情态动词用法,连系动词
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用法
首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。
用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形(不带to的动词不定式)
例句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。
May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗?
Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗?
Y ou must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。
情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:
can (could),may (might),must,need,ought to,dare (dared),shall (should),will (would),
have (to),had better.
情态动词还有一个很重要的用法,即情态动词表推测——
情态动词表推测的用法小结
(一)情态动词表推测的三种句式
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),can,could(可能),might /may
(也许,或许)。
1.He must/can/may,might know the answer to this question.
他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。
2.It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.
屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能),may not/might not(可能不)。
1.It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.
这不可能是校长,他去美国了。
2.He may not/might not know the scientist.
他也许不认识那位科学家。
3.疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。
1.Could he have finished the task?
他可能把任务完成了吗?
2.Can he be at home now?
他现在能在家吗?
注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。
Might,could并非may,can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。
(二)情态动词表推测的三种时态
一,对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词+ 动词原形”。
1.She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.
5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。
2.She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
二,对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词+ be”,“情态动词+be doing”或“情态动词+ 动词原形”。
1.He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.
他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
2.He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time.
这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
3.Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony 布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?
三,对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词+ have +过去分词”。
1.It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.
地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
2.The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .
门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。
3.Can / Could he have gotten the book?
难道他找到书了吗?
注:情态动词should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。
例如:
4.It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。
(推测)
5.She should / ought to have attended your birthday party,but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)
她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。
6.Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret,but he meant no harm. (虚拟)
汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。
can和could表示推测的用法
对现在或将来的推测,两者均可用,但can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句中,一般不用于肯定句,而could则可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句;对过去的推测,应在can,could 之后接动词的完成式,且此时can 仍只用于否定句或疑问句,不用于肯定句;而could 则可用于各种句型。
如:
Can [Could] this be true? 这能是真的吗
Where can [could] he have gone? 他能到哪里去了呢
She can’t [couldn’t] have left so soon. 她不可能走得这么早。
He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。
注:could后接动词的完成式,除表示对过去的推测外,还可表示过去没有实现的可能性(即某事本来可以发生,却没发生),或委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做(此时不用can)。
如:
Y ou could have started a little earlier. 你本可早点动身的。
Y ou needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你其实可以不煮熟(它),我们(本来)可以生吃。
一连系动词的类型可分为六类:状态系动词、持续系动词、表像系动词、感官系动词、变化系动词、终止系动词。
(1)状态系动词:只有be一词。
如:
She is always like that. 她总是那样。
(2)持续系动词:表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand。
如:
I hope you’ll keep fit. 我希望你身体好。
He stayed single. 他仍然是单身。
(3)表像系动词:表示“看起来好像”,主要有seem, appear, look等。
如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) quite happy. 他好像很快活。
(4)感官系动词:表示“……起来”,有feel(摸起来,感觉) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来,吃起来) 等。
如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布摸起来很软。
He looks honest, but actually he’s a rogue. 他看起来很老实,实际他是一个坏蛋。
They all look alike to me. 他们的模样我看起来都一样。
Everybody feels contented. 每个人都感到很满足。
(5)变化系动词:表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 这个不太好理解,多来点例句。
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She had grown thinner and thinner. 她越来越瘦了。
His cold was growing worse. 他的感冒越来越严重了。
She’s growing fat. 她正在发胖。
He’s grown used to it. 他对此已经习惯。
When she saw this, she turned red. 她看到这,脸红了。
His hair turned grey in a few weeks. 在几个星期中他头发就变灰白了。
The milk will soon turn sour. 牛奶很快就会变酸。
Several people fell ill, victims of blood poisoning. 几个人生病了,都是血中毒的受害者。
We get wiser as we get old. 随着年岁的增长,我们也变得聪明些了。
Y our hair has gone quite white! 你的头发全白了!
She went pale at the news. 听到这消息,她脸色变得苍白。
When I mentioned it to him he went red. 我对他提及此事时他脸红了。
He went mad. 他疯了。
The children must not go hungry. 孩子们不能挨饿。
(6)终止系动词:主要有prove, turn out(结果是,证明是) 等。
如:
His story proved false. 他讲的情况原来是假的。
His advice proved sound. 他的劝告证明是对的。
My intuition turned out to be correct. 我的直觉证明是对的。
二注意事项
1. 有些连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。
如:feel, taste等词。
例如: -Do you like the material? -Y es, it feels very soft.
2.一般情况下,连系动词主要跟形容词或分词作表语。
例如: Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
3. 能跟名词作表语的连系动词常见的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.
注意:turn后跟(表示主语身份的)名词作表语时,不加冠词。
例如: Twenty years later, he turned teacher.
The population growth in China remains a problem.
4.连系动词也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常见的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。
例如: Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于连系动词(be, become, appear, seem等)之后。
例子
Africa is a big continent. 非洲是个大洲。
That remains a puzzle to me. 对我来说,那是一个残余的难题。