高中英语基础语法知识总结

高中英语基础语法知识总结

一、基本结构

英语是一门逐渐发展演变的语言，早在远古时期，英语的结构其实只有以下这两种，即简单句的原始结构。

主+谓+宾；主+系+表

主语

主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。在原始的简单句中，主语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词表示。例如：

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名词)

We often speak English in class.(代词)

One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)

The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)

谓语(动词)

谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：

1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.

2、复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.

在英语中一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词(知道为什么吗)，而且，我们平时学习的时态是针对谓语动词来说。如果以do为例，do, did ,have done, will do, had done, is/am/are doing, was/were doing, would do。在简单句中，谓语动词和主语是句子的核心，不可以随意删掉。

宾语

宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：

They went to see an exhibition yesterday.(名词)

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.(代词) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词)

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)

表语

表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词。

Our teacher of English is an American.(名词)

Is it yours?(代词)

The weather has turned cold.(形容词)

The speech is exciting.(分词)

Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)

二、定状修饰

在简单句中，只要满足上面两种结构，就可以把一件简单的事说清楚，但随着英语的逐渐演变，又演变出两种新的成分，可以对句子进行修饰和补充，我们称之为定语和状语。在阅读中我们遇到的多是长句和语言成分充分的句子，很少出现单纯的简单句，所以对如下语法内容要掌握。

定语

修饰名词或代词的词为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：(在汉语里，定语可以翻译成…的)

Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词)

China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分词) There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名词)

His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词)

状语

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。状语在高中是一个相对抽象的概念，在简单句中状语一般由副词充当，修饰动词和形容词为主，除此之外，介词短语在简单句中也喜欢扮演状语的作用，这个语法点主要存在于我们的语法填空和短文改错中。

三、“高阶”句式

随着英语的逐渐演变，在某些简单句中，相对应的句子成分不能用单词进行描述。

主(多喝水)+ is great for your health.

I love 宾(踢足球).

My hobby is 表(玩电脑游戏).

I has bought a book(王先生写的)等等。

我们发现，在上面的例子里，没有办法用一个单词进行描述，所以在演变的过程中，出来一个新的语法成分，叫做非谓语动词短语(to do ,doing, done，注意done与did的区别)

1、只加不定式作宾语的动词：plan, demand, promise, help, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish/hope, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, happen等。

2、只加动名词作宾语的动词：admit, avoid, consider, escape, imagine, mind, miss, practice, suggest, advise, allow, permit, risk, prevent, resist, deny, forbid，advocate, forgive, acknowledge, postpone, delay, fancy, recall,finish/complete, acknowledge等

3、下面这些短语只能加doing作宾语：be addicted to, be accustomed to, get down to, lead to ,contribute to, devote oneself to , object to, look forward to, owing to, become/get/be used to, pay attention to等等。

4、既可以加to do, 也可以加doing的动词，且意思很相近的动词：intend, attempt, continue, begin, start等。

5、接to do 和doing 作宾语意义差别很大的动词：mean, forget, try, go on 等。

To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)

Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词)

He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)

I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语)

Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)