语法专项1-2 句子、时态及语态
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
第一部分句子种类与句子成分
句子种类与句子成分是语法学习的基础, 虽然通常各类语言测试没有专门辨析句子种类和句子成分的项目, 但对于任何一种语言学习来说, 句子种类与句子成分渗透在整个语法学习过程中. 本章就句子种类和句子成分进行简明扼要的分类阐述, 旨在为以后的语法学习打下坚实的基础. 一、知识点拨
★问题一:句子可以分为哪些种类?
1. 按照结构划分, 句子种类可分为简单句, 并列句和复合句及并列复合句.
(1)简单句(Simple Sentence):由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子. 如:
○1The Spring Festival is at hand. ○2We sweep and mop the floor.
(2)并列句(Compound Sentence):由and, but, so, or, for等并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简
单句, 构成并列句. 如:I like classical music while he likes pop music.
○1I come from China and he comes from Italy. ②I was going to write, but I lost your address.
○3He was sleeping, so they were quiet. ④Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold.
○5We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors. ○6Either say you’re sorry or get out!
○7Not only is the room well decorated, but also dinner is ready.
(3)复合句(Complex Sentence):
一个主句和一个(或多个)由从属连词引导的从句, 构成复合句. 根据从句在主句中所起的作用, 从句可以分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句. )
(4)并列复合句(Compound Complex Sentence):并列句中又内含从句的句子. 如:
Though he doesn’t learn well in the subject, he impresses us with his diligence, and we immediately come to like him.
2. 按照功能划分,句子种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
(1)陈述句(Declarative Sentence或Statement):用来陈述事实. 如:We held a birthday party last Friday.
(2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentence或Question):用来提出问题. 如:
①Did you hold a birthday party last Friday? (一般疑问句(General Question或Yes-No Question))
②When did you hold a birthday party?(特殊疑问句(Special Question或Wh- Question))
③Would you like chocolate ice-cream or strawberry ice-cream?
=Which ice-cream would you like, chocolate or strawberry? (选择疑问句)
④She is leaving for Hong Kong, isn’t she?(反意疑问句或附加疑句[Tag Question])
(3)祈使句(Imperative Sentence或Command):用来发出命令或请求. 如:
Let’s hold a birthday party. Don’t be deceived by her appearance.
(4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence或Exclamation):用来表示惊叹或感叹. 如:
What an exciting birthday party it is! How beautiful the scenery is!
★问题二:句子成分有哪些?
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分. 英语句子成分有主语, 谓语, 表语, 宾语, 补语, 定语, 状语等.
1. 主语(Subject):表示句子主要说明的人或事物, 通常由名词、代词等担任. 如:
He cleared his throat.
2. 谓语(Predicate): 说明主语的动作, 状态或特征, 由动词或动词词组担任. 如:
They live in the countryside.
3. 宾语(Object):跟在及物动词之后, 表示动作行为的对象(动宾); 或跟在介词之后, 表示介词所
联系的对象(介宾). 通常由名词、代词、数词等担任. 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语, 往往一个指人, 一个指物, 指人的叫间接宾语, 指物的叫直接宾语.
(1)直接宾语(Direct Object或Od):可以单独接在动词后面, 往往指物. 如:
○1He offered a suggestion. ②He offered me a suggestion. ○3He offered a suggestion to me.
(2) 间接宾语(Indirect Object或Oi):通常不能单独接在动词后面, 而须与直接宾语一起使用, 往往指人. 如:He offered me a suggestion.
4. 定语(Attribute): 修饰名词或代词, 通常由形容词、分词、动词不定式、介词短语等来充当. 如:
①The boy in the playground is a new student. ②The manager has a meeting to attend this afternoon.
5. 状语(Adverbial):修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句等, 通常由副词、分词、介词短语等担任. 如:Generally speaking, he speaks English fluently.
6. 表语(Predicative):位于连系动词be等之后, 说明主语身份、特征、属性或状态. 通常由名词、
代词、形容词等充当. 如:My sister is a nurse.
7. 补语(或补足语)(Complement):说明主语或宾语, 故可分为主语补足语和宾语补足语, 通常由形
容词, 名词、分词、动词不定式等充当.
(1)主语补语(简称主补)(Subject Complement或Cs):补充说明主语特征. 表语就是位于连系动词之
后的主语补语.
(2)宾语补语(简称宾补)(Object Complement或Co):位于宾语之后, 补充说明宾语特征. 如:
①We make him our monitor. ②Please leave the door open.
③She kept me waiting outside in the rain. ④I expect you to support me.
★问题三:句子的基本句型有哪些? 在英语里, 有下列五种基本句型:
1. 主语+谓语(S V). 如:History advances.
注意. There be句型是该句型的变异形式. 即There + V + S,
2. 主语+谓语+宾语(S V O). 如:People make history.
3. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOiOd). 如: The boy sent his mother a bunch of flowers.
4. 主语+谓语+主补(S V Cs). 如:Knowledge is power.
5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(S V O Co). 如:He asked me to keep the secret.
第二部分动词的时态和语态
动词时态和语态是英语学习过程中非常重要的一环, 也是语法学习中的一个难点. 本章将十六种动词时态予以总结并进行比较; 同时归纳了动词语态方面容易混淆的问题, 给予分析, 旨在帮助同学们掌握好这一关键语法.
一、知识点拨(一)动词的时态(tense)
★问题一:动词的时态有几种?
英语的时态从时间上看, 可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四大类, 每一类又可分为一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种情况. 因此, 共有十六种时态, 其中常见的时态有十二种. 各时态以动词