初中英语 阅读三百篇(第3版)答案

初中英语,阅读三百篇(第
3版)答案
篇一：《大学计算机(第3版)》_全书习题答案
第1章绪论
一、选择题
1．世界上第一台电子计算机的英文缩写名为（ A ）。

A．ENIAC B．EDV AC C．EDSAC D．MARK-I 2．大规模、超大规模集成电路芯片组成的微型计算机属于现代计算机的（ D ）。

A．第一代产品B．第二代产品C．第三代产品D．第四代产品
3．早在现代计算机诞生100多年以前，就提出了程序控制设计方案的科学家是（ B ）。

A．莱布尼茨B．巴贝奇C．图灵D．阿塔纳索夫4．著名科学家（ C ）奠定了现代计算机的结构理论。

A．诺贝尔B．爱因斯坦C．冯·诺伊曼D．居里5．“天河二号”计算机属于（ A ）。

A．高性能计算机B．微型计算机C．工作站D．小型计
算机
6．利用计算机来进行人事档案管理，这属于（ B ）方面的应用。

A．数值计算B．数据处理C．过程控制D．人工智能7．物质、能量和（ B ）是构成世界的三大要素。

A．原油B．信息C．煤炭D．水
8．计算机辅助设计简称（ D ）。

A．CAT B．CAM C．CAI D．CAD
二、填空题
1．电子计算机主要是以（所采用的逻辑元器件）来分代的，第一代电子计算机采用（电子管）作为电器元件，第二代采用（晶体管），第三代采用（中、小规模集成电路），第四代采用（大规模、超大规模集成电路）。

2．第一台电子计算机是（1946）年诞生的，当时主要用于（科学计算）。

3．世界上最先设计的存储程序计算机是（EDV AC），首次实现的存储程序计算机是（EDSAC），第一台商用计算机是（UNIV AC-I），第一台运算速度达每秒1亿次的计算机是（CRAY-I）。

4．图灵提出了理想计算机的通用模型，人们称这种模型为（图灵机），图灵还设计了著名的机器智能测试标准，被称为（图灵测试）。

5．信息技术常被称为4C技术，其核心是（计算机技术）和（通信技术）。

三、问答题
1．写出下列英语单词缩写的含义。

ENIAC：电子数字积分计算机（Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator）ACM：美国计算机协会（Association for Computing Machinery）
IBM：国际商用机器（International Business Machine）公司
PC：个人计算机（Personal Computer）
IT：信息技术（Information Technology）
AI：人工智能（Artificial Intelligence）
EC：电子商务（Electronic Commerce）
OA：办公自动化（Office Automation）
2．计算机的发展经历了哪几个阶段？各个阶段的主要特征是什么？
按所用的逻辑元器件的不同，现代计算机的发展经历了4代变迁：
（1）第一代电子计算机（1946年~1958年）
第一代计算机的主要特征是采用电子管作为计算机的逻辑元件，其主存储器采用磁鼓、
磁芯，外存储器采用磁带、纸带、卡片等。

存储容量只有几
千字节、运算速度为每秒几千次。

主要使用机器语言编写程序。

这一代的计算机体积大、价格高、维修困难，使用也不方便，只在军事或科学研究部门使用，主要用于科学计算。

（2）第二代电子计算机（1958年~1964年）
第二代计算机全部采用晶体管作为逻辑元件，其主存储器使用磁芯，外存储器使用磁带、磁盘。

在软件方面开始使用FORTRAN、COBOL、ALGOL等高级语言。

这一代计算机不仅用于科学计算，还用于数据处理和工业控制。

相对第一代计算机，这一代计算机的运算速度更高、体积更小、功能更强。

（3）第三代电子计算机（1964年~1970年）
第三代计算机是以中、小规模集成电路为逻辑元件，其主存储器开始逐渐采用半导体元件，存储容量可达几兆字节，运算速度可达每秒几十万至几百万次。

体积进一步变小、成本进一步降低，同时性能进一步提高。

在软件方面，操作系统开始使用，使计算机的功能越来越强。

正是从第三代计算机时代起，计算机进入普及阶段，广泛应用于数据处理、过程控制、教育等各个方面。

（4）第四代电子计算机（1971年至今）
在20世纪70年代初期，随着大规模集成电路（Large Scale Integration，LSI）和超大规模集成电路（Very Large Scale Integration，VLSI）的应用，电子计算机迅速发展到第四代。

在第四代计算机的发展过程中，一个值得注意的发展趋势是计算机微型化、巨型化、多媒体化和网络化。

3．什么叫冯·诺伊曼体系结构？
1946年6月，冯·诺伊曼提出了存储程序通用电子计算机方案—电子离散变量自动计算机（Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer，EDV AC）方案。

方案中明确规定新型计算机有5个组成部分：计算器、逻辑控制装置、存储器、输入和输出，并详细描述了这5个部分的功能和相互关系，提出了程序存储（Stored-Program）思想，计算机可以按照程序规定的顺序，自动地从一条程序指令进到下一条程序指令。

长达101页的EDV AC方案是计算机发展史上的一个划时代的文献。

由于这一方案提出了现代计算机的基本体系结构，从而奠定了现代计算机的发展基础，所以，人们把现代计算机称为冯·诺伊曼型计算机。

4．简述计算思维的含义。

计算思维（Computational Thinking，CT）是运用计算机科学的基础概念进行问题求解、系统设计以及人类行为理解等涵盖计算机科学之广度的一系列思维活动。

第2章计算机系统的组成与工作原理
一、选择题
1．计算机主机是由CPU和（ D ）构成的。

A．控制器B．输入/输出设备C．运算器D．内存储器
2．在计算机软件系统中，用来管理计算机硬件和软件资源的是（ B ）。

A．程序设计语言B．操作系统
C．诊断程序D．数据库管理系统
3．I/O接口位于（ C ）。

A．主机和I/O设备之间B．主机和总线之间
C．总线和I/O设备之间D．CPU和内存储器之间4．计算机中表示信息的最小单位（ A ）。

A．位B．字节C．字D．字长
5．计算机中基本的存取单位是（ B ）。

A．位B．字节C．字D．字长
6．6．有一个数值是152，它与十六进制数6A相等，该数值是（ B ）。

A．二进制数B．八进制数C．十六进制数D．十进制数
7．大写字母A的ASCII码为十进制数65，ASCII码为十进制数68的字母是（C）。

A．B B．C C．DD．E
8．微型计算机中的Cache是（ B ）。

A．只读存(转载于: 小龙文档网:初中英语,阅读三百篇(第3版)答案)储器B．高速缓冲存储器C．可编程只读存储器D．可擦除可再编程只读存储器
9．配置高速缓冲存储器（Cache）是为了解决（ C ）问题。

A．内存与辅助内存之间速度不匹配B．CPU与辅助内存之间速度不匹配
C．CPU与内存储器之间速度不匹配D．主机与外设之间速度不匹配
10．关于闪存盘的描述，不正确的是（ C ）。

A．闪存盘利用Flash芯片作为存储介质B．闪存盘采用USB接口与主机连接
C．闪存盘不能对存储的数据进行写保护D．闪存盘是一种移动存储交换设备
二、填空题
1．电子计算机能够快速、准确地按照人们的意图进行工作的基本思想是（存储程序），这个思想是由（冯·诺伊曼）提出的，按照这个思想，计算机由5大部件组成，它们是（控制器）、（运算器）、（存储器）、（输入设备）、（输出设备）。

2．CPU是由（运算器）和（控制器）组成的。

3．根据功能的不同，可将内存储器分为（随机存取存储器或RAM）和（只读存储器或ROM）两种。

4．在表示存储器的容量时，MB的准确含义是（220字节或兆字节）。

5．5678.123=(1 0110 0010 1110.0001 1111
01)2=(13056.0764)8=（162E.1F4）H。

6．同一个字母的大小写，（小写）字母的ASCII码值比（大写）字母的ASCII码值要大（32）。

7．微型计算机采用总线结构，根据传送信息的种类不同，系统总线分为（数据总线）、（地址总线）和（控制总线）。

8．微型计算机一般采用微处理器的（主频）来描述运算速度，时钟频率越高，运算速度就越（快）。

三、问答题
1．什么叫主机？什么叫裸机？什么叫外设？
CPU和内存储器合称为主机，没有配置任何软件的计算机称为裸机，输入设备、输出设备和外存储器合称为外部设备，简称外设。

2．计算机内的数据表示为什么要使用二进制？二进制与八进制、十六进制有什么关系？在计算机中采用二进制数表示数据，主要原因在于：二进制在物理上最容易实现；二进制运算规则简单。

一位八进制数和3位二进制数相对应，一位十六进制数和4位二进制数相对应，通常采用八进制（Octal System）和十六进制（Hexadecimal System）来作为二进制数的简化表示。

3．将127、55.8和7.125转换成二进制数。

将1F0AH、0DD8H 和111H转换成十进制数。

(127)10=(1111111)2
(55.8)10=(110111.11001)2
(7.125)10=(111.001)2
1F0AH=7946D
0DD8H=3544D
111H=273D
4．什么是ASCII编码？什么是汉字内码？字符“1”、数字1在计算机内如何表示？ASCII码，即美国标准信息交换码（American Standard Code for Information Interchange），它西文字符在计算机内部的二进制编码表示形式。

汉字内码是汉字在计算机内部的的存储表示。

字符“1”在计算机内部用ASCII码表示，数字“1”在计算机内部用二进制数表示，两者不相同。

5．为什么要引入汉字输入编码？汉字输入编码有几类？各有什么特点？
汉字的输入不能像英文字符那样，一键对应一个字符，只能多键输入一个汉字，这就需要引入汉字的输入编码。

目前有几百种汉字输入编码，具有代表性的输入编码有：? 区位码：一个汉字的区位码是一个4位十进制数。

如汉字“啊”的区位码为1601。

这是一种无重码输入方法。

? 拼音输入编码：用汉字的拼音符号作为输入编码。

显然，拼音输入方法是一种有重码的输入方法。

? 字形输入编码：是一种以汉字的偏旁部首作基本键位的
输入编码，即把键盘上的某一键位当作偏旁部首（当然，某一键位可能代表多个偏旁部首），多个键位（对应多个偏旁部首）的组合就是汉字的字形输入编码。

五笔字型输入编码属于这一类输入编码，它是目前使用相当广泛的输入编码。

6．计算机系统由哪些部分组成？微型计算机硬件包括哪些部件？
计算机系统包括硬件系统和软件系统两大部分。

计算机硬件由控制器、运算器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备5个部分组成。

运算器和控制器合称为中央处理器（Central Processing Unit，CPU）。

存储器又分为内存储器和外存储器两类。

将CPU和内存储器合称为主机。

将输入设备、输出设备和外存储器合称为外部设备。

计算机软件可分为系统软件和应用软件两大类。

系统软件又可分为操作系统、语言处理程序、数据库管理系统和支撑软件等。

一台微型计算机由主机箱、显示器、键盘和鼠标组成，有时还配有打印机、扫描仪等其他外部设备。

在主机箱内，有主板、总线扩展槽和输入输出接口（显示适配卡、声卡、网卡等）、CPU、内存储器、外存储器等部件。

7．计算机存储器包括哪些？内存与外存各有哪些特点？计算机存储器包括内存储器和外存储器两类。

内存储器用来存放当前需要处理的原始数据及需要运行的程序，CPU可直接对它进行访问。

现代计算机的内存普遍采
用了半导体存储器，根据使用功能的不同，半导体存储器可分为随机存取存储器（Random Access Memory，RAM）和只读存储器（Read Only Memory，ROM）两种。

RAM的特点是：用户既可以从中读出信息，又可以将信息写入其中；断电后RAM中所存储的信息将全部丢失。

ROM的特点是：用户只能从中读出信息，不能将信息写入其中；断电以后，ROM中所存储的信息不会丢失。

外存储器用来存放当前暂不需要处理的原始数据及不需要运行的程序，不能被CPU 直接访问，外存储器的数据只有先调入内存才能被CPU访问。

常见的外存有磁盘、光盘（Compact Disk Read Only Memory，CD-ROM）等，它们都必须通过各自的驱动器才能进行读写操作。

8．微型计算机主板上的CMOS是存储器吗？其作用是什么？
微型计算机主板上的CMOS芯片用来记录系统时钟和系统配置信息，用电池维持其工作，其中数据不会因计算机断电而丢失。

它不参与内存的统一编址，以外部端口形式表现。

第3章操作系统基础
一、选择题
1. 操作系统是（D ）。

A．用户与软件的接口
B．系统软件与应用软件的接口
C．主机与外设的接口
D．用户与计算机的接口
2. 在各类计算机操作系统中，分时系统是一种( D )。

A．单用户批处理操作系统
B．多用户批处理操作系统
C．单用户交互式操作系统
D．多用户交互式操作系统
3. 在Windows 菜单系统中，能弹出对话框的操作是( A )。

A．选择了带省略号的菜单项
B．选择了带向右三角形箭头的菜单项
C．选择了颜色变灰白的菜单项
D．运行了与对话框对应的应用程序
4. 下列关于Windows菜单的叙述中，错误的是( D )。

A．使用“开始”菜单的“注销”可更改用户
B．用户可以自己定义“开始”菜单
C．“开始”菜单内有设置“控制面版”项
D．“开始”按钮只能固定显示在桌面左下角
5. 下列选项中，不属于桌面任务栏中项目的是（C ）。

A．快速启动区
B．“开始”按钮区
C．桌面菜单
D．提示区
6. 在下列文件中，可执行的文件为（B ）。

A．Autoexe.pdf
B．files001.exe
C．run.dat
D．textfile.txt
7. 在Windows 中，关于文件夹的描述不正确的是（ D ）。

A．文件夹是用来组织和管理文件的
B．“我的电脑”是一个文件夹
C．文件夹中可以存放驱动程序文件
D．文件夹中可以存放两个同名文件
8. Windows 中可以设置、控制计算机硬件配置和修改显示属性的应用程序是（
D ）。

A．WordB．ExcelC．资源管理器D．控制面板
9. 在Windows 中，剪贴板是用来在程序和文件间传递信息的临时存储区，此存储区是
（C）。

A．回收站的一部分B．硬盘的一部分
篇二：初三英语阅读理解- B篇精选(含答案)
B 2
Linda and David have traveled by air from London to
Sydney, Australia．Linda has promised（答应）her mother that she will ring her to let her know that they have arrived safely．This is something she had done ever since she was a child. David thinks it is not a good idea to ring so far, to spend too much, and to say so little．If there were an accident．He says, aThey'd know soon enough．Bad news travels fast．
But Linda has promised that she would ring．However, she says, it doesn't cost much when you just think that it's the other side of the world．It?s only six pence per second (每秒六便士)。

If you're on that telephone for less than one minute, I'll eat my hat, David says, And one minute?s nearly four pounds(英镑)．
That?s no more than you?d pay for a new hat, Linda answers．
She has asked the man at the hotel (旅馆) desk to get her the number. The telephone rings. Linda picks it up．Hello, Mum .Is that you? She says．
Six pence per second, David reminds(提醒) her．“Hello, love．It is Mrs. Lee, Linda?s mother, speaking from London.” I can hear you very clearly just like you are in the
next room. It?s a better line than when you called me from your office．Do you remember? I shouted at that time, and still you couldn?t hear me sometimes．
Yes, Mum ．Linda puts in. I just wanted to ring to ……．I remember how you rang when you went to Betty?s house to eat, when you were a little girl．An d then when you … Mrs. Lee is a great talker
Nearly four pounds．says David．
Linda tries to tell her mother that it is time to say goodbye．?Yes, all right, says Mrs. Lee, But you will write, won?t you, as you did when you were at work …
Once again, Mrs. Lee talks about the pass, and there is no stopping her ．Four pounds fifty, says David．
At last, Linda cuts her mother short, promises to write, and rings off．
There! That wasn't long, was it?
Four pounds, ninety pence．David answers．And you didn't even say that we've arrived．
1．Linda is telephoning home to ________．
A. tell her mother some bad news
B. say that she and David have arrived safely
C. report an accident to her mother
D. say that she and
David have left London
2．Linda does not think it expensive to ring, because _____. A．it only costs four pounds and ninety pence
B．it is even more expensive to buy a new hat
C．she had telephoned home since she was a child
D．she will speak from one side of the word to the other 3．David says, Nearly four pounds, because ______. A．he wants to remind Linda of the cost of the cost of the call
B．he wants to buy himself a new hat
C．Linda has not told her mother they have arrived D．he wants Mrs. Lee to know how much the call costs 4．Mrs. Lee goes on talking for so long because _______. A．she likes to hear all about the past．B．she likes talking C．Linda had not told her that she has arrivedD．she is going to pay for the telephone call
5．Linda tries to stop her mother by ________.
A．telling her how much the call is costingB．writing a letter as she has promised to do
C．telling her that they have arrived safelyD．promising to write, and ringing off
B 5
I often dreamed about Pisa when I was a boy. I read about the famous building called the Leaning Tower of Pisa. But when I read the word Pisa, I was thinking of pizza .I thought this tower was a place to buy pizza .It must be the best place to buy pizza in the world, I thought.
Many years later I finally saw the Leaning Tower. I knew then that it was Pisa and no pizza. But there was still something special about it for me .The tower got its name because it really did lean to one side. Some people want to try to fix it. They are afraid it may fall over and they don?t like it leans over the city.
I do not think it?s a good idea to try to fix it. The tower probably will not fall down. It is 600 years old. Why should anything happen to it now? And, if you ask me, I like what it looks like. To me it is a very human kind of leaning. Nothing is perfect. It
seems to say.
And who cares? Why do people want things to be perfect? Imperfect things may be more interesting. Let?s take the tower in Pisa. Why is it so famous? There are many other older, more beautiful towers in Italy. But Pisa tower is the most famous. People come from all over the world to see it.
1.This passage is about_______.
A. Italian pizza
B. Italy?s problems
C. How the Leaning Tower of Pisa got its name
D. Why the writer likes Pisa
2.The writer used to think Pisa______.
A. in Spain
B. not very famous
C. not the same as pizza
D. the same as pizza
3.The Leaning Tower of Pisa is _______.
A. modern
B. falling down
C. 600 years old
D. 60 years old-
4.The writer________.
A. doesn?t like what the tower looks like
B. likes what the tower looks like
C. thinks it?s the most beautiful tower in Italy
D. doesn?t like towers
5. The writer likes the Leaning Tower of Pisa because________.
A. it?s old
B. it?s perfect
C. it sells pizza
D. it?s imperfect B8
“Cool” is a word with many meanings. Itsis a little bit cold. As the world has changed, the word has had many different meanings.“Cool” can be used to express feelings of
interest in almost anything.
When you see a famous car in the street, maybe you will say, “It?s cool.” You may think, “He?s so cool,” when you see your favorite footballer.
We all maximize( 扩大) the meaning of “cool”. You can use it instead of many words such as “new” or “surprising”. Here is an interesting story we can use to show the way the word is used.
A teacher asked her students to write about the waterfall(瀑布) they had visited. On one student?s paper was just the one sentence, “It?s so cool.” Maybe he thought it was the best way to show what he saw and felt.
But the story also shows a scarcity（缺乏）of words . Without “cool”, some people have no words to show the same meaning. So it is quite important for us to keep some credibility (可信性). Can you think of many other words that make your life as colorful as the wor d “cool”? I can. And I think they are also very cool.
1. We know that the word “cool” has had _____.
A. only one meaning
B. no meanings
C. many different meanings
D. the same meaning
2. In the passage, the word “” means “ _____ ”.
A. see
B. show
C. know
3. If you are _____ something, you may say, “It?s cool.” D. feel
A. interested in
B. angry about
C. afraid of
D. unhappy with
4. The writer takes an example to show he is _______the way the word is used.
A. pleased with
B. strange to
C. worried about
D. careful with
5.In the passage, the writer suggests(暗示) that the word “cool” _____.
A. can be used instead of many words
B. usually means something interesting
C. can make your life colorful
B10
Tom Dyson tried to find out what his new machine could do. One day he put the small box to a flowering plant that was growing in a big pot. He didn?t say anything at all, but he began to think something bad about the flowers.
“I?m going to cut off these flowers. They?re getting old and no longer beautiful. So I?ll cut them off…”
The needle（指针）on the machine climbed quickly from
zero to 8, then 10, 12, 15. It stopped at 17. The plant was in trouble! Something was worrying it. Was it afraid or sad? The thought of being cut? The flowers bent（弯下）their heads. They suddenly looked old and tired, and Tom felt sorry for them.
“No, no!” he cried. “I won?t cut you. You?re my friends. I just want you grow and be more beautiful. I?ll take you outside, into the sunshine. You?ll like that, won?t you?”
The flowers raised their heads slowly and seemed to smile at him. The needle returned to zero. Tom put away the machine, picked up the plant and walked outside. It was very nice in the garden that morning.
All plants enjoy their owner?s love and kindness. They know the sound of their voice. They also seem to understand people?s thinking. So if you have flowers of your own, think about them with love. They will return your kindness in the only way they can: they will grow strong and beautiful.
1. Which is the right order of the things happening in the passage?
a. Tom felt sorry for the flowers.
b. The needle climbed to 17.
c. Tom put a machine to a flower plant.
d. The flowers bent their heads.
e. Tom thought of cutting off the flowers.
A. a, c, e, b, d
B. c, e, d, b, a
C. a, c, e, d, b
D. c, e, b, d, a
2. The needle turned back to zero when Tom ________.
A. took the flowers into the sunshine
B. put away the machineD. may not be as cool as it seems
C. said something nice to the flowers
D. thought about the flowers
3. If you show love to your plants, they will give you their love in return by _______.
A. raise their heads and smiling
B. growing nice and beautiful
C. turning the needle to zero
D. enjoying your kindness
4. We can infer from the passage that ________.
A. the flowers didn?t like what Tom said and did
B. the flowers could understand what Tom was thinking about
C. the machine didn?t work well and should never be used again
D. Tom should go to see and talk to the flowers very often
B11
Can you think if a sentence in which two word “and” appears five times, without any words in between ? There is one of the end of this story.
There are once a restaurant which was called “The Horse and Cart(马车)”. It had a sign which had a picture of a horse and cart on it, but the sign was getting very old, the owner of the restaurant decided to have a new one made. He went to a painter and asked him to paint one, and to write “The Horse and Cart” on it in la rge letters.
A few days later, he went to see how the painter was getting on. He liked the picture of the horse and cart very much, but he didn?t like the writing. He said to the painter, “ No, no! There?s too much space between HORSE and AND and AND and CART!”
1. “The Horse and Cart” was _______.
A. a place to eat in
B. a small hotel
C. a sign of an office
D. a horse -pulled cart
2. The painter was asked to write _______.
A. large letters to “The Horse and Cart”
B. “The Horse and Cart “ as la rge as possible
C. a large letter to the people in the newspaper
D. “The Horse and Cart” in big characters(文字)
3. The owner dislike the writing because _______.
A. between HORSE and AND there was too much space
B. the painter didn?t write in large letters
C. between THE and HORSE there was too much space
D. There was too much space between HORSE, AND and CART
4. From the passage we know ____________.
A. he didn?t like the picture on the old sign.
B. the old sign was too old to be mended.
C. he wanted to made a sentence with five ands
篇三：计算机英语第3版课后习题答案
《计算机英语（第3版）》练习参考答案
Unit One: Computer and Computer Science Unit One/Section A
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron
2. input; output
3. VLSI
4. workstations; mainframes
5. vacuum; transistors
6. instructions; software
7. digit; eight; byte
8. microminiaturization; chip
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1. artificial intelligence人工
智能 2. paper-tape reader纸带阅读器 3. optical computer光计算机 4. neural network神经网络 5. instruction set指令集 6. parallel processing并行处理7. difference engine差分机
8. versatile logical element通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrate硅衬底10. vacuum tube真空管
11. 数据的存储与处理the storage and handling of data
12. 超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit
13. 中央处理器central processing unit
14. 个人计算机personal computer 15. 模拟计算机analogue computer
16. 数字计算机digital computer
17. 通用计算机general-purpose computer 18. 处理器芯片processor chip 19. 操作指令operating instructions 20. 输入设备input device
III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making
changes if necessary:
We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and
produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital.
They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers.
All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some
indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities. Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation
computers of historic significance, such as UNIV AC (通用自动计算机), introduced in the
early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the
early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation
computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation
computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale
integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation
computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches
to computing, including artificial intelligence and true
distributed processing.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。

语音识别的改进将使计算机的操
作更加容易。

虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创
建更好的人机接口。

人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、
使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存
储数据和执行操作的计算。

这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有
限或完全属于理论范畴。

科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。

还有一些限制与甚至最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。

Unit One/Section B
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. experimentation
2. interfacing
3. interdisciplinary
4. microprocessor
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. artificial neural network人工神经网络
2. computer architecture计算机体系结构
3. robust computer program健壮的计算机程序
4. human-computer interface人机接口
5. knowledge representation知识表示
6. 数值分析numerical analysis
7. 程序设计环境programming environment 8. 数据结构data structure
9. 存储和检索信息store and retrieve information 10. 虚拟现实virtual reality
Unit One/Section C
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. format
2. synchronization
3. virtual
4. multimedia; third-party
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. data field数据字段，数据域
2. learning curve学习曲线
3. third-party solution第三方解决方案
4. Windows Media Player Windows媒体播放器
5. 开始按钮Start button
6. 指定输入区designated input area
7. 手写体识别系统handwriting-recognition system 8.
字符集character set
Unit Two: Computer Architecture Unit Two/Section A I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. input; output; storage 2. Basic Input/Output System 3. flatbed scanners; hand-held scanners 4. LCD-based 5. dot-matrix printers; inkjet printers 6. disk drives; memory 7. volatile 8. serial; parallel
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1. function key功能键，操作键
2. voice recognition module语音识别模块
3. touch-sensitive region触敏区
4. address bus地址总线
5. flatbed scanner平板扫描仪
6. dot-matrix printer点阵打印机（针式打印机）
7. parallel connection并行连接
8. cathode ray tube阴极射线管
9. video game电子游戏10. audio signal音频信号11. 操作系统operating system
12. 液晶显示（器）LCD (liquid crystal display) 13. 喷墨打印机inkjet printer 14. 数据总线data bus 15. 串行连接serial connection 16. 易失性存储器volatile memory 17. 激光打印机laser printer 18. 磁盘驱动器
disk drive
19. 基本输入/输出系统BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
20. 视频显示器video display
III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks,
which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs use reflected light. On a
CD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy (高低不平的) areas (called
“pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of
light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.
Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disc.
Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have
access only to the data imprinted (压印) by the publisher.
A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabytes (兆字节) of data. That is equivalent to
451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disc, the time to retrieve or access
the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备。

计算机使用的是数字信号，
这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0表示。

模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。

调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。

调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。

信号到达目
的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。

如果两个调
制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一
个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。

Unit Two/Section B
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. graphical
2. file; scheduler
3. virtual
4. slice。