运用创伤理论分析《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉的形象(英文版)

摘要
美国黑人女作家托妮.莫里森（1931-2019）出生于俄亥俄州钢城洛里恩,她曾获普利策小说奖，赛珍珠奖，美国艺术文学学院奖。

她在1993年获得诺贝尔奖.《最蓝的眼睛》为她的第一部长篇小说。

以美国1941年前后黑人遭受到的精神奴役为背景，在黑人奴隶制度废除后，虽然黑人和白人在肉体上的社会地位看起来是平等的，但是因为奴隶制度而在美国留下了黑人的穷困潦倒以及发自美国白人心里的种族歧视，而一些黑人为了改善自己的物质生活，在不知不觉中抛弃了本民族的优秀传统。

她注重细节描写。

突出情感表达，将小说创作与民族解放使命联系起来引发人们深思。

托尼习惯把神话色彩和政治敏感结合起来，在《最蓝的眼睛》发表的时候，正是美国黑人权利运动风气云涌的时候。

《最蓝的眼睛》中的主人公佩科拉的一家便是这种精神奴役下所酿成的悲剧。

本文应用了创伤理论相关的心理学理论来分析小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的人物特点，从创伤理论的心理创伤，文化创伤，宗教创伤三个方面来分析佩科拉悲剧形成的原因，以及从创伤修复理论的内部因素和外部因素来分析佩科拉最终创伤修复失败的原因。

文章根据文中独特的叙述角度和文中特有的时间顺序和黑人种族的文化背景,运用创伤理论来分析文中重要人物佩科拉的形象，从心理创伤，文化创伤和宗教创伤三个方面来分析佩科拉命运造成的原因。

同时运用创伤理论中的创伤复原理论分析佩科拉在遭受创伤后的复原过程，通过内在原因和外在原因分析佩科拉是如何修复失败造成最终的悲剧形象。

从而得到启示，引发深思。

关键词：托尼.莫里森；创伤理论；命运；佩科拉；创伤修复
Abstract
Toni Morrison (1931-2019) was born in lorrain, Ohio. She won the Pulitzer prize for fiction, the pearl buck prize and the American academy of arts and letters.She won the Nobel Prize in 1993.Around 1941 blacks in the United States suffered mental slavery as the background, the black after the abolition of slavery, though blacks and whites in the social status of the body appear to be equal, but because of slavery in the United States left a black and poor from the racial discrimination of white America's
mind, and some of the black people to improve their material life, in imperceptible in abandoned the fine tradition of this nation.She attention to detail.It emphasizes the expression of emotion and connects the creation of novels with the mission of national liberation.
Tony had a habit of combining mythology with political sensibilities, and the publication of The Bluest Eye coincided with the rise of the black rights movement in America.The family of Pecola, the protagonist of The Bluest Eye, is a tragedy caused by such spiritual slavery.This paper applied the theory of trauma associated psychological theory to analyze the characteristics of the characters in the novel the bluest eye, the psychological trauma from the trauma theory, culture, religion, trauma from three aspects to analyze the causes of the formation of Pecola’s tragedy, and from the Wound Healing Theory to analyze the internal factors and external factors Pecola eventually wound repair the cause of the failure.
Based on the unique feminist narrative Angle, the special chronological sequence and the cultural background of black race, this paper analyzes the image of Pecola, an important figure in this paper, by using the theory of trauma, and analyzes the causes of Pecola’s fate from three aspects: psychological trauma, cultural trauma and religious trauma.At the same time, the theory of trauma recovery in the trauma theory is used to analyze Pecola’s post-traumatic recovery process, and the internal and external reasons are used to analyze how Pecola repaired the final tragic image caused by failure.Thus get enlightenment, cause ponder.
Key words: Toni Morrison; Trauma theory; Fate; Pecola; Wound healing.
Contents
摘要 (1)
Abstract (1)
1 Introduction (3)
1.1 Background to the Study (4)
1.2 Purpose of the Study and Research Questions (4)
1.3 Approach to the Study (5)
1.4 Organization of the Thesis (5)
2 Literature Review (6)
2.1 Studies on Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye (6)
2.2 Studies on Trauma Theory at Home and Aboard (10)
3 Causes of The Tragic Image of The Pecola From Traum Theory (16)
3.1 Psychological Trauma on Pecola (16)
3.2 Cultural Trauma on Pecola (17)
3.3 Religious Trauma on Pecola (19)
4 The Reasons of The Pecola's Failure in Would Healing (21)
4.1 Internal Factors of Pecola's Failture in Would Healing (22)
4.2 External Factors of Pecola's Failture in Would Healing (26)
5 Conclusion (29)
References (30)
Acknowledgements .........................................................................错误!未定义书签。

An Analysis of The Tragic Image of Pecola From In The Bluest Eye From Trauma
Theory
1 Introduction
This chapter is divided into four parts, which respectively introduce the background of the novel creation, the research method of the thesis on the novel, the purpose of the thesis and the organization of the thesis.This paper analyzes the causes of Pecola’s fate from three aspects: psychological trauma, cultural trauma and religious trauma.At the same time, we use trauma recovery theory to analyze Pecola’s recovery process after suffering from trauma, put forward two questions and discuss the answers in this paper.
1.1Background to the Study
Before writing a paper, the authors of the paper by understanding related black history, to understand the research, author thinks that The Bluest Eye as her first novel, has great research significance, through reading the novel, the tragedy of the hero image makes the authors want to study, after reading related literature, after decided to study from the perspective of theory of trauma.The Bluest Eye for Morrision’s first novel, the United States around 1941 blacks suffered mental slavery as the background, the black after the abolition of slavery, though blacks and whites in the social status of the body appear to be equal, but because of slavery in the United States left a black and poor from the racial discrimination of white America’s mind,In order to improve their material life, some black people unconsciously abandon their national excellent traditions.Critics often use such critical methods as feminism, racism, black traditional culture, ecocriticism, post-colonialism and historical writing to conduct thematic, historical and cultural studies and comparative studies on The Bluest Eye Purpose of the Study and Research Questions.
1.2Purpose of the Study and Research Questions
Since the publication of this novel, many scholars have analyzed it from various aspects, providing multiple possibilities for exploring its long-term value.Her works are mostly studied by critics in the ways of feminism, racism and black traditional culture.This paper analyzes Toni Morrison’s novel blue eyes from the perspective of trauma theory and reveals some profound thoughts expressed by this literary theory.By analyzing the causes of the protagonist Pecola’s tragedy from different aspects of the trauma theory, as well as the tragic image finally formed after the failure in the Wound Healing, the work mainly reflects the national spirit and aims at awakening people's national consciousness.
By carefully reading The Bluest Eye, the author awakens people’s national consciousness by analyzing Pecola’s various literary traumas in the context of white society.This paper aims to analyze Pecola’s tragic fate in the novel from the perspective of trauma theory, as well as the significance of some thoughts expressed
in the novel.In addition, through a comprehensive study of the novel, this paper aims to answer the following questions:
(1) How did Pecola’s tragic fate form step by step?
(2) How did Pecola fail to heal the would in The Bluest Eye?
1.3Approach to the Study
This paper analyzes the novel The Bluest Eye from the perspective of trauma theory by means of examples.According to the definition of trauma theory in psychology, the author finds fragments in the novel that accord with the characteristics of trauma theory to analyze the characters’psychology.Through the three aspects of trauma theory involved in the novel: cultural trauma, psychological trauma, religious trauma three aspects to analyze the fragment description.According to the unique narrative perspective, time series and the cultural background of black race, this paper analyzes the causes of the formation of the tragedy of the protagonist Pecola and the tragic image formed at the end of the failure of trauma repair, so as to get enlightenment and trigger in-depth thinking.
1.4Organization of the Thesis
There are five parts in this paper. The fist chapter generalizes research content, including the research background, research purpose, research methods and the organizational structure of the paper.The second chapter is the literature review, including the studies at home and abroad on Toni Morrison and her works, the field of trauma theory, and the research related to her work blue eyes.The third chapter mainly analyzes the causes of Pecola’s tragedy from cultural trauma, psychological trauma and cultural trauma.The fourth chapter mainly analyzes Pecola’s repair process after the trauma and the tragic image after the failure of the final repair.The fifth part is a conclusion of the several chapters, which not only includes the answers to the research questions, but also includes the purpose and inspiration of the research.
2 Literature Review
This part is mainly a literature review, including domestic and foreign studies on Toni Morrison and her works, as well as domestic and foreign studies on different fields of trauma theory.The research on the subject of trauma is mainly divided into three parts: cultural trauma, psychological trauma and religious trauma.It will outline three different areas of trauma research.
2.1 Studies on T oni Morrison and The Bluest Eye
Toni Morrison (1931-2019) is an important figure in the history of American literature. She won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1993 and is the only black female writer in history to win the Nobel Prize for literature.Morrison’s research began in the middle and late 1970s, and critics mostly used feminism, racism, black traditional culture, ecocriticism, post-colonialism, historical writing and other research methods to conduct thematic research, historical and cultural studies, comparative studies.
Studies on Morrison’s are all based on Morrison’s identity as an African-American female writer, and all interpretations are about this identity, combining differen t interpretation perspectives to interpret Morrison’s literary thoughts or investigate the aesthetic factors in her novels.Around the center of the discussion topic is race, gender, cultural and literary tradition, generally including ethnic history, gender discourse and gender politics, African and African cultural tradition of Morrison’s novel creation influence, Morrison’s novel creation of African-American literature, traditional American literary tradition or the western literary tradition, etc.Race and gender are often integrated with the identity construction of the characters in the novel and associated with the double identities of African Americans.The history and destiny of race has become an enduring topic in the academic circle, concerning the relationship between black and white people and how the dominant white culture dominates the living state of black Americans.The African mythology, folklore, the spreading of black oral culture and the description of the black community in Morrison’s novels show the African culture and also help
readers to interpret Morrison’s works.An exploration of gender issues in Morrison’s works.
Morrison’s works show the black race from early 1680 years of American slavery to the contemporary social life of the 20th century, especially in their affliction and misery suffered by people, the traumatic memory from generation to generation, has gradually accumulated a national trauma and history, the weakness of the reconstruction of the black community groups full of innovation trauma history shows that black is after separating African traditional culture aphasia by white mainstream culture history of white racism tragic circumstances lose subjectivity discourse power.Morrison calls himself a “black female novelist” (Tyler,1994:7), emphasizing race and gender in his work.
While scholars were studying the novel of The Blues Eye.Critics often use such critical methods as feminism, racism, black traditional culture, ecocriticism, post-colonialism and historical writing to conduct thematic, historical and cultural studies and comparative studies on The Bluest Eye.Scholars at home and abroad like to study The Bluest eye from a cultural perspective. Ogunyemi remarks in Order And Disorder In Toni Morrison's Bluest Eye: “scapegoat is the title of the whole book. Jaina’s cats, Bob and dogs, and Pecola are the fall guy of the society in the United States when people hold the vehement ceremony. As the wretched and unfortunate fall guys, such s Pecola, suffer the shame and pain from people, people will think that they could support her to stay away from hunger. People hold that they are not the most loathsome, but the most fortunate, comparing with her”.(Ogunyemi,1977:112) In the novel of The Bluest Eye, many root problems are reflected.In Dangerous Freedom: Fusion And Division, Page notes that Morrison’s images of flowers and nature highlight the evils of racism and cultural colonization.Black Americans, far from their African houses, somewhat make them part from the essential culture of this country. About the substantial wealth but poor spirit of the United States, black people with a pair of “blue eyes”to see the world, see themselves. They have divergence. They have separate and obsolete thinking. The insufficient nutrition provides the African Americans with the poor health, which smashed the American
dream. The trageday of Pecora means, in fact, a tragedy for all black people and for American society.
The Bluest Eye(1970) features a group of “albinos” who have been "bleached" by a culture of aggressive white racism.Geraldine, cheechew and Pauline abandoned their own blackness, isolated from the black community, split personality, abnormal behavior, blind pursuit of white culture.The light-skinned Geraldine sees little black girls like Pecola as ugly and dirty social diseases and is tricked into killing Pecola in exchange for “blue eyes” by Chiu, who tacitly assumes the role of black community chaplain.Most distressing of all was Pecola’s mother, Pauline, who thought her daughter was “black and ugly” and liked white girls with blue eyes.
In researching the content of the article, Caruth argues that Pecola is not only a victim of white aesthetic standards, but also a victim of black self-loathing who hated by his birth mother, raped by his father, and finally driven mad.This kind of psychological trauma has generated the psychology of racial self-denial in the black community, which has brought huge negative impact on the life of black people in 1996.
At the end of 20th century, the study of literary criticism turned to the study of space.Since 2005, western academic circles have been conducting spatial studies on The Bluest eye.Except for a few works, the research results are mostly in the form of doctoral thesis, which is more prominent in the comparative research.Some specific spaces in Morrison’s works, such as home, kitchen, coffin and closet, are the main research objects.Nicole Spottke mentioned that in Closets, Kitchens and Monasteries: The Writing Of The Female Family In The Gender Space.Discusses family instability in The Bluest Eyes.But the real homebuilding must start from the inside, from its own situation, that is to say, the black people must face their own history.
In the study of The Bluest Eye, domestic scholars mostly start from the perspective of female and national trauma repair.In Morrison’s works, the black community and the music narrative are the carrier of black culture and the way of healing.Characters who lack or cannot express themselves musically often cannot communicate effectively with other blacks.(Zeng,2010) the healing power of music
allows people to share traumatic experiences and face new lives together.Claudia repeatedly recalled her mother's healing song called that The Black Song, which she believed dyed misfortune green and blue and carried away all sadness.I believe that pain is not only bearable, but also sweet.(Morrison, The Bluest Eye).Pecola, by contrast, lived in a “lost voice” household, where parents could not sing, took their troubles out on their daughters, and lived on the edge of town, implying their displacement and abandonment of the black community (Zeng, 2010).
Liu Yanfang in The Alienation Of Black - Evaluation Of Toni Morrison in The Bluest eye analysis that in the strong white mainstream culture, blacks have been varying degrees of alienation, they constantly suffer the double identity of torture, also reflects the white indifference, this not only is the problem that two ethnic groups, but all mankind faces the crisis of loss of human nature.The only solution is to call for a return to human nature.(Liu Yanfang,2010)
Zhang Xuexiang in The Blue Eyes -- Double Discrimination Tragedy comments on black American female writer Toni Morrison’s first novel The Bluest Eye in condemning racism, talk about the situation about the black.,especially the black literature, which signified their increasing perfection and logic.The sadness of the role model in this fiction discloses that the white people’s view of race and culture harms the black people, and the black people are also responsible for their own misfortune.So a change in the attitude of the black self becomes the key to their true self.
At the same time, many domestic scholars study The Bluest Eye from the writing method.Zeng Zhijiang Liu Mingjing in Fault Of Narrative Time In Fracture Interpretation Of Life-Toni Morrison Time Narrative Strategies In The Bluest Eye.published in their own points of view, They thinks that Morrison on the basis of the theory of thermal knight’s narrative time, fro m the time order, time, frequency and time from three aspects of The Bluest Eye time narrative strategy analysis, that the author is clever use of the fault time narrative skills to tell the hero Pecola the tragic, fracture of life.
Liang zhijian pointed out in The Symbolic Meaning Of Natural Image In The Bluest Eye that Morrison explored the root cause of black people's tragic fate from the aspects of natural environment, social environment and people themselves, revealing the survival and spiritual dilemma that black people living on the edge of American society had to face because of cultural colonization.The image of nature runs through the whole novel of the bluest eye, which perfectly combines the ideology and artistry of the novel.(Liang,2007)
2.2 Studies on Trauma Theory at Home and Aboard
Garland mentioned that the word trauma comes from the Greek “traumatos”in Trauma:A Psychological Approach. It originally meant a wound. Specifically, “torn skin and exploded body” (Garland,1998:27), 90s widely used in the field of literature, refers to the life of a common encounter and life experience.Freud had the following statement about trauma that is a short-term taste, the thinking is yield to the encouragement to the largest extent, therefore the common approach to find the adjustment, the disturbance of high efficiency for sharing of the thought is called a trauma. The scholar from the U.S, Cathy Caruth, is described in the book Unclaimed Experience, the writer thought that no exact reference of trauma is found, and which is given differently at different times describe and give different names.She thinks of trauma as describing a sudden or a highly unusual experience of a catastrophic event, people’s response to a catastrophic event. It is usually delayed and repeated with hallucinations and other uncontrollable manifestations like.(Caruth,1996).
Trauma concept originated in western society in the 20th century, and then rapidly throughout the world, people are constantly talking about, because a period of experience, an event, a certain ACTS of violence or harassment, or just encountered a sudden or surprising, sometimes even no special malicious experience of social transformation and change, it suffered trauma .Trauma is not a natural product, it is a social construct.Cultural trauma can be divided into individual trauma and collective trauma.The seminal sociological model developed by Kai Erikson in his seminal book,
Everything in Its Path, proposed the concept of the difference between individual and collective trauma.
Four fields are contained in trauma theory: psychological trauma,cultural trauma, national and history trauma, among which heart psychological trauma is the primary one. Cultural trauma refers to the influence of one thing and catastrophe on a group, which signifies the missing of the identification of people or the passive influence on separating the integration of social organization, but not personal thing in the whole organization. All people are influenced. However, cultural trauma is not passive all the time; it evokes it collective memory may enhance group cohesion. (Eyeman, 2001)The contemporary core connotation of the word “injury” is the injured subject is incapable of constructing a normal individual physical and collective cultural identity.It has invasion, delay and compulsory repetition of the three major quality characteristics(Tao,2011)
The root cause of psychological trauma is Cultural Trauma.The earliest Cultural Trauma was proposed in Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity by Jeffrey C.He mentioned that Cultural Trauma occurs when a group is threatened by an event that forms an indelible influence, leaves a permanent memory, and will change their identity.Jeffrey c. Alexander in Toward Cultural Theory mentioned that Trauma theory mainly includes literary trauma personal trauma, It means a blow to the psyche that penetrates the defenses of the individual so suddenly and violently that it cannot be reflected effectively....by collective trauma, on the other hand, is a blow to the basic fabric of society, damaging the knot that binds people together, destroying the universal sense of community.Collective trauma crept slowly, even unknowingly, into the consciousness of those who suffered from it.Therefore, it does not have the sudden nature normally associated with “trauma”.But it’s still a shock to learn that the community is no longer an effective source of support, that the main part of the self is gone....The concept of cultural trauma refers to the occurrence of cultural trauma at the time that people and groups who have undergone the bad things, which kept the perpetual signals in people’s mind, and will stay in this situation until the future. Eyeman hasever said that cultural is not always passive. What’s more, the gathering
thoughts may improve the group cohsion in Cultural Trauma:Slavery and The Formation of African American Identity.
In the context of cultural trauma,at the level of the social system, the system may not work, the school may not be able to teach, or even miserably fail to provide basic skills.The government may not be able to ensure basic protection or may experience a serious delegitimation crisis.The economic system may be so severely disrupted that its distribution function cannot even supply basic goods.They are not necessarily traumatic to the affected group members, but for trauma to occur at the collective level, a social crisis must become a cultural crisis.Cultural trauma is not the result of painful group experience.Trauma is the result of this sharp discomfort that goes to the core of the collective's own identity.It is collective actors who reappear social pain as a fundamental threat to feelings about who they are, where they come from, and where they want to go.
The earliest psychological trauma was proposed by Freud in Beyond the Pleasure Principle in 1975, and Freud’s comprehension of trauma includes three parts: the memories about what happened when they are children, the memories about what happened when they are teenager, and memories of what happened that stimulated by the late activities. Freud paid attention to the memories of trauma, not the things. He gave importance to his knowledge about the definition of trauma that is derived from the rigid line-type, periodic models.
Psychological trauma is defined by a response about feeling resulted from natural and artificial catastrophe, especially the long-term dangerous events will result in the psychological trauma that will do the influence on people from body, mind, emotion to behavior. It results from the natural and artificial catastrophes, especially the things that will be dangerous to the life. In fact, its bad and long effect on the feeling ,will result in the disorder in emotion, action and body, which will last for a short term or a long term. This study mainly focuses on the third type of trauma, interpersonal trauma, such as the Child maltreatment, fighting,killing, psychological disease, etc.
Michael h. ebert in The Diagnosis And Treatment of Modern Mental Illness in 2000 concludes that Common external reactions of psychological trauma include :
1.Physical level: rapid heartbeat, rising blood pressure, shortness of breath, dizziness, stomachache and diarrhea, headache, weakness, numbness, tingling or heaviness in hands and feet, excessive startle reflex, fatigue, change in appetite.
2.Cognitive level: poor concentration or memory problems; difficulty in understanding; slow thinking; changes in the way you view yourself and the world, increased alertness to the environment (over vigilance); loss of connection with the self (separation), flashbacks, nightmares.
3.Emotional level: anxiety and fear; insecurity, helplessness, feeling of isolation, indifference or alienation, sadness, mourning, melancholy, low mood, guilt, anger, irritability, hyperactivity, no rest, emotional denial, numbness, dislike everything, loss of confidence and self-esteem.
4. The behavioral level: the shrinking or away from others and easily frightened, withdrawal, hostile, or good, communication is difficult, whether oral or written, angry feeling, often argue with others, drinking, smoking, or the amount of drug overdose, eating habits change, part of the victim can be in the absence of professional help to digest his trauma (about 70%), others will be more or less as a mental disorder (accounts for about 30%.) : such as anxiety, depression, somatoform disorders, such as pain, etc.), eating disorders, sleep disorders, such as alcohol dependence and drug dependence of stress events.
Not all traumatic events can form individual psychological trauma, generally forming the conditions of trauma: first, the nature of the event itself.Including actual or feared death, and serious physical or emotional damage;Second, the meaning of the event to the victim.Some experiences can be traumatic to anyone, such as being insulted, while others vary from person to person, depending on what it means to the person involved.
Freud believed that resting bottom symptoms were the result of childhood sexual abuse trauma.When Freud used Charcot’s hypnotic technique to treat his hysterical patients, he began to guide their stories in detail, and he began to discover the first
psychoanalytic theory of trauma and, more importantly, the nature of psychological reality.Freud discovered that behind the hysterical symptoms of his patients lurked painful emotions in a “strangled” state associated with a memory cut off from consciousness.This kind of strangled emotional memory becomes the core of what Freud called “second psychical group” (Freud,1894:7) or sub-conscious complex of ideas (Freud, 1893:27).Once the nucleus is formed “at a traumaticmoment” (F reud, 1894:8) if a similar type of impression occurs, it establishes a defect point for subsequent traumatic recurrence.Thus the treatment is usually unsuccessful, unless the first moment still has the feeling of connection of being made accessible.In modern language, “the hysterics suffer mainly from the past ”(Freud,1893:27).
Severe trauma can cause symptoms of PTSD.The symptoms are first reported in Studies in Hysteria by Freud.In 1980, the American psychiatric association published in Manual of Psychiatric Diagnosis And Statistics, the first formal explanation of post-traumatic stress disorder.Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition characterized by insomnia, nightmares, depression, anxiety, and short-term psychosis, resulting in loss of social and self confidence, low self-esteem, guilt, and social discomfort.Understanding trauma begins with rediscovering history.”says Herman.(Herman, 1992:27)
The ultimate goal of writing about trauma is to find ways to repair it.Severe trauma can cause symptoms of PTSD.There is no specific concept of wound repair, but emphasizes the method of repairing the wounded.The ultimate goal of writing about trauma is to find ways to repair it.The historical trauma of the black nation makes them suffer deep psychological injuries and fall into the identity crisis of self-loss and self-loathing.Trauma Theory emphasizes the healing of victims' trauma through witnessing and narrating memories. (Wang,2010), witness and narration are both methods and means of modern narrative therapy.
Treating people with PTSD can be a difficult process.Wilhelm Reich points to the clinical psychoanalytic treatment of patients who are unwilling to communicate as being in a “state of defense” which he calls armor.The shielded memory is activated, and the pain caused by the forced entry of traumatic historical events is unforgettable.。