托福阅读分数换算表及阅读常考题型总结
托福阅读题怎么算分
托福阅读题怎么算分文章总结题满分为2分。
这道题会给出6个选项，要求考生从中选出3个最能概括文章内容的选项。
在评分方面，文章总结题每道题2分。
如果这道题没有选对答案或只选对1个选项，不得分;如果这道题选对2个选项，得1分;如果这道题选对了3个选项，得2分。
表格填写题满分为3分。
这道题会有2或3栏/行表格，包括5个正确答案选项。
考生必须要在备选答案中挑出正确选项，并将正确选项拖入表格中的相应位置。
表格填写题满分为3分。
没有答对或只答对1或2个答案不得分;答对3个答案得1分;答对4个答案得2分;5个全对得满分3分。
在计算出原始分数以后，将被转化为0-30分的最终分数。
2托福阅读考试之五个必须词汇必须扎实托福阅读考试可是有专门视察词汇的题型的，考生必须要选择与原文单词词义为接近的一项，而这些词汇可没有大纲来让我们系统的背诵的，所以我们必须要做好日常的积存，尤其是一些常见的学科词汇。
如果断定了要参加IBT考试，就一定要大量地去背单词，按话题或按学科背都要比从A背到Z要有效的多。
语法必须熟悉阅读部分还是比较全面的而视察同学们的英文综合能力，除了文章及词汇题对考生词汇量的视察之外，想要深入的理解句子含义，只知道词汇含义是远远不够的，所以接下来要提醒各位，必须要有足够的语法知识去将词汇连成句子。
长难句在阅读部分还是很常见的，大家必须要学会去快速的分析和理解长难句，找到句子的主谓宾核心成分。
关系词必须铭记英文句子的理解更多是去理解句子中逻辑关系，句与句、段落与段落之间也都是用一些逻辑关系词连贯到一起的。
所以常见的一些逻辑衔接词一定要铭记，常见的有并列(and, as well)，比较(than, as.as)，因果(because, so, therefore, thus, result from)，递进(also, furthermore)，转折(but, however, yet)等。
找到这些逻辑关系，让我们更快的理顺文章脉络，明确文章主旨。
托福阅读分数怎样算计分标准
托福阅读分数怎样算计分标准托福阅读考试是托福提分的一个很重要的部分，托福阅读部分的分数是怎么计算的呢?下面就是店铺给大家整理的托福阅读分数计算方法，希望对你有用!托福阅读分数计算方法托福阅读部分，总共有3篇文章(如遇到加试，则随机3篇文章算分，另1篇文章不算分)。
每篇文章700个字，对应14道题目。
其中，13道题是基础信息和推断题，每道题1分。
最后一道题是小结题，俗称大题，满分2分。
大题一般情况下是6选3，3个选项错一个扣一分，扣完为止，即在答题中错2或3个选项，这个题目不得分。
因此，每篇文章对应14个题目，共15分。
阅读部分整体42道题，对应原始分数满分45分。
根据如下表格，将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。
比如，某位学生阅读部分，错了5道小题，3道大题各错一个选项，因此扣去的分数就应该为5+1+1+1=8分，因此原始分数就是37分，最终得分为27分。
另一位学生，错了12道小题，3道大题中，1道大题选错2个选项，另外两道大题各选错一个，则扣分为12+2+1+1=16分，原始分数为29分，最终分数对应为20分。
在此分数对应表格中，需要特别注意的是25分和20分的最终分数。
如果得到25分以上，那就等于总分有可能上100分，而100分是申请美国名校的比较有竞争力的分数。
如果得到20分以上，那就意味着总分有可能到80分以上，这个分数是申请美国前100名学校时比较基本的分数。
大家还需要注意的是0分的最终分数，对应的9分以下的原始分数。
在传统考试中，如果不看题目，直接“蒙”，可能会得到一定的分数。
而在托福阅读中，如果用“蒙”的方法，可能会得到9分的原始分数，但最终分数就是0分。
提升托福阅读分数的7个方法方法一：概括地观察在练习时我们会读一些文章或者段子，首先我们可以进行略读。
对于文章的首段或者每段的内容进行概括，我们就可以知道这些文章都讲了些什么，而不是去通读，逐字去读，逐词去读，这样不仅浪费时间，而且对于自己的阅读能力的提升也是微乎其微的。
托福阅读评分标准：阅读成绩是如何计算的
托福阅读评分标准：阅读成绩是如何计算的许多备考的同学会存在一个疑问，托福阅读部分的成绩是如何来计算的?下面就将为大家解答。
托福阅读评分标准：阅读成绩是如何计算的托福阅读考试的时间是60-80分钟，需要完成3-4篇文章，每篇文章的字数大约有700字左右，每天文章的出题数是12-14题。
当然不同一题型的分值是不一样的。
在了解托福阅读的评分方式之前，我们应该要了解的是托福阅读的题型。
托福阅读题型共分为10种：1. Factual Information questions(事实信息题)2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事实信息题)3. Inference questions(推论题)4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辞目的题)5. Vocabulary questions(词汇题)6. Reference questions(指代题)7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子简化题)8. Insert Text question(句子插入题)9. Prose Summary(文章总结题)10. Fill in a Table(表格填写题)了解了托福阅读的题型，我们再来看一下托福阅读的计分方式：托福阅读以选择题为主，除最后的文章总结题和表格填写题之外，每道题的分值都是1分。
文章总结题满分为2分。
这道题会给出6个选项，要求考生从中选出3个最能概括文章内容的选项。
在评分方面，文章总结题每道题2分。
如果这道题没有选对答案或只选对1个选项，不得分;如果这道题选对2个选项，得1分;如果这道题选对了3个选项，得2分。
表格填写题满分为3分。
这道题会有2或3栏/行表格，包括5个正确答案选项。
考生需要在备选答案中挑出正确选项，并将正确选项拖入表格中的相应位置。
表格填写题满分为3分。
没有答对或只答对1或2个答案不得分;答对3个答案得1分;答对4个答案得2分;5个全对得满分3分。
新托福阅读分数对照表以及答题技巧
新托福阅读分数对照表以及答题技巧新托福阅读相比较老托福阅读增加了词汇量，难度也增加了一些，对于考生们来说正确的复习计划和方法可以让备考变得事半功倍。
首先第一步便是要了解新托福阅读分数换算，店铺今天给大家带来了新托福阅读分数对照表以及一些复习的技巧，一起来看下吧新托福阅读分数对照表以及答题技巧托福阅读总共有3篇文章如遇到加试，则随机3篇文章算分，另1篇文章不算分。
每篇文章700个字，对应14道题目。
其中，13道题是基础信息和推断题，每道题1分。
最后一道题是小结题，俗称大题，满分2分。
大题一般情况下是6选3，3个选项错一个扣一分，扣完为止，即在答题中错2或3个选项，这个题目不得分。
因此，每篇文章对应14个题目，共15分。
为了让大家了解iBT考试的思路和方法，以及题型的设计。
店铺总结出了一些新托福阅读出题的基本思路，和10种基本题型，以及应对10种题型的技巧。
an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论，越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试reading---a variety of different subjectspassages---3 different categories based on author purpose:1. Exposition2. Argumentation3. Historical你需要了解general organization of the passage_classification_comparison/contrast_cause/effect_problem/solution每篇阅读的平均字数是700，当然根据考试的实际情况，可多可少iBT的阅读有10种题型，下面我们一种一种的来回顾：经验：第1、5种题型，占的分量最多，难度也不大，要保证一个也不错第9种和第10种题目，难度最大，想取得高分，必须要多做综合练习剩下的题型也很重要，想取得高分，一个都不能少1. Factual Information Questions这样的题目，一般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1，2句话中。
小站托福阅读算分表一览
小站托福阅读算分表一览大家都很关心托福如何算分，下面小编就给大家分享一些相关资讯，希望对你们有所帮助。
托福如何算分?详解托福阅读算分方法从OG中我们可以看出托福阅读的算分方法，原来是这样的：The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set，you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows：If you had： You received1 correct answers 0 points2 correct answers 1 point3 correct answers 2 points关于托福阅读评分标准的解读：1. 这里所说的转换(convert)，不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。
2. 所以，计算新托福阅读的分数，不要计算对多少题，而是算拿到多少原始分“Raw Point T otal(0-45)”，然后再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。
下面解释下新托福阅读怎么算分。
托福和雅思成绩换算表官方出炉
托福和雅思成绩换算表官方出炉大家想不想知道雅思托福的分数怎么换算，下面小编给你分享一个换算表，仅供参考！雅思托福分数换算表一览近期，ETS官网上发布了一个有趣的托福和雅思的分数换算表，这个换算非常的有趣，可以让托福的考生知道如果自己考雅思能考多少分，相当于他把托福和雅思的分数进行了换算，让两个本来没有直接关系的考试项目变得互通了，真的是非常的有意思，接下来大家一起来看看换算表吧。
(PS: 数据基于1153位同时考过TOEFL和IELTS学术类考试的考生成绩)一、托福和雅思成绩换算总表：二、托福和雅思阅读成绩换算表：三、托福和雅思听力成绩换算表：四、托福和雅思口语成绩换算表：五、托福和雅思写作成绩换算表：六、ETS官网工具一览：大家看了以后是不是也觉得很有趣呢，没想到ETS官网还弄出个这么好玩的换算表，好啦，不管怎么样，最重要的还是在考试中获得高分，如果说你也想获得雅思或者托福的高分，不妨来新航道来学习吧，我们这里教出过很多托福和雅思的学霸，来我们这里不仅有名师教导，还可以和学霸们一起交流哦。
托福备考-攻克托福词汇、口语两大难关难题一：词汇对新托福有所了解的同学一定知道，托福考试的词汇量要求是8000到1万个词。
所谓工欲善其事，必先利其器。
那么托福考试的“器”理所当然就是我们的词汇了。
对于广大中国考生而言，考英语始终有两大难题困扰着大家：一、词汇量，二、口语。
参加新托福考试的考生大多数是高中学生，我们知道，根据现在我国高考大纲的规定，高中毕业生的词汇量一般是在3500个词左右，这与托福的要求差距是显而易见的。
所以词汇是我们在托福考试中遇到的第一个难题。
1、背词汇那么要如何解决词汇量的问题呢?首先可以从背高考词汇开始，然后是4级的单词，进而逐渐过渡到托福。
这对于大家的记忆力和毅力是一种考验。
只要一说到背单词，许多同学动辄就说，现在记忆力不行了，说自己小学初中记忆力如何好。
其实不然，大家只是在找理由。
托福阅读一篇错4个多少分
托福阅读一篇错4个多少分托福阅读每篇错4个多少分?以下是详细的托福阅读评分标记及正确题目个数及对应的托福阅读分数。
相信大家看个会明白!托福阅读一篇错4个多少分托福阅读错题数目每篇错4个，能得多少分?根据新托福阅读评分标准可知，托福阅读每篇错4道题目分数19分，托福阅读题错了几个那么对应的托福阅读分数会不一样。
托福阅读每篇错4个可以得19分。
福阅读计分方法：1、托福三篇文章(如遇加试时从五篇中随机选三篇)计分，每篇12-14道题。
2、三篇文章回答正确的题目数量加起来就能得出托福阅读总分。
3、除重要归类题和观点题以外，每道题的分值都是1分。
4、重要观点题的分值可能是2分。
归类题为3或4分。
5、考试所得分数范围：0-30分。
托福阅读高分的三点经验一、做题的误区考生做旧托福考试(TOEFL)阅读或者平时的阅读练习时，时常表现出一些不良的做题习惯。
有些考生读文章时喜欢在试题上划线，似乎不做记号，阅读就无法进行，思维就停止活动。
不过在新托福网络考试中，考生面对电脑就做不了任何标志记号。
有些考生文章根本不读完，直接做题。
这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章只有局部的感觉，整个文章的概念无法获得。
要提醒考生的是，近年考试中针对整个文章提问的题量有所增加。
所以，这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。
有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后再做题。
这种方法仅适合于两种情况，其一，考生已具备相当的阅读水平，长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容，细读文章并不会花太多的时间。
一般来说，大部分考生采用细读文章方法，做题时间严重不足。
考生不应该忘记，阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。
在做词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识单词能做对，不认识单词就会做错。
事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。
原因是，做不认识单词时，考生会仔细研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。
托福阅读考试题型
托福阅读考试题型托福（TOEFL）阅读考试是托福中的一个重要部分，考察考生的阅读理解能力。
以下将介绍托福阅读考试的题型及相关要求。
一、多选题多选题是托福阅读考试中常见的题型之一。
在这种题型中，考生需要从给出的选项中选择多个正确答案。
多选题的目的是考察考生的综合理解能力和推理能力。
二、判断题判断题要求考生根据所给文章中的信息，判断给定陈述的真假。
对于判断题，考生需要根据文章中提供的材料，对陈述与文章中的信息进行比较，从而判断陈述的准确性。
三、填空题填空题要求考生根据所给文章中的信息，在空白处填入一个适当的词语或短语。
对于填空题，考生需要仔细阅读文章，理解文章的内容，并根据上下文逻辑选择正确的答案填入空白处。
四、摘要题摘要题要求考生从给出的选项中选择正确的摘要或标题，概括文章或段落的主旨。
在摘要题中，考生需要准确理解文章的中心思想，并通过选项的对比，选择最符合原文的选项。
五、图表题图表题要求考生根据给出的图表、图画或图表组合，回答相关的问题。
在这种题型中，考生需要仔细观察图表的信息，并根据图表中的数据进行推理和分析，以回答问题。
六、细节题细节题要求考生从给出的选项中选择一个正确的细节信息。
对于细节题，考生需要仔细阅读文章，理解文章的细节信息，并通过对比选项，选择最符合原文的选项。
总结起来，托福阅读考试包括多选题、判断题、填空题、摘要题、图表题和细节题等多个题型。
考生在备考过程中，需要加强对不同题型的练习，提高自己的阅读理解能力和解题能力。
通过系统的复习和练习，考生可以更好地应对托福阅读考试中的各种题型，取得更好的成绩。
2023新托福阅读分数对照表
2023新托福阅读分数对照表一、概述新托福考试是国际上非常知名的英语语言能力测试，主要用于申请留学和移民，考试内容包括听力、口语、阅读和写作。
阅读部分是考生展示英语阅读理解能力的重要环节，其成绩对考生的申请结果有着重要的影响。
在2023年，新托福阅读部分的分数对照表做出了一些调整，本文将对这些调整进行详细介绍，并指导考生如何根据阅读分数得知自己的英语水平和申请结果。
二、2023新托福阅读分数对照表在2023年，新托福阅读部分的分数对照表做出了一些调整，主要是对分数段进行重新划分，使得对考生能力的评估更加准确和科学。
具体的分数对照表如下：1. 阅读部分满分为30分，对照表如下：- 30分：考生具备非常出色的阅读理解能力，能够准确理解文中的细节和主旨，并能够进行深入的分析和思考。
- 25-29分：考生的阅读理解能力较强，能够准确把握文章的主旨和中心思想，对细节和推理也有不错的把握能力。
- 20-24分：考生的阅读理解能力一般，能够基本理解文中的主旨和大意，但对于细节和推理方面的理解仍有一定困难。
- 15-19分：考生的阅读理解能力较弱，对文章的理解能力有所欠缺，难以准确把握文章的主旨和细节。
- 10-14分：考生的阅读理解能力明显不足，对文章的理解能力非常薄弱，难以准确把握文章的内容和信息。
- 0-9分：考生的阅读理解能力特殊不足，基本上无法理解文章的内容和信息。
2. 根据阅读分数对照表，考生可以了解自己的英语阅读水平，在申请时对学校和专业进行更加具体的考察和选择。
根据自己的分数段，选择合适的学校和专业，能够提高申请成功的几率。
三、如何提高阅读能力阅读部分是考试中非常重要的一部分，在备考过程中，考生需要通过一定的方法和技巧来提高自己的阅读能力。
以下是一些建议和方法：1. 多读文章：阅读能力的提高需要大量的阅读，考生可以通过阅读英文报纸、杂志、文学作品等不同类型的文章来提高自己的阅读能力。
2. 增强词汇量：扩大词汇量是提高阅读理解能力的重要步骤，考生可以通过背诵单词、阅读词汇书籍等方式来增强自己的词汇量。
托福考试分数等级对照一览表
托福考试分数等级对照一览表托福的考试，备考听说读写应该分开进行，并且要了解不同的分数考试等级，对应的能力水平。
和来一起看看托福考试分数等级对照一览表。
托福包含听、说、读、写四项技能，各项技能分数为0-30分，如阅读24-30分为高级，18-23分为中高级，4-17分为中低级，0-3分为低级。
各单项可按照CEFR等级可划分为CEFR Level A2到CEFR Level C2不等。
TOEFL iBT考试提供4项技能分数，分别为Reading阅读、Listening听力、Speaking口语以及Writing写作，这4项技能的分数均为0-30分，4项技能分数总分为0-120分，即托福满分是120分。
以下是托福听说读写4项技能分数等级对照表——一、Reading阅读24-30分：为高级（Advanced），等级划分为CEFR Level C1。
此外总分29-30的等级划分为CEFR Level C2。
18-23分：为中高级（High-Intermediate），等级划分为CEFR Level B2。
4-17分：为中低级（Low-Intermediate），等级划分为CEFR Level B1。
0-3分：为低级（Below Low-Intermediate）。
二、Listening听力22-30分：为高级（Advanced），等级划分为CEFR Level C1。
此外总分28-30的等级划分为CEFR Level C2。
17-21分：为中高级（High-Intermediate），等级划分为CEFR Level B2。
9-16分：为中低级（Low-Intermediate），等级划分为CEFR Level B1。
0-8分：为低级（Below Low-Intermediate）。
三、Speaking口语25-30分：为高级（Advanced），等级划分为CEFR Level C1。
此外总分28-30的等级划分为CEFR Level C2。
新托福阅读分数换算表20题
新托福阅读分数换算表20题1. 阅读分数换算表是什么？新托福阅读分数换算表是一种工具，用于将托福阅读部分的得分转换为相应的标准分数。
这个表格可以帮助考生了解自己在阅读部分的得分情况，并与其他考生进行比较。
2. 阅读分数换算表的作用是什么？阅读分数换算表可以帮助考生了解自己在阅读部分的得分情况，并将其转换为标准分数。
这样一来，考生可以更好地了解自己在阅读方面的能力水平，并与其他考生进行比较。
3. 阅读分数换算表的使用方法是什么？使用阅读分数换算表很简单。
首先，找到自己在阅读部分的得分，然后在表格中找到对应的得分范围。
接下来，查找该得分范围对应的标准分数。
最后，将标准分数与其他考生进行比较，以了解自己在阅读方面的能力水平。
4. 阅读分数换算表的优势是什么？阅读分数换算表的优势在于它可以将托福阅读部分的得分转换为标准分数，从而帮助考生更好地了解自己在阅读方面的能力水平。
此外，它还可以与其他考生进行比较，以便考生了解自己在整体考试中的表现。
5. 阅读分数换算表的局限性是什么？阅读分数换算表的局限性在于它只能将托福阅读部分的得分转换为标准分数，而不能提供更详细的评估。
此外，它也无法考虑到其他因素对考生表现的影响，如口语和写作能力。
6. 阅读分数换算表的适用对象是谁？阅读分数换算表适用于参加新托福考试的考生，特别是那些希望了解自己在阅读方面的能力水平，并与其他考生进行比较的人。
7. 阅读分数换算表的实用性如何？阅读分数换算表在实际应用中非常实用。
它可以帮助考生了解自己在阅读部分的得分情况，并将其转换为标准分数。
这样一来，考生可以更好地了解自己在阅读方面的能力水平，并与其他考生进行比较。
8. 阅读分数换算表的发展趋势是什么？随着新托福考试的不断发展，阅读分数换算表也在不断完善和更新。
未来，阅读分数换算表可能会更加准确和详细，以提供更好的评估和比较。
9. 阅读分数换算表的应用场景是什么？阅读分数换算表可以应用于各种场景，如教育机构、培训机构和个人学习中。
新托福阅读分数换算表
新托福阅读分数换算表
新托福阅读分数换算表可以根据以下公式进行换算：
阅读分数= （阅读部分正确答案数×1）+ （阅读部分错误答案数×0.5）
其中，阅读部分正确答案数和阅读部分错误答案数需要根据实际情况进行填写。
以下是一个简单的示例：
假设某学生在新托福阅读部分答对了20道题，答错了10道题，那么他的阅读分数为：
阅读分数= （20 ×1）+ （10 ×0.5）= 20 + 5 = 25
需要注意的是，新托福阅读部分总共有60道题，满分是30分。
根据这个换算表，我们可以得知：
- 答对1题得1分；
- 答错1题扣0.5分。
此外，阅读部分的分数还会受到题目难度的影响，难度越高的题目得分越高。
在实际评分过程中，ETS会根据题目难度对分数进行调整。
所以，上述公式只是一个简化版的换算方法，实际分数可能与这个结果略有差异。
托福阅读怎么给分
托福阅读怎么给分托福阅读以选择题为主，除最后的文章总结题和表格填写题之外，每道题的分值都是1分。
文章总结题满分为2分。
这道题会给出6个选项，要求考生从中选出3个最能概括文章内容的选项。
在评分方面，文章总结题每道题2分。
如果这道题没有选对答案或只选对1个选项是没分的;选对2个选项得1分;如果这道题选对了3个选项得2分。
表格填写题满分为3分。
这道题会有2或3栏/行表格，包括5个正确答案选项。
考生必须要在备选答案中挑出正确选项，并将正确选项拖入表格中的相应位置。
表格填写题满分为3分。
没有答对或只答对1或2个答案不得分;答对3个答案得1分;答对4个答案得2分;5个全对得满分3分。
注意0分的最终分数，对应的9分以下的原始分数。
在传统考试中，如果不看题目，直接"蒙'，可能会得到一定的分数。
而在托福阅读中，如果用"蒙'的方法，可能会得到9分的原始分数，但最终分数就是0分。
2toefl词汇阅读快速突破的方法toefl词汇阅读突破方法是建立自己的词库。
背单词基本上能够使全部学习〔英语〕的人抓狂的一件事情，针对准备托福考试的学员同样如此。
特别是当面对托福阅读每一篇文章650到750的词汇量，还有每一篇文章3到5个词汇题的庞大压力时，背单词这项任务显得愈加重要了。
因此，本篇文章下面从几个角度告诉考生们背单词：可以准备一个属于自己的专门针对托福阅读的词库，针对一个备考托福阅读考试的同学而言才是关键。
其一，在大家已经具备了很大的词汇量时，你的阅读速度和对文章的理解程度以及做题的准确率会有一定的提升;其二，当你面临占有很大比重的词汇题时，你不会慌张，反而会期待此类题型应该多一些，以帮助你多拿分，拿高分。
可是，此问题说起来是相当容易，但好像实施起来有难度。
不要担心，今天我来教你怎么建立一个属于你自己的，同时一定是关于托福阅读的小词库。
但是，大家如何背单词以前，你一定要了解同时还要确定你的考试时间，此的原因在于大家必须要有一个大概的时间计划，才可以完全的执行背单词这件事情。
托福阅读对多少个分数对照表
托福阅读对多少个分数对照表托福阅读到底是怎么算分的，下面小编就给大家分享一下托福阅读对多少个分数对照表。
看完你就懂了!托福阅读对多少个分数对照表关于托福阅读错几个得多少分的问题，大家可以参考托福阅读计分方法：正确题目个数得分正确题目个数得分正确题目个数得分正确题目个数得分9 2 21 8 33 19 45 308 2 20 8 32 18 44 297 1 19 7 31 17 43 296 1 187 30 16 42 285 0 176 29 16 41274 0 16 6 28 15 40 263 0 15 5 27 14 39 252 0 14 5 26 13 38 241 0 13 4 25 12 37 2312 4 24 11 36 2211 3 23 10 35 2110 3 22 9 34 201、托福三篇文章(如遇加试时从五篇中随机选三篇)计分，每篇12-14道题。
2、三篇文章回答正确的题目数量加起来就能得出托福阅读总分。
3、除重要归类题和观点题以外，每道题的分值都是1分。
4、重要观点题的分值可能是2分。
归类题为3或4分。
5、考试所得分数范围：0-30分。
托福阅读TPO34第2篇:水电的发展托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shortersupply, yet it remained tremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widely scattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britain in the late Middle Ages as a source of heat. By 1640 most homes in London were heated with it, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was not used, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there that coal’s potential wa d enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantly filling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling in circles at the surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt to overcome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Both burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by the early 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines were operating successfully, though inefficiently, in English andScottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical study of the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilled crafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763: Watt was called on to repair a Newcomen engine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that the Newcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendid invention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steam engine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for a while, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained mines and made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. The steam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as other industries during the 1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. The British iron industry was radically transformed. The use of powerful, steam-driven bellows in blast furnaces helped iron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke (which is made from coal) in the smelting of pig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after 1770 in the 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a great boom in the British ironindustry. In 1740 annual British iron production was only 17:000 tons, but by 1844: with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, it had increased to 3,000:000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读TPO34第2篇题目:水电的发展1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Britain's short supply of wood in the eighteenth century?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was being exported to other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land for farming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statements about Russia’s i ron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you must select TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iro n increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resources eventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion of Britain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advanced and well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before the eighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery and Newcomen engines were similar EXCEPT:A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientific instruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led to many patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine bypreventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it n o longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development that greatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 with that of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inventionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development of steam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain was first to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase the supply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radical developments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been a problem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vast forests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remained tremendously important. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’sappetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain less dependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources of energy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages of relying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it useful to several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries from cotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of the iron industry and the British economy.托福阅读TPO34第2篇:水电的发展参考答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。
托福阅读评分标准表介绍
托福阅读考试【评分标准】托福阅读考试的时间是60-80分钟，需要完成3-4篇文章，每篇文章的字数大约有700字左右，每天文章的出题数是12-14题。
当然不同一题型的分值是不一样的。
在了解托福阅读的评分方式之前，我们应该要了解的是托福阅读的题型。
托福阅读题型共分为10种：1. Factual Information questions（事实信息题）2. Negative Factual Information questions（否定事实信息题）3. Inference questions（推论题）4. Rhetorical Purpose questions（修辞目的题）5. Vocabulary questions（词汇题）6. Reference questions（指代题）7. Sentence Simplification questions（句子简化题）8. Insert Text question（句子插入题）9. Prose Summary（文章总结题）10. Fill in a Table（表格填写题）了解了托福阅读的题型，我们再来看一下托福阅读的计分方式：托福阅读以选择题为主，除最后的文章总结题和表格填写题之外，每道题的分值都是1分。
文章总结题满分为2分。
这道题会给出6个选项，要求考生从中选出3个最能概括文章内容的选项。
在评分方面，文章总结题每道题2分。
如果这道题没有选对答案或只选对1个选项，不得分；如果这道题选对2个选项，得1分；如果这道题选对了3个选项，得2分。
表格填写题满分为3分。
这道题会有2或3栏/行表格，包括5个正确答案选项。
考生需要在备选答案中挑出正确选项，并将正确选项拖入表格中的相应位置。
表格填写题满分为3分。
没有答对或只答对1或2个答案不得分；答对3个答案得1分；答对4个答案得2分；5个全对得满分3分。
新托福阅读考试共三篇文章，如果遇到加试时从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分，每篇12-14道题。
托福改革后阅读算分规则
托福改革后阅读算分规则
摘要：
I.托福改革背景
A.改革时间
B.改革原因
C.改革内容
II.阅读算分规则变化
A.题量减少
B.每题分值占比提高
C.容错率降低
III.阅读算分示例
A.旧版算分方式
B.新版算分方式
C.对比结果
IV.应对策略
A.提高阅读速度
B.增强题目理解
C.减少粗心错误
正文：
托福改革后阅读算分规则发生了变化。
根据最新改革，阅读部分由原来的3 篇减少为2 篇，同时每道题的分值占比提高，容错率降低。
这对于考生来
说无疑增加了考试难度，需要更加注重细节和提高阅读速度。
以旧版托福阅读算分为例，假设共3 篇文章，每篇文章12 道题，每题分值为1 分。
那么，满分36 分的计算方式为：每篇文章答对12 题，共36 题，每题1 分，总分为36 分。
而新版算分方式为，共2 篇文章，每篇文章14 道题，每题分值为1.25 分。
要达到满分30 分，需要答对14 题，总分为25 分，剩下的5 分需要通过加试题目来获取。
这就意味着，新版的算分方式更加苛刻，容错率降低，对考生的要求更高。
为了应对这一改革，考生需要从以下几个方面进行准备：首先，提高阅读速度，确保在有限的时间内完成更多题目；其次，增强对题目的理解，避免因理解偏差而导致的错误；最后，减少粗心错误，提高答题的准确性。
新托福阅读评分标准解析2
2021新托福阅读评分标准解析新托福考试阅读一共有42道题，但是阅读总分却只有30分，那么新托福阅读是怎么算分的呢?评分标准是怎么样的呢?下面就和大家提供新托福阅读评分标准解析!来欣赏一下吧。
一. 阅读评分标准解析其实阅读题分数是有一个转化过程的，阅读题的原始分值和转化后的对应分值。
新托福阅读每篇题量为12-14题，每篇阅读除了最后一道题为2分外，其余题目分值都是1分，所以托福阅读总的原始分值为45分。
所以。
同学们如果在考试中因为时间问题迫不得已要舍弃一道题目时，尽量不要舍弃小结题。
一般情况下，这类题目是多项选择题，6个中选择3个，选错一个扣一分，错2个或3个不得分。
那么具体对应的分值转换又是怎么样的呢?我们一起来看看下面的表格就明白了：二. 影响阅读成绩的其他因素如果阅读遇到加试，也有可能会影响阅读成绩。
那么阅读加试是如何影响阅读成绩的呢?考试中只有一局部考生会遇到阅读加试，没有遇到加试的考试成绩不会有变动，按照上述评分标准来评分。
但是参加加试的考生成绩可能会因为加试题目的情况，成绩产生一些变动，具体细那么如下：(1)如果考试正确率比加试正确率高，说明考题偏容易，也就是高分档的学生比拟多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些高分的学生减分。
给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得学生。
(2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低，说明考题偏难，也就是低分档的学生比拟多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些低分的学生加分。
给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。
(3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平，实现了正态分布，考生的分数那么不需要调整了。
之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下，仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数。
1. a couple of 两三个，几个Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not pleted until a couple of years later.2. aount for 解释Variations of clay position and the temperatures at which they are fired aount for the differences in texture and appearance.3. adapt to 使适应于They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.4, adorn with sth 用…装饰Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.5.appeal to 吸引Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults6.apply to 适用于Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.7.at best 充其量，最多Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.8.at intervals 相隔一定距离However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.9.at the expense of sth 在损害…的情况下A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.10.at the height of sth 在…最鼎盛时期The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.11.back and forth 来回地They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magic poles very rapidly.12.be absent from 缺席，不在Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.13.be capable of 能…的Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.14. be characterized by 以…为特征The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.15.be posed of 由…组成Ocean life is primarily posed of plants.16.be concerned with 与某事物有关Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.17.be distinct from 与…不同Jupiter and the other giant plas are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial plas18.be essential to 对…不可缺少Public performance is essential to verbal art.19.be exposed to 使接触，使遭受Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.20.be far from 离…很远，根本不是But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.21. be hostile to 极不友好的，极厌恶的Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans22.be regarded as 被认为是Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.23.be related to 与…有关的，相联系的Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?24. be responsible for 对…负责In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.25. be sensitive to 对…敏感的Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.26.be subjected to 经历，遭受Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.27. be superior to 优越于Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones28 .be traced to 找出根源The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.29. be/bee aware of 意识到，认识到People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.30. be/bee/get austomed to 习惯于In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been austomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.31. be/bee/get involved in 与…有关联的Two distinct processes are involved in molting.32.benefit from 从…中受益Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.33.break down 分解All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually bee clay.34.by far 到目前为止Marine sediment is by far the most important environmentfor the preservation of fossils.35.by means of 通过，凭借The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.36.by virtue of 由于Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics37.confine to 限制在一定范围之内The delivery service was at first confined to cities.38.conform to 符合Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area39.contribute to 有奉献，有助于Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.40.cope with 对付Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.41.date back to 始于In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.42. depend on 依靠The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剥夺..某事物Plant stems die when deprived of water.44.derive from 获得，起源于Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.45.due to 由于，因为Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.46. evolve from/out of 从...进化来，从…开展来The one most widely aepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.47.extract from 提取It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.48.feed on 以…为食物Predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals.49.focus on 集中(注意力)于They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.50. get rid of 处理掉Atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.51.give aess to 向…开放To connect the pueblos and to give aess to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.52.give birth to 使诞生，引起Most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.53.give off 发散，发出If Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat.54.give rise to 引起，导致The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.55.go beyond 超过，越过An interviewer can go beyond written questions and probefor a subject's underlying feelings and reasons.56.go out of business 停业，关门The shop went out of business.57.have nothing to do with 与…无关A species’ survival may have nothing to do with itsability or inability to adapt.58.impart to 传授给They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders impart tribal lore to the younger generation.59.impose on 强加于New regulations were imposed on nontraditional education. 60.in mon 共同No two ets ever look identical, but they have basic features in mon.61.in favor of 赞同，支持The artist was in favor of a traditional style of painting.62.in quantity 大量，大批There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means.63.in season 当季Before the mid-nieenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season.64.in spite of 尽管，任凭In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived.65.in the absence of 在缺乏…的情况下The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities.66.in view of 由于In view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years.67.instead of 代替Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves.68.invest in 投资He started to invest in the town’s cultural development. 69.lead to 导致，引起In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves that will lead to biological devastation.70.leave out 排除Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered.71.off the mark 不正确This analogy is not far off the mark.72.on behalf of 代表Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.73. on the basis of 在…的根底上Antoine Lavisher, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning74.owing to 由于，因为Marine sediment is by far the most important environmentfor the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine life.75.perceive sth as sth 认为Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it. 76.pick up 学会Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating such cues.77.put off 推迟Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time.78.regardless of 不顾Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation.79.result from 因..而产生Most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding.80.result in 结果，导致The upward movement of fieldstones should result in pure soil.81.set about 开始，动手African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States.82. set aside 留下将来用Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or mercial development.83.so far 到目前为止The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far.84.sort out 把…分类Clay particles are sorted out by size and weight.85.spring up 涌现In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline.86.stem from 起源于It can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation.87.stretch out 伸展，伸出The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.88.strive for 为…而奋斗As they began to strive for social and cultural independence，their attitudes toward themselves changed.89.take aount of sth./take sth into aount 考虑到Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into aount when executing their public missions.90.take advantage of 利用Many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.91.thanks to 由于kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks.92.to some extent 某种程度上Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them.93.turn out 结果是，证明是Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic.her in 宣告…的来临Autumn could be ushered in by severe frost.95. wear away 磨损Natural forces wear away the Earth's crust96.wipe out 消灭，肃清Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting.97.with respect to 在…方面The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting.98. with the advent of 随着…的出现With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear. 99.with the aid of 借助于It is now taught with the aid of puters.100.with the exception of 除..以外With the exception of printing patterns directly onto the cloth, whether by block, roller, or screen, all of these are based on dyeing; that is, the immersion of the fabric in a dye bath.。
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托福阅读分数换算表及阅读常考题型总结托福小白可能对于托福考试的评分有很多疑问，比如阅读的题量和分数是如何换算的?阅读每篇14道题，一共考3篇，如果遇到加试，可能会考4-5篇阅读，加试题目不计入总分。
跟小编一起来看看托福阅读分数换算表和托福阅读常考的题型托福阅读分数换算表及阅读常考题型总结一.托福阅读分数换算表除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是1分，重要观点题的分值可能是2分，归类题为3或4分，考试所得分数范围：0-30分。
大家在算出原始分数以后，将被转化为0-30分的最终分数。
以下是托福阅读评分标准中原始分数与最终分数的对照表：二.托福阅读常考题型托福阅读题型共分为10种：1. Factual Information questions(事实信息题)2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事实信息题)3. Inference questions(推论题)4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辞目的题)5. Vocabulary questions(词汇题)6. Reference questions(指代题)7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子简化题)8. Insert Text question(句子插入题)9. Prose Summary(文章总结题)10. Fill in a Table(表格填写题)托福阅读TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock 【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where.It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown.【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They werethus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.托福阅读TPO30试题第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock1.Why does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night"?A.To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.D.To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examplesof the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPTA.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.4.The word "authoritative" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.actual.B.important.C.official.D.effective.5.The author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer toA.water clocks.B.the sun.C.mechanical clocks.D.the church.6.The word "rudimentary" in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning toA.rare.B.small.C.impractical.D.basic.7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.8.The word "installed" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.required.B.expected by the majority of people.C.standardized.D.put in place.9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakersA.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.A.How did early mechanical clocks work?B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?C.How were mechanical clocks made?D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?11.The word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning toA.leaders.B.opponents.C.employers.D.guardians.12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.D.It led to a focus on productivity.13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied withthe seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks werefar more accurate.E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.托福阅读TPO30答案第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。