定语从句(知识讲座)

定语从句
定语从句: 在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。

这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。

定语从句的位置：通常在先行词〔在主句中〕后。

定语从句的引导词：关系代词和关系副词
定语从句的先行词：被修饰的名词或代词，要么代表人，代表物，要么代表全句 复合句 =
+
㈠ 关系代词的基本用法:
① who 指人，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略。

A person who steals things is called a thief.
②whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，可以省略。

The man (whom ) I nodded to is Mr Li.
He is the man whom/that I sam yesterday.
③ which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略。

These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder (which) he is using is made in Japan.
④that指人或物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略。

A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man (that) I told you about.
⑤whose指人或物，在定语从句中做定语。

不可省略。

Here are the parents whose little girl was killed in the great air crash.
We live in a house whose windows face the sea.
考点一that和which的选择
(1) that指物时一般可以与which互换，但在以下情况引导词只用that，不用which。

①当先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词时，如：
a. All that can be done has been done.
b. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.
c. There is little (that) the enemy can do besides surrender.
②先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时：
I’ve read all the books (that) you gave me.
③先行词是序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

This is the best book (that) I’ve ever read.
This is the first composition (that) he has written in English.
④先行词被the only, the very, the last 修饰时。

That white flower is the only one (that) I really like.
This is the very book (that) I want to find.
⑤当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who (whom)和which引导。

如：
He talked about the teachers and schools 〔that〕he had visited.
⑥先行词是疑问词who, which, what 时，定语从句用that而不用who, (whom)和which引导。

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
What that is on the table belongs to me?
⑦当关系代词在从句中作表语时：
Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.
China is no longer the country that it used to be.
〔2〕只用which的情况
Which可以引导非限定性定语从句，可用于介词后，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。

1 She heard a terrible noise; ______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it
B. which
C. this
D. that
2. The weather turned out to be good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. it
㈡关系副词的基本用法：
①when，用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句中做时间状语，when可
以换成“介词+关系代词”
I still remember the day when (= on which) I first came to Beijing.
She was born in the year when (=in which) Wen Chuan earthquake broke out.
②where, 用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，where在定语从句中做地点状语，where
可以换成“介词+关系代词”
This is the farm where (=on which) we worked when we were young.
The school where (=in which) his mother teaches is in the west of the city.
③why, 用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语从句中做原因状语，why可以换
成“介词+关系代词”
There are several reasons why (=for which) the boys should be punished.
Tom couldn’t give the teacher the reason why(=for which) he was late for school.
注意：
⑴当先行词为time，表示“次数”时，应用关系代词that或者省略。

This is the first time (that) the president has visited the country.
⑵当point，situation，case,spot,scene等做先行词表示“情况，境地，场合”时，其后常由where引导定语从句，where在句中做状语。

先行词为occasion表示“场合”时其后常用when 引导定语从句。

Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?
⑶当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place，room，mountain，airport等，如在句中做状语用where引导，如在句中做主语或宾语用which或that引导。

This is the house where (=in which) we lived last year.
The factory which/ that we will visit is large.
⑷先行词是the way，表示“方式方法”时，引导定语从句的关系代词用that/in which或省略。

I didn’t like the way that/in which she talked to me.
The way that/ in which he teaches English is interesting.
⑸reason 为先行词，如定语从句缺少状语则用why引导，如缺少主语宾语表语则用that或which引导。

This is the reason that/which he gave.
考点二如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词?
1、找出定语从句中是否主语和宾语都齐全。

如齐全用关系副词。

用什么关系副词看先行词。

I will never forget the days (__when____ I stayed with you).
Jurassic Park is about a park (__where____ a very rich man keeps different kinds of dinosaurs). 1958 was the year (_when_ Spielberg made his first real film).
Please give me the reason (__why___ you made such a great success).
Morning is the best time (_when you practice reading aloud).
Do you remember the lake( _where you first met your girlfriend.〕
2、如定语从句中缺宾语，确定定语从句的谓语动词是不是及物动词，如是，用关系代词，如不是，用关系副词。

Yesterday we went to visit the house (where/in which the great writer used to live).
The house (which/that they built in 1987) stayed up in the earthquake.
Luckily none of the people (who/whom/that I know) were killed in the earthquake.
My father was born in the year (when/in which the Second World War broke out).
3、如定语从句中谓语结构是被动结构，有主语，则用关系副词。

Kunming is a beautiful place (where flowers are seen all the year round).
October 1st is the day (when new China was founded).
The window (which/that was opened this morning) has been broken.
The meeting (that/which will be held next week) is very important.
㈢限制性定语从句restrictive：是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。

这种从句和主句关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。

The man who came here yesterday has come again.
非限制性定语从句non-restrictive：和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。

这种从句，写时往往逗号分开。

Jenny, with whom I played table tennis yesterday, lives in my next room.
That is Mr. Wang, whose daughter teaches English at a middle school.
注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that
考点三：as与which引导的定语从句
1、如果定语放主句后，即可用as也可以用which.
He failed to the exam, as (=which) is natural.
She seems a scientist, as (=which) in fact she is.
Grammar is not a dead rule, which (=as) I have said before.
2、如果从句在主句前，这时要用as而不用which引导定语从句。

如：
As we all know, his parents were killed in the war.
As we all know, the earth is round.
3.用于the same…as…,such…as…，as…as…, so…as…中，一般用as。

e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting.
This is the same book as I lent you yesterday.
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
代表前面主句意思时，有“正如…”之意，而which没有此意思，从句中的动词常是expect, know, see, think, want, suppose等。

He won the match, as we had expected.
He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.
The police were looking for him, as he thought.
5. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported
等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。

e.g. She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
6.如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，则用which.
a. He cheated his friend of mach money, which was very disgraceful.
b. He came back late, which made his mother worried.
固定表达：as we all know, as often happens, as you see, as is well known, as is expected, as we expect, as was expected, as is mentioned above
考点四：关系代词前介词确实定
1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：
e.g. Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?
2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：
e.g. Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which I’m sure.
3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：
e.g. 1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.
4.非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+ of + 关系代词”的结构，如：
e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
5. Whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型，如：
e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.
关系副词when, where, why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。

如：when=in/on/at…+which, where=in/on/at…+which, why=for+which
介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。

eg. 1. I won’t forget the date when( on which) I was born.
2. This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in.
3. I don’t know the reason why (for which) he haven’t come today.
4. Tom still remembers the days when (in which) they lived in Tianjin.
是否所有的介词+关系代词都能用关系副词代替?
The painting (at which I looked) was painted by me.
The book (about which I heard) was written twenty years ago.
The pen (_with which she wrote that book) can now be seen in a museum.
The film (__during which_I fell asleep) was very boring.
Kunming is a beautiful place _where / in which ( flowers are seen all the year round).
I will never forgot the day __on which/when_ I first met you on the ship.
结论：只有当介词+关系代词充当地点状语、时间状语或原因状语时，才能用关系副词代替。

关系代词的省略：
①关系代词在从句中做动词的宾语
I have been to the city twice (that/which) you just visited.
②关系代词在从句中做表语
After many years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (that) he used to be.
③关系代词在从句中做介词的宾语，而介词在从句句尾时
Generation gap is a problem (which/that) people are interested in.
分隔式定语从句
I have a picture by a famous painter which was sent to me for my birthday.
The days are gone when we lived together, worked together and played together.
混杂式定语从句(关系词与其后的词之间会有插入语，如I think，I believe，I guess，I expect，I am sure，they say等)
The girl knows three foreign languages，which we all think makes it easier for her to find a good job.
多重定语从句
I’ll never forget the moment when I first met Mary and which makes me always feel happy.
注意：在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式由它修饰的先行词的数来决定，但如果one前面有the only修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词只能用单数。

Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.
Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.。