简单 天商国贸金融 国际结算 international settlement 小条

1、which are included in Settlement on commercial credit?
（1）Payment in advance（2）Open account（3）Remittance（4）Collection
2、which are included in Settlement on bank credit?
（1）Letter of credit（2）Bank guarantee
3、what are included in the Control documents?
（1）Lists of specimen of authorized signatures （2）Telegraphic test keys （3）Terms and conditions （4）SWIFT authentic key
4、services provided by correspondent bank
(1)collecting checks,drafts,and other credit instruments
(2)making loan or investments as agents for their customer banks
(3)making credit investigations on firms that borrow in the open market
(4)providing banks with foreign exchange facilities,including commercial and travelers checks (5)providing banks with funds/loans in case of need.
5、clearing principles of international payment system:The sum of payables of all banks should be equal to the sum of receivables.The net credits of the net receiving banks should be equal to net debts(借方）of all net paying banks（债务和信贷平衡）
6、types of endorsement
Blank endorsement:空白背书。

即不记载被背书人名称，只有背书人的签字。

Special endorsement:又称特别背书。

需要记载:被背书人名称、背书日期、背书人签章。

Restrictive endorsement:”支付给被背书人“的指示带有限制性的词语。

Conditional endorsement:”支付给被背书人“的指示是带有条件的。

7、understanding “Acts of a bill of exchange” and fill a bill of exchange
(1)Issuance;(2)Endorsement;(3)Presentment/Presentation;(4)Acceptance;(5)Payment;(6)Dishonor ;(7)Notice of dishonor;(8)Protest;(9)Right of recourse;(10)Acceptance for honor supra
protest;(11)Payment for honor supra protest;(12)Guarantee(13)Discounting
汇票（Bill of Exchange/Postal Order/Draft）是由出票人签发的，要求付款人在见票时或在一定期限内，向收款人或持票人无条件支付一定款项的票据。

8、Classification of a bill of exchange
按有无附属单据──光票汇票、跟单汇票
按出票人和付款人是否在同一地方——直接汇票、间接汇票
按流通地域──国内汇票、国际汇票。

按照流通货币分类——本币流通汇票、外币流通汇票
9. Difference between a promissory note and a bill of exchange
(1) A promissory note is a promise to pay,namely the maker and the payee，主债务人是制票人,only has an original note .（只有一张原始的）
(2) a bill of exchange is an order to pay;namely the drawer, the drawee and the payee.汇票的主债务人承兑前是出票人，承兑后是承兑人.汇票有一套a bill in a set（成套汇票）
10. types of acceptance(1) General Acceptance（普通承兑)(2) Qualified Acceptance（限制承兑）
11、M/T、T/T、D/D：M/T（信汇）:费用便宜，速度慢。

金额数量小，不安全。

T/T（电汇）：最贵，快，金额大，最安全。

D/D（票汇）：慢，费用便宜，金额可大可小，不安全。

12、Reimbursement methods（1）Crediting vostro account of the paying bank（2）Debiting remitting bank’s nostro bank（3）Instructing a reimbursing bank to effect payment by debiting the remitting bank’s nostro account（4）Instructing the paying bank to claim reimbursement from another branch of the same bank or another bank with which the remitting bank opens an account （5）According to the payments agreement between two countries
13、type of crossing:General crossing,Special crossing(注明收款银行的名称XXXbank ltd)
14、Types of collection：Documentary
collections跟单托收意指金融单据附带商业票据的托收，或者商业单据不附带金融单据的托收，即并无汇票，单是商业票据的托收Clean collections 光票托收指出口商仅开具汇票而不附商业单据（主要指货运单据）的托收。

D i r e c t c o l l e c t i o n直接托收是这样一种安排，委托人从他的银行即托收行那里获得托收指示的空白格式，由他自己填写，连同托收单据直接寄给买方银行，即代收行。

15、Risks for exporter：（1）货物拒收（2）拒付汇票（3）外汇限制（4）货物丢Exporter’s measures against risks：1调查进口商信誉2考虑进口国的政策和经济条件3考虑进口国的外汇管制4采取预防措施应对风险，立即结算，
16、R i s k s o f i m p o r t e r(1)货物到达前就要交钱，无法验货（2）进口方签署了汇票以后会比合同多一项法律义务，承兑。

（3）在一些国家，汇票拒绝支付的情况下，有可能是信誉受损，或者被认为破产了。

17、Financing Under Collection Methods 出口商的有：托收出口押汇。

进口商的有信托收据、进口押汇、银行对货物担保（货物比单据早到，进口商找银行，先提货）
18、The obligations of the trustee in Trust receipt.(1)to arrange for the goods to be workhorse and issued in the banks name(2)to pay all the proceeds of sale to the bank or to hold them on behalf of the bank(3)not to put the goods in pledge to other persons(4)to return the goods or the proceeds to the bank at any time when requested(5)to settle claims of the bank before liquidation in case of the trustees bankruptcy
19、C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a l e t t e r o f c r e d i t
（一）是一种银行信用，开证行付第一性的付款责任。

信用证一经开出，其开证行即是主债务人，是第一付款人。

（二）信用证是一项独立的文件，不依附于贸易合同，不受合同条款约束。

开证银行只对信用证负责，只凭信用证所规定的单据向出口商付款，而不管出口商是否履行买卖合同，所提交的单据是否符合合同要求。

（三）信用证是一种纯单据的买卖，业务的处理是以单据为准而不是以货物为准。

20、B e n e f i t s o f t h e d o c u m e n t a r y c r e d i t：(1)Facilitate financing the documentary
credit(2)provides legal protection(3)assure expert examination of documents
21、Types of transfer全额转让、部分金额转让、不替换发票转让、替换发票转让（第一受益人不愿意别人知道买主）
22、Amendments to the transferable credit：（1）买方的名字和地址改为一受（2）价格可以减少使一受获益（3）交单期、装运期都可以缩短（4）保险金额增加
23、Types of negotiation credit：Free negotiation credit不指定议付行的信用证Restricted negotiation credit指定议付行的信用证
24、Types of revolving credit（1）自动循环：按规定的时间或间隔装运货物议付后（2）通知循环信用证：每次装货议付后，须等待和收到开证银行致受益人通知后（3）定期循环信用证：装货议付后，须经过一定期间方可恢复原金额（4）累计循环信用证：上期未使用之余额可转入下期使用（5）非累计循环信用证：本期尚未使用的余额，不能转入下期使用。

25、Characteristics of transferable credit
(1)A transferable credit is designed to meet the requirements of international trade;
(2)The middleman gets his buyer to apply for an irrevocable credit in the middleman’s favor;
(3)There are two methods allowing for transferring the beneficiary’s rights to a third party assignment and transfer.
26、Comparison back-to-back documentary credit with transferred credit
(1)共同点:A. 均有中间商和第二个受益人；B. 费用可以由第一受益人支付；C. 中间商均可以改变信用证金额、单价、装期和有效期。

(2)不同点:A.背对背信用证是两个独立的信用证，二者同时存在；而可转让信用证是根据原证转开，新老证有直接关系；B.开立可转让信用证，中间商要得到开证行、开证申请人允许方可转让，而背对背信用证，不存在开证行、开证申请人是否同意的问题。

C.在开证形式上，转让信用证中，许多转让银行采用修改原证条款的方法办理新证；而背对背信用证均采用开立新证。

D.中间商的地位变化不同。

转让信用证中，中间商的受益人身份没有改变，而在背对背信用证中，在原证中，中间商是受益人，而在新证中，其已变为开证申请人。

E. 对于供货商（第二受益人），接受“背对背信用证”比“可转让信用证”更有利，收款更有保障。

27、Financing under L/C：Financing provided to the exporter（1）打包放款(packing loan)：银行提供的一种装船前融资，为信用证金额的80%左右。

（2）Export bill purchase（3）Bill discounted票据贴现（4）Discounting against export commercial invoice商业票据贴现.对importer的（1）Approval of credit line by the issuing bank 开证授信额度（2）Import bill advance （3）Trust receipt信托收据（4）Delivery of the goods against bank guarantee
28、Comparison between the L/G and the L/C(1)保函没有议付行、保兑行、付款行等只有开证行。

（2）保函的交单日期是一个指定的日期，信用证是在某日之前。

（3）在发生纠纷时，保函有明确的法规，信用证没有（4）保函交单地点必须在期满前确定，信用证可以交给议付、保兑等银行。

（5）银行保函不能融资
29、F u n c t i o n of factoring:(1)credit approval(信用审查）（2）credit protection(3)management of amounts receivable(4)Financing
30、P r o c e d u r e of factoring:Three stages：(1).Application for credit limit and credit
approval(2).Transferable of accounts receivable and financing(3).Collection and settlement
31、C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of forfeiting1、终局性融资便利2、改善现金流量3、节约管理费用4、提前办理退税：办理福费廷业务后客户可立即办理外汇核销及出口退税手续5、规避各类风险6、增加贸易机会7、实现价格转移：可以提前了解包买商的报价并将相应的成本转移到价格中去，从而规避融资成本。

A d v a n t a g e s of factoring to exporters
32、P r o c e d u r e of forfeiting1、签定进出口合同与福费廷合同，同时进口商申请银行担保；2、出口商发货，并将单据和汇票寄给进口商；3、进口商将自己承兑的汇票或开立的本票交给银行要求担保。

银行同意担保后，担保函和承兑后的汇票或本票由担保行寄给出口商；4、出口商将全套出口单据（物权凭证）交给包买商，并提供进出口合同、营业执照、近期财务报表等材料；5、收到开证行有效承兑后，包买商扣除利息及相关费用后贴现票据，无追索权地将款项支付给出口商；6、包买商将包买票据经过担保行同意向进口商提示付款；7、进口商付款给担保行，担保行扣除费用后把剩余货款交给包买商。

33、A d v a n t a g e s a n d d i s a d v a n t a g e s of forfeiting
优势：(1)解除资产负债表的或有负债(2)出口商一开始就收到现金(3)通过部分国家或个人保险保障在保险范围的索赔期避免可能的损失和一些流动性问题(4)规避利率风险（5）规避汇率风险（6）无信用证管理和托收问题及相关风险和成本（7）促进贸易量增长
劣势：(1)费用高，并且没有利率补贴。

（2）很难找到一个机构愿意担保进口商的责任。

34、basic functions of guarantees (1)Guarantees are used as secure mechanism for payment of the contract amount 银行保函是付款的安全机制。

(2)A contractor uses a guarantee as default instrument that covers the risk of non-performance or defective performance by the contractor银行保函作为违约工具涵盖了不履约以及履约有缺陷的风险。

35、Types of bank guarantee:（1）In terms of the relationship with the underlying transaction，guarantees can be classified into accessory guarantee and independent guarantee.（2）In terms of methods of issuing the guarantee, a guarantee may be divided into direct guarantee and indirect guarantee.
tender guarantee投标保函,performance guarantee履约保函repayment guarantee还款保函，leasing guarantee租赁保函
advance payment guarantee预付款保函
36、which is belong to payment guarantee
付款类保函的支付前提是受益人是否履约。

P a y m e n t B o n d、O v e r d r a f t G u a r a n t e e,l o a n g u a r a n t e e Leasing guarantee,compensation trade,commission or any other charges
37、which is belong to credit guarantee.
信用类保函支付的前提是申请人的违约。

B i d B o n d/T e n d e r B o n d,Performance Bond,a d v a n c e
P a y m e n t B o n d,q u a l i t y g u a r a n t e e,Retention bonds,maintenance.。