我国居民环境行为的阶层差异及影响机制研究——基于CGSS数据的实证分析

摘要

改革开放以来，我国经济持续快速发展，人民的生活水平日益提高，然而我国的环境问题却愈演愈烈。特别是近10年来，一大批重化工项目明显破坏了早已脆弱不堪的生态环境，环境污染问题日益突出。从最早的厦门PX事件、成都“彭州石化”项目到最近刷屏的“泉州碳九(C9)泄漏”，老百姓在面对切身的环境侵害问题时，不再沉默，纷纷用自己的实际行动为自己的权益呼声。可以看出，我国的环境问题严重影响了我国居民的生活健康，而这直接刺激了环境问题领域的研究。环境问题的有效解决需要政府、企业、社会和个人的多方互动和通力合作，而其中个人的环境行为至关重要。因为利益群体的出发点是人，解决环境问题最终需要我们每一个人形成有利于环境的生活方式和行为习惯。只有从研究如何改善个体环境行为的角度出发，我们才能找到解决环境问题的最终答案。

对此，本文结合2013年的CGSS中B模块中相关调查数据，通过运用方差分析、结构方程模型等多种计量模型，回答了社会阶层是否影响环境行为、为何影响环境行为、如何影响环境行为这三个问题。首先，社会阶层是否影响居民的环境行为呢？根据计量结果可知，社会阶层（收入、教育和主观阶层认同影响显著）直接影响居民环境行为。其次，社会阶层为什么影响居民的环境行为呢？根据计量结果可知，社会阶层差异主要体现在差别剥夺感知和差别污染暴露：社会阶层不同，居民会产生不同的剥夺感和环境污染暴露感知，进而影响其环境行为。最后，社会阶层如何影响环境行为呢？本文的计量结果显示，社会阶层主要通过大众媒介、社会网络和政府环境治理评估三条中间途径影响居民的环境行为。

最后，学界的进一步研究指出，我国阶层的分化导致社会出现明显的媒介分层现象。对此，本文参照媒介分层的相关研究，将社会阶层分为三个等

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级，进一步探讨了媒介分层和公域环境行为的相互关系和影响机制。本文发现以下两点：1.从大众媒介对公域环境行为的直接效应和总效应系数来看，大众媒介对公域环境行为存在显著影响，并且主要是通过直接影响的方式改变居民的公域环境行为。2.日常环境知识和专业环境知识都对大众媒介和环境行为起中介作用。相较于日常环境知识，专业环境知识对媒介和公域环境行为的关系起到了更为重要的作用。

关键词：主客观社会阶层；媒介分层；大众媒介；社会网络；政府环境绩效评估；环境行为

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Abstract

Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has been developing rapidly, and people's living standards have been improving day by day. However, China's environmental problems are getting worse and worse. Especially in the past 10 years, the landing of a large number of heavy chemical projects has obviously aggravated the already fragile ecological environment, making environmental pollution more serious and intolerable. From the earliest Xiamen PX incident, the Chengdu "Pengzhou Petrochemical" project to the recent "Quanzhou Carbon Nine (C9) Leakage". When facing the problem of environmental damage, the people are no longer silent, and they are calling for their rights and interests with their own practical actions. It can be seen that China's environmental problems have intensified social contradictions, seriously affecting the health of our residents, which directly stimulates the research in the field of environmental issues. Effective solutions to environmental problems require interaction and cooperation among governments, enterprises, societies and individuals, among which individual environmental behavior is of vital importance. Because the starting point of interest groups is people, solving environmental problems ultimately requires each of us to form a lifestyle and behavior habits conducive to the environment. Only from the perspective of how to improve individual environmental behavior, can we find the final answer to environmental problems. Based on the survey data of module B in CGSS in 2013, this paper uses variance analysis, structural equation model and other econometric models to answer three questions: whether social strata affect environmental behavior, why and how to affect environmental behavior. First of all, does social stratum affect residents' environmental behavior? According to the measurement results, it can be seen that social strata (income, education and subjective stratum identity have a significant impact) directly affect residents' environmental behavior. Secondly, why do social strata influence residents' environmental behavior? According to the

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