语言学第二章
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Simultaneous & overlapping articulation
Questions 1 map lamb 2 how lip positions affect [s] in seat & soup respectively ? (rounded/unrounded）
先期协同发音和后滞协同发音
协同发音和语音转写
Coarticulation: The simultaneous（同时的） or overlapping articulation of two successive phonological units.
What is co articulation? (协同发音）
Influence of their neighbors (assimilation)
What is phonetics?
• Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.
语音的研究涉及三个领域
1. Articulatory phonetics – the study of the production of speech sounds 发音语音学 2. Acoustic phonetics – the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech 声学语音学 3. Auditory phonetics – the study of perception of speech sounds 感知语音学（听觉语音学）
2.2.3 The sounds of English
• GA: the widely accepted accent used by most educated speakers in the USA.
英语辅音表（35页）
Do remember:
• 辅音描述时，先描 述发音部位，再描
述发音方式。
2.2 Consonants and Vowels
听： 元音和辅音有什么区别？
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
Consonants and vowels
• A consonant is produced by constricting(压缩) or obstructing（阻碍） the vocal tract（声道） at some places to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. • A vowel is produced without obstruction so no turbulence（震荡） or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
2.2.1 Consonants
The categories of consonant are established on the basis of several factors. The most important of these factors are: 1.the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract (manner of articulation);发音方式 2.where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of the air (place of articulation).发音部位
When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop（声门塞音）
The IPA
• International Phonetic Association 国际语音学会 International Phonetic Alphabet Principles of IPA (27页)
15
14
咽 腔
• A. The pharyngeal cavity: • 13 windpipe, 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 pharyngeal cavity • B. The oral cavity: • 1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth ridge(alveolus), 6 hard palate,7 soft palate (velum), 14 uvula, 8 tip of tongue, 9 blade of tongue, 10 back of tongue • C. Nasal cavity: 15
• Anticipatory coarticulation: If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamp, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation. • Perseverative coarticulation: If the sound displays the influence of the preceding sound, as in the case of map, it is perseverative coarticulation.
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The present one mainly derives from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), revised in 1993, corrected (updated) in 1996.
英语元音表（31页）
英语元音表
•
[i:] high front tense unrounded vowel
[u] high back lax
rounded vowel
2.3 From phonetics to phonology
• 2.3.1 Coarticulation & phonetic transcription
2.2.3 The sounds of English
• Received Pronunciation (RP): The type of British Standard English pronunciation which has been regarded as the prestige（有威望的） variety and which shows no regional variation. It has often been popularly referred to as ―BBC English‖ or ―Oxford English‖ because it is widely used in the private sector of the education system and spoken by most newsreaders of the BBC network.
2.2 Organs of speech
The pharyngeal cavity:
Vibration (振动) of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
2.2 Organs of speech
also known as Vocal Organs, are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. 三大声腔： the pharynx, mouth, and nose (咽、口、鼻) Speech sounds are produced with an airstream as their sources of energy.
Branches of phonetics
Speech Production (speaker A)
Speech Perception (speaker B)
Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view: From the speaker’s point of view: how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds, which results in articulatory phonetics.
Voiced and voiceless
The level of vibration 振 动 of the vocal cords 声 带 determines whether a sound is voiced or unvoiced. If the vocal cords---apart, the airstream is not obstructed at the glottis and passes through freely. -- voiceless sounds. If the vocal cords are together, the air stream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. -- voiced sounds. feel the distinction sounds.
?响音特征用来区分阻塞音 Sounds
语音学Phonetics: the study of sounds
音韵学 Phonology: the study of sound patterns.
2.1 Speech production and perception
From the hearer’s point of view: how the sounds are perceived by
the hearer, which results in
auditory phonetics.
From the way sounds travel:how sounds travel by looking at the sound saves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another, which results in acoustic phonetics.
[P] VOICELESS BILABIAL STOP [b] VOICED BILABIAL STOP [S] VOICELESS ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE [Z] VOICED ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE [M] BILABIAL NASAL [j] palatal approximant [h] glottal fricative [l] alveolar lateral
Questions 1 map lamb 2 how lip positions affect [s] in seat & soup respectively ? (rounded/unrounded）
先期协同发音和后滞协同发音
协同发音和语音转写
Coarticulation: The simultaneous（同时的） or overlapping articulation of two successive phonological units.
What is co articulation? (协同发音）
Influence of their neighbors (assimilation)
What is phonetics?
• Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.
语音的研究涉及三个领域
1. Articulatory phonetics – the study of the production of speech sounds 发音语音学 2. Acoustic phonetics – the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech 声学语音学 3. Auditory phonetics – the study of perception of speech sounds 感知语音学（听觉语音学）
2.2.3 The sounds of English
• GA: the widely accepted accent used by most educated speakers in the USA.
英语辅音表（35页）
Do remember:
• 辅音描述时，先描 述发音部位，再描
述发音方式。
2.2 Consonants and Vowels
听： 元音和辅音有什么区别？
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
Consonants and vowels
• A consonant is produced by constricting(压缩) or obstructing（阻碍） the vocal tract（声道） at some places to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. • A vowel is produced without obstruction so no turbulence（震荡） or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
2.2.1 Consonants
The categories of consonant are established on the basis of several factors. The most important of these factors are: 1.the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract (manner of articulation);发音方式 2.where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of the air (place of articulation).发音部位
When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop（声门塞音）
The IPA
• International Phonetic Association 国际语音学会 International Phonetic Alphabet Principles of IPA (27页)
15
14
咽 腔
• A. The pharyngeal cavity: • 13 windpipe, 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 pharyngeal cavity • B. The oral cavity: • 1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth ridge(alveolus), 6 hard palate,7 soft palate (velum), 14 uvula, 8 tip of tongue, 9 blade of tongue, 10 back of tongue • C. Nasal cavity: 15
• Anticipatory coarticulation: If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamp, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation. • Perseverative coarticulation: If the sound displays the influence of the preceding sound, as in the case of map, it is perseverative coarticulation.
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The present one mainly derives from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), revised in 1993, corrected (updated) in 1996.
英语元音表（31页）
英语元音表
•
[i:] high front tense unrounded vowel
[u] high back lax
rounded vowel
2.3 From phonetics to phonology
• 2.3.1 Coarticulation & phonetic transcription
2.2.3 The sounds of English
• Received Pronunciation (RP): The type of British Standard English pronunciation which has been regarded as the prestige（有威望的） variety and which shows no regional variation. It has often been popularly referred to as ―BBC English‖ or ―Oxford English‖ because it is widely used in the private sector of the education system and spoken by most newsreaders of the BBC network.
2.2 Organs of speech
The pharyngeal cavity:
Vibration (振动) of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
2.2 Organs of speech
also known as Vocal Organs, are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. 三大声腔： the pharynx, mouth, and nose (咽、口、鼻) Speech sounds are produced with an airstream as their sources of energy.
Branches of phonetics
Speech Production (speaker A)
Speech Perception (speaker B)
Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view: From the speaker’s point of view: how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds, which results in articulatory phonetics.
Voiced and voiceless
The level of vibration 振 动 of the vocal cords 声 带 determines whether a sound is voiced or unvoiced. If the vocal cords---apart, the airstream is not obstructed at the glottis and passes through freely. -- voiceless sounds. If the vocal cords are together, the air stream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. -- voiced sounds. feel the distinction sounds.
?响音特征用来区分阻塞音 Sounds
语音学Phonetics: the study of sounds
音韵学 Phonology: the study of sound patterns.
2.1 Speech production and perception
From the hearer’s point of view: how the sounds are perceived by
the hearer, which results in
auditory phonetics.
From the way sounds travel:how sounds travel by looking at the sound saves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another, which results in acoustic phonetics.
[P] VOICELESS BILABIAL STOP [b] VOICED BILABIAL STOP [S] VOICELESS ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE [Z] VOICED ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE [M] BILABIAL NASAL [j] palatal approximant [h] glottal fricative [l] alveolar lateral