合同英语特色介绍
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看了之后明⽩了很多英⽂“之乎者也”所对应的现代⽂,对合同英语的结构和特⾊也有了⼤概的了解。
值得⼀看。
Contract 与 Agreement的有⽆区别
在英语中,合同⼀般称为Contract,协议⼀般称为Agreement.
何谓“contract”?
1999年中国《合同法》第⼆条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations“。
根据这⼀定义,合同平等主体之间设⽴的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
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Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这⼀定义,合同是⼀种,违反可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履⾏该看做是⼀种补偿。
L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这⼀定义,合同就是有法律约束⼒的协议。
综合起来,有⼀个相同点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”,也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. ,
何谓“Agreement”?,
L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”
根据这⼀定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得⼀致意见,以⼝头或书⾯形式做出的约定。
Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。
⼀个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这⼀定义,协议即双⽅或多⽅京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履⾏⽽达成的⼀致理解和愿望。
另⼀个是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这⼀定义,协议即两个或多个当事⼈,为了约定单⽅责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的⼀致同意。
Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?,
合同的成⽴必须具备⼏个主要因素。
它们(要约和构成的)协议、约因、设⽴法律关系的愿望和缔约能⼒四⼤部分组成。
L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves”
1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)
2. consensus ad idem (意思表⽰⼀致,也叫meeting of minds)
3. intention to create legal relations (建⽴合同关系的意愿)
4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)
5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事⼈的缔约能⼒)
6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)
7. possibility of performance (履⾏的可能性)
8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)
9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)
Black 'Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term,e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."
即“协议”和“合同”经常⽤作同义词,但“协议”这⼀术语含义更⼴,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential
clauses/provisions)。
实际使⽤当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,⽽称为合同的⽂体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为⼀般条款(General provisions)。
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1999中国《合同法》第⼗⼆条规定了⼋项⼀般条款,分别是:
1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事⼈的名称或姓名和住址)
2. contract object(标的)
3. quantity(数量)
4. quality(质量)
5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬)
6. time limit, place and method of performance (履⾏期限、地点和⽅式)
7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任)
8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的⽅法)
上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使⽤范围不同,不能互换使⽤。
合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同⼀定是协议,⽽协议不见得都是合同。
可以说具备合同成⽴要求的具有强制执⾏⼒的协议才是合同。
结构特点
合同类法律⽂件⽤以规定当事⼈的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。
合同英语⾏⽂慎密⽽准确,历史悠久,深含法律⽂化底蕴。
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中⽂的合同开头⼀般先罗列当事⼈的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正⽂,结尾是当事⼈印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字⽇期。
⽽英语合同⼀般以下⾯这类句式为开头:
This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")
然后是开始陈述:,
WHEREAS…THEREFORE
… It is hereby agreed as follows:
或以:,
WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…
NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:,
接着是正⽂,最后是证明部分:
IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their
hands the day and years first above written. ,
随后还包括当事⼈和见证⼈的签字。
签字⽇期⼀般在英⽂合同最搬弄是⾮是找不到的。
下⾯列出新加坡、美国、⾹港和⽇本的合同格式。
A. 新加坡,
Agreement ,
THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688(hereinafter called "The Mangager") of the other part.
WHEREAS:
1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.
2.
…。
NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:,
1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company's IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September
2.
…。
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO
Duties of Manger
1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.
2.
3.
SIGNED by Roger Tan
For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD
In the presence of
SIGNED by TERESA WONG
In the presence of
新加坡的通⽤合同分五部分:,
第⼀部分:称为parties,主要介绍合同各⽅的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各⾃在合同的简称。
开头框架⼀般为:,
THIS AGREEMENT is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______(hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______,(hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. ,
句⼦开头THIS AGREEMENT
或CONTRACT和当事⼈的姓名和名称,都应⼤写。
当事⼈是⾃然⼈的,⽤“of”和其后的住址相连;是法⼈或⾮法⼈单位的,⽤“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。
第⼆部分:称为recital.以WHEREAS开头,进⼊叙述部分,⽤陈述正式说明当事⼈订⽴合同的原因。
第三部分:称为habendum,正⽂。
具体约定当事⼈的权利和义务。
正⽂部分的结束段为:
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ,
这段作⽤相当于中⽂合同的“双⽅签字盖章,特此为证”。
第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。
是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。
不是所有合同都有这⼀项。
第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。
当事⼈如果⾃然⼈,⽤“SIGNED by __” 英⽂写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”;当事⼈是法⼈或⾮法⼈单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____
of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______.与中⽂合同的显著不同是签章处除当事⼈外,多了⼀个In the presence of
_______供证⼈签字之处。
另⼀不同的是合同订⽴⽇期没有放在合同最后,⽽是出现在开头段的当事⼈介绍部分。
第五部分在新加坡还有另⼀种表达“
As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named
In the presence of
Signature
Address
Occupation
上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英⽂格式与之相⽐⼤同⼤异,有的合同中不含附录。
,
B. 美国,
APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR
AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address)(hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.
WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:,
1. THAT the Company shall …
2. This agreement shall commence on …。
3.
4.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned
SIGNED BY
Name :
Designation :
For and on behalf of :(signature),
Contractor :
Designation :
For and on behalf of :(signature),
本合同分为四个⼤部分(缺附录,schedule)。
与上⼀合同基本相同,但第⼀段没有谓语,不是个完整的句⼦。
个别⽤词与前⼀合同有差别。
最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯⽤position)。
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C. ⾹港,
CONTRACT
CONTACT NO.
SIGNING DATE/PLACE ,
THE BUYER: Name
Legal Address
Contact ,
THE SELLER: Name
Legal Address
Contact ,
This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.
Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the
under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. ,
1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT
2. PRICE
3. PAYMENT译
4. PACKING
5. ,
IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as
of the date first above written. ,
THE BUYER THE SELLER
___________ ___________
By:__________ By:__________
Date:——_________ Date:——_________ ,
THE END USER
___________
By: __________
Date: ——____-_________ ,
⽐起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署⽇期,当事⼈名称或姓名采⽤简单列举式。
证明部分⽤完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED
BY项⽬,但增加了最终⽤户⼀项。
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D. ⽇本,
SERVICE AGREEMENT ,
This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")
WITNESSTH:
WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b;and
WHEREAS,(PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B's request)
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:
1.
2.
3.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.
______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd. ,
(signature)(signature)
MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR
该合同也由四⼤部分构成,与上述合同的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了⼀个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项⽬,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下⼀⾏。
别外,当事⼈的简称部分⽤的都是⼤写。
相⽐之下,英⽂合同除个别地⽅外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和⽤词⼤同⼩异。
在草拟英⽂合同时,只要仿⽤上述任何⼀个,都算是地道的英⽂表达。
⽤词特点(formal term)
合同英语的⽤词极其考究,具有特定性。
要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。
具体体现在下列⽅⾯:
1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not)的使⽤,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的⼈再熟悉不过,但在合同中⽤这些词时要极其谨慎。
权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。
这⼏个词如选⽤不当,可能会引起纠纷。
may 旨在约定当事⼈的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事⼈的义务(应当做什么时候), must ⽤于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)⽤于禁⽌性义务(不得做什么)。
May do 不能说成can do, shall do,不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国⼀些法律⽂件可以⽤shall not,但绝不能⽤can not do或must not )例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说
The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.
Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. ,
本句中的shall 和may表达准确。
出现争议后应当先⾏协商,所以采⽤了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事⼈的权利,⽤选择性约定may也很妥当。
如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换⽤may后,意思变成了当事⼈可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换⽤shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象⼀出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。
本句可译:双⽅⾸先应通过友好协商,解决因合同⽽发⽣的或与合同有关的争议。
如果协商未果,合同中⼜⽆仲裁条款约定或争议发⽣后未就仲裁达成协⽅的,可将争议提交有管辖权的⼈民法院解决。
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2. 正式⽤语(formal term)
合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很⼤不同。
,
例如:,
“因为”的短语多⽤“by virtue of ",远远多于”due to“⼀般不⽤”because of “;
“财务年度末”⼀般⽤“at the close of the fiscal year”,⽽不⽤“in the end of the fiscal year”;,
“在……之前”⼀般⽤“prior to”,⽽不⽤“before”;,
“关于”常⽤“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,⽽不会⽤“about”;
“事实上”⽤“in effect”,⽽不⽤“in fact”;
“开始”⽤“commencement”,⽽不⽤“start”或“begin”;
“停⽌做”⽤“cease to do”,⽽不⽤“stop to do”;
“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.
其中“召开”不⽤“hold 或call”,⽽⽤“convene”; “主持”不⽤“chair”或“be in charge of ”,⽽⽤“preside”;
“其他事项”⽤“miscellaneous”,⽽不⽤“other matters/events”;
“理解合同”⽤“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,⽽不⽤“understand a contract”;
“认为”⽤“deem”,⽤“consider”少,不⽤“think”或“believe”;
“愿意做”⽤“intend to do”或“desire to do”,⽽不⽤“want to do”, “wish to do”。
三、⽤词专业(technical terms),
合同⽤词不以⼤众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语⾔准确表达的保障。
如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗⼒”、“管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让⾮⾏业⼈⼠费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。
另外⼏乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。
这也是合同英语的⼀⼤特⾊。
其它例⼦还有:,
“赔偿”⽤“indemnities”,⽽不⽤“compensation”
“不动产转让”⽤“conveyance”,⽽不⽤“transfer of real estate”
“房屋出租”⽤“tenancy”,⽽“财产出租”⽤“lease of property”
“停业”⽤“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,⽽不⽤“end/stop a business”
专利许可中的“特许权使⽤费”只⽤“royalities”
还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英⽂“grace”,
“当事⼈在破产中的和解”⽤“composition”
以实物出资为“investment in kind”
“依照合同相关规定”⼀般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”
“合同任何⼀⽅当事⼈不得转让本合同”英⽂表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表⽰“to the contract”,选⽤“Neither party to the contract”较少。
3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列
FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在这⾥的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英⽂合同⾥⼗分普遍。
这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同⽤语的固定模式。
如:
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这⾥的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是⼀个意思都表⽰“依照本协议的条款规定”。
合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”
再例如:,
“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,⼀句中
的“release”和“discharge”意思⼏乎相同。
并列的词还有:
ships and vessels/ p > p > 0 0 s u p p o r t a n d m a i n t e n a n c e / p > p > 0 0 l i c e n s e s a n d p e r m i t s / p >。