protectionC. stop the chemical companies’ businessD. protect African children against insects52. After the debate, the European Parliament will .A. consider DDT’s positive usesB. continue to keep DDT illegalC. remove some restrictions on DDT useD. study DDT’s impact on human health53. According to the author, the fight against malaria would .A. suffer another severe setbackB. achieve another great successC. bring another round of problemsD. produce another threat to people’s healthPassage FourIn the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, “The Clash of Civilizations.”Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between ‘civilizations,’ the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence.Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the “great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural.”He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a possible civilization depending on how far one viewed the development of an African consciousness had developed. These civilizations seem to be defined primarily by religion with a number of ad hoc exceptions.Huntington predicts conflicts occurring between states from different civilizations for control of international institutions and for economic and military power. He views thismix of conflicts as normal by asserting that nation-states are a new phenomenon in a world dominated for most of its history by conflicts between civilizations. This is a dubious statement as the inter-civilizational conflict driven mainly by geo-political factors rather than cultural differences is an equally if not more persuasive way to view much of history.The theory at least differentiates between non-Western civilizations rather than grouping them together. He also explains how the West presents pro-Western idea. However, his escape from a Eurocentric bias is only temporary. He completely fails to account for local cultures even though one can argue they collectively comprise a separate civilization. The article also predicts future conflicts will be started by non-Western civilizations reacting to Western power and values ignoring the equally plausible situation where Western states use their military superiority to maintain their superior positions. The policy prescriptions he suggests to counter this perceived threat equate to increasing the power of the West to forestall any loss of the West’s pre-eminence. Thus he suggests the Latin American and Orthodox-Slavic civilizations be drawn further into the Western orbit and the maintenance of Western military superiority.54. As stated in the passage, Huntington’s article .A. advocated the interdependence of different culturesB. proposed a return of the world to its former stateC. depicted the world in the post Cold War periodD. stressed cultural aspects of international conflicts55. According to the claim mentioned, an occurrence like 9•11 was what Huntington had .A. describedB. forecastedC. criticizedD. ignored56. Huntington’s seven current civilizations excluded Africa because he deemed it as failing to .A. meet the criteria for being a civilizationB. possess a uniform culture as its ownC. reach a high level of developmentD. develop a mature cultural awareness57. Huntington clearly held that .A. the world should be viewed without a Eurocentric biasB. the West seeks to promote a common cultureC. policymakers should take local conflicts seriouslyD. non-Western cultures should quickly react to the West58. Huntington proposed some measures to be taken against a perceived threat to .A. Latin-American countriesB. non-Western civilizationsC. the West’s pre-eminenceD. the Orthodox-Slavic world59. According to the author, Huntington’s theory is quite .A. provocativeB. ambiguousC. questionableD. high-soundingPassage FiveThe multibillion-dollar international pharmaceutical industry has been accused of manipulating the results of drug trials for financial gain and withholding information that could expose patients to possible harm.The stranglehold the industry has on research is causing increasing alarm in medical circles as evidence emerges of biased results, under-reporting and selective publication driven by a market worth more than 10 billion pounds in Britain alone.The industry has sponsored the trials of new drugs which have held out great promise for patients with cancer, heart disease, mental health problems and other illnesses.But the tests on the same drugs in independent trials paid for by non-profit organizations—governments, medical institutions or charities—have yielded very different results.The drugs for abnormal heart rhythm introduced in the late 1970s were killing more Americans every year by 1990 than the Vietnam War.Yet early evidence suggesting the drugs were lethal, which might have saved thousands of lives, went unpublished.Expensive cancer drugs introduced in the past 10 years and claiming to offer majorbenefits have increasingly been questioned.Evidence published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that 38 per cent of independent studies of the drugs reached unfavorable conclusions about them, compared with 5 per cent of the studies paid for by the pharmaceutical industry.In the latest case, the researchers commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence to develop guidelines for the prescribing of anti-depressant drugs to children say they were refused access to the unpublished trials of the drugs held by the pharmaceutical companies.Published evidence suggested that the anti-depressant drugs were safe and effective for children.But when they obtained the unpublished evidence by contacting individual researchers who had worked on the trials and other sources, a different picture emerged—one of an increase in suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. Only one of the drugs, Prozac, emerged as safe.Anti-depressant drugs, though not recommended for children, were widely prescribed in Britain until last year, when the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a warning to doctors, prohibiting their use.This followed the safety concerns raised by campaigners and taken up in two BBC TV Panorama broadcasts which brought the biggest response in the program’s history.Writing in the Lancet medical magazine, the researchers say: “On the basis of published evidence alone, we could have considered at least tentatively recommending use of these drugs for children and young people with depression.”60. The international pharmaceutical industry has been criticized for .A. controlling the drug market for its own profitB. overlooking its yield of destructive medicineC. neglecting research on the ill-effects of drugsD. covering up the adverse results of drug trials61. The phrase“independent trials”(in Paragraph 4) in this context means “conducting the trials without .”A. any financial involvementB. any governmental fundsC. the public’s awarenessD. the authority’s guidance62. What was true about the drugs for abnormal heart rhythm?A. They killed lots of American soldiers in the Vietnam War.B. They were known to be harmful at the early stage of its use.C. They were illegally used due to their unpublished results.D. They claimed to save thousands of lives but did it in vain.63. According to the passage, the unfavorable conclusions about drugs were kept a secret from .A. the general publicB. the drug companiesC. the researchersD. the authorities64. The information unpublished about the anti-depressant drugs showed that .A. all but one drug were hazardousB. only a few were good to childrenC. many of them could curb suicideD. different drugs had varied results65. It can be inferred that, 2 years ago, to the doctors prescribing anti-depressant drugs, the published evidence about the drugs would seem to be very .A. destructiveB. misleadingC. instructiveD. encouragingSection B（20 minutes，10 points）Directions：In each of the following passage, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks（numbered 66 to 75）. For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneHistorically, the spread, prevalence, and very existence of contagious disease have wholly depended on the growth and concentration of human populations. 66 Andthough the last century has witnessed substantial worldwide success in combating many past scourges—such as polio and smallpox—infectious diseases still claim more lives than any other group of diseases. The prevailing demographic trends continue to create a crowded human “medium” that both invites and is vulnerable to infection.The share of humanity living in cities with more than 1 million people has surged from less than 5 percent in 1900 to nearly 40 percent today, creating the ideal setting for the resurgence of old infectious diseases as well as the development of new ones. 67 Overcrowding—the increased proximity of susceptible individuals—is a principal risk factor for the incidence and spread of all major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, dengue fever, malaria, and acute respiratory illnesses, which are unable to spread and survive in low population densities. 68Aside from sheer growth and increasing density, the urbanization under way in developing nations is often accompanied by deteriorating health indicators and increased exposure to disease risk factors.Access to clean water, good hygiene, and adequate housing are sorely lacking in developing nations. As a result, waterborne infections such as cholera and other diarrheal diseases account for 90 percent of all infectious diseases in developing countries—and 40 percent of all deaths in some nations. 69In both industrial and developing nations, the incidences of a wide range of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS, are considerably higher in urban slums—where poverty and compromised health define the way of life—than in the rest of the city. 70A. Key disease carriers, such as insects and rats, thrive in crowded urban settings, further facilitating spread.B. The unprecedented population densities in fourteenth-century Europe, for example, led to the plague outbreak that claimed the lives of one fourth of the population.C. Although these infections are easily preventable if adequate water and sanitation are available, the vast majority of the world’s population are lifelong victims.D. While new global markets have created unprecedented economic opportunities and growth, the health risks of our increasingly interconnected and fast-paced world continue to grow.E. Pathogens can more readily establish in large populations, since all infectious diseases。
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析“I want to criticize the social system,and to show it at work,at its most intense.”Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement abouther intentions in writing Mrs.Dalloway has regularly been ignoredby the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literaryinterests very different from the traditional picture of the Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi“poetic”novelistconcerned with examining states of reverie and vision and withfollowing the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.ButVirginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist,a satiristand social critic as well as a visionary:literary critics’cavalierdismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.In her novels,Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of howindividuals are shaped(or deformed)by their social environments,how historical forces impinge on people’s lives,how class,wealth,and gender help to determine people’s fates.Most of her novels arerooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precisehistorical time.Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognizedbecause of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art.The picturesof reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical.Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes,sheportrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of amessage or program as arrogant or dishonest,unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs.(Her Writer’s Diary notes:“the only honest people are the artists,”whereas “these social reformers and philanthropists…harbor…discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind…”) Woolf detested what she called“preaching”in fiction,too,and criticized novelist wrence(among others)for working by this method.Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary,since for her,fiction is a contemplative,not an active art.She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them.As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection,subtly undermining officially accepted mores,mocking,suggesting,calling into question,rather than asserting,advocating,bearing witness:hers is the satirist’s art.Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer.As she put it in The Common Reader,“It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote;and yet,as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”Like Chaucer,Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge,to know her society root and branch —a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.1.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A]Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.[B]Virginia Woolf:Critic and Commentator on theTwentieth-Century Novel.[C]Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’s Novels.[D]Virginia Woolf’s Novels:Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.2.In the first paragraph of the text,the author’s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as[A]disparaging.[B]ironic.[C]facetious.[D]skeptical but resigned.3.It can be inferred from the text that Woolf chose Chaucer asa literary example because she believed that[A]Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters.[B]Chaucer was an honest and forthright author,whereas novelists like wrence did not sincerely wish to change society.[C]Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his societythan with calling its accepted mores into question.[D]Chaucer’s writing was greatly,if subtly,effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers.4.It can be inferred from the text that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she[A]was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres.[B]was interested in the effect of a person’s social milieu on his or her character and actions.[C]needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them.[D]wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist.5.Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word“contemplative”as it is used in line2,paragraph4of the text?[A]Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlying accepted mores.[B]Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment.[C]Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the author’s perspective to the exclusion of the reader’s judgment.[D]Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather thanfocusing on an isolated individual consciousness.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。
北航考博英语真题2001-2
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Part I: Listening Comprehension (25°.10) Section A (5 %) Directions: In this section,. you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation~ a third voice will ask a question about what was said. You will hear both the conversation and the question about it only once. After you hear the ques.tion, read the four poss.ible answers and choose the best
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及解析
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionTest One(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Sixty days walking over ice and snow in temperature as low as -45℃, with nothing to keep you company except the occasional polar "bear". This is no small achievement. Only a few people have ever walked to the North Pole unassisted, and if Christina Franco succeeds, she will have earned a place in the history books and met one of the few remaining challenges of exploration left to women.Her 480-mile journey will begin in northern Canada, dragging a sledge that weighs as much as she does. At the end of each day's walking or skiing, she will pitch her tent in subzero temperatures, get into a sleeping bag filled with ice, and attempt to sleep to the unsettling background sounds of howling wind and cracking ice, which may or may not signal the approach of one of those polar bears. "I'll carry a pistol to scare any bears away," says Franco, 42. "The bears that far north won't have had contact with humans, fortunately, so they won't associate me with food, but they will be curious and that's dangerous. If it uses a paw to see what you are, it could damage your tent—or your arm. I imagine I'll have quite a few sleepless nights."Many of the early polar explorers suffered from disease and injuries, and while modem technology (lightweight materials, satellite phones, places on stand-by to carry out rescue missions) has lessened the dangers, it can never make such an inhospitable landscape anything approaching safe. It can take just five minutes for any uncovered skin to become frostbittenand, once the sun has risen, Franco will only be able to remove her sunglasses inside her tent, otherwise the intensity of the sunlight reflecting off the snow would cause snow blindness. Just to heighten the danger, the cold will slow down her brain functions, so it will be more difficult to make split-second decisions in the event of a sudden crisis.She will use about 8,000 calories a day, losing nearly half a kilogram every 24 hours. "The problem is that the human body can only take on about 5,500 calories a day," she says. "So you have to fatten up before you set off or you'll run out of energy." Franco is currently trying to put on 19 kilos. She may complain about not fitting into any of her dresses, but when Franco weighs herself in front of me and finds she's lost one kilo rather than gained two, as she'd expected, she's very upset. "I hope my scales are wrong because, if not, I've lost weight," she says, reaching for one of many bars of chocolate lying around her kitchen.1. What does the writer say about the history of exploration? ______（分数：7.50）A.Walking to the North Pole used to be considered easier than other journeys.B.No woman has ever completed the journey to the geographic North Pole.C.Female explorers have already done most of the world's difficult journeys. √D.Franco is already an important historical figure for her previous journeys.解析：根据第一段中的“Only a few people have ever walked to the North Pole unassisted, and if Christina Franco succeeds, she will have earned a place in the history books and met one of the few remaining challenges of exploration left to women.”可知，只有少数人曾独自走到北极，如果克里斯蒂娜·佛朗哥成功了，她将在史书中占有一席之地，完成为女性留下的尚未完成的为数不多的探险挑战之一。
2011年北京航空航天大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
2011年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：18.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：9，分数：18.00)1.What are the main branches of linguistics? Please identify three branches and explain them briefly.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.The following sentences may have more than one reading. Would you please disambiguate them and state your reasons?(1)The chicken is too hot to eat.(2)Flying planes can be dangerous.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.What is the difference between literal language and figurative language? Please give concrete examples to elaborate your points.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Could the sentence "As the night fell, the wind rose" be alternatively expressed as "As the wind rose, the night fell"? Why or why not? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.What are some important contributions that sociolinguistics has made to language teaching?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.What is construal in cognitive linguistics? Please give examples to elaborate its different dimensions.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Read the following paragraph and list all the function words, including all forms of be. Give the percentage of function words in this paragraph.She was a small woman, old and wrinkled. When she started washing for us, she was already past seventy. Most Jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body. But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors. Mother would count out to her a bag of laundry that had accumulated over several weeks. She would lift the heavy bag, load it on her narrow shoulders, and carry it the long way home.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.What different forms of sound patterning can you find in the following stanza of the poem "Easter Wings" by George Herbert(1593-1663)?Lord, who createdst man in wealth and store,Though foolishly he lost the same,Decaying more and more,Till he becameMost poore;With theeO let me riseAs larks, harmoniously,And sing this day thy victories;Then shall the fall further the flight in me.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Analyze the following text from the semantic point of view. Explain whether it is justifiable "To call me colored"? Colored Dear White Fella You White FellaCouple things you should know —When you born, you pink When I born, I black When you grow up, you whiteWhen I grow up, I black When you go in sun, you redWhen I go in sun, I black When you cold, you blueWhen I cold, 1 black When you scared you yellowWhen I sacred, 1 black When you sick, you greenWhen I sick, I black And when you die you greyWhen I die—I still black And you have the cheek To call me colored?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
2011年医学博士英语真题听力原稿
2011医学博士听力原稿Part I. Listening ComprehensionSection A1.A: I don’t see much of you these days, where have you been? B: I am working on a big project. I don’t even have time to breathe. Q: what can we learn from the conversation?2.A: what time would your doctor be in today?B: He is here after 2:30. Do you need to see him today?A: Yes my back is killing me?Q: What’s the man’s problem?3.Can that clock be right, 10:30?That clock is always off. It’s 11:05What is true about the clock?4.Well, Mr. Black, What brought you along today?I’ve got a pain in my stomach.How long have it been bothering you?A fortnightHow long has the man’s stomach ache?5.You come from S?Yes. I lived in England for 23 years.Are you married to an English man?I was, but we were divorced 15 years ago.Well, tell me about your trouble.Two hours after eating, I get pain, and then I feel it.What would the man do?6.I am usually on the job Monday, Tuesday and Friday from 1 to 5 P.M.and Wednesday from 3 to 6 P.M.Do you work on weekends too?Yes, but only in the morning.What day is the man off duty?7.Now Daddy I’m wearing this on your chest. It’s called stethocope. Itmight be a little cold, I’ll warm it up. Feel the end, OK? First of all I’ll listen to your front and then your back.She has gone that a lot of timesHow many people have been involved in the situation?8.What happened?I was in a fight and got my head hurt.Were your knocked out?No.I want you to go for an X-ray. And come back to me. You’ll need some stitches for that wound.What is the doctor going to do for the man?9.Here, you two guy, you are fucking shot again. It’s not veryentertaining or wise?Yes, thanks for advising us. It’s time to enjoy life.What might the men do accordingly?10.T aking a long view, I’m leaving the company.Why?I often have to overwork which will do harm to my health.But the job market is very tight, you know.What does the woman mean?11.W hat’s the most likely diagnosis in this case?Most probably ------(一种病)What’s against that dianosis?Well, the infected hasn’t had any change in the ---habit or lost weight. What are they doing now?12.I heard all the time that John is dating several girls.But it’s not true, he has explained everything to me.Do your really believe what he said?Yeah, I believe in our feelings for each other?Who is John?13.L isa says that the job takes the back seat to the family after she ismarried. She must be a good wife.This is noly what she says not what she does.What does the woman mean?14.G ood morning. Would you like the private hotspring room today? Forthree people, it would be 250 Yuan per hourAre there any discounts?Yes, It is 50 Yuan cheaper for each additional hour.Then We’ll have two hours.How much will the man pay?15.Y ou are not thinking of getting back together with him, are you? Would he dream of it?What does the woman mean?Section BDialogueA lot of doctors can tell what’s wrong with you by sleeping, so can you er--- by smelling?Oh, absolutely. This actually goes back to the day of----. For example, you can walk into a room or get close to a patient who had diabetes that is not well controlled. There is a kind of sweetish smell.So you mean often you can walk into a room and tell if a patient has kidney failure or liver failure?Precisely. And now there is a machine that can do that too. Fascinating.Actually, there have been these machines in the past, but they meant just enormous.Are they used in therapy?They er---. These machines are imposible to use clinically, because, you know, it a whole room for the equipments----, but the newly-invented ones are very small and ---.And then what do the new ones use?New laser technology.Is it now available given the size of the machine?It couldn’t be better. Unlike the previous, this is the size of microwave. And I think it isn’t far-off, right.Well, it’s very much in the experimental stage. But interesting. However, unlike any of these things which are produced by commercial company, This work is being done be the federal government.Passage 1Suicide is a very real risk for young people who suffer from clinical depression. In fact during the past two years suicide has increased among youths between the ages of 10 and 19, but there aren’t treatment that can help. Research show that the most effective treatment is the combination of anti-depression and talk therapy. Anti-depressants work by increasing--- chemcal --- which facilitate communications between neurons in the brain. “Anti-depressants are the most effective treatment for most adults. But when it comes to teenagers, It’s not enough.” Saysdoctor R, a psychiatrist with---- university medical center. 13 age years are full of turmoil, emotions and changes. And there are family conflicts and conflicts with relationship that can contribute to distress in adolescents”, S says. And anti-depressant medications may not be able to deal with all of those problems. “Psycho therapy, specifically problem- behavioral therapy need to----,” S says. In his recent major study, with the therapy in use along with anti-depressants., 75% of kids are reported feeling better and less suicidal after 3 month probably because the problem-behavioral therapy tackle thinking and feeling in a very particular way that medicines may not. And in particalar suicidal case.”Say doctor F, a psychiatrist with---medical college.Passage 2“Most people think when they are depressed, it just means you feel sad”, says Doctor R, a psychiatrist with Cornell university medical college. In fact, the so-call commonest symptoms of deppression are probably the most painful for a lot of people which are a feeling that you are useless, wothless, unloveable, no good or loser. A commonest symptom and a most extreme symptom, of course, is a suicidal feeling where you feel so hopeless that you don’y believe anything will get better and you are better off. C therapy challenges that kind of thinking. For example, say, you are a depressed teen, someone at school says something credible, typicallythat might lead you to think you are a completely loser. F says C theray help patients see all the time they have been successful, both at school and with friends. It is completely the opposite of how you feel. So you challenge them with reality. And then you correct their disfunctional release and that will actually change the way they feel, F says. It’s a sort of personal reality check that will connect experiece in context. Once the combination of medication and therapy work, patient may decide to stop taking anti-depressants. But they should do so with caution because they may experience side effect. They can get rebound kind of syptoms. It can grow things like feeling anxious, or having insomnia, very dizzy and having Nausea.。
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷11(题后含答案及解析)
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷11(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The chances of a repetition of those unfortunate events are______in deed.A．distantB．slimC．unlikelyD．narrow正确答案：B解析：句子主语为chances，当表示“机会(或可能性)很小”时，作表语的形容词只能是slim。
其余几项均不符合。
知识模块：词汇2．Having weighed up all the factors the department finally agreed to receive all the ______ to the committee.A．rejectionB．hypothesesC．nominationsD．resistance正确答案：C解析：句意：权衡了所有因素后，部门最终同意接受了委员会的所有任命。
nomination提名，任命。
rejection拒绝。
hypotheses假说，假设。
resistance反抗，抵抗。
3．More probably he had tapped a fresh source of energy in himself—the power of love—which made him feel______.A．invaluableB．invincibleC．invariableD．invisible正确答案：B4．He was busy writing the essay all the morning, only ______ occasionally to have a cup of tea.A．breaking offB．breaking outC．breaking正确答案：A解析：breaking off中断；breaking out爆发；breaking打破，弄坏；breaking away逃脱。
2011年北京航空航天大学英语专业英美文学真题试卷_真题-无答案
2011年北京航空航天大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分52,考试时间90分钟)1. 名词解释1. Waiting for Godot2. Harlem renaissance3. Antagonist4. Comedy of manners5. Blank verse2. 翻译题1. Please translate the following English into Chinese, and pay attention to its literary quality.It was New Year"s Night. An aged man was standing at a window. He raised his mournful eyes towards the deep blue sky, where the stars were floating like white lilies on the surface of a clear calm lake. Then he cast them on the earth, where few more hopeless people than himself now moved towards their certain goal—the tomb. He had already passed sixty of the stages leading to it, and he had brought from his journey nothing but errors and remorse. Now his health was poor, his mind vacant, his heart sorrowful, and his old age short of comforts.2. Please translate the following Chinese into English and pay attention to its literary quality. 真正成为自己不是一件很容易的事。
北京航空航天大学2011二外英语
北京航空航天大学2011年二外英语考研真题Part I Fill in the blanks with appropriate words or phrases given. (10％，0.5 point for each)1. Only when he returned from the exchange program _______how much he enjoyed it.A) he realized B) he had realized C) did he realize D) as he realized2. ______you are a college student, you should learn to be independent of your parents‟ help.A) Even though B) The moment C) Provided that D) Now that3. You can‟t go out because it is a stor my night; _______, your homework hasn‟t been done.A) anyhow B) moreover C) nevertheless D) therefore4. Many young people left their hometown for big cities ______better jobs.A) in favor of B) in charge of C) in search of D) in honor of5. Why not get some work experience first ______go straight on to university?A) as for B) other than C) rather than D) instead of6. There ______be any difficulty in passing the oral test since you have practiced a lot in school.A) mustn‟t B) shan‟t C) shouldn‟t D) needn‟t7. —You were not listening; what troubled you?—I ________my coming math exam.A) am thinking about B) was thinking aboutC) had thought about D) will think about8. In some people‟s opinions, the ______powerful the country becomes, the_____ pleasant it is to live in.A) most; fewer B) more; fewer C) more; less D) most; less9. Walter offered a lift when he was leaving the office, but _______our work we turned down the offer.A) not having finished B) not finished C) finished D) having finished10. So many uses have been discovered of this wood _____the supply of this special tree isbecoming smaller and smaller.A) then B) what C) that D) which11. With no central government, the island was ruled by kings, ______a different region of thecountry.A) each controlling B) each controlledC) each to control D) each was controlling12. Mutin Van Buren was the eighth President of the United States and the first_____ nativelanguage was not English but Dutch.A) that B) whose C) which D) where13. If he ______consider the problem again, he might get a correct conclusion.A) can B) should C) would D) might14. A dictionary that size has ______words than you need and it's not so handy.A) much more B) many more C) many D) a great deal of15. What is ______attracts you most when you paid a visit to Beijing the other day?A) it which B) that that C) it that D) that which16. With a lot of difficult problems _______, the manager felt a heavy burden taken off his mind.A) settled B) to be settled C) settling D) to settle17. Over 80 percent of the population of China ______ peasants.A) was B) is C) would be D) are18. John shut everybody out of the kitchen______ he could prepare his grand surprise for theparty.A) which B) when C) so that D) as if19. _______today, he would get there by Sunday.A) Would he leave B) Was he leaving C) Were he to leave D) If he leave20. The next morning she found the man _____in bed, dead.A) lying B) lie C) lay D) layingPart II Choose the word or phrase from the four choices given which is most appropriate to complete the sentence. (15％，1 point for each)21. Last year the advertising race ______by 20 percent.A) raised B) aroused C) arose D) rose22. —How much is the T-shirt_______?—65 dollars.A) worth B) cost C) worthy D) paid23. Remember that customers don‟t ______about prices in that city.A) debate B) consult C) dispute D) bargain24. They blamed the failure on George. Actually, he______.A) is not to blame B) interestingC) is not to be blamed D) should not blame25. Surely it doesn't matter where the students associations get their money from; what _______iswhat they do with it.A) applies B) stresses C) counts D) functions26. Sorry, sir, if my bike doesn‟t_______, I won‟t be late for school again.A) work out B) come across C) put off D) break down27. The manager said that they had an ________plan if the plan they had submitted was notaccepted.A) alternate B) alternative C) absolute D) appreciable28. Maria is a______ person and never makes any unreasonable demands.A) sensitive B) sensible C) obedient D) jealous29. Violent programs on television may have a bad ____on children.A) affection B) pressure C) influence D) control30. One-room schoolhouses can still be found in ______areas where there are no other schools formany miles.A) disposed B) deserted C) isolated D) abandoned31. I‟m afraid you have no _____but to come along with us.A) possibility B) permission C) choice D) selection32. The first thought after Charles ______a little from his surprise was to get away.A) returned B) absorbed C) dissolved D) recovered33. Japan has to employ an increasing number of overseas workers because there is no easysolution to its labor_______.A) decline B) rarity C) vacancy D) shortage34. The two dogs started to fight, so we tried to _____ them.A) split B) separate C) tear D) divide35. The rapidly growing birth rate brings about a lot of environmental problems, which thegovernment is supposed to take______.A) significantly B) severely C) earnestly D) seriouslyPart III Reading Comprehension. (30％，2 points for each)ALike many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame.Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve. What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?Heroes are catalysts(催化剂) for change. They have a vision from tile mountain top. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther, King, Jr., we might still have segregated buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.36. Although heroes may come from different cultures, they _____.A) generally posses certain inspiring characteristicsB) probably share some weaknesses of ordinary peopleC) are often influenced by previous generationsD) all unknowingly attract a large number of fans37. According to the passage, heroes are compared to high-voltage transformers in that ______.A) they have a vision from the mountaintopB) they have a warm feelings and emotionsC) they can serve as concrete examples of noble principlesD) they can make people feel stronger and more confident38. Madonna and Michael Jackson are not considered heroes because _____.A) they are popular only among certain groups of peopleB) their performances do not improve their fans morallyC) their primary concern is their own financial interestsD) they are not clear about the principles they should follow39. Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who ______.A) are good at demonstrating their charming charactersB) can move the masses with their forceful speechesC) are capable of meeting all challenges and hardshipsD) can provide an answer to the problems of their people40. The author concludes that historical changes would _____.A) be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualitiesB) not happen without heroes making the necessary sacrificesC) take place if there were heroes to lead the peopleD) produce leaders with attractive personalitiesBThe decline in moral standards—which has long concerned social analysts—has at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.The fact the ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation‟s moral climate, says this ethics(伦理学)professor at the University of Chicago, is reasonable to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Mateirialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. “The thought tha t …I‟m in it for me‟ has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness.” Ms. Elshtain says.Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With today‟s greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S.. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌) for some nonexistent “g olden age,” Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful(一厢情愿的)longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. “Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that can‟t be bought.”41. Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans _____.A) have adapted to a new set of moral standardsB) are longing for the return of the good old daysC) have realized the importance of material thingsD) are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards42. The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by _____.A) its growing wealthB) the self-centeredness of individualsC) underestimating the impact of social changesD) the prejudice against women and minorities43. Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?A) Great mobility.B) Concern for one‟s neighborsC) Emphasis on individual effort.D) Ever-weakening social bonds.44. In the 1950s, classroom violence ______.A) was something unheard ofB) was by no means a rare occurrenceC) attracted a lot of public attentionD) began to appear in analysts‟ data45. According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed _____.A) if people can return to the “golden age”B) when women and men enjoy equal rightsC) when people rid themselves of prejudiceD) if less emphasis is laid on material thingsCThe process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly—perhaps with a two-second glance.We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others. P articularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed person‟s behavior with the known others‟ behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for, deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person‟s responses to specific stimuli: asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her: and listing various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person-questions, self-disclosures(自我表露), and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him. If we accept the idea that we won‟t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e. g. , secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as the things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures and truthful statements).46. The word “pinpoint” (Line 3, Para. 1) basically means______.A) appreciate B) obtain C) interpret D) identify47. What do we learn from the first paragraph?A) People are better described in cold, objective terms.B) The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated.C) One should not judge people by their appearances.D) One is usually subjective when assessing other people‟s personality.48. It can be inferred from Berger‟s suggestions that_____.A) people do not reveal their true self on every occasionB) in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directlyC) the best way to know a person is by making comparisonsD) face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover information about a person49. In developing personal relationships, secrets and deceptions, in the author‟s opinion, are____.A) personal matters that should be seriously dealt withB) barriers that should be done away withC) as significant as disclosures and truthful statementsD) things people should guard against50. The author‟s purpose in writing the passage is______.A) to give advice on appropriate conduct for social occasionsB) to provide ways of how to obtain information about occasionsC) to call the reader‟s attention to the negative side of people‟s charactersD) to discuss the various aspects of getting to know peoplePart IV Complete the 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, four choices are given. (20％，1 point for each)Ron Bricker worked in a steel mill until he got laid off. It looked 51 he would never get his old job 52 . Steel companies in the United States 53 doing as much business as they 54 to do. People weren‟t buying as many American cars, so 55 steel was being used. Times were 56 . Mr. Bricker decided to try 57 trade. So, in l983 he went to a computer school: One day President Reagan 58 the school. Mr. Bricker asked the President to 59 him get a new job. The President did. Mr. Bricker 60 a job fixing computers. He went 61 television and told everyone how the President had helped him.There was one big 62 , however, Mr. Bricker didn‟t really like his new job. It was better than 63 , but he wasn‟t happy. The new job 64 only half as much as Mr. Bricker had 65 working in the steel mill. Every day he 66 for his old job back. Then he quit the job the President had helped him get. 67 with computers just wasn‟t for him. He planned to get a job 68 a 51. A) if B) as ifC) as D) whether52. A) in B) backC) on D) forth53. A) weren‟t B) aren‟tC) wasn‟t D) hadn‟t been54. A) accustomed B) happenedC) seemed D) used55. A) more B) lessC) much D) little56. A) tough B) seriousC) rough D) uneasy57. A) other B) moreC) another D) next58.A) called B) cameC) visited D) phoned59. A) have B) helpC) make D) let60. A) wanted B) gotC) received D) gained61. A) in B) intoC) with D) on62. A) thing B) problemC) issue D) question63. A) anything B) everythingC) nothing D) something64. A) sent B) affordedC) paid D) earned65. A) made B) broughtC) taken D) accepted66. A) dreamed B) arrangedC) desired D) wishedtruck. But he didn‟t need to go. 69 were getting better. The steel mill called. They 70 Ron Bricker again.67. A) Working B) DoingC) Meeting D) Conducting68. A) driving B) ridingC) moving D) opening69. A) Matters B) YearsC) Days D) Things70. A) cried B) demandedC) needed D) phonedPart V Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet. (15％，3 points for each)71. Web 2.0 is a term that may not sound like that much—after all, the internet, what could becalled “web 1.0” has now been around for nearly two decades, and its effects on our personal and professional lives has already been profound.72. But are these changes just the tip of the iceberg? Will the radical new formats and approachesthat characterize Web 2.0 revolutionize our working habits even more profoundly than the original invention of the internet did?73. Web 2.0 are a number of sites which encourage much great user participation-sites which youthe user create by uploading your own pictures, or music, or ideas…whatever…74. “Social networking” is a buzz phrase. Everyone‟s saying it, as though it‟s something new, butreally it‟s about these sites creating their own communities, a space where you might have “friends”who you‟ve never actually met, and may never meet…75. My website is a place where unsigned musicians and bands can post music or videos of theirown music. It means record companies are no longer necessary. New groups don‟t need to send their music to record companies, and depend on them—now they can directly reach people who are interested in listening to new music…Part VI Translate the following sentences into English. Words given in the brackets should be used. (10％，2 points for each sentence)76. 尽管现在网上银行非常普遍，这个国家还是有大约15％的人喜欢使用纸币。
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷6(题后含答案及解析)
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷6(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionOne silly question I simply cannot tolerate is “How do you feel? “ Usually the question is asked of a man in action-a man walking along the street, or busily working at his desk. So what do you expect him to say? He’ll probably say, “Fine, I ‘m all right.” But you have put a bug a his ear—maybe now he is not sure. If you are his good friend, you may have seen something on his face, or in his walk, that he overlooked that morning. It makes him worrying a little. He looks in a mirror to see if everything is all right, while you go merrily on your way asking someone else, “How do you feel? “Every question has its time and place. It’s perfectly acceptable, for instance, to ask “How do you feel? “ if you are visiting a close friend in the hospital. But if the fellow is walking on both legs, hurrying to take a train or sitting at his desk working, it’s no time to ask him that silly question. When George Bernard Shaw, the famous British writer of plays was in his eighties, someone asked him , “How do you feel? “ Shaw put him in his place. “When you reach my age,” he said, “either you feel all right or you are dead.”1．According to the writer, greetings, such as “How do you feel? “_____.A．show one’s consideration for othersB．are a good way to make friendsC．are proper to ask a man in actionD．generally make one feel uneasy正确答案：D解析：结合全文的内容，可知正确答案为D项。