过去完成时

过去完成时
一、含义：过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示发生的时间为“过去的过去”。

二、构成：had +〔not〕+过去分词
一般疑问句：Had+ 主语+ 过去分词＋其他？
肯定答复: Yes, 主语+ had.
否认答复: No, 主语+ hadn’t.
例句：By the time he got to the airport,the plane had taken off.
---Had the plane taken off by the time he got to the airport?
---Yes,it had./No, it hadn’t.
三、用法
1.过去完成时是一个相对的时态。

只有和过去的某个时间或动作相比较时才会用到。

常见的时间状语〔从句〕由by, before, when, by the end of, by the time, until 等引导。

①He had worked in that school for three years before he came to our school.
他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年。

〔解析：由时间状语before he came to our school.可知，前面是在此之前所发生的事情，表过去的过去，应该用过去完成时。

〕
②My parents had begun to work by the time I got up.
在我起床的时候我父母已经开始工作了。

③I had learned1000English words until then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。

2.过去完成时还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态一直延续到过去某个时间并
可能延续下去。

常与“for ＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”连用。

注意：与现在完成时一样，和时间相关的要用延续性动词。

①The film had already been on for half an hour when Millie got to the cinema.
当Millie到达电影院的时候, 电影已经开始了半个小时了。

〔解析：begin是短暂性动词，不与表示一段时间的时间状语连用；电影在Millie 到达电影院之前就开始了，是过去的过去，应当用过去完成时。

〕
When Jack arrived, Mary had been away since an hour ago.
②当杰克到达时，玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。

拓展：
put on wear
wake up be awake
fall asleep be asleep
lose not have
join be in
leave be away
arrive/reach be
3.过去完成时经常用于主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中，表示从句动作先于主句动作发生。

如在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词引导的宾语从句中。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
她说她从来没有去过巴黎。

I thought that I had seen him before.
我觉得我以前见过他。

4.在表示过去概念的句子中，常出现与完成时态连用的词，如：already, yet, since, for, ever, never 及表次数的词，此时句子常用过完成时。

①I met Jim in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
我昨天在街上碰到了吉姆。

自从他去北京后，我们彼此没有见过面。

②Mary said it was at least five years since he had enjoyed a good drink.
解析：It was+时间段+since引导的从句中用过去完成时。

1．The teacher________the office for a few minutes when we arrived．We didn’t meet him．A．have left B．had left C．had been away from
【答案】C
【解析】由when we arrived可知，主句应该用过去完成时，首先排除A；由for a few minutes 可知，谓语动词应该用延续性动词。

2．The boy________his mistake before his teacher told him．
A．realizes B．has realized
C．had realized D．would realize
【答案】C
【解析】由时间状语before his teacher told him可知，前面是在此之前所发生的事情，表过去的过去，应该用过去完成时。

3．They________about eight hundred English words by the end of last term．
A．have learned B．had learned
C．will learn D．are going to learn
【答案】B
【解析】由by the end of last term可知，这里应该用过去完成时。

4．—I hear the beginning of this movie is very exciting．
—What a pity!When I got to the cinema yesterday，the film________for several minutes．A．began B．had begun
C．had been on D．has been on
【答案】C
【解析】begin是短暂性动词，不与表示一段时间的时间状语连用；电影在“我”到达电影院之前就开始了，是过去的过去，应当用过去完成时。

5．The meeting________by the time I got there yesterday．
A．was on B．has been on
C．had begun D．has begun
【答案】C
【解析】“我昨天到那儿”是过去的事情，“会议开始”发生在“我到那儿”之前，应是过去的过去。

故用过去完成时。

6. By the time I locked the door，I realized I________my keys at home．
A．had repaired B．had changed
C．had forgotten D．had left
【答案】D
【解析】句意为“到我锁门的时候，我才意识到把钥匙忘在家里了”，表示“把某物遗忘在某处”要用leave，时态是过去完成时。

7．Yesterday I met Sandy．We________each other since________middle school．A．haven’t seen；finished
B．haven’t seen；finishing
C．hadn’t seen；finished
D．hadn’t seen；finishing
【答案】D
【解析】“我们自从中学毕业后就没有见过面”是发生在昨天之前的事，应当用过去完成时；since是介词，后面用动名词。

8. Helen________her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband________home．
A．has left；comes
B．left；had come
C．had left；came
D．had left；would come
【答案】C
【解析】had to wait说明事情发生在过去，而“将钥匙忘在办公室”的动作发生在“等丈夫回家”之前。

9．By the time I got up, my mother _______ .
A. left
B. had left
C. has left
D. is leaving
【答案】B
【解析】by the time意为“在……之前”，根据语境可知“离开”这一动作发生在“起床”之前，根据got up为过去式，判断使用过去完成时表达。

10．T om was disappointed because most of the guests________when he________at the party．
A．left；had arrived
B．left；arrived
C．had left；had arrived
D．had left；arrived
【答案】D
【解析】guests先“离开”，Tom后“到达”。

11．—Why are you late again?
—I overslept，and________I got to the bus stop，the bus had left．
A．after B．while
C．by the time D．at time
【答案】C
【解析】by the time意为“到……时候”。

12．He________to play________before he was 11 years old．
A．had learned；piano
B．had learned；the piano
C．has learned；the piano
D．learns；piano
【答案】B
【解析】时间状语before he was 11 years old是过去时，主句的动作发生在这个时间之前，表示“过去的过去”，应当用过去完成时；piano是西洋乐器，与play连用时，前面应当加the。

13．By the time I got home，my mother________dinner for me．
A．cooked B．had cooked
C．was cooking D．is cooking
【答案】B
【解析】由“by the time+表示过去的时间状语从句”可知，主句应该用过去完成时。

14．By the end of last month，he________in the army for one and a half years．A．joined B．had joined
C．has been D．had been
【答案】D
【解析】句意：到上个月月末为止，他已经参军一年半了。

由句意可知应该用过去完成时，首先排除A和C，join是瞬间动词，不能和时间段连用，因此答案为D。

15．—Did you see Mr Smith when you were in France?
—No．When I________France，he________to China．
A．had arrived in；had gone
B．arrived in；has been
C．got to；had gone
D．had got to；had been
【答案】C
【解析】句意：——当你在法国的时候，你见到史密斯先生了吗?——没有，当我到达法国的时候，他已经去了中国。

由语境可知，when引导的从句用一般过去时表过去的时间点，主句则是在这之前所发生的事，因此答案为C。

16．He told us that he________the letters in the morning．
A．will post B．have posted
C．was posting D．had posted
【答案】D
【解析】考查宾语从句。

当主句是一般过去时时，从句应该用相应的过去时态，由题意可知用过去完成时。

【解析】由by the end of last year可知，应该用过去完成时。

17．—Did you meet Tom at the airport?
—No．His plane________by the time I________there．
A．has taken off；got
B．took off；had got
C．took off；arrived
D．had taken off；arrived
【答案】D
【解析】由语境可知，by the time后引导的时间状语从句应该用一般过去时表过去的时间点，主句则应该用过去完成时表示在过去的过去所发生的事情。

18.We had our tests.Then we had a long holiday.(用过去完成时连接两句)
Before we________________________,we_____________________________
19.He showed us the picture.Then he showed us around the house.
用过去完成时连接两句)
Before he_______________________,he______________________________.
14.After we had had our tests,we had a long holiday.
15.Before he showed us around the house,he had showed us the picture.
1.We_____________(paint)the house before we moved in.
2.That rich old man_____________(make)a decision before he died.
3.They_____________(study)the map of the country before they left.
1．I had sold the ticket when she came.〔改否认句〕
I hadn't sold the ticket when she came.
2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.〔改否认句〕
She hadn't sung a song to us before she danced.
5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.〔改一般疑问〕
Had Lucy completed the project when I arrived yet?
1．By nine o’clock yesterday evening，we________our work．
A．have finished B．finished
C．had finished D．finish
【答案】C
【解析】由by后的时间状语可知，应该用过去完成时。

2．We________four thousand new words by the end of last year．
A．learned B．had learned
C．have learned D．will learn
【答案】B
3．I________all the exercises before my teacher collected the exercise books．A．have finished B．finished
C．had finished D．finish
【答案】C
【解析】从before my teacher collected…可知时态应用过去完成时，故答案是C。

4．Just before the English class，I suddenly realized that I________my English textbook at
A．forgot B．had forgotten
C．left D．had left
【答案】D
【解析】本句表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，且句中有at home地点状语，只能用leave，所以答案选D。

1. He______in Shanghai University for four years before he______Beijing.
A.studied,had gone
B.had studied,went
C.has studied,goes
D.had studied,h ad gone
解析："他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年"。

在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。

此题选B。

2. Mary said it was at least five years since he______a good drink.
A. enjoyed
B.was enjoying
C.had enjoyed
D.would enjoy
解析：It was+时间段+since引导的从句中用过去完成时。

应选C。

3.Xiao Pei said she______Hainan for3months.
A.has been in
B.had been in
C.had been to
D.had gone to
解析："小培说她去了海南三个月"。

have been to和have gone to都是短暂性的动词短语。

所以适应表示状态的have been in.应选B.
2.What___Jane____by the time he was seven?
A.did,do
B.has,done C did,did. D.had,done
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday,I_____the dinner already.
A had cooked B.cooked C.have cooked D.was cooked
答案：A
5.The robbers_____________(run away)before the policemen arrived.
6.I__________(turn off)all the lights before I went to bed.
7.Paul went out with Jane after he(make)a phone call.
8.Tom said he___________(read)the book twice.
9.Our plan failed because we_____________(make)a bad mistake.
答案：had run away、had turned off、had made、had read、had made
1.They began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.〔否认〕They didn't begin to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.
2.By the time he got to the airport,the plane had taken off.〔改一般疑问〕
Had the plane taken off by the time he got to the airport?
3.By10:00a.m,I had been very hungry.〔改一般疑问〕
Had you been very hungry by10:00a.m?。