cardiovascular-system
心血管系统的发生
动脉导管
卵圆孔
3.
胎儿头颈部和上肢血供丰富，含氧
量高；下肢和腹盆脏器血液含氧量 静脉导管 低。
脐静脉
（四）出生后血液循环的变化
出生后，随着脐循环停止，肺呼吸
开始，血液循环发生下列变化 1 ．脐动、静脉和静脉导管闭锁，分 别形成脐外侧韧带、肝圆韧带和 静脉韧带；
2 ．动脉导管闭锁——动脉韧带；
3 ．卵圆孔关闭，出生后1年左右，
二、心脏的发生
（一）原始心管的发生
第18－19天， 生心区：围心腔（paricardiac coelom)——心包腔 间充质形成1对生心索(cardiogenic cord)
原始 横隔
融合
1对生心索 —— 1对心管cardiac tube —— 1条心管—— 原始心脏
心包腔与心背系膜（dorsal mesocardium） 的演变
卵圆孔完全封闭，成为卵圆窝。
主 要 内 容
原始心血管系统的组成
心脏外形的演变及内部的分隔
胎儿血循环的特点及出生后的改变
心脏的常见先天性畸形
心背系膜
围心腔
心肌外套层
心胶质
心壁的组织分化 心管内皮 心胶质
内皮层 内皮下层 心内膜下层
心内膜
心肌膜 心肌外套层 心外膜
（二）心脏外形的建立
心管3个膨大：心房atrium ，
头端接动脉囊，尾端接静脉窦
心管的弯曲：
U形弯曲—— 心球和心室（球室襻），右、前、下 S形弯曲—— 心房和静脉窦，左、后、上
左脐静脉近心段退化；
中间段（脐与肝脏间）----→静脉导管（连接脐静脉与下腔静脉）
左、右头臂静脉
左角
左前主静脉
右角
诊断学—— The Cardiovascular System(1)
心脏左界第3肋间 — 左心耳
心脏左界第4、5肋间 — 左心室
心脏右界第2肋间 — 升主动脉和上腔静脉
心脏右界第3肋间以下 — 右心房
心浊音界改变及其临床意义 心脏本身病变和心外因素的影响 心脏以外因素 1. 一侧大量胸水、气胸 - 使心界移向键侧 2. 一侧胸膜粘连增厚、肺不张 - 使心界移向患侧 3. 大量腹水或腹腔巨大肿瘤 - 膈肌升高，心脏横 位，心界向左扩大 4. 肺气肿时心浊音界变小 心脏本身病变：心房、心室增大与心包积液等
主动脉扩张 R1、2肋间浊音界增宽，常伴收缩期搏动 升主动脉瘤等
心包积液 两侧增大，随体位改变
Auscultation
心脏瓣膜听诊区 心脏各瓣膜开放与关闭时产生的声音传导至体表 最易听清的部位称心脏瓣膜听诊区 与其解剖位置不完全一致
听诊顺序
听诊内容
心率(Heart Rate)
3.
心音分裂(Splitting of Heart Sounds)
5.
额外心音(Extra Heart Sounds)
1.
舒张期额外心音
心包叩击音(Pericardial Knock) 出现在S2后约0.09~0.12秒 心包增厚，心室在舒张过程中被迫骤然停止 导致室壁振动而产生的声音 胸骨左缘最易闻及 见于缩窄性心包炎
1.
心动过速 心动过缓
2.
心律(Cardiac Rhythm)
窦性心律不齐(Sinus Arrhythmia) 期前收缩( Premature Beat ) 心房颤动( Atrial Fibrillation )
期前收缩 在规则心律基础上，突然提前出现一次心跳 其后有一较长间歇 联律 二联律、三联律
胸骨右缘第2肋间附近局部隆起 主动脉弓动脉瘤或升主动脉扩张 常伴有收缩期搏动
Cardiovascular System
8.主动脉aorta；构词形aorto词源：aorto-源于希腊语aorte，意为raise 词例：aortopulmonary主动脉肺动脉间的 aortic dissection主动脉夹层（分离）
9.毛细血管capillary；构词形capillaro词源：capillaro-源于拉丁语，意为hair-like 词例：capillarity毛细作用
化
7.静脉vein；近义构词形veno-，phlebo①词源：veno-源于拉丁语vena，意为vein 词例：venous静脉的 intravenous静脉内的 venography静脉造影术 辨析：superior vena cava[ˌvi:nə ˌke ɪvə]上腔静脉 venule ['venju:l]小静脉（vena的指小词） venom ['venəm]毒液 ②词源：phlebo-[flɪ'bəʊ]希腊语，意为vein 词例：phlebopexy静脉固定术 phlebitis [flə'baɪtɪs]静脉炎
2.心房atrium[ˌeitriəm]
近义构词形atrio词源:atrio-源于拉丁语atrium 词例:atrio-ventricular block 心房 ＋ 心室 + 阻滞 = 房室传导阻滞 辨析：arterio-动脉
3.心室ventricle；近义构词形ventriculo-
词源：ventriculo-源于拉丁语ventro-腹+-icle指小词
Medical English Terminology
Cardiovascular System
[ˌk ɑ:di:əʊˌvæskjələ] adj.心血管的
The Circulatory System
内科名词解释
内科名词解释内科是一门医学专科，主要研究并治疗人体内部的各种疾病，包括心血管系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统、消化系统、内分泌系统、神经系统等。
1. 心血管系统（Cardiovascular system）：指人体中心脏和血管的组成部分。
其功能是输送氧气和营养物质到各个身体组织，排除代谢产物和碳酸氢盐，并维持体温和酸碱平衡。
心血管疾病包括高血压、冠心病、心力衰竭等。
2. 呼吸系统（Respiratory system）：指人体用于呼吸的器官和结构，包括鼻腔、喉咙、气管、支气管和肺部。
其功能是将氧气吸入体内，排出二氧化碳和其他废气。
呼吸系统疾病包括哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺炎等。
3. 泌尿系统（Urinary system）：指人体用于排泄尿液的器官和结构，包括肾脏、尿道、膀胱和尿液输送管道。
其功能是排除体内代谢产物、维持体液平衡和酸碱平衡。
泌尿系统疾病包括尿路感染、肾结石、肾衰竭等。
4. 消化系统（Digestive system）：指人体用于消化食物和吸收营养物质的器官和结构，包括口腔、食管、胃、小肠和大肠等器官。
消化系统疾病包括胃溃疡、炎症性肠病、胰腺炎等。
5. 内分泌系统（Endocrine system）：指人体用于分泌激素的腺体和组织，包括甲状腺、肾上腺、胰腺和性腺等。
内分泌系统调节人体的代谢、生长、发育和性功能等。
内分泌系统疾病包括糖尿病、甲状腺功能失调、肾上腺功能异常等。
6. 神经系统（Nervous system）：指人体的中枢神经系统和周围神经系统。
中枢神经系统包括大脑和脊髓，而周围神经系统包括神经和神经节。
神经系统负责接收、传导和处理信息，调节身体的各种活动。
神经系统疾病包括中风、头痛、癫痫等。
内科是一个广泛的学科门类，涉及的疾病众多且复杂。
内科医生需要有深厚的医学知识和丰富的临床经验，以便对各种疾病进行准确的诊断和治疗。
同时，内科医生也需要具备良好的沟通能力和关怀病人的态度，以提供综合的医疗服务。
《循环系统》PPT课件
眼静脉 海绵窦
眼上静脉
内眦静脉
面静脉
颈外静脉
为颈部最大的浅静脉。由下颌后静脉 的后支与耳后静脉及枕静脉汇合面成 ，沿胸锁乳突肌表面下降，至该肌下 端后缘处，穿过深筋膜注入锁骨下静 脉。
颈外静脉位置 表浅，是静脉 穿刺的重要部
位。
颈外静脉
上肢的浅静脉是静脉输 液常用的血管。其中， 肘正中静脉还是静脉采
血液流动方向
静脉
心房
心室
动脉
动脉瓣 房室瓣
心脏的传导系统
心肌 普通心肌细胞: 细胞 收缩功能
特殊心肌细胞： 心脏传导系统包括 窦房结、结间束、房室结、 房室束支（His束）、浦肯 野纤维。
功能：产生和传导冲动， 控制心的节律性活动。
ppt课件
13
心的传导系统
位于上腔静脉与右心耳 窦房结 之间心外膜深面
毛细血管 静脉
新生儿心脏重量约20～25克，占体重的 0.8%
1-2岁: 60克，新生儿的2倍， 5 岁: 4倍 9 岁: 6倍 青春后期: 12～14倍
不同年龄的心率
（1）心脏的位置
心脏的位置
• 位于胸腔纵隔内，外围裹 以心包
• 正中线：2/3位于左侧， 1/3位于右侧
• 两侧：纵隔胸膜、胸膜腔静脉 ，它借其各级属支收集腹、盆 及下肢的静脉血。
下腔静脉是人体最大的静脉， 由左、右髂总静脉在第5腰椎体 右前方汇合而成，沿腹主动脉 右侧上行，经肝的腔静脉沟， 穿膈的腔静脉孔至胸腔，注入 右心房。
大隐静脉
为人体最长的浅静脉。
起自足背静脉弓的内侧，经 内踝前方，沿小腿、膝关节 和大腿内侧上行，穿大腿深 筋膜注入股静脉 。
结间束心正常节律运动的起搏点
房室结 位于冠状窦口与右房室口之 间的心内膜深面
心脏查体
第四心音
出现在舒张晚期，约 在第一心音前 0.1s(收缩期前)，一 般认为s4的产生与心 房收缩使房室瓣及其 相关结构突然紧张、 振动所致。但正常人 心房收缩产生的低频 振动，人耳听不到。 属病理性。
第四心音
s4听诊特点是低调、沉浊、弱，在sl之前。 听诊部位在心尖部及其内侧。
心脏听诊
• 判定S1与S2——心脏听诊的基础 • 确定杂音或额外心音所处心动周期时相 S1 — S2 = 收缩期 S2 — S1 = 舒张期
叩诊
30
靴状心心界向左下扩大，心腰部明显凹陷称谓“靴状心”，AI。
梨形心
左心房增大及肺动脉段扩张：心腰饱满、膨隆， 称谓“梨形心 ”MS。
4.听诊
33
听 诊
听诊体位 平卧位 左侧卧位 坐位前倾
听诊体位：平卧位
听
诊
听诊体位：
左侧卧位
听
诊
听诊体位：
坐位前倾
心脏听诊
二尖瓣狭窄 左侧卧 钟型胸件 坐位 前倾
（五）脉
波
1、正常脉波：由升支、波峰和降支构成。 2、水冲脉：脉搏骤起骤落，犹如潮水冲涌。 故名水冲脉(water hammer pulse)。是由 于周围血管扩张或存在分流、反流，脉压增大所致。 检查方法：检查者握紧患者手腕掌面，将其前臂高 举过头部，可明显感知桡动脉犹如水冲的急促而 有力的脉搏冲击。 临床意义：主要见于甲亢、严重贫血、脚气病； 主动脉瓣关闭不全、动脉导管未闭、动静脉瘘等。
3. 叩诊
23
叩诊方法
1、间接叩诊法,力度适中
2、坐位－板指与心外缘平行 卧位－板指与肋间平行
24
叩诊顺序
先叩左界，后叩右界 左界：由下而上，由 外向内。自心尖搏 动外2-3cm处开始， 逐个肋间向上，直 至第2肋间。 右界：先沿右锁骨中线，自上而下， 叩 至肝上界，于其上一肋间由外向内叩出浊音 界，然后逐一肋间向上叩诊，直至第2肋间。
Cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular systemapex 顶，上部myocardium 心肌epicardium 心外膜endocardium 心内膜sac 囊pericardium 心包atrium 心房atria (pl)ventricle 心室septum 膈coat 层tunic 膜endothelium 内皮aorta 主动脉arteriole 微动脉，小动脉epithelial 上皮的The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. The heartis situated between the lungs with its apex directed toward the left. The muscularwalls of the heart consist of three major "layers." The bulk of the walls is made up ofa layer of cardiac muscle and is called the myocardium. The muscle is enclosed onthe outside by the epicardium and on the inside by the endocardium. The heart is alsocovered completely by a fibrous sac called the pericardium.The upper receiving chambers of the heart are the atria. The lower pumpingchambers are the ventricles. The interventricular septum separates the two ventricles;the interatrial septum divides the two atria.There are three major types of blood vessels, i.e., arteries, veins, and capillaries.Arteries lead blood away from the heart. These blood vessels have the thickest wallsbecause they receive the pumping drive from the ventricles of the heart. There arethree coats (tunics) which resemble the three tissue layers of the heart. These are: 1)the innermost membrane of endothelium, which forms a smooth surface over whichthe blood may easily move; 2) the second, more bulky layer, which is made ofinvoluntary muscle combined with elastic connective tissue; and 3) and outer tunic,which is made of a supporting connective tissue. The largest artery, the aorta, is about1 inch in diameter and has the thickest wall. The smallest subdivisions of arteries, thearterioles, have thinner walls in which there are very little connective tissues butrelatively more muscle. These smaller branches of the arteries carry blood to thetiniest of blood vessels, the capillaries.Capillaries have walls that are only one epithelial cell thick. The capillary wallsare transparent and are made of smooth plate like cells that continue from the liningof the arteries. The walls are so thin that they can allow passage of oxygen andnutrients out of the bloodstream and into the tissue fluid surrounding the cells. At the510152025心血管系统由心脏和血管组成。
循环系统
甲状软骨上缘
颈动脉窦 颈动脉小球
颈内动脉
颈外动脉
Internal carotid a. External carotid a.
脑和视器
颈部， 头面部， 脑膜等
31
颈动脉窦 Carotid Sinus
结构：颈总动脉末端和颈内动 脉起始部的膨大部分
特点：壁内有特殊的神经末梢， 为压力感受器
作用：感知血压改变
小弯动脉弓
肝固有动脉
Right gastric a.
Proper hepatic a. 肝左支 肝总动脉 Common 肝右支------胆囊动脉 Hepatic a. 胰十二指肠上动脉 胃十二指肠动脉 Gastroduodenal a. 胃网膜右动脉
脾动脉
Splenic a.
胰支 胃短动脉 胃网膜左动脉
椎静脉
甲状腺下静脉
静脉角 颈内静脉 锁骨下静脉 上肢的静脉
52
头颈部的静脉
头颈部的静脉
颈内静脉
Internal jugular v.
颅内属支
脑，脑膜
颅外属支 咽，舌，甲状腺， 面部，颈部
53
头颈部的静脉
锁骨下静脉
Subclavian v.
颈外静脉 external jugular v.
下颌后静脉 后支 耳后静脉 枕静脉 颈部 浅层
8
心的外形
一尖，一底，两面，三缘，三条沟
心底 cardiac base
位置：右后上方
结构特点： 与大血管干相连
9
心的外形
一尖，一底，两面，三缘，三条沟
两面：胸肋面：前上方 右心房、右心室
膈面：后下方 左心室、右心室
10
心的外形
医学专业英语词汇大全
一、内科常用字汇心血管系统The Cardiovascular SystemAcute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 急性心机梗塞Electrocardiogram (DCG) 心电图Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease 高血压性心脏血管疾病Congential Heart Disease 先天性心脏病Hemangioma 血管瘤Vasodilatation 血管扩XArteriosclerosis 动脉硬化Hypertension 高血压Hypertrophy 肥大Hypotension 低血压Varicose veins 静脉曲X血液及淋巴系统The Hemic and Lymphatic SystemAdenitis 腺炎Acute Lymphogenous Leukemia 急性淋巴球性白血病Leukocyte 白血球Leukocytopenia白血球减少Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 全身性红斑性狼疮Splenomegaly 脾肿大Anemia贫血Aseptic 无菌的Septicemia 败血症Hemostasis 止血Transfusion输血呼吸系统The Respiratory System Pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞Mucosa 黏膜Exhale呼吸Apnea窒息Tachypnea呼吸急促Pneumonia肺炎Bronchitis支气管炎Lung Empyema 肺积脓消化系统The Digestive System Short of breath 呼吸短促Dysphasia说话困难Aphasia 失语症Aphonia失声Dysphagia 吞咽困难Gingivitis 齿龈炎Pharyngitis 咽炎Laryngitis 喉炎Esophagoscopy 食道镜检查Esophagus stricture 食道狭窄Abdominocentesis腹部穿刺术Gastric cancer 胃癌Gastritis 胃炎Gastroenteritis胃肠炎Gastrorrhagia胃出血Pyloric obstruction 幽门阻塞Duodenal Ulcer 十二指肠溃疡Peritonitis 腹膜炎Enterorrhagia 肠出血Enterorrhexis 肠破裂Appendicitis 阑尾炎Colon cancer结肠癌Proctoscopy 直肠镜检查Rectal cancer 直肠癌Anal Fistual 肛门廔管External hemorrhoid 外痔Internal hemorrhoid 内痔Excretion 排泄Hepatitis肝炎Hepatomegaly 肝肿大Gall Stone 胆结石Cholelithiasis 胆石症Liver Cirrhosis 肝硬化Ascites腹水内分泌系统The Endocrine System Glycemia糖血症Goiter 甲状腺肿Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病Diabetes Insipidus尿崩症Bromidrosis汗臭症Pituitary Tumor 脑下垂体肿瘤神经系统The Nervous System Cerebral Arteriosclerosis 脑动脉硬化Cerebral Hemorrhage 脑出血Cerebral Edema 脑水肿Cerebra Palsy脑性麻痹Cerebral Thrombosis 脑栓塞Cranial Neruritis 脑神经炎Intracranial Hemorrhage 颅内出血Encephalitis 脑炎Electromyography 肌电图Neuritis神经炎Epilepsy 癜痫Trigeminal Neuralgia 三叉神经痛Rachitis 痀偻症Rachioscoliiosis脊柱侧弯Spondylitis 脊椎炎Quadriplegia 四肢麻痹Paraplegia 下半身瘫痪Immediately loss of consciousness 立即丧失意识Eye opening睁眼反应Verbal response 语言反应Motor response 运动反应Corneal reflex 角膜反射Plantar reflex 膝反射Sciatica坐骨神经痛Chorea 舞蹈症Muscle atrophy 肌萎缩Migraine 偏头痛Parkinson's Disease 巴金森式症Brain Swelling 脑肿胀brain Concussion 脑震荡brain Anoxia脑缺氧症brain Death 脑死肌肉骨骼系统The Musculoskeletal SystemAnterior Cruciate Ligament 前十字韧带Rheumatoid Arthritis 类风湿性关节炎Arthrosclerosis关节硬化Degenerated Joint Disease变性关节炎Clavicle Fracture 锁骨骨折Pelvic Fracture 骨盆骨折Plastic Paris Cast 整形硬石膏Matastatic Lesion转移性损害Osteoporosis骨质疏松症Amputation 截肢Bone graft 骨移植Hallux Valgus大拇指外翻Prosthesis Replacement 人工弥补置换术Range of Motion 运动X围Varus 内翻Chondromalacia软骨软化症泌尿及男性生殖系统The Urinary and Male Reproductive SystemCystitis 膀胱炎Circumcision包皮环割术Cystoscopy 膀胱镜检查Hydronephrosis肾水肿Renal Stone 肾结石Acute Renal Failure 急性肾衰竭Cryptorchidism 隐睾症Spermatogenesis精子生成Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy 良性摄护腺肥大Ureteral stenosis 输尿管狭窄Dysuria 排尿困难Hematuria血尿Uremia尿毒症Urinary Tract Infection 尿路感染Vasoligation 输精管结扎Impotence 阳萎特殊感觉器官The Organs of Special SensesAudiometer 听力计Otitis耳炎Otorrhea耳漏Tympanitis中耳炎Tympanotomy 鼓膜穿破术Nasitis鼻炎Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma鼻咽癌Rhinorrhea 鼻溢Intraocular Foreign Body 眼内异物Intraocular pressure 眼内压Oculus Uterque 双眼Oculus Sinister 左眼Oculus Dexter 右眼Extraocular Muscle 眼外肌Ophthalmologist 眼科医师Diplopia 复视Myopia 近视Blepharoptosis 眼睑下垂Corneitis 角膜炎Pupil Size Anisocoria瞳孔大小不等Retinopexy 视网膜固定术Retinal Detachment 视网膜剥落Visual field 视野Vocal nodular 声带结节Dermatologist 皮肤科医师Dermatitis皮肤炎Cataract白内障Glaua青光眼综合性字汇Contraceptive避孕的Contraindication 禁忌症Biology 生物学Hyperemesis 剧吐Polydipsia剧渴Homosexual 同性的Heterosexual 异性的Inject 注射Lipoma 脂肪瘤Lipoid 脂肪样的Lipomatosis 脂肪过多症Malformaiton 畸形Malaise 不适Necrosis坏死Nocturia 夜尿症Ployuria 多尿Narcotics 麻醉药Hyperplasia 增殖Dysplasia 发育不良Dyspepsia 消化不良Prognosis 预後Antipyretic 解热剂Hydrophobia 恐水症Photophobia 畏光Antibiotic 抗生素Syndrome 症候群Hydrotherapy 水疗法Perforation 穿孔Percussion叩诊Visceralgia脏器痛二、妇产科常用字汇Genital 生殖的Gynecology 妇科Menstruation 月经Menopause 更年期Menorrhagia经血过多Amenorrhea 无月经Dysmenorrhea经痛Menarche初经Cervical cancer 子宫颈癌Cervical Erosion子宫颈糜烂Cervicitis子宫颈炎Perineum会阴Endometriosis子宫内膜异位Ovary 卵巢Ovarian Cyst 卵巢囊肿Ovulation排卵Vaginitis阴道炎Colposcopy 阴道镜检法Galactocele乳腺囊肿Mammography 乳房X光摄影术Infertility 不孕症InVitro Fertilization 体外受精Amnion 羊膜Amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺术Amniotic Fluid Embolism 羊水栓塞Hydramnion 羊水过多Anterpartal 产前的Antepartum 分娩前Chorionic Villi Sampling 绒毛膜绒毛取样Cephalo Pelvic Disproportion 胎头骨盆不对称Artificial Insemination 人工受精Engagement 进入产位Estrogen动情基素Colostrum 初乳Termination of Pregnancy 终止怀孕Corpus Luteum 黄体Vacuum Extraction Delivery 真空吸出分娩Venereal Disease 性病Tubal Ligation 输卵管结扎Laparoscope 腹腔镜Embryo 胚胎Ectopic Gestation 子宫外孕Primipara 初产妇Attitude of Fetus 胎儿体位Dead Detus in Uterus 胎死腹中Multipara 经产妇Parity 经产Placenta Previa前置胎盘Postpartum 产後Postpartum hemorrhage产後出血Toxemia of Pregnancy 妊娠毒血症Adolescence青春期Basal Body Temperature 基础体温Cesarean Section 剖腹产Expected Date of Confinement 预产期Fallopian Tube 输卵管Forceps 产钳Hydatidiform Mole 水囊状胎块Labor Pain阵痛Painless Labor 无痛分娩Molding胎头变形Normal Spontaneous Delivery 正常自然生产Papanicolaou Smear 子宫颈抹片检查Premature Rupture of Membrance 早期破水Progesterone黄体素Stillbrith死产Suture 缝合Stump残物Withdrawal Bleeding 停经出血三、小儿科常用字汇Apnea呼吸暂停Aplastic Anemia再生不良性贫血Arterio Venous Malformation 动静脉畸形Bronchial Asthma支气管性气喘Bronchitis支气管炎Cephalopematoma头血肿Erythema红斑Hypospadia尿道下裂Dehydration 脱水Hydrocephalus水脑Hydrocele 阴囊积水Polydactylia多指畸形Pyoderma脓皮症Sepsis 败血症Tonsillitis扁桃腺炎Encephalitis脑炎Gastroenteritis肠胃炎Necrotizing Enterocolitis坏死性小肠结肠炎Malignant恶性的Congenital Malformation 先天性畸形Neonatal Asphyxia新生儿窒息Cleft Palate 颚裂Diarrhea腹泻Dental Caries 龋齿Facial Nerve Paralysis 颜面神经麻痹Hives Urticaria蕈麻疹Torticollis斜颈Vaccine疫苗Incubator 保温箱Cleft lip 兔唇Chicken pox 水痘Club foot 畸足Diphtheria白喉Dengue fever 登革热Eczema湿疹Congenital syphilis 先天性梅毒German Measles/ Rubella德国麻疹Giant baby巨婴Gonorrhea 淋病Hepatitis B B型肝炎Hand-foot-mouth disease 手足口病Jaundice 黄疸Mongolian spots 蒙古斑Mumps 腮腺炎Respiratory arrest呼吸停止Roseola infantum幼儿玫瑰疹Vomiting呕吐四、精神科常用字汇Mental retardation 智能不足autism自闭症dement 痴呆症alzheimer's dementia阿尔茲海默式形痴呆症alcoholism 酒瘾substances Intoxication 物质中毒alcohol Intoxication 酒精中毒amphetamine Intoxication 安非他命中毒schizophrenia精神分裂病delusional Disorder 妄想性病患Major Depressive Disorder重郁症疾患phobia畏惧症obsessive-pulsive Disorder强迫性病患pedophilia恋童癖exhibitionism 暴露狂Transvestic Fetishism扮异性恋物癖Gender Identity Disorders 性别认同疾患Anorexia Nervosa心因性厌食症Bulimia Nervosa心因性暴食症临床症状blunted affect 感情迟钝silly Laughter 傻笑apathy冷漠irritable 易怒的euphoria欣快感depression 忧郁ambivalence感情矛盾Flat Affect感情平淡suicide attempt 自杀企图queer behavior 怪异行为bizarre behavior 特异行为hypertalkative 多话hypotalkative 少话mutistic不语hyperactivity 活动过多hypoactivity 活动过少pulsive behavior 强迫行为verbigeration 重复语言catelepsy 僵直negativism阻抗行动Mannerism作态行为destrctive behavior 破坏行为autistic thinking 自闭性思考poverty of speech 言语贫乏flight of ideas 意念飞跃loosening of association 思考连结松散illogical thinking 不合逻辑思考pressure speech 言语急迫thought blocking 思考中断incoherent 语无伦次thought Withdrawal 思想退缩irrelevant 答非所问delusion 妄想delusion of persecution 被害妄想delusion of grandeur 夸大妄想Phobia 恐惧症acrophobia 惧高症algophobia 惧痛症sexual drive 性欲illusion 错觉hallucination 幻觉auditory hallucination 听幻觉disoreinatation 失去定向力amnesia记忆丧失症confabulation 虚谈症orientation 定向力judgement 判断力derealization 失真感insight病识感no insight 无病识感intellectual insight 理性的病识感true emotional insight 真正具有情绪性病识感心理学名词free association 自由联想dream analysis 梦的解析ego 自我id 原我super ego 超我ego boundary 自我界限libido 原欲scapegoat 代罪羔羊internal conflict 内在冲突conscious 意识unconscious 潜意识preconscious前意识transference 情感转移depersonalization 人格解体derealization 脱离现实neurosis神经精神病Psychosis神经病Pleasure Principle 享乐原则Reality Principle 现实原则Moral Principle 道德原则Predisposing Factors 潜在因素Precipitating Factors 诱发因素Defense Mechanism 防卫机转pensation 补偿作用conversion 转化作用denial 否认作用displacement 转移作用dissociation 解离作用fantasy 幻想作用identification 认同作用introjection 内射作用projection 外射作用retionalization 合理化作用reaction formation 反向作用degression 退化作用repression 潜抑作用suppression 压抑作用restitution 归还作用sublimation 升华作用substitution 取代作用symbolism 象徵作用undoing 抵销作用distortion 曲解作用isolation 隔离作用Cognitive behavioral Therapy认知行为治疗Empathy 同理心Resistance阻抗testing out behavior 试探行为self-awareness自我了解separation anxiety 分离焦虑reinforcement 增强原则catharsis 情绪宣泄confrontation 面质listen 倾听restraint 约束physical restraint 身体的约束chemical 药物的约束五、各科常用缩写AAAD against-advice discharge 自动出院A abdomen 腹部ADL activities of daily life 日常生活活动A/G albumin /globulin ration 白蛋白/蛋球白比例AK above knee 膝上B.BE below elbow 肘下BH body height 身高b.i.d twice a day 一日两次Bil bilateral两侧的BK below knee 膝下BM bowel movement 肠蠕动BMR basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy良性摄护腺肥大BTI biliary tract infection胆道感染BUS blood, urine, stool 血液,小便,大便BW body weight 体重C.Ca. Carcinoma 癌CBC plete blood count 全血球计数CBD mon bile duct 总胆管CH cerebral hemorrhage 脑出血Chest P-A chest posterio-anterio 前後胸部CO cardiac output 心输出量CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术CPS chronic paranasal sinusitis 慢性鼻窦炎C/T chemotherapy 化学治疗法CT cerebral thrombosis 脑栓塞CT Scan puterized axial tomography scan 电脑断层检查CVA cerebral vascular accident 脑血管意外CVP central venous pressure 中心静脉压D.DC discontinue 停止D&C dilatation and curettage 扩X及刮除术DM diabetes mellitus 糖尿病DPT diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus 白喉,百日咳,破伤风DU duodenal ulcer 十二指肠溃伤E.ECG eletrocardiogram 心电图EEG electroecephalogram 脑电波图ENT ear, nose, throat 耳鼻喉F.FH family history 家族史FHS fetal heart sounds 胎心音FOU fever of unknown 不明原因发烧Fr fracture 骨折G.GB gall bladder 胆囊GI tract gastric intestinal tract 胃肠道GSR general surgical routine 一般外科常规gtt. Drops 滴GU genitourinary 生殖泌尿的GYN gynecology 妇科学HHb hemoglobin 血色素HICH hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage 高血压性脑内出血h.s. at bedtime 睡前HT Hypertension 高血压Ht. (Hct.) Hematocrit 血球容积Hx History 病例IICP Intermittent catheterization program 间歇性导尿ICU Intensive care unit 加护病房ICT Intracerebral tumor脑内肿瘤I & D Incision and drainage 切开及流IICP Increased intracranial pressure 增高胪内压Imp. Impression 臆断IM Intramuscular 肌肉内的I & O Intake and output 输入及排出IV Intravenous 静脉内的IVKO Intravenous keep open 静脉点滴维持通畅JJej. Jejunum 空肠Jt. Joint 关节KKn. Knee 膝KUB Kidney, ureter, baldder 肾、输尿管及膀胱L.LFT liver function test肝功能试验LLQ left lower quadrant 左下象限LMP last menstrual period 最後一次月经MMBD may be discharged 可出院MN midnight 午夜NNKA non known allergy 不明原因的过敏NP nothing particular 并无特别的NPC nasopharyngeal carcinoma 鼻咽癌NPO nothing by mouth 禁食O.OA osteo-arthritis 骨性关节炎OB occult blood 潜血OBS obstetrics 产科OP operation 手术OPD outpatient department 门诊Ortho. Orthopaedic 骨科矫行的OS ocular sinistro 左眼OT occupational therapy 职能治疗OU Both eyes 双眼Pp.c. after meals 饭後PCT Penicillin test 盘尼西林测验PE Physical examination 身体检查PI Present illness 目前病况p.o. by mouth 由口PPU Perforated petic ulcer 穿孔性胃溃疡PT Physical therapy 物理治疗PTA Prior to admission 入院前PTN Parenteral total nutrition 肠道外的高营养QQ every 每一q.d. every day 每日q.h every hour 每小时q.i.d. four times a day 每日四次q.m. every morning 每日早晨q.n. every night 每日晚间RRA rheumatoid a arthritis 类风湿性关节炎RBC red blood cell 红血球RN registered nurse 护理师R/O rule out 可能是RR recovery room 恢复室R/T radio-therapy test 放射治疗RUQ right upper quadrant 右上象限Rx take取拿Medication 处方Treatment 治疗SSc. Subcutaneous 皮下的SOB short of breath 呼吸短促SP.g.r. specific gravity 比重S/P status/ post operation 手术後s-s half 一半St(stat) immediately 立刻Staph. Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌Tt.i.d. Three times a day 每日三次TPR Temperature, pulse, respirations 体温、脉搏、呼吸TURP Trans-urethral resection of prostate 经尿道切除摄护腺UURI Upper respiratory infection 上呼吸道感染W WBC White blood cell 白血球White blood count 白血球计数YY/O year old 年龄Z zero 零六、解剖式内外科常用字汇The cardiovascular system 心血管系统lungs 肺脏venisvessels血管capillaries微血管cardi 心脏arteriesblood clot凝血The Hemic and Lymphatic System血液及淋巴系统Blood 血液Red blood cell 红血球White blood cell白血球Platelet血小板The Respiratory System 呼吸系统Bronchial tube主支气管Alveoii气泡Pharynx咽Larynx喉Trachea气管Lung肺Bronchioles小支气管Pleura胸膜Chest 胸Air 气The Digestive System 消化系统Lips唇teeth 牙齿tongue舌bile duct 胆管gallbladder 胆囊duodenum十二指肠jejunum空肠ileum 回肠appendix 阑尾small intestine小肠large intestine大肠rectum 直肠anus 肛门pancreas胰stomach 胃esophagus食道pharynx咽The Endocrine SystemGlands 腺体Adrenals肾上腺Pancreas胰Pituitary 脑下腺Thyroid and parathyroids 甲状腺和副甲状腺Breasts 乳房Ovaries 卵巢Testes睾丸The Nervous SystemBrain 脑Spinal cord 脊髓Vertebra脊椎Cranium颅腔Meninges脑膜Nerves神经The Musculoskeletal System 肌肉骨系统Skull 头骨Clavicle锁骨Sternum 胸骨Ribs 助骨Joints 关节Ligaments 韧带Tendons 肌腱Cartilage 软骨The Urinary and Male Reproductive System 泌尿及男性生殖系统Cortex皮质Urinary膀胱Urethra尿道Ureters输尿管Kidney 肾脏Renal pelvis 肾孟Vas deferens精管Urinary bladder 膀胱prostate gland前列腺scrotum 阴囊testis 睾丸penis阴茎urethra尿道The Organs of Special Senses 特殊感觉器官Acoustic nerve听神经Ear 耳朵Hearing 听觉的tube 耳咽管Eardrum 耳骨膜Eustachian 欧式管Nasal cavities鼻腔Nose 鼻Eyelid眼睑Lens晶球体Carnea角膜Tear duct泪管Conjunctiva结膜Choroid layer 脉络膜Retina视网膜Sclera巩膜Optic nerve视神经Obstetrics & Hynecology 妇产科常用字汇Fallopian tube输卵管Ovary 卵巢Uterus子宫Vagina阴道Vulva女阴(外生殖器官)脑部系统cerebrum 大脑corpus callosum 胼胝体thalamus 视丘cerebellum 小脑diencephalon 间脑cerebral peduncles大脑脚infundibulum漏斗hypophysis 脑下垂体midbrain 中脑pons 桥脑medulla 延脑brain stem 脑干眼球构造pupil 瞳孔suspensory ligaments 悬韧带ciliary process捷状突retinal veins网膜静脉retinal arteries网膜动脉optic nerve视神经anterior chamber前眼房posterior chamber 後眼房iris虹膜vitreous body 玻璃状体internal rectus muscle 内直肌lacrimal puncta泪孔lacrimal canaliculi泪小管lacrimal gland 泪腺excretory lacrimal duct 泪腺管eyebrow眉毛耳朵构造cochlea 耳蜗eustachian tube 耳咽管helix 耳壳tympanic membrance 鼓膜external auditory canal 外耳道semicircular canals半规管malleus锤骨vestibulocochlear nerve前庭耳蜗神经口腔gingiva 齿龈molars 大臼齿premolars 小臼齿canines犬齿incisors 门齿vestibule of mouth 口腔前庭upper lip 上唇upper lip frenulum 上唇系带alveolar provess齿槽突hard palate硬颚palatine tonsil颚扁桃腺sublingual caruncle 舌下阜七、癌症相关单字1. gastric cancer胃癌2. pancreatic cancer胰脏癌3. colon cancer结肠癌4. rectal cancer直肠癌5. prostate cancer摄护腺癌6. nasotharyngdal carcinona鼻咽癌7. cervical cancer子宫颈癌8. lung cancer肺癌9. esophageal cancer食道癌10. bladder cancer膀胱癌11. laryngl caner喉癌12. ovarian cancer软巢癌13. liver cancer肝癌14. skin cancer皮肤癌15. breast cancer乳癌16. leukemia血癌17. bone cancer骨癌18. brain tumor脑癌19. heart disease 心脏病20. lymphoma 淋巴瘤八、医院内常见单字Hospital 医院Nursing school = nursing home 护理学校(nursing home) Private convalescence hospital慢性疾病或恢复期的患者寮养的私立小医院(nursery school) 处理幼稚园之幼儿的地方Department of Medicine = Department of Internal Medicine 内科Resident in medicine 内科住院医师Chief of Medicine 内科主任(Medical man)Internist = intern = intern 实习生(Internist = 内科医师)House officer 医院医师的称呼Junior and senior students 医学院学生(通常3或4学生)Extern 医院实习生Clinical clerk 从事病历记录实习之学生Student nurse 护理学生Graduate nurse护理学校毕业的护士Registered nurse (R.N.)取得考试许可证Supervisor督导护士Head nurse护士长Scrub nurse 手术助理护士Practicing physician = physician in practice = practitioner 开业医生Ambulance = ambulatory 救护车(不限於车子只要是搬运病人的船或飞机) Ambulant 可走动不必卧床的病人Ambulantory patient住院患者可走动(May ambulate, ambulatory, up ad lib, may walk)Malingerer 装病的人(malinger 装病) Paretic 麻痹患者Malpractice 诊疗错误Emergency room 急诊室Ward 病房station护理站por恢复室Patient患者,病人Narcotic 麻醉药Nurse护士Doctor 医生Internist内科医生Surgeon外科医生Dentist 牙科医生Gynecologist 妇科医生Orthopedist 骨科医生Oculist 眼科医生Pediatrician 小儿科医生Psychiatrist 精神病医生Intern实习医生Examination table 诊疗台Clinical thermometer 体温计Stethoscope 听诊器Reflector 反光镜X-ray checkup X 光检查X-ray photograph X光像片Operation 手术Scalpel 手术刀Syringe 针筒Hypodermic needle 注射针Injection 注射Ice bag 冰袋Fixation forceps 固定镊Medicine, drug药品Bandage 绷带Absorbent cotton 脱脂棉Gauze 纱布Mask 口罩Wheel chair 轮椅Crutches 柺杖Ambulance 救护车Stretcher 担架Chart 病历表Prescription处方Blood pressure 血压Blood type 血型Artificial respiration 人工呼吸Pill 药丸Capsule胶囊Ointment 软膏Iodine tincture 碘酒Sedative 镇静剂Intensive care unit 加护病房Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 心肺复苏术Intravenous drip 点滴Chemotherapy化学治疗puterized Topography电脑断层magnetic resonance imaging核磁共振Bureau of National Health Insurance中央健保局Fracture骨折Gypsum 石膏九、病历表内常见单字Front sheet, Summary sheet 首页,摘要表History sheet 病历表Physical examination sheet 身体检查表Physician's order sheet 医嘱单Physician's progress note 医生用病情进展记录Laboratory reports 检验报告Radiographic reports X光检查报告Nursing notes 护理记录Graphic chart 图式病历Discharge summary sheet 出院摘要Operation report 手术报告Anesthesia record 麻醉记录Consultation sheet 会诊单Intake and output sheet 摄取与排泄记录Consent (or permission) for operation 手术同意书Emergency room record 急诊室记录住院病历表身家调查事项( identifying data or biographic data)admission date 住院日期hospital number = chart number 病历room number 病房namesexagebirth datebirth placemarital status = civil status 婚姻状况addressoccupationempolyer 雇主公司行号health insurance number 医疗保险referring physician 转介医生各系统的表现状况--全身状态违和感malaise (= a vague feeling of bodilydisfort, indefinite bodily weakness or disfort)feel unwell (ill, poorly)疲劳感.倦怠感lassitudefatiguetirednesswearinesslanguorlack of energy (vigor)listlessnessexhaustionworn-out虚脱无力状态weaknessfeeblenesslack (loss) of strengthdebilitypowerlessnessprostration(= extreme weakness or exhaustion)asthenia 睡眠状态sleepslumber (=light sleep)a nap (=a short sleep)a doze (= a light or fitful sleep)入睡fall asleep ; go to sleep小睡take a nap ; take a doze ; slumber ; doze ; drowse欲睡的sleepy ; drowsy ; somolent ; lethargic睡意sleepiness ; drowsiness ; somnolence摧睡bee(= feel =get) sleepy(=drowsy = somnolent)睡眠不足loss(= lack = want) of sleep 失眠insomnia ; sleeplessness ; wakefulness ; inability to sleep失眠症的人insomniac熟睡sound (profound) sleep睡醒awake ; wake ; rouse ; awaken作梦dream恶梦nightmare梦游症sleepwalking ; somnambulism梦游病者sleep-walker ; somnambulist ; night-walker体重方面(weight ; body weight)体重为weigh~ ; be ~ in weight最高maximum最低minimum平均average最适optimum现在present体重减少weight loss ; loss of weight体重增加weight gain ; gain in weight ; increase in weight瘦thin ; lean ; skinny瘦弱emaciated (emaciation)肥胖fat ; stout ; fatty体温状况(body temperature量体温take one's temperature发烧fever ; pyrexia ; rise (elevation) of temperature ; increase in temperature发烧的feverish ; febrile ; fevered ; pyrexic ; pyrexial 无发烧的afebrile ; feverless ; apyrexial 发冷a chill ; rigor ; have a cold fit寒颤shiver ; shake ; shaking chills ; shivering with chills退热fall ; drop ; go down ; abate ; remit 发汗sweating ; perspiration弛X热remittent fever间歇热intermittent fever连续热continuous fever危险期by crisis转轻期by lysis疼痛方面偏头痛migraine ; megrim ; hemicrania ; 後头部痛occipital pain侧头部痛temporal pain前头部痛frontal pain头痛have(suffer) a headache ; one's head aches ; feel a pain in the head耳痛earache ; sore ears ; toalgia咽喉痛sore throat ; pharyngalgia眼痛have painful eyes ; one's eyes hurt(smart)齿痛toothache胸痛chest pain心前部痛precordial pain心绞痛anginal pain胸股下後痛substernal (retrosternal) pain胸膜炎痛pleuritic pain腹痛abdominal pain ; belly(stomach) ache上腹痛epigastric pain ; pain in the epigastrium上腹部痛upper abdominal pain下腹部痛lower abdominal pain左上腹部痛left upper quadrant pain侧腹部痛flank pain背痛backache腰痛low backache ; lumbago关节痛joint pain肌肉痛muscular pain神经痛neuralgia绞痛colic ; colicky pain胆石绞痛biliary or gallstone colic 肾石痛renal colic痛cramps ; crampy (cramping) pain; spasmodic博动痛throbbing(pounding, thumping, pulsating) pain转移性痛radiating pain ; pain with radiation牵连痛referred pain电击痛lightning (fulgurant, shooting) pain带状痛girdle pain神经根性痛root pain空腹痛hunger pain夜间痛nocturnal pain自发痛spontaneous pain压痛tenderness固定痛fixed (steady) pain灼热痛burning pain刺状痛lancinating ; piercing ; stinging ; darting; stabbing分裂状头痛splitting ; racking撕裂状痛tearing ; rending ;钝痛dull ; obtuse ;剧烈痛sharp ; excruciating ; tormenting ; torturing ; racking ; agonizingly severe不断阵痛gnawing ; griping擦伤痛stinging ; smarting ; sore针刺痛pricking ; pricking呼吸器管和循环器管系统呼吸breath ; respiration呼吸困难difficulty in breathing ; dyspnea呼吸短促be short of breath ; shortness of breath ;be short-winded; be out of breath ; lose one's breath深呼吸breathe deeply叹息sigh ; draw a long breath喘息pant端坐呼吸orthopnea劳动时呼吸困难exertional dyspnea ; difficulty in breathing on exertion( physical activity)夜间呼吸困难nocturnal dyspnea呼吸快速tachypnea ; rapid breathing 喘呜wheeze ; wheezing打喷嚏sneezing ; sneeze打嗝hiccup (hiccough) ; singultus咳嗽cough阵发性咳嗽have a fit of coughing ; have a paroxysmal清喉clear the throat乾咳dry cough ; hacking couth ; nonproductive cough有痰咳productive cough ; cough with sputum喀痰sputum ; phlegm ; expectorate喀血hemoptysis ; bloody expectoration 粘喀痰viscid (tenaceous ; thick ) sputum浓喀痰frothy sputum泡沫状喀痰mucoid sputum脓性喀痰purulent sputum血性喀痰bloody sputum混血喀痰blood-streaked sputum绿色喀痰greenish sputum锈色喀痰rusty sputum感冒mon cold流形性感冒influenze ; flu ; grippe上呼吸道感染upper respiratory infection (U.R.I.)胸膜炎pleruisy气喘asthma心悸palpitation悸动palpitate ; throb脉搏暂停pause in the pulse ; skipped pulse (heart beat)速脉rapid pulse ; tachycardiaX脉slow pulse ; bradycardia高血压high blood pressure ; hypertension ; hypotension心脏麻痹heart attack ; heart failure ; cardiac standstill狭心症angina (=angina pectoris)心脏瓣膜症valvular disease of the heart ; leaking heart valve (leaky heart)动脉硬化hardening of the arteries ; arterioscalerosis血液循环不佳have a poor circulation of blood间歇性跛行intermittent claudication消化器官系统食欲不振a poor (weak or bad) appetite ; no little appetite ; loss (lack or decrease) of appetite ; anorexia食欲增进increase (improvement) of appetite无食欲have no (little ; a poor) appetite 食欲旺盛have a strong (voracious) appetite丧失食欲lose one's apptite空腹an empty stomach咀嚼chewing ; mastication吞咽swallow gulp吞咽困难difficulty in swallowing ; dysphagia嗳气打噎belching ; eructation打酸噎sour eructation心灼热heatburn ; pyrosis ; water brash 逆流regugitation恶心nausea ; retch ; heaving ; nauseousfeeling ; sickly feeling感到恶feel nausea (nauseous, nauseated, sick,queasy) ; retch ; heave ; feel like vomiting呕吐vomiting ; emesis ; vomit ; throw up ; bring up ; spew呕吐物vomit ; vomitus; vomited matter 咖啡渣coffee-grounds消化digestion消化不良indigestion ; dyspepsia腹部饱胀abdominal distention ; bloating ; flautulence; meteorism; gassiness腹鸣borborygmus ; gurgling ; growling ; rumbling黄疸jaundice ; icterus腹水ascites通便bowel movement ; bowel habit ; pass stools ; move one's bowels ; defecate ; evacuate the bowels ;下痢diarrhea ; loose bowels ;便秘constipation 水状watery stool (feces)血状bloody stool柏油状tarry stool泥状mushy stool软状loose stool硬状hard stool呈固状formed stool呈半固状semiformed stool大便失禁fecal incontinence放屁pass gas ; pass wind ; pass flatus泌尿与生殖器官系统排尿urination ; micturition ; pass(void) urine ; urinate ; micturate尿意urge (desire ) to urinate尿急urinary urgency频尿urinary frequency夜间频尿frequent urination during the night ; nycturia多尿polyuria少尿oliguria无尿anuria排尿困难difficulty in urination ; dysuria闭尿urinary retention尿失禁urinary incontinence夜间多尿nocutria夜尿症bed-wetting ; enuresis混浊尿cloudy (turbid) urine血尿bloody urine ; hematuria性欲sexual desire ; libido性交sexual intercourse ; coitus ; coition 杨萎impotence勃起erection射精ejaculation早泄premature ejaculation遗精pollution梦遗nocturnal pollution(emission); wet dream包茎phimosis ; tightening of the foreskin (prepuce)割礼circumcision性病veneral disease (V.D.)月经menstruation ; menses ; periods ; menstrual periods初潮menarche ; onset of menses 停经menopause更年期climacteric ; changeof life痛经dysmenorrhea ; painful menstruation无月经amenorrhea ; missed periods月经过多menrrhagia ; hypermenorrhea ; excessive bleeding; excessive flow白带vaginal discharge阴道出血vaginal bleeding少量时yaginal spoting子宫出血metrorrhagia ; uterine bleeding 妊娠pregnancy ; conception怀孕conceive ; be pregnant不妊sterility ; barrenness ; infertility ; inability to conceive流产abortion ; miscarriage ;人工流产induced abortion避孕contraception; birth control避孕药contraceptive阵痛labor生产分娩childbirth ; delivery ; give birth to ; be delivered坐月子childbed ; confinement; pueriperium ; puerperal period孕吐morning sickness ; nausea and vomiting of pregancy骨关节与肌肉系统脱臼joint ; dislocation ; be dislocated be out of joint ; be put out of joint扭伤sprain挫伤sprain (twist ; wrench )关节炎arthritis风湿症theumatism痛风gout (gaut)关节痛arthralgia ; joint pain变形deformity骨折fracture石膏cast ; plaster of Paris义腿(肢) artificial limb肌肉痛muscle pain ; myalgia ; sore muscle扭筋strain ; sprain肩坚硬stiffness in a shoulder ; a stiff shoulder ; a cramp in the calf ; leg cramp 抽筋have a cramp ; be cramped肌肉压痛tenderness of muscle ; muscular tenderness精神与神经系统意识混浊clouding of consciousness丧失意识loss of consciousness ; unconsciousness恢复意识recover consciousness昏厥fainting ; syncope昏睡soma昏迷stupor嗜睡somnolence ;sleepiness; drowiness ; lethargy错乱confusion ; distracted ; distraught 胆妄的delirious幻觉hallucination痉挛convulsion ; cramp ; spasm癫痫epilepsy半身不遂be paralyzed on one side ; bee hemiplegic肌无力muscular weakness步行困难difficulty in walking说话不清speak thickly蹒跚stagger ; reel ; falter ; walk zigzag ; walk with an unsteady gait; reel along肌肉萎缩atrophy of muscle左手性left-handedness右手性right-handedness运动失调ataxia无感觉loss of sensation ; numbness ; anesthesia失去感觉bee numb ; loss sensibility知觉过敏hypersthesia知觉迟钝hypesthesia知觉异常paresthesia神经质nervousness ; sensitive ; touchy 神经衰弱nervous breaksown意志消沉depressed ; in low spirits情绪佳in good mood ; cheerful ; euphoric情绪不稳定unstable ; labile capricious 易受刺激excitable ; easily excited ; irritable不安的anxious ; apprehensive ; uneasy 内向的人introvert外向的人extrovert健忘be forgetful ; have a poor memory 漠不关心indifferent ; nonchalant ; unconcerned自卑感inferiority plex歇斯底里病hysteria眼耳鼻咽喉视力丧失lose one's sight 9eyesight) ; bee blind失明loss of vision ; blindness视力减退impairment of visual acuity ; impaired vision ; fogglness (dimness) of vision ; poor (defective) vision ; blurring 近视near-sightedness ; myopia myopy 远视far-sightedness ; hypermetrope ; hyperope折射异常refractive error乱视astigmatism斜视strabismus ; squint复视diplopia ; double vision夜盲night-blindness ; nyctalopia。
Cardiovascular system
AngiologyChapter 11 Cardiovascular systemDepartment of Anatomy Qiqihar Medical University本章基本要求掌握:脉管系统的组成。
血管吻合。
心血管系统的组成、体循环和肺循环的概念。
心的位置与外形。
心各腔的形态结构。
心传导系统的组成。
左、右冠状动脉的起始、行径、主要分支及分布。
冠状窦的位置及其主要属支。
心包的构成，心包横窦和心包斜窦的位置及临床意义。
熟悉:心包腔的概念。
Angiologycardiovascular systemlymphatic system lymphatic vessels lymph organslymphoid tissueheart arteryblood vessels capillaryvein 第一节IntroductionRelation of cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system各级淋巴管心静脉毛细血管组织液细胞动脉HeartIt is a dynamic organ of the cardiovascular system.Artery Vein动脉---运血离心静脉---引导血液回心Capillarythe function of vascular system ⏹物质运输功能氧气、营养物质和代谢产物⏹内分泌功能⏹参与维持机体内环境的相对稳定⏹参与机体的防御功能Path of bloodcirculation 肺循环pulmonary circulation 起止：右心室→肺动脉干→左右肺动脉→肺→肺泡壁毛细血管→左右上下肺静脉→左心房特点：路程短，阻力小，压力低，由右心博出。
作用：使静脉血变成动脉血体循环Systemic circulation 起止：左心室→主动脉→中、小动脉→全身毛细血管→中、小静脉→上、下腔静脉和冠状窦→右心房特点：路程长，阻力大，压力高。
医学英语常用词汇
临床常用医学英语词汇一、内科常用字汇心血管系统The Cardiovascular SystemAcute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 急性心机梗塞Electrocardiogram (DCG) 心电图Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease 高血压性心脏血管疾病Congential Heart Disease 先天性心脏病Hemangioma 血管瘤Pneumonia肺炎Bronchitis支气管炎Lung Empyema 肺积脓消化系统The Digestive SystemShort of breath 呼吸短促Dysphasia说话困难Aphasia 失语症Aphonia失声Dysphagia 吞咽困难Gingivitis 齿龈炎Pharyngitis 咽炎Laryngitis 喉炎Esophagoscopy 食道镜检查Esophagus stricture 食道狭窄Abdominocentesis腹部穿刺术Gastric cancer 胃癌Gastritis 胃炎Gastroenteritis胃肠炎Gastrorrhagia胃出血Pyloric obstruction 幽门阻塞Duodenal Ulcer 十二指肠溃疡Pituitary Tumor 脑下垂体肿瘤神经系统The Nervous System Cerebral Arteriosclerosis 脑动脉硬化Cerebral Hemorrhage 脑出血Cerebral Edema 脑水肿Cerebra Palsy脑性麻痹Cerebral Thrombosis 脑栓塞Cranial Neruritis 脑神经炎Intracranial Hemorrhage 颅内出血Encephalitis 脑炎Electromyography 肌电图Neuritis神经炎Epilepsy 癜痫Trigeminal Neuralgia 三叉神经痛Rachitis ?偻症Rachioscoliiosis脊柱侧弯Spondylitis 脊椎炎Quadriplegia 四肢麻痹Paraplegia 下半身瘫痪Immediately loss of consciousness 立即丧失意识Eye opening睁眼反应Amputation 截肢Bone graft 骨移植Hallux Valgus大拇指外翻Prosthesis Replacement 人工弥补置换术Range of Motion 运动范围Varus 内翻Chondromalacia软骨软化症泌尿及男性生殖系统The Urinary and Male Reproductive System Cystitis 膀胱炎Circumcision包皮环割术Cystoscopy 膀胱镜检查Hydronephrosis肾水肿Renal Stone 肾结石Acute Renal Failure 急性肾衰竭Cryptorchidism 隐睾症Spermatogenesis精子生成Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy 良性摄护腺肥大Ureteral stenosis 输尿管狭窄Dysuria 排尿困难Hematuria血尿Uremia尿毒症Pupil Size Anisocoria瞳孔大小不等Retinopexy 视网膜固定术Retinal Detachment 视网膜剥落Visual field 视野Vocal nodular 声带结节Dermatologist 皮肤科医师Dermatitis皮肤炎Cataract白内障Glaucoma青光眼综合性字汇Contraceptive避孕的Contraindication 禁忌症Biology 生物学Hyperemesis 剧吐Polydipsia剧渴Homosexual 同性的Heterosexual 异性的Inject 注射Lipoma 脂肪瘤Lipoid 脂肪样的Lipomatosis 脂肪过多症Menopause 更年期Menorrhagia经血过多Amenorrhea 无月经Dysmenorrhea经痛Menarche初经Cervical cancer 子宫颈癌Cervical Erosion子宫颈糜烂Cervicitis子宫颈炎Perineum会阴Endometriosis子宫内膜异位Ovary 卵巢Ovarian Cyst 卵巢囊肿Ovulation排卵Vaginitis阴道炎Colposcopy 阴道镜检法Galactocele乳腺囊肿Mammography 乳房X光摄影术Infertility 不孕症InVitro Fertilization 体外受精Amnion 羊膜Amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺术Placenta Previa前置胎盘Postpartum 产後Postpartum hemorrhage产後出血Toxemia of Pregnancy 妊娠毒血症Adolescence青春期Basal Body Temperature 基础体温Cesarean Section 剖腹产Expected Date of Confinement 预产期Fallopian Tube 输卵管Forceps 产钳Hydatidiform Mole 水囊状胎块Labor Pain阵痛Painless Labor 无痛分娩Molding胎头变形Normal Spontaneous Delivery 正常自然生产Papanicolaou Smear 子宫颈抹片检查Premature Rupture of Membrance 早期破水Progesterone黄体素Stillbrith死产Suture 缝合Stump残物Cleft Palate 颚裂Diarrhea腹泻Dental Caries 龋齿Facial Nerve Paralysis 颜面神经麻痹Hives Urticaria蕈麻疹Torticollis斜颈Vaccine疫苗Incubator 保温箱Cleft lip 兔唇Chicken pox 水痘Club foot 畸足Diphtheria白喉Dengue fever 登革热Eczema湿疹Congenital syphilis 先天性梅毒German Measles/ Rubella德国麻疹Giant baby巨婴Gonorrhea 淋病Hepatitis B B型肝炎Hand-foot-mouth disease 手足口病Jaundice 黄疸Anorexia Nervosa心因性厌食症Bulimia Nervosa心因性暴食症临床症状blunted affect 感情迟钝silly Laughter 傻笑apathy冷漠irritable 易怒的euphoria欣快感depression 忧郁ambivalence感情矛盾Flat Affect感情平淡suicide attempt 自杀企图queer behavior 怪异行为bizarre behavior 特异行为hypertalkative 多话hypotalkative 少话mutistic不语hyperactivity 活动过多hypoactivity 活动过少compulsive behavior 强迫行为verbigeration 重复语言auditory hallucination 听幻觉disoreinatation 失去定向力amnesia记忆丧失症confabulation 虚谈症orientation 定向力judgement 判断力derealization 失真感insight病识感no insight 无病识感intellectual insight 理性的病识感true emotional insight 真正具有情绪性病识感心理学名词free association 自由联想dream analysis 梦的解析ego 自我id 原我super ego 超我ego boundary 自我界限libido 原欲scapegoat 代罪羔羊internal conflict 内在冲突retionalization 合理化作用reaction formation 反向作用degression 退化作用repression 潜抑作用suppression 压抑作用restitution 归还作用sublimation 升华作用substitution 取代作用symbolism 象徵作用undoing 抵销作用distortion 曲解作用isolation 隔离作用Cognitive behavioral Therapy认知行为治疗Empathy 同理心Resistance阻抗testing out behavior 试探行为self-awareness自我了解separation anxiety 分离焦虑reinforcement 增强原则catharsis 情绪宣泄confrontation 面质C.Ca. Carcinoma 癌CBC complete blood count 全血球计数CBD common bile duct 总胆管CH cerebral hemorrhage 脑出血Chest P-A chest posterio-anterio 前後胸部CO cardiac output 心输出量CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术CPS chronic paranasal sinusitis 慢性鼻窦炎C/T chemotherapy 化学治疗法CT cerebral thrombosis 脑栓塞CT Scan computerized axial tomography scan 电脑断层检查CVA cerebral vascular accident 脑血管意外CVP central venous pressure 中心静脉压D.DC discontinue 停止D&C dilatation and curettage 扩张及刮除术DM diabetes mellitus 糖尿病DPT diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus 白喉,百日咳,破伤风DU duodenal ulcer 十二指肠溃伤E.ICP Intermittent catheterization program 间歇性导尿ICU Intensive care unit 加护病房ICT Intracerebral tumor脑内肿瘤I &D Incision and drainage 切开及流IICP Increased intracranial pressure 增高胪内压Imp. Impression 臆断IM Intramuscular 肌肉内的I &O Intake and output 输入及排出IV Intravenous 静脉内的IVKO Intravenous keep open 静脉点滴维持通畅Jej. Jejunum 空肠Jt. Joint 关节KKn. Knee 膝KUB Kidney, ureter, baldder 肾、输尿管及膀胱L.LFT liver function test肝功能试验LLQ left lower quadrant 左下象限LMP last menstrual period 最後一次月经MPPU Perforated petic ulcer 穿孔性胃溃疡PT Physical therapy 物理治疗PTA Prior to admission 入院前PTN Parenteral total nutrition 肠道外的高营养QQ every 每一q.d. every day 每日q.h every hour 每小时q.m. every morning 每日早晨q.n. every night 每日晚间RA rheumatoid a arthritis 类风湿性关节炎RBC red blood cell 红血球RN registered nurse 护理师R/O rule out 可能是RR recovery room 恢复室R/T radio-therapy test 放射治疗RUQ right upper quadrant 右上象限Rx take取拿Medication 处方Treatment 治疗capillaries微血管cardi 心脏arteriesblood clot凝血The Hemic and Lymphatic System血液及淋巴系统Blood 血液Red blood cell 红血球White blood cell白血球Platelet血小板The Respiratory System 呼吸系统Bronchial tube主支气管Alveoii气泡Pharynx咽Larynx喉Trachea气管Lung肺Bronchioles小支气管Pleura胸膜Chest 胸Air 气The Digestive System 消化系统Breasts 乳房Ovaries 卵巢Testes睾丸The Nervous SystemBrain 脑Spinal cord 脊髓Vertebra脊椎Cranium颅腔Meninges脑膜Nerves神经The Musculoskeletal System 肌肉骨系统Skull 头骨Clavicle锁骨Sternum 胸骨Ribs 助骨Joints 关节Ligaments 韧带Tendons 肌腱Cartilage 软骨The Urinary and Male Reproductive System 泌尿及男性生殖系统Cortex皮质Carnea角膜Tear duct泪管Conjunctiva结膜Choroid layer 脉络膜Retina视网膜Sclera巩膜Optic nerve视神经Obstetrics &Hynecology 妇产科常用字汇Fallopian tube输卵管Ovary 卵巢Uterus子宫Vagina阴道Vulva女阴(外生殖器官)脑部系统cerebrum 大脑corpus callosum 胼胝体thalamus 视丘cerebellum 小脑diencephalon 间脑cerebral peduncles大脑脚infundibulum漏斗cochlea 耳蜗eustachian tube 耳咽管helix 耳壳tympanic membrance 鼓膜external auditory canal 外耳道semicircular canals半规管malleus锤骨vestibulocochlear nerve前庭耳蜗神经口腔gingiva 齿龈molars 大臼齿premolars 小臼齿canines犬齿incisors 门齿vestibule of mouth 口腔前庭upper lip 上唇upper lip frenulum 上唇系带alveolar provess齿槽突hard palate硬颚palatine tonsil颚扁桃腺sublingual caruncle 舌下阜Nursing school = nursing home 护理学校(nursing home) Private convalescencehospital慢性疾病或恢复期的患者寮养的私立小医院(nursery school) 处理幼稚园之幼儿的地方Department of Medicine = Department of Internal Medicine 内科Resident in medicine 内科住院医师Chief of Medicine 内科主任(Medical man)Internist = intern = intern 实习生(Internist = 内科医师) House officer 医院医师的称呼Junior and senior students 医学院学生(通常3或4学生)Extern 医院实习生Clinical clerk 从事病历记录实习之学生Student nurse 护理学生Graduate nurse护理学校毕业的护士Registered nurse (R.N.)取得考试许可证Supervisor督导护士Head nurse护士长Scrub nurse 手术助理护士Practicing physician = physician in practice = practitioner 开业医生Ambulance = ambulatory 救护车(不限於车子只要是搬运病人的船或飞机) Ambulant 可走动不必卧床的病人Clinical thermometer 体温计Stethoscope 听诊器Reflector 反光镜X-ray checkup X 光检查X-ray photograph X光像片Operation 手术Scalpel 手术刀Syringe 针筒Hypodermic needle 注射针Injection 注射Ice bag 冰袋Fixation forceps 固定镊Medicine, drug药品Bandage 绷带Absorbent cotton 脱脂棉Gauze 纱布Mask 口罩Wheel chair 轮椅Crutches ?收?br />Ambulance 救护车Stretcher 担架Physician's order sheet 医嘱单Physician's progress note 医生用病情进展记录Laboratory reports 检验报告Radiographic reports X光检查报告Nursing notes 护理记录Graphic chart 图式病历Discharge summary sheet 出院摘要Operation report 手术报告Anesthesia record 麻醉记录Consultation sheet 会诊单Intake and output sheet 摄取与排泄记录Consent (or permission) for operation 手术同意书Emergency room record 急诊室记录住院病历表身家调查事项( identifying data or biographic data) admission date 住院日期hospital number = chart number 病历号码room number 病房号码namesexage。
原始心血管系统的建立
3. 胚体早期血液循环
• 背主动脉在卵黄囊壁分出若干对卵黄动脉，经过体蒂在绒毛膜分 出一对脐动脉;
• 卵黄囊毛细血管汇合成一对卵黄静脉，绒毛膜中毛细血管汇合成 一条脐静脉，卵黄静脉和脐静脉分别运送血液回心管的静脉端， 从而形成卵黄囊循环和脐循环。
3. 胚体早期血液循环
• 心管合二为一时，两条腹主动脉融合为主动脉囊。 • 两条背主动脉合并，沿途的分支将血液输送至胚体各部。 • 此时，胚体前部形成了一对前主静脉，后部形成了一对后主静脉，
分别汇流至左、右总主静脉，再运至心管的静脉端，形成胚体循 环。
3. 胚体早期血液循环
• 至此，胚内、外形成了胚体循环、卵黄囊循环和脐循环三套通路。 • 人胚早期心脏和血管是左、右对称的，随着血流动力学的变化以
及体内各器官的发生，管道不断经过扩张、延长、合并、退化以 及新生等过程，演变成为非对称的心血管布局。
1. 胚外血管的发生
• 人胚第3周，卵黄囊壁的胚外中胚层细胞密集成索或团状，称血 岛(blood island),继而体蒂和绒毛膜等处的胚外中胚层细胞也形成 血岛。
1. 胚外血管的发生
• 不久血岛内出现间隙，其周边的细胞分化为扁平的内皮细胞，中 央的细胞分化成游离的造血干细胞。
• 管道不断向外出芽延伸，使相邻血岛形成的内皮管道互相融合通 连，逐渐形成胚外毛细血管网。
原始心血管系统的建立
原始心血管系统
• 原始心血管系统(primitive cardiovascularsystem)左右对称，由心管、 原始动脉系统和原始静脉系统组成。
• 心血管的管壁构造，最初为内皮性管道，以后其周围的间充质分 化出肌组织和结缔组织，参加管壁的形成，从而演变成心脏、动 脉和静脉。
2. 胚内血管的发生
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Decreased oxygen in the myocardium
Prolonged decreased oxygen Leads to ischemia
Chest pain
ASSESSMENT:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. PAIN – relieved by rest Palpitation, tachycardia Dyspnea Diaphoresis Increased serum lipids levels ECG – ST segment depression and T-wave inversion during chest pain 7. Stress test – abnormal ECG during exercise
• (brunner&suddarth)
ANGINA
Pain:
• Characterized by retrosternal dullness, heaviness, or pressure that radiate to the arms or neck
1.) stable angina- predictable and consistent, relieved by rest 2.) unstable angina- symptoms occur when the pt. is at rest 3.) intractable angina- severe incapacitating pain
d. If no relief on 2nd tablet, take the 3rd nitroglycerin. IF NO RELIEF AFTER 3 TABS, CALL 911 e. TRANSIENT HEADACHE –is a frequent side effect f. Keep the bottle tightly capped and prevent exposure to air, light, heat g. Ensure tablets are within reach at all times h. Ensure nitroglycerin is coated g. Tab good only for 3-6 months
Types of angina
4.) Variant Angina (Prinzmetal’s angina)
- Pain at rest with reversible ST-segment elevation; thought to be caused by coronary artery vasospasm. 5.) Silent Ischemia: Objective evidence of ischemia (such as ECG changes with a stress
MANAGEMENT:
1. 2. a. b. Administer oxygen Proper use of nitrates: Nitroglycerin tablets (sublingual) Allow the tablet to dissolve Relax for 15 minutes after taking, causes dizziness c. If no relief after 5 minutes, take the 2nd nitroglycerin tablet
Treatment: A. Medical Management
1.Pharmacologic Therapy
a.Nitroglycerine b.Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents c.Calcium Channel Blocking Agents d.Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Meds: 1.Aspirin 2.Clopidogrel (Plavix) and Ticlopidine (Ticlid):given if allergic to aspirin. 3.Heparin
Heart Valves
CARDIOPULMONARY CIRCULATION
MYOCARDIAL BLOOD SUON SYSTEM
Automaticity– the ability of the cells to initiate
an impulse spontaneously and consistently an impulse
Obstruction: deposits of cholesterol And lipids within walls of the artery
Vasoconstriction of Arterial wall vessel
Decreased blood flow to the myocardium
Risk factors:
Pathophysiology factors: Precipitating
Physical exertion
CAD, atherosclerosis
HPN, anemia, DM
Consumption of heavy meal
Strong emotions Cigarette smoking
Excitability- the ability of the cell to respond to Conductivity- the ability of the cell to conduct
an electrical impulse to incoming stimuli
Refractoriness- the ability of the cell to respond
B. Nitroglycerin ointment
• Rotate sites to prevent dermal inflammation • Hairless area • Avoid massaging/rubbing as this increases absorption and interferes sustained reaction
Bundle of HIS
Right Bundle Branch
CARDIAC ACTION POTENIAL
The “PQRST” •P wave - Atrial depolarization QRS - Ventricular depolarization
•
•
T wave - Ventricular repolarization
4. Increased cardiac demands: a. Physical exertion, increases myocardial demands. b. Exposure to cold, causes vasoconstriction and elevated BP, with increase oxygen demand. c. Eating Heavy meal, increases blood flow to the mesenteric area for digestion, thereby reducing the blood supply available to the heart muscle. Stress or any emotion-provoking situation, releases cathecolamines, increases BP, heart rate and myocardial workload.
• Amount of blood pumped by its ventricle during a given period • Stroke volume x heart rate • Determined by 3 factors 1. preload- degree of stretch of the cardiac fiber muscle at the end of diastole 2. afterload- the pressure the ventricular myocardium should overcome 3. contractility- force generated by contracting myocardium
Cardiac Output
1. 2. 3. 4.
ANGINA MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION CHF RHEUMATOID HEART DISEASE
• Clinical syndrome characterized by episode of pain or pressure in the anterior chest • Insufficient coronary blood flow • Decreased O2 in the myocardium • s/s: chest pain relieved by rest/medication
DISTURBANCES IN OXYGENATION
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart: • arteries, veins, & capillaries. The major fxns are: 1.circulation of blood; delivery of oxygen & other nutrient to the tissues of the body 2. removal of CO2 & other products of cellular metabolism.
Systolecontraction phase
Diastolerelaxation